[client] Resolve profiles for the sudo invoking user instead of root

The SSH server flags force `netbird up` through sudo, but the CLI resolved
every per-user path with the process user. As root that reads root's own
(empty) local state, so a `sudo netbird up` silently switched the daemon from
the user's profile to the default one — cancelling any login already waiting
in the browser — and then ran an SSO login for the default profile's config.
Whichever account that login returned, the default profile's peer belongs to
someone else, so every attempt ended in "peer is already registered by a
different User or a Setup Key", with nothing telling the user why.

Resolve the acting user through SUDO_USER when running as root: the active
profile, the profile config paths and the stored account email now come from
the invoking user's directories. Privilege decisions are untouched — they stay
on the kernel credentials of the daemon connection, which an environment
variable can never influence; a forged SUDO_USER only selects a profile root
could select anyway.

The invoking user's directories are strictly read-only under sudo. Anything
root wrote there would be root-owned and break the user's own runs, so instead
of chowning files back, the local writes are skipped: the active-profile
bookkeeping and the account-email state simply do not update from a sudo run
(the daemon records the switch on its side; a skipped email write costs at
most one extra account prompt later).

Plain root — no sudo context — has no user to act for, so the ambiguity is
refused instead of guessed at: when the daemon's active profile differs from
what root resolves and no --profile was given, up fails with a message naming
both profiles, instead of silently switching the daemon and failing later with
the ownership error.

client/cmd/debug.go

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ package cmd
 import (
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
-	"os/user"
 	"strings"
 	"time"
 
@@ -114,7 +113,7 @@ func debugConfigDump(cmd *cobra.Command, _ []string) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("get active profile: %v", err)
 	}
-	currUser, err := user.Current()
+	currUser, err := profilemanager.InvokingUser()
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("get current user: %v", err)
 	}

client/cmd/login.go

@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
 	"os"
-	"os/user"
 	"strings"
 
 	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
@@ -53,7 +52,7 @@ var loginCmd = &cobra.Command{
 			// nolint
 			ctx = context.WithValue(ctx, system.DeviceNameCtxKey, hostName)
 		}
-		username, err := user.Current()
+		username, err := profilemanager.InvokingUser()
 		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("get current user: %v", err)
 		}

client/cmd/logout.go

@@ -3,11 +3,11 @@ package cmd
 import (
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
-	"os/user"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/profilemanager"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/proto"
 )
 
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ var logoutCmd = &cobra.Command{
 		if profileName != "" {
 			req.ProfileName = &profileName
 
-			currUser, err := user.Current()
+			currUser, err := profilemanager.InvokingUser()
 			if err != nil {
 				return fmt.Errorf("get current user: %v", err)
 			}

client/cmd/profile.go

@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	"os/user"
 	"strings"
 	"text/tabwriter"
 	"time"
@@ -97,7 +96,7 @@ func listProfilesFunc(cmd *cobra.Command, _ []string) error {
 	}
 	defer conn.Close()
 
-	currUser, err := user.Current()
+	currUser, err := profilemanager.InvokingUser()
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("get current user: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -138,7 +137,7 @@ func addProfileFunc(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	currUser, err := user.Current()
+	currUser, err := profilemanager.InvokingUser()
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("get current user: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -179,7 +178,7 @@ func renameProfileFunc(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 	}
 	defer conn.Close()
 
-	currUser, err := user.Current()
+	currUser, err := profilemanager.InvokingUser()
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("get current user: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -233,7 +232,7 @@ func removeProfileFunc(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 	}
 	defer conn.Close()
 
-	currUser, err := user.Current()
+	currUser, err := profilemanager.InvokingUser()
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("get current user: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -261,7 +260,7 @@ func selectProfileFunc(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 	profileManager := profilemanager.NewProfileManager()
 	handle := args[0]
 
-	currUser, err := user.Current()
+	currUser, err := profilemanager.InvokingUser()
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("get current user: %w", err)
 	}

client/cmd/up.go

@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"net"
 	"net/netip"
-	"os/user"
 	"runtime"
 	"strings"
 	"time"
@@ -122,7 +121,7 @@ func upFunc(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 
 	pm := profilemanager.NewProfileManager()
 
-	username, err := user.Current()
+	username, err := profilemanager.InvokingUser()
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("get current user: %v", err)
 	}
@@ -295,6 +294,21 @@ func runInDaemonMode(ctx context.Context, cmd *cobra.Command, pm *profilemanager
 
 	client := proto.NewDaemonServiceClient(conn)
 
+	// Plain root has no invoking user to resolve profiles for, so the local
+	// state falls back to root's own — the default profile. Acting on that
+	// while the daemon runs another user's profile would silently switch the
+	// daemon away from it (and a later browser login would register the
+	// default profile's peer under whichever account the IdP returns). Refuse
+	// the ambiguity instead of guessing.
+	if profilemanager.IsPlainRoot() && profileName == "" {
+		if active, err := client.GetActiveProfile(ctx, &proto.GetActiveProfileRequest{}); err == nil &&
+			active.GetId() != "" && active.GetId() != activeProf.ID.String() {
+			return fmt.Errorf(
+				"running as root: the daemon's active profile is %q (user %q), but this invocation resolves to %q; pass --profile to choose one explicitly, or run via sudo from your own user",
+				active.GetProfileName(), active.GetUsername(), activeProf.ID)
+		}
+	}
+
 	status, err := client.Status(ctx, &proto.StatusRequest{
 		WaitForReady: func() *bool { b := true; return &b }(),
 	})
@@ -314,7 +328,7 @@ func runInDaemonMode(ctx context.Context, cmd *cobra.Command, pm *profilemanager
 		}
 	}
 
-	username, err := user.Current()
+	username, err := profilemanager.InvokingUser()
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("get current user: %v", err)
 	}

client/internal/dns/host_windows.go

@@ -35,6 +35,8 @@ var (
 // exported so a diagnostic reader reports the same locations that are written.
 const (
 	// NRPTKeyPrefix starts the name of every NRPT rule key this client creates.
+	// Older versions used different layouts under the same prefix: a single
+	// unsuffixed key, then one key per domain, now one key per batch of domains.
 	NRPTKeyPrefix = "NetBird-Match"
 
 	// DNSPolicyConfigRoot holds the NRPT rules of the local policy store.
@@ -89,7 +91,6 @@ type registryConfigurator struct {
 	guid            string
 	routingAll      bool
 	gpo             bool
-	nrptEntryCount  int
 	origNameservers []netip.Addr
 }
 
@@ -322,14 +323,9 @@ func (r *registryConfigurator) applyDNSConfig(config HostDNSConfig, stateManager
 	}
 
 	if len(matchDomains) != 0 {
-		count, err := r.addDNSMatchPolicy(matchDomains, config.ServerIP)
-		// Update count even on error to ensure cleanup covers partially created rules
-		r.nrptEntryCount = count
-		if err != nil {
+		if err := r.addDNSMatchPolicy(matchDomains, config.ServerIP); err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("add dns match policy: %w", err)
 		}
-	} else {
-		r.nrptEntryCount = 0
 	}
 
 	r.updateState(stateManager)
@@ -345,9 +341,8 @@ func (r *registryConfigurator) applyDNSConfig(config HostDNSConfig, stateManager
 
 func (r *registryConfigurator) updateState(stateManager *statemanager.Manager) {
 	if err := stateManager.UpdateState(&ShutdownState{
-		Guid:           r.guid,
-		GPO:            r.gpo,
-		NRPTEntryCount: r.nrptEntryCount,
+		Guid: r.guid,
+		GPO:  r.gpo,
 	}); err != nil {
 		log.Errorf("failed to update shutdown state: %s", err)
 	}
@@ -362,7 +357,7 @@ func (r *registryConfigurator) addDNSSetupForAll(ip netip.Addr) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (r *registryConfigurator) addDNSMatchPolicy(domains []string, ip netip.Addr) (int, error) {
+func (r *registryConfigurator) addDNSMatchPolicy(domains []string, ip netip.Addr) error {
 	// if the gpo key is present, we need to put our DNS settings there, otherwise our config might be ignored
 	// see https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/openspecs/windows_protocols/ms-gpnrpt/8cc31cb9-20cb-4140-9e85-3e08703b4745
 
@@ -379,19 +374,17 @@ func (r *registryConfigurator) addDNSMatchPolicy(domains []string, ip netip.Addr
 		gpoPath := fmt.Sprintf("%s-%d", gpoDnsPolicyConfigMatchPath, ruleIndex)
 
 		if err := r.configureDNSPolicy(localPath, batchDomains, ip); err != nil {
-			return ruleIndex, fmt.Errorf("configure DNS Local policy for rule %d: %w", ruleIndex, err)
+			return fmt.Errorf("configure DNS Local policy for rule %d: %w", ruleIndex, err)
 		}
 
-		// Increment immediately so the caller's cleanup path knows about this rule
-		ruleIndex++
-
 		if r.gpo {
 			if err := r.configureDNSPolicy(gpoPath, batchDomains, ip); err != nil {
-				return ruleIndex, fmt.Errorf("configure gpo DNS policy for rule %d: %w", ruleIndex-1, err)
+				return fmt.Errorf("configure gpo DNS policy for rule %d: %w", ruleIndex, err)
 			}
 		}
 
-		log.Debugf("added NRPT rule %d with %d domains", ruleIndex-1, len(batchDomains))
+		log.Debugf("added NRPT rule %d with %d domains", ruleIndex, len(batchDomains))
+		ruleIndex++
 	}
 
 	if r.gpo {
@@ -401,7 +394,7 @@ func (r *registryConfigurator) addDNSMatchPolicy(domains []string, ip netip.Addr
 	}
 
 	log.Infof("added %d NRPT rules for %d domains", ruleIndex, len(domains))
-	return ruleIndex, nil
+	return nil
 }
 
 func (r *registryConfigurator) configureDNSPolicy(policyPath string, domains []string, ip netip.Addr) error {
@@ -534,28 +527,28 @@ func (r *registryConfigurator) restoreHostDNS() error {
 	return nil
 }
 
+// removeDNSMatchPolicies deletes every NRPT rule this client may have created,
+// from the local and the GPO policy store. The rules are found by enumerating
+// the registry, the only authoritative record of what was written. Cleanup must
+// not depend on a rule count: the in-memory one is scoped to a single
+// registryConfigurator and the persisted one is deleted on every clean
+// disconnect, and a rule left behind keeps resolving names over an interface
+// that is gone, until reboot discards the volatile key.
 func (r *registryConfigurator) removeDNSMatchPolicies() error {
 	var merr *multierror.Error
 
-	// Try to remove the base entries (for backward compatibility)
-	if err := removeRegistryKeyFromDNSPolicyConfig(dnsPolicyConfigMatchPath); err != nil {
-		merr = multierror.Append(merr, fmt.Errorf("remove local base entry: %w", err))
-	}
-
-	if err := removeRegistryKeyFromDNSPolicyConfig(gpoDnsPolicyConfigMatchPath); err != nil {
-		merr = multierror.Append(merr, fmt.Errorf("remove GPO base entry: %w", err))
-	}
-
-	for i := 0; i < r.nrptEntryCount; i++ {
-		localPath := fmt.Sprintf("%s-%d", dnsPolicyConfigMatchPath, i)
-		gpoPath := fmt.Sprintf("%s-%d", gpoDnsPolicyConfigMatchPath, i)
-
-		if err := removeRegistryKeyFromDNSPolicyConfig(localPath); err != nil {
-			merr = multierror.Append(merr, fmt.Errorf("remove local entry %d: %w", i, err))
+	for _, root := range []string{DNSPolicyConfigRoot, GPODNSPolicyConfigRoot} {
+		names, err := listNRPTRuleKeys(root)
+		if err != nil {
+			merr = multierror.Append(merr, fmt.Errorf("list rule keys under %s: %w", root, err))
+			continue
 		}
 
-		if err := removeRegistryKeyFromDNSPolicyConfig(gpoPath); err != nil {
-			merr = multierror.Append(merr, fmt.Errorf("remove GPO entry %d: %w", i, err))
+		for _, name := range names {
+			path := root + `\` + name
+			if err := removeRegistryKeyFromDNSPolicyConfig(path); err != nil {
+				merr = multierror.Append(merr, fmt.Errorf("remove entry %s: %w", path, err))
+			}
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -570,6 +563,39 @@ func (r *registryConfigurator) restoreUncleanShutdownDNS() error {
 	return r.restoreHostDNS()
 }
 
+// listNRPTRuleKeys returns the names of our NRPT rule keys under a policy store
+// root. An absent root holds nothing to clean up, which is the normal state of
+// the GPO store on a machine without DNS Client policy.
+func listNRPTRuleKeys(root string) ([]string, error) {
+	k, err := registry.OpenKey(registry.LOCAL_MACHINE, root, registry.ENUMERATE_SUB_KEYS)
+	switch {
+	case errors.Is(err, registry.ErrNotExist), errors.Is(err, syscall.ERROR_PATH_NOT_FOUND):
+		// the GPO store is absent on a machine without DNS client policy
+		log.Debugf("HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\%s does not exist", root)
+		return nil, nil
+	case err != nil:
+		// any other failure has to reach the caller: reporting no rules would
+		// report a successful cleanup while leaving the rules in place
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("open HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\%s: %w", root, err)
+	}
+	defer closer(k)
+
+	names, err := k.ReadSubKeyNames(-1)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("read subkey names: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	var ruleKeys []string
+	for _, name := range names {
+		// registry key names are case insensitive
+		if strings.HasPrefix(strings.ToLower(name), strings.ToLower(NRPTKeyPrefix)) {
+			ruleKeys = append(ruleKeys, name)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return ruleKeys, nil
+}
+
 func removeRegistryKeyFromDNSPolicyConfig(regKeyPath string) error {
 	k, err := registry.OpenKey(registry.LOCAL_MACHINE, regKeyPath, registry.QUERY_VALUE)
 	if err != nil {

client/internal/dns/host_windows_test.go

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ func TestNRPTEntriesCleanupOnConfigChange(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// Create a test interface registry key so updateSearchDomains doesn't fail
 	testGUID := "{12345678-1234-1234-1234-123456789ABC}"
-	interfacePath := `SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\Tcpip\Parameters\Interfaces\` + testGUID
+	interfacePath := InterfaceConfigPath + `\` + testGUID
 	testKey, _, err := registry.CreateKey(registry.LOCAL_MACHINE, interfacePath, registry.SET_VALUE)
 	require.NoError(t, err, "Should create test interface registry key")
 	testKey.Close()
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ func TestNRPTEntriesCleanupOnConfigChange(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
 	// Verify 3 NRPT rules exist
-	assert.Equal(t, 3, cfg.nrptEntryCount, "Should create 3 NRPT rules for 125 domains")
+	assert.Equal(t, 3, countNRPTRuleKeys(t), "Should create 3 NRPT rules for 125 domains")
 	for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
 		exists, err := registryKeyExists(fmt.Sprintf("%s-%d", dnsPolicyConfigMatchPath, i))
 		require.NoError(t, err)
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ func TestNRPTEntriesCleanupOnConfigChange(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
 	// Verify first 2 NRPT rules exist
-	assert.Equal(t, 2, cfg.nrptEntryCount, "Should create 2 NRPT rules for 75 domains")
+	assert.Equal(t, 2, countNRPTRuleKeys(t), "Should create 2 NRPT rules for 75 domains")
 	for i := 0; i < 2; i++ {
 		exists, err := registryKeyExists(fmt.Sprintf("%s-%d", dnsPolicyConfigMatchPath, i))
 		require.NoError(t, err)
@@ -106,9 +106,65 @@ func registryKeyExists(path string) (bool, error) {
 	return true, nil
 }
 
+// TestNRPTCleanupWithoutRuleCount verifies that rules written by a previous run
+// are removed by a configurator that has no record of how many there are: an
+// unclean exit loses the in-memory count and a clean disconnect deletes the
+// persisted one, so cleanup cannot depend on either.
+func TestNRPTCleanupWithoutRuleCount(t *testing.T) {
+	if testing.Short() {
+		t.Skip("skipping registry integration test in short mode")
+	}
+
+	defer cleanupRegistryKeys(t)
+	cleanupRegistryKeys(t)
+
+	testIP := netip.MustParseAddr("100.64.0.1")
+
+	// 75 domains produce two indexed rules, as the current layout does
+	domains := make([]string, 75)
+	for i := range domains {
+		domains[i] = fmt.Sprintf(".domain%d.com", i+1)
+	}
+
+	previousRun := &registryConfigurator{}
+	require.NoError(t, previousRun.addDNSMatchPolicy(domains, testIP))
+
+	// the unsuffixed key an older version would have written
+	require.NoError(t, previousRun.configureDNSPolicy(dnsPolicyConfigMatchPath, []string{".legacy.example.com"}, testIP))
+
+	// a policy owned by someone else, which cleanup must not touch
+	foreignPath := DNSPolicyConfigRoot + `\DnsPolicyConfigTestForeign`
+	foreignKey, _, err := registry.CreateKey(registry.LOCAL_MACHINE, foreignPath, registry.SET_VALUE)
+	require.NoError(t, err, "Should create foreign policy key")
+	foreignKey.Close()
+	defer func() {
+		_ = registry.DeleteKey(registry.LOCAL_MACHINE, foreignPath)
+	}()
+
+	require.Equal(t, 3, countNRPTRuleKeys(t), "Should have two indexed rules and the legacy one")
+
+	// a configurator that never applied a DNS config, as one built after a
+	// restart or from a shutdown state without a count is
+	freshRun := &registryConfigurator{}
+	require.NoError(t, freshRun.removeDNSMatchPolicies())
+
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, countNRPTRuleKeys(t), "Should remove every rule left by the previous run")
+
+	exists, err := registryKeyExists(foreignPath)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.True(t, exists, "Should not remove a policy that is not ours")
+}
+
+func countNRPTRuleKeys(t *testing.T) int {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	names, err := listNRPTRuleKeys(DNSPolicyConfigRoot)
+	require.NoError(t, err, "Should list NRPT rule keys")
+	return len(names)
+}
+
 func cleanupRegistryKeys(*testing.T) {
-	// Clean up more entries to account for batching tests with many domains
-	cfg := &registryConfigurator{nrptEntryCount: 20}
+	cfg := &registryConfigurator{}
 	_ = cfg.removeDNSMatchPolicies()
 }
 
@@ -125,7 +181,7 @@ func TestNRPTDomainBatching(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// Create a test interface registry key so updateSearchDomains doesn't fail
 	testGUID := "{12345678-1234-1234-1234-123456789ABC}"
-	interfacePath := `SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\Tcpip\Parameters\Interfaces\` + testGUID
+	interfacePath := InterfaceConfigPath + `\` + testGUID
 	testKey, _, err := registry.CreateKey(registry.LOCAL_MACHINE, interfacePath, registry.SET_VALUE)
 	require.NoError(t, err, "Should create test interface registry key")
 	testKey.Close()
@@ -193,7 +249,7 @@ func TestNRPTDomainBatching(t *testing.T) {
 			require.NoError(t, err)
 
 			// Verify that exactly expectedRuleCount rules were created
-			assert.Equal(t, tc.expectedRuleCount, cfg.nrptEntryCount,
+			assert.Equal(t, tc.expectedRuleCount, countNRPTRuleKeys(t),
 				"Should create %d NRPT rules for %d domains", tc.expectedRuleCount, tc.domainCount)
 
 			// Verify all expected rules exist

client/internal/dns/unclean_shutdown_windows.go

@@ -5,9 +5,8 @@ import (
 )
 
 type ShutdownState struct {
-	Guid           string
-	GPO            bool
-	NRPTEntryCount int
+	Guid string
+	GPO  bool
 }
 
 func (s *ShutdownState) Name() string {
@@ -16,9 +15,8 @@ func (s *ShutdownState) Name() string {
 
 func (s *ShutdownState) Cleanup() error {
 	manager := &registryConfigurator{
-		guid:           s.Guid,
-		gpo:            s.GPO,
-		nrptEntryCount: s.NRPTEntryCount,
+		guid: s.Guid,
+		gpo:  s.GPO,
 	}
 
 	if err := manager.restoreUncleanShutdownDNS(); err != nil {

client/internal/ebpf/ebpf/manager_linux.go

@@ -2,17 +2,21 @@ package ebpf
 
 import (
 	_ "embed"
+	"fmt"
 	"net"
 	"sync"
 
 	"github.com/cilium/ebpf/link"
 	"github.com/cilium/ebpf/rlimit"
 	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
+	"golang.org/x/sys/unix"
 
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/ebpf/manager"
 )
 
 const (
+	xdpProgName = "nb_xdp_prog"
+
 	mapKeyFeatures uint32 = 0
 
 	featureFlagWGProxy      = 0b00000001
@@ -68,21 +72,50 @@ func (tf *GeneralManager) loadXdp() error {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	// load pre-compiled programs into the kernel.
-	err = loadBpfObjects(&tf.bpfObjs, nil)
+	// lo has no native XDP, so the program runs in generic mode. Unless it
+	// declares multi-buffer support the kernel must linearize every non-linear
+	// skb before running it. Loopback packets are up to 64 KB, so that is a
+	// contiguous GFP_ATOMIC allocation per packet, and when it fails the packet
+	// is dropped before the program runs, stalling local TCP connections.
+	// Multi-buffer XDP in generic mode requires kernel 6.3, so fall back to a
+	// plain attach when the kernel rejects it.
+	err = tf.attachXdp(iFace.Index, true)
+	if err == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	log.Debugf("failed to attach multi-buffer xdp program, retrying without it: %s", err)
+
+	return tf.attachXdp(iFace.Index, false)
+}
+
+func (tf *GeneralManager) attachXdp(iFaceIndex int, multiBuffer bool) error {
+	spec, err := loadBpf()
 	if err != nil {
-		return err
+		return fmt.Errorf("load bpf spec: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if multiBuffer {
+		prog, ok := spec.Programs[xdpProgName]
+		if !ok {
+			return fmt.Errorf("program %s not found in bpf spec", xdpProgName)
+		}
+		prog.Flags |= unix.BPF_F_XDP_HAS_FRAGS
+	}
+
+	if err := spec.LoadAndAssign(&tf.bpfObjs, nil); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("load bpf objects: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	tf.link, err = link.AttachXDP(link.XDPOptions{
 		Program:   tf.bpfObjs.NbXdpProg,
-		Interface: iFace.Index,
+		Interface: iFaceIndex,
 	})
-
 	if err != nil {
-		_ = tf.bpfObjs.Close()
+		if closeErr := tf.bpfObjs.Close(); closeErr != nil {
+			log.Debugf("failed to close bpf objects after xdp attach error: %s", closeErr)
+		}
 		tf.link = nil
-		return err
+		return fmt.Errorf("attach xdp: %w", err)
 	}
 	return nil
 }

client/internal/profilemanager/config.go

@@ -217,6 +217,12 @@ func getConfigDir() (string, error) {
 	}
 
 	configDir := filepath.Join(base, "netbird")
+	// Under sudo this is the invoking user's directory and strictly read-only:
+	// anything root creates in it would be root-owned and break the user's own
+	// runs. Reads of a missing directory fall through to defaults.
+	if _, sudo := sudoInvokingUser(); sudo {
+		return configDir, nil
+	}
 	if err := os.MkdirAll(configDir, 0o755); err != nil {
 		return "", err
 	}
@@ -224,6 +230,9 @@ func getConfigDir() (string, error) {
 }
 
 func baseConfigDir() (string, error) {
+	if u, ok := sudoInvokingUser(); ok {
+		return userBaseConfigDir(u)
+	}
 	if runtime.GOOS == "darwin" {
 		if u, err := user.Current(); err == nil && u.HomeDir != "" {
 			return filepath.Join(u.HomeDir, "Library", "Application Support"), nil

client/internal/profilemanager/invoking_user.go

@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+package profilemanager
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"os/user"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"runtime"
+
+	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
+)
+
+// InvokingUser returns the user a CLI invocation acts for. Under sudo that is
+// the user who ran sudo, not root: privileged flags force commands through
+// sudo, and resolving profiles as root would silently switch the daemon to
+// root's (default) profile instead of the invoking user's. Privilege decisions
+// are not made here — those stay on the kernel credentials of the daemon
+// connection, which SUDO_USER (a plain environment variable) can never
+// influence; a forged value only selects a profile root could select anyway.
+func InvokingUser() (*user.User, error) {
+	if u, ok := sudoInvokingUser(); ok {
+		return u, nil
+	}
+	return user.Current()
+}
+
+// IsPlainRoot reports that the process runs as root with no usable sudo
+// context: there is no invoking user to act for, so per-user resolution falls
+// back to root's own (empty) state. Callers use it to refuse ambiguous
+// operations instead of silently acting on the wrong profile.
+func IsPlainRoot() bool {
+	if os.Geteuid() != 0 {
+		return false
+	}
+	_, ok := sudoInvokingUser()
+	return !ok
+}
+
+// sudoInvokingUser resolves SUDO_USER when the process runs as root under
+// sudo. Returns false whenever the sudo context is absent or unusable, in
+// which case callers fall back to the process user.
+func sudoInvokingUser() (*user.User, bool) {
+	if os.Geteuid() != 0 {
+		return nil, false
+	}
+	name := os.Getenv("SUDO_USER")
+	if name == "" || name == "root" {
+		return nil, false
+	}
+	u, err := user.Lookup(name)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Warnf("failed to look up sudo invoking user %q, acting as root: %v", name, err)
+		return nil, false
+	}
+	return u, true
+}
+
+// userBaseConfigDir mirrors os.UserConfigDir for a user other than the process
+// owner. Environment overrides (XDG_CONFIG_HOME) cannot be honoured here: under
+// sudo the environment is root's, not the invoking user's.
+func userBaseConfigDir(u *user.User) (string, error) {
+	if u.HomeDir == "" {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("user %s has no home directory", u.Username)
+	}
+	if runtime.GOOS == "darwin" {
+		return filepath.Join(u.HomeDir, "Library", "Application Support"), nil
+	}
+	return filepath.Join(u.HomeDir, ".config"), nil
+}

client/internal/profilemanager/invoking_user_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+package profilemanager
+
+import (
+	"os"
+	"os/user"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"runtime"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestInvokingUserFallsBackToProcessUser(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv("SUDO_USER", "")
+
+	got, err := InvokingUser()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	current, err := user.Current()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, current.Username, got.Username)
+}
+
+func TestSudoInvokingUserInactiveWithoutSudoContext(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv("SUDO_USER", "")
+	_, ok := sudoInvokingUser()
+	assert.False(t, ok)
+}
+
+func TestSudoInvokingUserIgnoresRoot(t *testing.T) {
+	if os.Geteuid() != 0 {
+		t.Skip("needs root to enter the sudo branch")
+	}
+	t.Setenv("SUDO_USER", "root")
+	_, ok := sudoInvokingUser()
+	assert.False(t, ok, "sudo from a root shell must not redirect anything")
+}
+
+func TestUserBaseConfigDir(t *testing.T) {
+	u := &user.User{Username: "misha", HomeDir: filepath.Join("/home", "misha")}
+	dir, err := userBaseConfigDir(u)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	if runtime.GOOS == "darwin" {
+		assert.Equal(t, filepath.Join(u.HomeDir, "Library", "Application Support"), dir)
+	} else {
+		assert.Equal(t, filepath.Join(u.HomeDir, ".config"), dir)
+	}
+
+	_, err = userBaseConfigDir(&user.User{Username: "nohome"})
+	require.Error(t, err)
+}
+
+func TestIsPlainRoot(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv("SUDO_USER", "")
+	assert.Equal(t, os.Geteuid() == 0, IsPlainRoot())
+}

client/internal/profilemanager/profilemanager.go

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ package profilemanager
 import (
 	"fmt"
 	"os"
-	"os/user"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
@@ -54,7 +53,7 @@ func (p *Profile) FilePath() (string, error) {
 		return "", fmt.Errorf("invalid profile ID: %q", id)
 	}
 
-	username, err := user.Current()
+	username, err := InvokingUser()
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to get current user: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -130,7 +129,7 @@ func (pm *ProfileManager) getActiveProfileState() ID {
 	if err != nil {
 		if !os.IsNotExist(err) {
 			log.Warnf("failed to read active profile state: %v", err)
-		} else {
+		} else if _, sudo := sudoInvokingUser(); !sudo {
 			if err := pm.setActiveProfileState(defaultProfileName); err != nil {
 				log.Warnf("failed to set default profile state: %v", err)
 			}
@@ -148,6 +147,13 @@ func (pm *ProfileManager) getActiveProfileState() ID {
 }
 
 func (pm *ProfileManager) setActiveProfileState(id ID) error {
+	// The invoking user's state is read-only under sudo — a root-owned file in
+	// the user's directory would break their own runs. The daemon still records
+	// the switch on its side; only the user-local bookkeeping is skipped.
+	if u, sudo := sudoInvokingUser(); sudo {
+		log.Infof("running under sudo: not persisting active profile %q for user %s", id, u.Username)
+		return nil
+	}
 
 	configDir, err := getConfigDir()
 	if err != nil {

client/internal/profilemanager/state.go

@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ import (
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 
+	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
+
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/util"
 )
 
@@ -63,6 +65,15 @@ func (pm *ProfileManager) SetProfileState(id ID, state *ProfileState) error {
 		return fmt.Errorf("invalid profile ID: %q", id)
 	}
 
+	// The invoking user's state is read-only under sudo. The file only carries
+	// the account email for the login hint and display, so skipping the write
+	// costs at most one extra account prompt later — a root-owned file in the
+	// user's directory would cost every later update instead.
+	if u, sudo := sudoInvokingUser(); sudo {
+		log.Debugf("running under sudo: not persisting profile state for user %s", u.Username)
+		return nil
+	}
+
 	stateFile := filepath.Join(configDir, id.String()+".state.json")
 	if err := util.WriteJsonWithRestrictedPermission(context.Background(), stateFile, state); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("write profile state: %w", err)

go.mod

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/spf13/cobra v1.10.2
 	github.com/spf13/pflag v1.0.10
 	github.com/vishvananda/netlink v1.3.1
-	golang.org/x/crypto v0.54.0
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.55.0
 	golang.org/x/sys v0.47.0
 	golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard v0.0.0-20231211153847-12269c276173
 	golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/wgctrl v0.0.0-20241231184526-a9ab2273dd10
@@ -127,9 +127,9 @@ require (
 	go.uber.org/zap v1.27.0
 	goauthentik.io/api/v3 v3.2023051.3
 	golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20260410095643-746e56fc9e2f
-	golang.org/x/mobile v0.0.0-20251113184115-a159579294ab
-	golang.org/x/mod v0.37.0
-	golang.org/x/net v0.56.0
+	golang.org/x/mobile v0.0.0-20260816165457-f98cc9b3c733
+	golang.org/x/mod v0.39.0
+	golang.org/x/net v0.58.0
 	golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.36.0
 	golang.org/x/sync v0.22.0
 	golang.org/x/term v0.45.0
@@ -313,8 +313,8 @@ require (
 	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.43.0 // indirect
 	go.uber.org/multierr v1.11.0 // indirect
 	go.yaml.in/yaml/v2 v2.4.3 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/text v0.40.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/tools v0.47.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/text v0.41.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/tools v0.49.0 // indirect
 	golang.zx2c4.com/wintun v0.0.0-20230126152724-0fa3db229ce2 // indirect
 	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20260319201613-d00831a3d3e7 // indirect
 	gopkg.in/square/go-jose.v2 v2.6.0 // indirect

go.sum

@@ -728,13 +728,13 @@ golang.org/x/crypto v0.18.0/go.mod h1:R0j02AL6hcrfOiy9T4ZYp/rcWeMxM3L6QYxlOuEG1m
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.19.0/go.mod h1:Iy9bg/ha4yyC70EfRS8jz+B6ybOBKMaSxLj6P6oBDfU=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.23.0/go.mod h1:CKFgDieR+mRhux2Lsu27y0fO304Db0wZe70UKqHu0v8=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.31.0/go.mod h1:kDsLvtWBEx7MV9tJOj9bnXsPbxwJQ6csT/x4KIN4Ssk=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.54.0 h1:YLIA59K4fiNzHzjnZt2tUJQjQtUWfWbeHBqKtk3eScw=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.54.0/go.mod h1:KWL8ny2AZdGR2cWmzeHrp2azQPGogOv+HeQaVEXC2dk=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.55.0 h1:+KWHjbgOaAQ66dh/YlkZKHlz9ZUlq61AFirAR9ntP8M=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.55.0/go.mod h1:uq0V9dE/fzQuJtbnL+2EhWOE63vo164FY8xqEnV9xis=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20260410095643-746e56fc9e2f h1:W3F4c+6OLc6H2lb//N1q4WpJkhzJCK5J6kUi1NTVXfM=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20260410095643-746e56fc9e2f/go.mod h1:J1xhfL/vlindoeF/aINzNzt2Bket5bjo9sdOYzOsU80=
 golang.org/x/lint v0.0.0-20200302205851-738671d3881b/go.mod h1:3xt1FjdF8hUf6vQPIChWIBhFzV8gjjsPE/fR3IyQdNY=
-golang.org/x/mobile v0.0.0-20251113184115-a159579294ab h1:Iqyc+2zr7aGyLuEadIm0KRJP0Wwt+fhlXLa51Fxf1+Q=
-golang.org/x/mobile v0.0.0-20251113184115-a159579294ab/go.mod h1:Eq3Nh/5pFSWug2ohiudJ1iyU59SO78QFuh4qTTN++I0=
+golang.org/x/mobile v0.0.0-20260816165457-f98cc9b3c733 h1:XKMObIaAElmkdO+4SQh1iCfzwciZHJi1OblnX9BED9k=
+golang.org/x/mobile v0.0.0-20260816165457-f98cc9b3c733/go.mod h1:jMwjxoDSx9jqhNaZqPnr6nnKzb7cs+Dy1Czk7wdX+R8=
 golang.org/x/mod v0.1.1-0.20191105210325-c90efee705ee/go.mod h1:QqPTAvyqsEbceGzBzNggFXnrqF1CaUcvgkdR5Ot7KZg=
 golang.org/x/mod v0.2.0/go.mod h1:s0Qsj1ACt9ePp/hMypM3fl4fZqREWJwdYDEqhRiZZUA=
 golang.org/x/mod v0.3.0/go.mod h1:s0Qsj1ACt9ePp/hMypM3fl4fZqREWJwdYDEqhRiZZUA=
@@ -744,8 +744,8 @@ golang.org/x/mod v0.8.0/go.mod h1:iBbtSCu2XBx23ZKBPSOrRkjjQPZFPuis4dIYUhu/chs=
 golang.org/x/mod v0.12.0/go.mod h1:iBbtSCu2XBx23ZKBPSOrRkjjQPZFPuis4dIYUhu/chs=
 golang.org/x/mod v0.15.0/go.mod h1:hTbmBsO62+eylJbnUtE2MGJUyE7QWk4xUqPFrRgJ+7c=
 golang.org/x/mod v0.17.0/go.mod h1:hTbmBsO62+eylJbnUtE2MGJUyE7QWk4xUqPFrRgJ+7c=
-golang.org/x/mod v0.37.0 h1:vF1DjpVEshcIqoEaauuHebaLk1O1forxjxBaVn884JQ=
-golang.org/x/mod v0.37.0/go.mod h1:m8S8VeM9r4dzDwjrKO0a1sZP3YjeMamRRlD+fmR2Q/0=
+golang.org/x/mod v0.39.0 h1:UF5zwQdCRRUpHfyPwr7d4UrGiVeldIsogtzWVnczL74=
+golang.org/x/mod v0.39.0/go.mod h1:bvIbwjQ0HUFFf5AKukeeYQG4ZBUG9yxQbR9aEweIwYY=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20180906233101-161cd47e91fd/go.mod h1:mL1N/T3taQHkDXs73rZJwtUhF3w3ftmwwsq0BUmARs4=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20190404232315-eb5bcb51f2a3/go.mod h1:t9HGtf8HONx5eT2rtn7q6eTqICYqUVnKs3thJo3Qplg=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20190603091049-60506f45cf65/go.mod h1:HSz+uSET+XFnRR8LxR5pz3Of3rY3CfYBVs4xY44aLks=
@@ -764,8 +764,8 @@ golang.org/x/net v0.15.0/go.mod h1:idbUs1IY1+zTqbi8yxTbhexhEEk5ur9LInksu6HrEpk=
 golang.org/x/net v0.20.0/go.mod h1:z8BVo6PvndSri0LbOE3hAn0apkU+1YvI6E70E9jsnvY=
 golang.org/x/net v0.21.0/go.mod h1:bIjVDfnllIU7BJ2DNgfnXvpSvtn8VRwhlsaeUTyUS44=
 golang.org/x/net v0.25.0/go.mod h1:JkAGAh7GEvH74S6FOH42FLoXpXbE/aqXSrIQjXgsiwM=
-golang.org/x/net v0.56.0 h1:Rw8j/hFzGvJUZwNBXnAtf5sVDVt+65SK2C7IxCxZt5o=
-golang.org/x/net v0.56.0/go.mod h1:D3Ku6r+V6JROoZK144D2XfMHFcMq/0zSfLelVTCFKec=
+golang.org/x/net v0.58.0 h1:ynWG7rqYi4ccpTEuPZ2QGWHktVEM9DMCj9yzDE0Q7To=
+golang.org/x/net v0.58.0/go.mod h1:YwCddHnFlT7eLQqVprV19OnhLGtc5xOKgE0RyqgfWAU=
 golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.8.0/go.mod h1:yr7u4HXZRm1R1kBWqr/xKNqewf0plRYoB7sla+BCIXE=
 golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.36.0 h1:peZ/1z27fi9hUOFCAZaHyrpWG5lwe0RJEEEeH0ThlIs=
 golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.36.0/go.mod h1:YDBUJMTkDnJS+A4BP4eZBjCqtokkg1hODuPjwiGPO7Q=
@@ -843,8 +843,8 @@ golang.org/x/text v0.13.0/go.mod h1:TvPlkZtksWOMsz7fbANvkp4WM8x/WCo/om8BMLbz+aE=
 golang.org/x/text v0.14.0/go.mod h1:18ZOQIKpY8NJVqYksKHtTdi31H5itFRjB5/qKTNYzSU=
 golang.org/x/text v0.15.0/go.mod h1:18ZOQIKpY8NJVqYksKHtTdi31H5itFRjB5/qKTNYzSU=
 golang.org/x/text v0.21.0/go.mod h1:4IBbMaMmOPCJ8SecivzSH54+73PCFmPWxNTLm+vZkEQ=
-golang.org/x/text v0.40.0 h1:Ub2Z6/xjgF1WrYQz2nuITOEegKFtiIy+rieRJ5lHZKs=
-golang.org/x/text v0.40.0/go.mod h1:hpnzDAfGV753zIKo+wk3u1bVKCGPbrnF7+7LBF/UHVY=
+golang.org/x/text v0.41.0 h1:vz/seA0lnX87Othu2f/0L24RcgrXD9/YFTSuGjj3rH8=
+golang.org/x/text v0.41.0/go.mod h1:jvf1O8ajNzZqhSrQBPbutR/EB83Cc0CFrezNQIwbb5M=
 golang.org/x/time v0.15.0 h1:bbrp8t3bGUeFOx08pvsMYRTCVSMk89u4tKbNOZbp88U=
 golang.org/x/time v0.15.0/go.mod h1:Y4YMaQmXwGQZoFaVFk4YpCt4FLQMYKZe9oeV/f4MSno=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20180917221912-90fa682c2a6e/go.mod h1:n7NCudcB/nEzxVGmLbDWY5pfWTLqBcC2KZ6jyYvM4mQ=
@@ -858,8 +858,8 @@ golang.org/x/tools v0.1.12/go.mod h1:hNGJHUnrk76NpqgfD5Aqm5Crs+Hm0VOH/i9J2+nxYbc
 golang.org/x/tools v0.6.0/go.mod h1:Xwgl3UAJ/d3gWutnCtw505GrjyAbvKui8lOU390QaIU=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.13.0/go.mod h1:HvlwmtVNQAhOuCjW7xxvovg8wbNq7LwfXh/k7wXUl58=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.21.1-0.20240508182429-e35e4ccd0d2d/go.mod h1:aiJjzUbINMkxbQROHiO6hDPo2LHcIPhhQsa9DLh0yGk=
-golang.org/x/tools v0.47.0 h1:7Kn5x/d1svx/PzryTsqeoZN4TZwqeH5pGWjefhLi/1Q=
-golang.org/x/tools v0.47.0/go.mod h1:dFHnyTvFWY212G+h7ZY4Vsp/K3U4/7W9TyVaAul8uCA=
+golang.org/x/tools v0.49.0 h1:3NI7VXzL9+1WZD52Dx2ttoPwD5DWrFGpl9mFZDlmisI=
+golang.org/x/tools v0.49.0/go.mod h1:SJNXV9DBKT0UbdttsQjbfJlAE/q+y36++zo3uL3N0Oo=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20190717185122-a985d3407aa7/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20191011141410-1b5146add898/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20191204190536-9bdfabe68543/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=