Merge branch 'main' into add-ns-punnycode-support

This PR optimizes the process check time by updating the implementation of getRunningProcesses and introducing new benchmark tests.

Updated getRunningProcesses to use process.Pids() instead of process.Processes()
Added benchmark tests for both the new and the legacy implementations

Benchmark: https://github.com/netbirdio/netbird/actions/runs/15512741612

todo: evaluate windows optmizations and caching risks

.github/workflows/golangci-lint.yml

@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@ jobs:
         with:
           ignore_words_list: erro,clienta,hastable,iif,groupd,testin,groupe
           skip: go.mod,go.sum
-          only_warn: 1
   golangci:
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false

.github/workflows/test-infrastructure-files.yml

@@ -172,11 +172,11 @@ jobs:
           grep "NETBIRD_STORE_ENGINE_MYSQL_DSN=$NETBIRD_STORE_ENGINE_MYSQL_DSN" docker-compose.yml
           grep NETBIRD_STORE_ENGINE_POSTGRES_DSN docker-compose.yml | egrep "$NETBIRD_STORE_ENGINE_POSTGRES_DSN"
           # check relay values
-          grep "NB_EXPOSED_ADDRESS=$CI_NETBIRD_DOMAIN:33445" docker-compose.yml
+          grep "NB_EXPOSED_ADDRESS=rels://$CI_NETBIRD_DOMAIN:33445" docker-compose.yml
           grep "NB_LISTEN_ADDRESS=:33445" docker-compose.yml
           grep '33445:33445' docker-compose.yml
           grep -A 10 'relay:' docker-compose.yml | egrep 'NB_AUTH_SECRET=.+$'
-          grep -A 7 Relay management.json | grep "rel://$CI_NETBIRD_DOMAIN:33445"
+          grep -A 7 Relay management.json | grep "rels://$CI_NETBIRD_DOMAIN:33445"
           grep -A 7 Relay management.json | egrep '"Secret": ".+"'
           grep DisablePromptLogin management.json | grep 'true'
           grep LoginFlag management.json | grep 0

README.md

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
        <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/license-BSD--3-blue" />
      </a> 
     <br>
-    <a href="https://join.slack.com/t/netbirdio/shared_invite/zt-31rofwmxc-27akKd0Le0vyRpBcwXkP0g">
+    <a href="https://docs.netbird.io/slack-url">
         <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/slack-@netbird-red.svg?logo=slack"/>
      </a>  
      <br>
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
   <br/>
   See <a href="https://netbird.io/docs/">Documentation</a>
   <br/>
-   Join our <a href="https://join.slack.com/t/netbirdio/shared_invite/zt-31rofwmxc-27akKd0Le0vyRpBcwXkP0g">Slack channel</a>
+   Join our <a href="https://docs.netbird.io/slack-url">Slack channel</a>
   <br/>
  
 </strong>

client/anonymize/anonymize.go

@@ -69,6 +69,22 @@ func (a *Anonymizer) AnonymizeIP(ip netip.Addr) netip.Addr {
 	return a.ipAnonymizer[ip]
 }
 
+func (a *Anonymizer) AnonymizeUDPAddr(addr net.UDPAddr) net.UDPAddr {
+	// Convert IP to netip.Addr
+	ip, ok := netip.AddrFromSlice(addr.IP)
+	if !ok {
+		return addr
+	}
+
+	anonIP := a.AnonymizeIP(ip)
+
+	return net.UDPAddr{
+		IP:   anonIP.AsSlice(),
+		Port: addr.Port,
+		Zone: addr.Zone,
+	}
+}
+
 // isInAnonymizedRange checks if an IP is within the range of already assigned anonymized IPs
 func (a *Anonymizer) isInAnonymizedRange(ip netip.Addr) bool {
 	if ip.Is4() && ip.Compare(a.startAnonIPv4) >= 0 && ip.Compare(a.currentAnonIPv4) <= 0 {

client/cmd/root.go

@@ -39,7 +39,6 @@ const (
 	extraIFaceBlackListFlag  = "extra-iface-blacklist"
 	dnsRouteIntervalFlag     = "dns-router-interval"
 	systemInfoFlag           = "system-info"
-	blockLANAccessFlag       = "block-lan-access"
 	enableLazyConnectionFlag = "enable-lazy-connection"
 	uploadBundle             = "upload-bundle"
 	uploadBundleURL          = "upload-bundle-url"
@@ -78,7 +77,6 @@ var (
 	anonymizeFlag           bool
 	debugSystemInfoFlag     bool
 	dnsRouteInterval        time.Duration
-	blockLANAccess          bool
 	debugUploadBundle       bool
 	debugUploadBundleURL    string
 	lazyConnEnabled         bool

client/cmd/service.go

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package cmd
 
 import (
 	"context"
+	"runtime"
 	"sync"
 
 	"github.com/kardianos/service"
@@ -27,12 +28,19 @@ func newProgram(ctx context.Context, cancel context.CancelFunc) *program {
 }
 
 func newSVCConfig() *service.Config {
-	return &service.Config{
+	config := &service.Config{
 		Name:        serviceName,
 		DisplayName: "Netbird",
-		Description: "A WireGuard-based mesh network that connects your devices into a single private network.",
+		Description: "Netbird mesh network client",
 		Option:      make(service.KeyValue),
+		EnvVars:     make(map[string]string),
 	}
+
+	if runtime.GOOS == "linux" {
+		config.EnvVars["SYSTEMD_UNIT"] = serviceName
+	}
+
+	return config
 }
 
 func newSVC(prg *program, conf *service.Config) (service.Service, error) {

client/cmd/service_installer.go

@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ var installCmd = &cobra.Command{
 			svcConfig.Arguments = append(svcConfig.Arguments, "--management-url", managementURL)
 		}
 
-		if logFile != "console" {
+		if logFile != "" {
 			svcConfig.Arguments = append(svcConfig.Arguments, "--log-file", logFile)
 		}
 

client/cmd/system.go

@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@ const (
 	disableServerRoutesFlag = "disable-server-routes"
 	disableDNSFlag          = "disable-dns"
 	disableFirewallFlag     = "disable-firewall"
+	blockLANAccessFlag      = "block-lan-access"
+	blockInboundFlag        = "block-inbound"
 )
 
 var (
@@ -13,6 +15,8 @@ var (
 	disableServerRoutes bool
 	disableDNS          bool
 	disableFirewall     bool
+	blockLANAccess      bool
+	blockInbound        bool
 )
 
 func init() {
@@ -28,4 +32,11 @@ func init() {
 
 	upCmd.PersistentFlags().BoolVar(&disableFirewall, disableFirewallFlag, false,
 		"Disable firewall configuration. If enabled, the client won't modify firewall rules.")
+
+	upCmd.PersistentFlags().BoolVar(&blockLANAccess, blockLANAccessFlag, false,
+		"Block access to local networks (LAN) when using this peer as a router or exit node")
+
+	upCmd.PersistentFlags().BoolVar(&blockInbound, blockInboundFlag, false,
+		"Block inbound connections. If enabled, the client will not allow any inbound connections to the local machine nor routed networks.\n"+
+		"This overrides any policies received from the management service.")
 }

client/cmd/trace.go

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ var traceCmd = &cobra.Command{
 	Example: `
   netbird debug trace in 192.168.1.10 10.10.0.2 -p tcp --sport 12345 --dport 443 --syn --ack
   netbird debug trace out 10.10.0.1 8.8.8.8 -p udp  --dport 53
-  netbird debug trace in 10.10.0.2 10.10.0.1 -p icmp --type 8 --code 0
+  netbird debug trace in 10.10.0.2 10.10.0.1 -p icmp --icmp-type 8 --icmp-code 0
   netbird debug trace in 100.64.1.1 self -p tcp --dport 80`,
 	Args: cobra.ExactArgs(3),
 	RunE: tracePacket,

client/cmd/up.go

@@ -55,12 +55,11 @@ func init() {
 	upCmd.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&interfaceName, interfaceNameFlag, iface.WgInterfaceDefault, "Wireguard interface name")
 	upCmd.PersistentFlags().Uint16Var(&wireguardPort, wireguardPortFlag, iface.DefaultWgPort, "Wireguard interface listening port")
 	upCmd.PersistentFlags().BoolVarP(&networkMonitor, networkMonitorFlag, "N", networkMonitor,
-		`Manage network monitoring. Defaults to true on Windows and macOS, false on Linux. `+
+		`Manage network monitoring. Defaults to true on Windows and macOS, false on Linux and FreeBSD. `+
 			`E.g. --network-monitor=false to disable or --network-monitor=true to enable.`,
 	)
 	upCmd.PersistentFlags().StringSliceVar(&extraIFaceBlackList, extraIFaceBlackListFlag, nil, "Extra list of default interfaces to ignore for listening")
 	upCmd.PersistentFlags().DurationVar(&dnsRouteInterval, dnsRouteIntervalFlag, time.Minute, "DNS route update interval")
-	upCmd.PersistentFlags().BoolVar(&blockLANAccess, blockLANAccessFlag, false, "Block access to local networks (LAN) when using this peer as a router or exit node")
 
 	upCmd.PersistentFlags().StringSliceVar(&dnsLabels, dnsLabelsFlag, nil,
 		`Sets DNS labels`+
@@ -119,83 +118,9 @@ func runInForegroundMode(ctx context.Context, cmd *cobra.Command) error {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	ic := internal.ConfigInput{
-		ManagementURL:       managementURL,
-		AdminURL:            adminURL,
-		ConfigPath:          configPath,
-		NATExternalIPs:      natExternalIPs,
-		CustomDNSAddress:    customDNSAddressConverted,
-		ExtraIFaceBlackList: extraIFaceBlackList,
-		DNSLabels:           dnsLabelsValidated,
-	}
-
-	if cmd.Flag(enableRosenpassFlag).Changed {
-		ic.RosenpassEnabled = &rosenpassEnabled
-	}
-
-	if cmd.Flag(rosenpassPermissiveFlag).Changed {
-		ic.RosenpassPermissive = &rosenpassPermissive
-	}
-
-	if cmd.Flag(serverSSHAllowedFlag).Changed {
-		ic.ServerSSHAllowed = &serverSSHAllowed
-	}
-
-	if cmd.Flag(interfaceNameFlag).Changed {
-		if err := parseInterfaceName(interfaceName); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		ic.InterfaceName = &interfaceName
-	}
-
-	if cmd.Flag(wireguardPortFlag).Changed {
-		p := int(wireguardPort)
-		ic.WireguardPort = &p
-	}
-
-	if cmd.Flag(networkMonitorFlag).Changed {
-		ic.NetworkMonitor = &networkMonitor
-	}
-
-	if rootCmd.PersistentFlags().Changed(preSharedKeyFlag) {
-		ic.PreSharedKey = &preSharedKey
-	}
-
-	if cmd.Flag(disableAutoConnectFlag).Changed {
-		ic.DisableAutoConnect = &autoConnectDisabled
-
-		if autoConnectDisabled {
-			cmd.Println("Autoconnect has been disabled. The client won't connect automatically when the service starts.")
-		}
-
-		if !autoConnectDisabled {
-			cmd.Println("Autoconnect has been enabled. The client will connect automatically when the service starts.")
-		}
-	}
-
-	if cmd.Flag(dnsRouteIntervalFlag).Changed {
-		ic.DNSRouteInterval = &dnsRouteInterval
-	}
-
-	if cmd.Flag(disableClientRoutesFlag).Changed {
-		ic.DisableClientRoutes = &disableClientRoutes
-	}
-	if cmd.Flag(disableServerRoutesFlag).Changed {
-		ic.DisableServerRoutes = &disableServerRoutes
-	}
-	if cmd.Flag(disableDNSFlag).Changed {
-		ic.DisableDNS = &disableDNS
-	}
-	if cmd.Flag(disableFirewallFlag).Changed {
-		ic.DisableFirewall = &disableFirewall
-	}
-
-	if cmd.Flag(blockLANAccessFlag).Changed {
-		ic.BlockLANAccess = &blockLANAccess
-	}
-
-	if cmd.Flag(enableLazyConnectionFlag).Changed {
-		ic.LazyConnectionEnabled = &lazyConnEnabled
+	ic, err := setupConfig(customDNSAddressConverted, cmd)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("setup config: %v", err)
 	}
 
 	providedSetupKey, err := getSetupKey()
@@ -203,7 +128,7 @@ func runInForegroundMode(ctx context.Context, cmd *cobra.Command) error {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	config, err := internal.UpdateOrCreateConfig(ic)
+	config, err := internal.UpdateOrCreateConfig(*ic)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("get config file: %v", err)
 	}
@@ -262,9 +187,141 @@ func runInDaemonMode(ctx context.Context, cmd *cobra.Command) error {
 
 	providedSetupKey, err := getSetupKey()
 	if err != nil {
-		return err
+		return fmt.Errorf("get setup key: %v", err)
 	}
 
+	loginRequest, err := setupLoginRequest(providedSetupKey, customDNSAddressConverted, cmd)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("setup login request: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	var loginErr error
+	var loginResp *proto.LoginResponse
+
+	err = WithBackOff(func() error {
+		var backOffErr error
+		loginResp, backOffErr = client.Login(ctx, loginRequest)
+		if s, ok := gstatus.FromError(backOffErr); ok && (s.Code() == codes.InvalidArgument ||
+			s.Code() == codes.PermissionDenied ||
+			s.Code() == codes.NotFound ||
+			s.Code() == codes.Unimplemented) {
+			loginErr = backOffErr
+			return nil
+		}
+		return backOffErr
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("login backoff cycle failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if loginErr != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("login failed: %v", loginErr)
+	}
+
+	if loginResp.NeedsSSOLogin {
+
+		openURL(cmd, loginResp.VerificationURIComplete, loginResp.UserCode, noBrowser)
+
+		_, err = client.WaitSSOLogin(ctx, &proto.WaitSSOLoginRequest{UserCode: loginResp.UserCode, Hostname: hostName})
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("waiting sso login failed with: %v", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if _, err := client.Up(ctx, &proto.UpRequest{}); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("call service up method: %v", err)
+	}
+	cmd.Println("Connected")
+	return nil
+}
+
+func setupConfig(customDNSAddressConverted []byte, cmd *cobra.Command) (*internal.ConfigInput, error) {
+	ic := internal.ConfigInput{
+		ManagementURL:       managementURL,
+		AdminURL:            adminURL,
+		ConfigPath:          configPath,
+		NATExternalIPs:      natExternalIPs,
+		CustomDNSAddress:    customDNSAddressConverted,
+		ExtraIFaceBlackList: extraIFaceBlackList,
+		DNSLabels:           dnsLabelsValidated,
+	}
+
+	if cmd.Flag(enableRosenpassFlag).Changed {
+		ic.RosenpassEnabled = &rosenpassEnabled
+	}
+
+	if cmd.Flag(rosenpassPermissiveFlag).Changed {
+		ic.RosenpassPermissive = &rosenpassPermissive
+	}
+
+	if cmd.Flag(serverSSHAllowedFlag).Changed {
+		ic.ServerSSHAllowed = &serverSSHAllowed
+	}
+
+	if cmd.Flag(interfaceNameFlag).Changed {
+		if err := parseInterfaceName(interfaceName); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		ic.InterfaceName = &interfaceName
+	}
+
+	if cmd.Flag(wireguardPortFlag).Changed {
+		p := int(wireguardPort)
+		ic.WireguardPort = &p
+	}
+
+	if cmd.Flag(networkMonitorFlag).Changed {
+		ic.NetworkMonitor = &networkMonitor
+	}
+
+	if rootCmd.PersistentFlags().Changed(preSharedKeyFlag) {
+		ic.PreSharedKey = &preSharedKey
+	}
+
+	if cmd.Flag(disableAutoConnectFlag).Changed {
+		ic.DisableAutoConnect = &autoConnectDisabled
+
+		if autoConnectDisabled {
+			cmd.Println("Autoconnect has been disabled. The client won't connect automatically when the service starts.")
+		}
+
+		if !autoConnectDisabled {
+			cmd.Println("Autoconnect has been enabled. The client will connect automatically when the service starts.")
+		}
+	}
+
+	if cmd.Flag(dnsRouteIntervalFlag).Changed {
+		ic.DNSRouteInterval = &dnsRouteInterval
+	}
+
+	if cmd.Flag(disableClientRoutesFlag).Changed {
+		ic.DisableClientRoutes = &disableClientRoutes
+	}
+	if cmd.Flag(disableServerRoutesFlag).Changed {
+		ic.DisableServerRoutes = &disableServerRoutes
+	}
+	if cmd.Flag(disableDNSFlag).Changed {
+		ic.DisableDNS = &disableDNS
+	}
+	if cmd.Flag(disableFirewallFlag).Changed {
+		ic.DisableFirewall = &disableFirewall
+	}
+
+	if cmd.Flag(blockLANAccessFlag).Changed {
+		ic.BlockLANAccess = &blockLANAccess
+	}
+
+	if cmd.Flag(blockInboundFlag).Changed {
+		ic.BlockInbound = &blockInbound
+	}
+
+	if cmd.Flag(enableLazyConnectionFlag).Changed {
+		ic.LazyConnectionEnabled = &lazyConnEnabled
+	}
+	return &ic, nil
+}
+
+func setupLoginRequest(providedSetupKey string, customDNSAddressConverted []byte, cmd *cobra.Command) (*proto.LoginRequest, error) {
 	loginRequest := proto.LoginRequest{
 		SetupKey:            providedSetupKey,
 		ManagementUrl:       managementURL,
@@ -301,7 +358,7 @@ func runInDaemonMode(ctx context.Context, cmd *cobra.Command) error {
 
 	if cmd.Flag(interfaceNameFlag).Changed {
 		if err := parseInterfaceName(interfaceName); err != nil {
-			return err
+			return nil, err
 		}
 		loginRequest.InterfaceName = &interfaceName
 	}
@@ -336,49 +393,14 @@ func runInDaemonMode(ctx context.Context, cmd *cobra.Command) error {
 		loginRequest.BlockLanAccess = &blockLANAccess
 	}
 
+	if cmd.Flag(blockInboundFlag).Changed {
+		loginRequest.BlockInbound = &blockInbound
+	}
+
 	if cmd.Flag(enableLazyConnectionFlag).Changed {
 		loginRequest.LazyConnectionEnabled = &lazyConnEnabled
 	}
-
-	var loginErr error
-
-	var loginResp *proto.LoginResponse
-
-	err = WithBackOff(func() error {
-		var backOffErr error
-		loginResp, backOffErr = client.Login(ctx, &loginRequest)
-		if s, ok := gstatus.FromError(backOffErr); ok && (s.Code() == codes.InvalidArgument ||
-			s.Code() == codes.PermissionDenied ||
-			s.Code() == codes.NotFound ||
-			s.Code() == codes.Unimplemented) {
-			loginErr = backOffErr
-			return nil
-		}
-		return backOffErr
-	})
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("login backoff cycle failed: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	if loginErr != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("login failed: %v", loginErr)
-	}
-
-	if loginResp.NeedsSSOLogin {
-
-		openURL(cmd, loginResp.VerificationURIComplete, loginResp.UserCode, noBrowser)
-
-		_, err = client.WaitSSOLogin(ctx, &proto.WaitSSOLoginRequest{UserCode: loginResp.UserCode, Hostname: hostName})
-		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("waiting sso login failed with: %v", err)
-		}
-	}
-
-	if _, err := client.Up(ctx, &proto.UpRequest{}); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("call service up method: %v", err)
-	}
-	cmd.Println("Connected")
-	return nil
+	return &loginRequest, nil
 }
 
 func validateNATExternalIPs(list []string) error {

client/firewall/iptables/manager_linux.go

@@ -147,6 +147,10 @@ func (m *Manager) IsServerRouteSupported() bool {
 	return true
 }
 
+func (m *Manager) IsStateful() bool {
+	return true
+}
+
 func (m *Manager) AddNatRule(pair firewall.RouterPair) error {
 	m.mutex.Lock()
 	defer m.mutex.Unlock()
@@ -198,7 +202,7 @@ func (m *Manager) AllowNetbird() error {
 	_, err := m.AddPeerFiltering(
 		nil,
 		net.IP{0, 0, 0, 0},
-		"all",
+		firewall.ProtocolALL,
 		nil,
 		nil,
 		firewall.ActionAccept,
@@ -219,10 +223,16 @@ func (m *Manager) SetLogLevel(log.Level) {
 }
 
 func (m *Manager) EnableRouting() error {
+	if err := m.router.ipFwdState.RequestForwarding(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("enable IP forwarding: %w", err)
+	}
 	return nil
 }
 
 func (m *Manager) DisableRouting() error {
+	if err := m.router.ipFwdState.ReleaseForwarding(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("disable IP forwarding: %w", err)
+	}
 	return nil
 }
 

client/firewall/iptables/manager_linux_test.go

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ package iptables
 
 import (
 	"fmt"
-	"net"
+	"net/netip"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
@@ -19,11 +19,8 @@ var ifaceMock = &iFaceMock{
 	},
 	AddressFunc: func() wgaddr.Address {
 		return wgaddr.Address{
-			IP: net.ParseIP("10.20.0.1"),
-			Network: &net.IPNet{
-				IP:   net.ParseIP("10.20.0.0"),
-				Mask: net.IPv4Mask(255, 255, 255, 0),
-			},
+			IP:      netip.MustParseAddr("10.20.0.1"),
+			Network: netip.MustParsePrefix("10.20.0.0/24"),
 		}
 	},
 }
@@ -70,12 +67,12 @@ func TestIptablesManager(t *testing.T) {
 
 	var rule2 []fw.Rule
 	t.Run("add second rule", func(t *testing.T) {
-		ip := net.ParseIP("10.20.0.3")
+		ip := netip.MustParseAddr("10.20.0.3")
 		port := &fw.Port{
 			IsRange: true,
 			Values:  []uint16{8043, 8046},
 		}
-		rule2, err = manager.AddPeerFiltering(nil, ip, "tcp", port, nil, fw.ActionAccept, "")
+		rule2, err = manager.AddPeerFiltering(nil, ip.AsSlice(), "tcp", port, nil, fw.ActionAccept, "")
 		require.NoError(t, err, "failed to add rule")
 
 		for _, r := range rule2 {
@@ -95,9 +92,9 @@ func TestIptablesManager(t *testing.T) {
 
 	t.Run("reset check", func(t *testing.T) {
 		// add second rule
-		ip := net.ParseIP("10.20.0.3")
+		ip := netip.MustParseAddr("10.20.0.3")
 		port := &fw.Port{Values: []uint16{5353}}
-		_, err = manager.AddPeerFiltering(nil, ip, "udp", nil, port, fw.ActionAccept, "")
+		_, err = manager.AddPeerFiltering(nil, ip.AsSlice(), "udp", nil, port, fw.ActionAccept, "")
 		require.NoError(t, err, "failed to add rule")
 
 		err = manager.Close(nil)
@@ -119,11 +116,8 @@ func TestIptablesManagerIPSet(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		AddressFunc: func() wgaddr.Address {
 			return wgaddr.Address{
-				IP: net.ParseIP("10.20.0.1"),
-				Network: &net.IPNet{
-					IP:   net.ParseIP("10.20.0.0"),
-					Mask: net.IPv4Mask(255, 255, 255, 0),
-				},
+				IP:      netip.MustParseAddr("10.20.0.1"),
+				Network: netip.MustParsePrefix("10.20.0.0/24"),
 			}
 		},
 	}
@@ -144,11 +138,11 @@ func TestIptablesManagerIPSet(t *testing.T) {
 
 	var rule2 []fw.Rule
 	t.Run("add second rule", func(t *testing.T) {
-		ip := net.ParseIP("10.20.0.3")
+		ip := netip.MustParseAddr("10.20.0.3")
 		port := &fw.Port{
 			Values: []uint16{443},
 		}
-		rule2, err = manager.AddPeerFiltering(nil, ip, "tcp", port, nil, fw.ActionAccept, "default")
+		rule2, err = manager.AddPeerFiltering(nil, ip.AsSlice(), "tcp", port, nil, fw.ActionAccept, "default")
 		for _, r := range rule2 {
 			require.NoError(t, err, "failed to add rule")
 			require.Equal(t, r.(*Rule).ipsetName, "default-sport", "ipset name must be set")
@@ -186,11 +180,8 @@ func TestIptablesCreatePerformance(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		AddressFunc: func() wgaddr.Address {
 			return wgaddr.Address{
-				IP: net.ParseIP("10.20.0.1"),
-				Network: &net.IPNet{
-					IP:   net.ParseIP("10.20.0.0"),
-					Mask: net.IPv4Mask(255, 255, 255, 0),
-				},
+				IP:      netip.MustParseAddr("10.20.0.1"),
+				Network: netip.MustParsePrefix("10.20.0.0/24"),
 			}
 		},
 	}
@@ -212,11 +203,11 @@ func TestIptablesCreatePerformance(t *testing.T) {
 
 			require.NoError(t, err)
 
-			ip := net.ParseIP("10.20.0.100")
+			ip := netip.MustParseAddr("10.20.0.100")
 			start := time.Now()
 			for i := 0; i < testMax; i++ {
 				port := &fw.Port{Values: []uint16{uint16(1000 + i)}}
-				_, err = manager.AddPeerFiltering(nil, ip, "tcp", nil, port, fw.ActionAccept, "")
+				_, err = manager.AddPeerFiltering(nil, ip.AsSlice(), "tcp", nil, port, fw.ActionAccept, "")
 
 				require.NoError(t, err, "failed to add rule")
 			}

client/firewall/iptables/router_linux.go

@@ -248,10 +248,6 @@ func (r *router) deleteIpSet(setName string) error {
 
 // AddNatRule inserts an iptables rule pair into the nat chain
 func (r *router) AddNatRule(pair firewall.RouterPair) error {
-	if err := r.ipFwdState.RequestForwarding(); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
 	if r.legacyManagement {
 		log.Warnf("This peer is connected to a NetBird Management service with an older version. Allowing all traffic for %s", pair.Destination)
 		if err := r.addLegacyRouteRule(pair); err != nil {
@@ -278,10 +274,6 @@ func (r *router) AddNatRule(pair firewall.RouterPair) error {
 
 // RemoveNatRule removes an iptables rule pair from forwarding and nat chains
 func (r *router) RemoveNatRule(pair firewall.RouterPair) error {
-	if err := r.ipFwdState.ReleaseForwarding(); err != nil {
-		log.Errorf("%v", err)
-	}
-
 	if pair.Masquerade {
 		if err := r.removeNatRule(pair); err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("remove nat rule: %w", err)

client/firewall/manager/firewall.go

@@ -116,6 +116,8 @@ type Manager interface {
 	// IsServerRouteSupported returns true if the firewall supports server side routing operations
 	IsServerRouteSupported() bool
 
+	IsStateful() bool
+
 	AddRouteFiltering(
 		id []byte,
 		sources []netip.Prefix,

client/firewall/nftables/manager_linux.go

@@ -170,6 +170,10 @@ func (m *Manager) IsServerRouteSupported() bool {
 	return true
 }
 
+func (m *Manager) IsStateful() bool {
+	return true
+}
+
 func (m *Manager) AddNatRule(pair firewall.RouterPair) error {
 	m.mutex.Lock()
 	defer m.mutex.Unlock()
@@ -324,10 +328,16 @@ func (m *Manager) SetLogLevel(log.Level) {
 }
 
 func (m *Manager) EnableRouting() error {
+	if err := m.router.ipFwdState.RequestForwarding(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("enable IP forwarding: %w", err)
+	}
 	return nil
 }
 
 func (m *Manager) DisableRouting() error {
+	if err := m.router.ipFwdState.ReleaseForwarding(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("disable IP forwarding: %w", err)
+	}
 	return nil
 }
 

client/firewall/nftables/manager_linux_test.go

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ package nftables
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"fmt"
-	"net"
 	"net/netip"
 	"os/exec"
 	"testing"
@@ -25,11 +24,8 @@ var ifaceMock = &iFaceMock{
 	},
 	AddressFunc: func() wgaddr.Address {
 		return wgaddr.Address{
-			IP: net.ParseIP("100.96.0.1"),
-			Network: &net.IPNet{
-				IP:   net.ParseIP("100.96.0.0"),
-				Mask: net.IPv4Mask(255, 255, 255, 0),
-			},
+			IP:      netip.MustParseAddr("100.96.0.1"),
+			Network: netip.MustParsePrefix("100.96.0.0/16"),
 		}
 	},
 }
@@ -70,11 +66,11 @@ func TestNftablesManager(t *testing.T) {
 		time.Sleep(time.Second)
 	}()
 
-	ip := net.ParseIP("100.96.0.1")
+	ip := netip.MustParseAddr("100.96.0.1").Unmap()
 
 	testClient := &nftables.Conn{}
 
-	rule, err := manager.AddPeerFiltering(nil, ip, fw.ProtocolTCP, nil, &fw.Port{Values: []uint16{53}}, fw.ActionDrop, "")
+	rule, err := manager.AddPeerFiltering(nil, ip.AsSlice(), fw.ProtocolTCP, nil, &fw.Port{Values: []uint16{53}}, fw.ActionDrop, "")
 	require.NoError(t, err, "failed to add rule")
 
 	err = manager.Flush()
@@ -109,8 +105,6 @@ func TestNftablesManager(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	compareExprsIgnoringCounters(t, rules[0].Exprs, expectedExprs1)
 
-	ipToAdd, _ := netip.AddrFromSlice(ip)
-	add := ipToAdd.Unmap()
 	expectedExprs2 := []expr.Any{
 		&expr.Payload{
 			DestRegister: 1,
@@ -132,7 +126,7 @@ func TestNftablesManager(t *testing.T) {
 		&expr.Cmp{
 			Op:       expr.CmpOpEq,
 			Register: 1,
-			Data:     add.AsSlice(),
+			Data:     ip.AsSlice(),
 		},
 		&expr.Payload{
 			DestRegister: 1,
@@ -173,11 +167,8 @@ func TestNFtablesCreatePerformance(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		AddressFunc: func() wgaddr.Address {
 			return wgaddr.Address{
-				IP: net.ParseIP("100.96.0.1"),
-				Network: &net.IPNet{
-					IP:   net.ParseIP("100.96.0.0"),
-					Mask: net.IPv4Mask(255, 255, 255, 0),
-				},
+				IP:      netip.MustParseAddr("100.96.0.1"),
+				Network: netip.MustParsePrefix("100.96.0.0/16"),
 			}
 		},
 	}
@@ -197,11 +188,11 @@ func TestNFtablesCreatePerformance(t *testing.T) {
 				time.Sleep(time.Second)
 			}()
 
-			ip := net.ParseIP("10.20.0.100")
+			ip := netip.MustParseAddr("10.20.0.100")
 			start := time.Now()
 			for i := 0; i < testMax; i++ {
 				port := &fw.Port{Values: []uint16{uint16(1000 + i)}}
-				_, err = manager.AddPeerFiltering(nil, ip, "tcp", nil, port, fw.ActionAccept, "")
+				_, err = manager.AddPeerFiltering(nil, ip.AsSlice(), "tcp", nil, port, fw.ActionAccept, "")
 				require.NoError(t, err, "failed to add rule")
 
 				if i%100 == 0 {
@@ -282,8 +273,8 @@ func TestNftablesManagerCompatibilityWithIptables(t *testing.T) {
 		verifyIptablesOutput(t, stdout, stderr)
 	})
 
-	ip := net.ParseIP("100.96.0.1")
-	_, err = manager.AddPeerFiltering(nil, ip, fw.ProtocolTCP, nil, &fw.Port{Values: []uint16{80}}, fw.ActionAccept, "")
+	ip := netip.MustParseAddr("100.96.0.1")
+	_, err = manager.AddPeerFiltering(nil, ip.AsSlice(), fw.ProtocolTCP, nil, &fw.Port{Values: []uint16{80}}, fw.ActionAccept, "")
 	require.NoError(t, err, "failed to add peer filtering rule")
 
 	_, err = manager.AddRouteFiltering(

client/firewall/nftables/router_linux.go

@@ -573,10 +573,6 @@ func (r *router) deleteNftRule(rule *nftables.Rule, ruleKey string) error {
 
 // AddNatRule appends a nftables rule pair to the nat chain
 func (r *router) AddNatRule(pair firewall.RouterPair) error {
-	if err := r.ipFwdState.RequestForwarding(); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
 	if err := r.refreshRulesMap(); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf(refreshRulesMapError, err)
 	}
@@ -1006,10 +1002,6 @@ func (r *router) removeAcceptForwardRulesIptables(ipt *iptables.IPTables) error
 
 // RemoveNatRule removes the prerouting mark rule
 func (r *router) RemoveNatRule(pair firewall.RouterPair) error {
-	if err := r.ipFwdState.ReleaseForwarding(); err != nil {
-		log.Errorf("%v", err)
-	}
-
 	if err := r.refreshRulesMap(); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf(refreshRulesMapError, err)
 	}

client/firewall/uspfilter/forwarder/forwarder.go

@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ type Forwarder struct {
 	udpForwarder *udpForwarder
 	ctx          context.Context
 	cancel       context.CancelFunc
-	ip           net.IP
+	ip           tcpip.Address
 	netstack     bool
 }
 
@@ -71,12 +71,11 @@ func New(iface common.IFaceMapper, logger *nblog.Logger, flowLogger nftypes.Flow
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create NIC: %v", err)
 	}
 
-	ones, _ := iface.Address().Network.Mask.Size()
 	protoAddr := tcpip.ProtocolAddress{
 		Protocol: ipv4.ProtocolNumber,
 		AddressWithPrefix: tcpip.AddressWithPrefix{
-			Address:   tcpip.AddrFromSlice(iface.Address().IP.To4()),
-			PrefixLen: ones,
+			Address:   tcpip.AddrFromSlice(iface.Address().IP.AsSlice()),
+			PrefixLen: iface.Address().Network.Bits(),
 		},
 	}
 
@@ -116,7 +115,7 @@ func New(iface common.IFaceMapper, logger *nblog.Logger, flowLogger nftypes.Flow
 		ctx:          ctx,
 		cancel:       cancel,
 		netstack:     netstack,
-		ip:           iface.Address().IP,
+		ip:           tcpip.AddrFromSlice(iface.Address().IP.AsSlice()),
 	}
 
 	receiveWindow := defaultReceiveWindow
@@ -167,7 +166,7 @@ func (f *Forwarder) Stop() {
 }
 
 func (f *Forwarder) determineDialAddr(addr tcpip.Address) net.IP {
-	if f.netstack && f.ip.Equal(addr.AsSlice()) {
+	if f.netstack && f.ip.Equal(addr) {
 		return net.IPv4(127, 0, 0, 1)
 	}
 	return addr.AsSlice()
@@ -179,7 +178,6 @@ func (f *Forwarder) RegisterRuleID(srcIP, dstIP netip.Addr, srcPort, dstPort uin
 }
 
 func (f *Forwarder) getRuleID(srcIP, dstIP netip.Addr, srcPort, dstPort uint16) ([]byte, bool) {
-
 	if value, ok := f.ruleIdMap.Load(buildKey(srcIP, dstIP, srcPort, dstPort)); ok {
 		return value.([]byte), true
 	} else if value, ok := f.ruleIdMap.Load(buildKey(dstIP, srcIP, dstPort, srcPort)); ok {

client/firewall/uspfilter/forwarder/tcp.go

@@ -111,12 +111,12 @@ func (f *Forwarder) proxyTCP(id stack.TransportEndpointID, inConn *gonet.TCPConn
 
 	if errInToOut != nil {
 		if !isClosedError(errInToOut) {
-			f.logger.Error("proxyTCP: copy error (in -> out): %v", errInToOut)
+			f.logger.Error("proxyTCP: copy error (in -> out) for %s: %v", epID(id), errInToOut)
 		}
 	}
 	if errOutToIn != nil {
 		if !isClosedError(errOutToIn) {
-			f.logger.Error("proxyTCP: copy error (out -> in): %v", errOutToIn)
+			f.logger.Error("proxyTCP: copy error (out -> in) for %s: %v", epID(id), errOutToIn)
 		}
 	}
 

client/firewall/uspfilter/forwarder/udp.go

@@ -250,10 +250,10 @@ func (f *Forwarder) proxyUDP(ctx context.Context, pConn *udpPacketConn, id stack
 	wg.Wait()
 
 	if outboundErr != nil && !isClosedError(outboundErr) {
-		f.logger.Error("proxyUDP: copy error (outbound->inbound): %v", outboundErr)
+		f.logger.Error("proxyUDP: copy error (outbound->inbound) for %s: %v", epID(id), outboundErr)
 	}
 	if inboundErr != nil && !isClosedError(inboundErr) {
-		f.logger.Error("proxyUDP: copy error (inbound->outbound): %v", inboundErr)
+		f.logger.Error("proxyUDP: copy error (inbound->outbound) for %s: %v", epID(id), inboundErr)
 	}
 
 	var rxPackets, txPackets uint64

client/firewall/uspfilter/localip.go

@@ -45,24 +45,26 @@ func (m *localIPManager) setBitmapBit(ip net.IP) {
 	m.ipv4Bitmap[high].bitmap[index] |= 1 << bit
 }
 
-func (m *localIPManager) setBitInBitmap(ip net.IP, bitmap *[256]*ipv4LowBitmap, ipv4Set map[string]struct{}, ipv4Addresses *[]string) {
-	if ipv4 := ip.To4(); ipv4 != nil {
-		high := uint16(ipv4[0])
-		low := (uint16(ipv4[1]) << 8) | (uint16(ipv4[2]) << 4) | uint16(ipv4[3])
+func (m *localIPManager) setBitInBitmap(ip netip.Addr, bitmap *[256]*ipv4LowBitmap, ipv4Set map[netip.Addr]struct{}, ipv4Addresses *[]netip.Addr) {
+	if !ip.Is4() {
+		return
+	}
+	ipv4 := ip.AsSlice()
 
-		if bitmap[high] == nil {
-			bitmap[high] = &ipv4LowBitmap{}
-		}
+	high := uint16(ipv4[0])
+	low := (uint16(ipv4[1]) << 8) | (uint16(ipv4[2]) << 4) | uint16(ipv4[3])
 
-		index := low / 32
-		bit := low % 32
-		bitmap[high].bitmap[index] |= 1 << bit
+	if bitmap[high] == nil {
+		bitmap[high] = &ipv4LowBitmap{}
+	}
 
-		ipStr := ipv4.String()
-		if _, exists := ipv4Set[ipStr]; !exists {
-			ipv4Set[ipStr] = struct{}{}
-			*ipv4Addresses = append(*ipv4Addresses, ipStr)
-		}
+	index := low / 32
+	bit := low % 32
+	bitmap[high].bitmap[index] |= 1 << bit
+
+	if _, exists := ipv4Set[ip]; !exists {
+		ipv4Set[ip] = struct{}{}
+		*ipv4Addresses = append(*ipv4Addresses, ip)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -79,12 +81,12 @@ func (m *localIPManager) checkBitmapBit(ip []byte) bool {
 	return (m.ipv4Bitmap[high].bitmap[index] & (1 << bit)) != 0
 }
 
-func (m *localIPManager) processIP(ip net.IP, bitmap *[256]*ipv4LowBitmap, ipv4Set map[string]struct{}, ipv4Addresses *[]string) error {
+func (m *localIPManager) processIP(ip netip.Addr, bitmap *[256]*ipv4LowBitmap, ipv4Set map[netip.Addr]struct{}, ipv4Addresses *[]netip.Addr) error {
 	m.setBitInBitmap(ip, bitmap, ipv4Set, ipv4Addresses)
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (m *localIPManager) processInterface(iface net.Interface, bitmap *[256]*ipv4LowBitmap, ipv4Set map[string]struct{}, ipv4Addresses *[]string) {
+func (m *localIPManager) processInterface(iface net.Interface, bitmap *[256]*ipv4LowBitmap, ipv4Set map[netip.Addr]struct{}, ipv4Addresses *[]netip.Addr) {
 	addrs, err := iface.Addrs()
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Debugf("get addresses for interface %s failed: %v", iface.Name, err)
@@ -102,7 +104,13 @@ func (m *localIPManager) processInterface(iface net.Interface, bitmap *[256]*ipv
 			continue
 		}
 
-		if err := m.processIP(ip, bitmap, ipv4Set, ipv4Addresses); err != nil {
+		addr, ok := netip.AddrFromSlice(ip)
+		if !ok {
+			log.Warnf("invalid IP address %s in interface %s", ip.String(), iface.Name)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if err := m.processIP(addr.Unmap(), bitmap, ipv4Set, ipv4Addresses); err != nil {
 			log.Debugf("process IP failed: %v", err)
 		}
 	}
@@ -116,8 +124,8 @@ func (m *localIPManager) UpdateLocalIPs(iface common.IFaceMapper) (err error) {
 	}()
 
 	var newIPv4Bitmap [256]*ipv4LowBitmap
-	ipv4Set := make(map[string]struct{})
-	var ipv4Addresses []string
+	ipv4Set := make(map[netip.Addr]struct{})
+	var ipv4Addresses []netip.Addr
 
 	// 127.0.0.0/8
 	newIPv4Bitmap[127] = &ipv4LowBitmap{}

client/firewall/uspfilter/localip_test.go

@@ -20,11 +20,8 @@ func TestLocalIPManager(t *testing.T) {
 		{
 			name: "Localhost range",
 			setupAddr: wgaddr.Address{
-				IP: net.ParseIP("192.168.1.1"),
-				Network: &net.IPNet{
-					IP:   net.ParseIP("192.168.1.0"),
-					Mask: net.CIDRMask(24, 32),
-				},
+				IP:      netip.MustParseAddr("192.168.1.1"),
+				Network: netip.MustParsePrefix("192.168.1.0/24"),
 			},
 			testIP:   netip.MustParseAddr("127.0.0.2"),
 			expected: true,
@@ -32,11 +29,8 @@ func TestLocalIPManager(t *testing.T) {
 		{
 			name: "Localhost standard address",
 			setupAddr: wgaddr.Address{
-				IP: net.ParseIP("192.168.1.1"),
-				Network: &net.IPNet{
-					IP:   net.ParseIP("192.168.1.0"),
-					Mask: net.CIDRMask(24, 32),
-				},
+				IP:      netip.MustParseAddr("192.168.1.1"),
+				Network: netip.MustParsePrefix("192.168.1.0/24"),
 			},
 			testIP:   netip.MustParseAddr("127.0.0.1"),
 			expected: true,
@@ -44,11 +38,8 @@ func TestLocalIPManager(t *testing.T) {
 		{
 			name: "Localhost range edge",
 			setupAddr: wgaddr.Address{
-				IP: net.ParseIP("192.168.1.1"),
-				Network: &net.IPNet{
-					IP:   net.ParseIP("192.168.1.0"),
-					Mask: net.CIDRMask(24, 32),
-				},
+				IP:      netip.MustParseAddr("192.168.1.1"),
+				Network: netip.MustParsePrefix("192.168.1.0/24"),
 			},
 			testIP:   netip.MustParseAddr("127.255.255.255"),
 			expected: true,
@@ -56,11 +47,8 @@ func TestLocalIPManager(t *testing.T) {
 		{
 			name: "Local IP matches",
 			setupAddr: wgaddr.Address{
-				IP: net.ParseIP("192.168.1.1"),
-				Network: &net.IPNet{
-					IP:   net.ParseIP("192.168.1.0"),
-					Mask: net.CIDRMask(24, 32),
-				},
+				IP:      netip.MustParseAddr("192.168.1.1"),
+				Network: netip.MustParsePrefix("192.168.1.0/24"),
 			},
 			testIP:   netip.MustParseAddr("192.168.1.1"),
 			expected: true,
@@ -68,11 +56,8 @@ func TestLocalIPManager(t *testing.T) {
 		{
 			name: "Local IP doesn't match",
 			setupAddr: wgaddr.Address{
-				IP: net.ParseIP("192.168.1.1"),
-				Network: &net.IPNet{
-					IP:   net.ParseIP("192.168.1.0"),
-					Mask: net.CIDRMask(24, 32),
-				},
+				IP:      netip.MustParseAddr("192.168.1.1"),
+				Network: netip.MustParsePrefix("192.168.1.0/24"),
 			},
 			testIP:   netip.MustParseAddr("192.168.1.2"),
 			expected: false,
@@ -80,11 +65,8 @@ func TestLocalIPManager(t *testing.T) {
 		{
 			name: "Local IP doesn't match - addresses 32 apart",
 			setupAddr: wgaddr.Address{
-				IP: net.ParseIP("192.168.1.1"),
-				Network: &net.IPNet{
-					IP:   net.ParseIP("192.168.1.0"),
-					Mask: net.CIDRMask(24, 32),
-				},
+				IP:      netip.MustParseAddr("192.168.1.1"),
+				Network: netip.MustParsePrefix("192.168.1.0/24"),
 			},
 			testIP:   netip.MustParseAddr("192.168.1.33"),
 			expected: false,
@@ -92,11 +74,8 @@ func TestLocalIPManager(t *testing.T) {
 		{
 			name: "IPv6 address",
 			setupAddr: wgaddr.Address{
-				IP: net.ParseIP("fe80::1"),
-				Network: &net.IPNet{
-					IP:   net.ParseIP("fe80::"),
-					Mask: net.CIDRMask(64, 128),
-				},
+				IP:      netip.MustParseAddr("fe80::1"),
+				Network: netip.MustParsePrefix("192.168.1.0/24"),
 			},
 			testIP:   netip.MustParseAddr("fe80::1"),
 			expected: false,

client/firewall/uspfilter/tracer_test.go

@@ -38,11 +38,8 @@ func TestTracePacket(t *testing.T) {
 			SetFilterFunc: func(device.PacketFilter) error { return nil },
 			AddressFunc: func() wgaddr.Address {
 				return wgaddr.Address{
-					IP: net.ParseIP("100.10.0.100"),
-					Network: &net.IPNet{
-						IP:   net.ParseIP("100.10.0.0"),
-						Mask: net.CIDRMask(16, 32),
-					},
+					IP:      netip.MustParseAddr("100.10.0.100"),
+					Network: netip.MustParsePrefix("100.10.0.0/16"),
 				}
 			},
 		}

client/firewall/uspfilter/uspfilter.go

@@ -39,8 +39,12 @@ const (
 	// EnvForceUserspaceRouter forces userspace routing even if native routing is available.
 	EnvForceUserspaceRouter = "NB_FORCE_USERSPACE_ROUTER"
 
-	// EnvEnableNetstackLocalForwarding enables forwarding of local traffic to the native stack when running netstack
-	// Leaving this on by default introduces a security risk as sockets on listening on localhost only will be accessible
+	// EnvEnableLocalForwarding enables forwarding of local traffic to the native stack for internal (non-NetBird) interfaces.
+	// Default off as it might be security risk because sockets listening on localhost only will become accessible.
+	EnvEnableLocalForwarding = "NB_ENABLE_LOCAL_FORWARDING"
+
+	// EnvEnableNetstackLocalForwarding is an alias for EnvEnableLocalForwarding.
+	// In netstack mode, it enables forwarding of local traffic to the native stack for all interfaces.
 	EnvEnableNetstackLocalForwarding = "NB_ENABLE_NETSTACK_LOCAL_FORWARDING"
 )
 
@@ -71,7 +75,6 @@ type Manager struct {
 	// incomingRules is used for filtering and hooks
 	incomingRules  map[netip.Addr]RuleSet
 	routeRules     RouteRules
-	wgNetwork      *net.IPNet
 	decoders       sync.Pool
 	wgIface        common.IFaceMapper
 	nativeFirewall firewall.Manager
@@ -148,6 +151,11 @@ func parseCreateEnv() (bool, bool) {
 		if err != nil {
 			log.Warnf("failed to parse %s: %v", EnvEnableNetstackLocalForwarding, err)
 		}
+	} else if val := os.Getenv(EnvEnableLocalForwarding); val != "" {
+		enableLocalForwarding, err = strconv.ParseBool(val)
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Warnf("failed to parse %s: %v", EnvEnableLocalForwarding, err)
+		}
 	}
 
 	return disableConntrack, enableLocalForwarding
@@ -269,7 +277,7 @@ func (m *Manager) determineRouting() error {
 
 		log.Info("userspace routing is forced")
 
-	case !m.netstack && m.nativeFirewall != nil && m.nativeFirewall.IsServerRouteSupported():
+	case !m.netstack && m.nativeFirewall != nil:
 		// if the OS supports routing natively, then we don't need to filter/route ourselves
 		// netstack mode won't support native routing as there is no interface
 
@@ -326,6 +334,10 @@ func (m *Manager) IsServerRouteSupported() bool {
 	return true
 }
 
+func (m *Manager) IsStateful() bool {
+	return m.stateful
+}
+
 func (m *Manager) AddNatRule(pair firewall.RouterPair) error {
 	if m.nativeRouter.Load() && m.nativeFirewall != nil {
 		return m.nativeFirewall.AddNatRule(pair)
@@ -606,9 +618,8 @@ func (m *Manager) processOutgoingHooks(packetData []byte, size int) bool {
 		return true
 	}
 
-	if m.stateful {
-		m.trackOutbound(d, srcIP, dstIP, size)
-	}
+	// for netflow we keep track even if the firewall is stateless
+	m.trackOutbound(d, srcIP, dstIP, size)
 
 	return false
 }
@@ -777,9 +788,10 @@ func (m *Manager) handleLocalTraffic(d *decoder, srcIP, dstIP netip.Addr, packet
 		return true
 	}
 
-	// if running in netstack mode we need to pass this to the forwarder
-	if m.netstack && m.localForwarding {
-		return m.handleNetstackLocalTraffic(packetData)
+	// If requested we pass local traffic to internal interfaces to the forwarder.
+	// netstack doesn't have an interface to forward packets to the native stack so we always need to use the forwarder.
+	if m.localForwarding && (m.netstack || dstIP != m.wgIface.Address().IP) {
+		return m.handleForwardedLocalTraffic(packetData)
 	}
 
 	// track inbound packets to get the correct direction and session id for flows
@@ -789,8 +801,7 @@ func (m *Manager) handleLocalTraffic(d *decoder, srcIP, dstIP netip.Addr, packet
 	return false
 }
 
-func (m *Manager) handleNetstackLocalTraffic(packetData []byte) bool {
-
+func (m *Manager) handleForwardedLocalTraffic(packetData []byte) bool {
 	fwd := m.forwarder.Load()
 	if fwd == nil {
 		m.logger.Trace("Dropping local packet (forwarder not initialized)")
@@ -1088,11 +1099,6 @@ func (m *Manager) ruleMatches(rule *RouteRule, srcAddr, dstAddr netip.Addr, prot
 	return true
 }
 
-// SetNetwork of the wireguard interface to which filtering applied
-func (m *Manager) SetNetwork(network *net.IPNet) {
-	m.wgNetwork = network
-}
-
 // AddUDPPacketHook calls hook when UDP packet from given direction matched
 //
 // Hook function returns flag which indicates should be the matched package dropped or not

client/firewall/uspfilter/uspfilter_bench_test.go

@@ -174,11 +174,6 @@ func BenchmarkCoreFiltering(b *testing.B) {
 					require.NoError(b, manager.Close(nil))
 				})
 
-				manager.wgNetwork = &net.IPNet{
-					IP:   net.ParseIP("100.64.0.0"),
-					Mask: net.CIDRMask(10, 32),
-				}
-
 				// Apply scenario-specific setup
 				sc.setupFunc(manager)
 
@@ -219,11 +214,6 @@ func BenchmarkStateScaling(b *testing.B) {
 				require.NoError(b, manager.Close(nil))
 			})
 
-			manager.wgNetwork = &net.IPNet{
-				IP:   net.ParseIP("100.64.0.0"),
-				Mask: net.CIDRMask(10, 32),
-			}
-
 			// Pre-populate connection table
 			srcIPs := generateRandomIPs(count)
 			dstIPs := generateRandomIPs(count)
@@ -267,11 +257,6 @@ func BenchmarkEstablishmentOverhead(b *testing.B) {
 				require.NoError(b, manager.Close(nil))
 			})
 
-			manager.wgNetwork = &net.IPNet{
-				IP:   net.ParseIP("100.64.0.0"),
-				Mask: net.CIDRMask(10, 32),
-			}
-
 			srcIP := generateRandomIPs(1)[0]
 			dstIP := generateRandomIPs(1)[0]
 			outbound := generatePacket(b, srcIP, dstIP, 1024, 80, layers.IPProtocolTCP)
@@ -304,10 +289,6 @@ func BenchmarkRoutedNetworkReturn(b *testing.B) {
 			proto: layers.IPProtocolTCP,
 			state: "new",
 			setupFunc: func(m *Manager) {
-				m.wgNetwork = &net.IPNet{
-					IP:   net.ParseIP("100.64.0.0"),
-					Mask: net.CIDRMask(10, 32),
-				}
 				b.Setenv("NB_DISABLE_CONNTRACK", "1")
 			},
 			genPackets: func(srcIP, dstIP net.IP) ([]byte, []byte) {
@@ -321,10 +302,6 @@ func BenchmarkRoutedNetworkReturn(b *testing.B) {
 			proto: layers.IPProtocolTCP,
 			state: "established",
 			setupFunc: func(m *Manager) {
-				m.wgNetwork = &net.IPNet{
-					IP:   net.ParseIP("100.64.0.0"),
-					Mask: net.CIDRMask(10, 32),
-				}
 				b.Setenv("NB_DISABLE_CONNTRACK", "1")
 			},
 			genPackets: func(srcIP, dstIP net.IP) ([]byte, []byte) {
@@ -339,10 +316,6 @@ func BenchmarkRoutedNetworkReturn(b *testing.B) {
 			proto: layers.IPProtocolUDP,
 			state: "new",
 			setupFunc: func(m *Manager) {
-				m.wgNetwork = &net.IPNet{
-					IP:   net.ParseIP("100.64.0.0"),
-					Mask: net.CIDRMask(10, 32),
-				}
 				b.Setenv("NB_DISABLE_CONNTRACK", "1")
 			},
 			genPackets: func(srcIP, dstIP net.IP) ([]byte, []byte) {
@@ -356,10 +329,6 @@ func BenchmarkRoutedNetworkReturn(b *testing.B) {
 			proto: layers.IPProtocolUDP,
 			state: "established",
 			setupFunc: func(m *Manager) {
-				m.wgNetwork = &net.IPNet{
-					IP:   net.ParseIP("100.64.0.0"),
-					Mask: net.CIDRMask(10, 32),
-				}
 				b.Setenv("NB_DISABLE_CONNTRACK", "1")
 			},
 			genPackets: func(srcIP, dstIP net.IP) ([]byte, []byte) {
@@ -373,10 +342,6 @@ func BenchmarkRoutedNetworkReturn(b *testing.B) {
 			proto: layers.IPProtocolTCP,
 			state: "new",
 			setupFunc: func(m *Manager) {
-				m.wgNetwork = &net.IPNet{
-					IP:   net.ParseIP("0.0.0.0"),
-					Mask: net.CIDRMask(0, 32),
-				}
 				require.NoError(b, os.Unsetenv("NB_DISABLE_CONNTRACK"))
 			},
 			genPackets: func(srcIP, dstIP net.IP) ([]byte, []byte) {
@@ -390,10 +355,6 @@ func BenchmarkRoutedNetworkReturn(b *testing.B) {
 			proto: layers.IPProtocolTCP,
 			state: "established",
 			setupFunc: func(m *Manager) {
-				m.wgNetwork = &net.IPNet{
-					IP:   net.ParseIP("0.0.0.0"),
-					Mask: net.CIDRMask(0, 32),
-				}
 				require.NoError(b, os.Unsetenv("NB_DISABLE_CONNTRACK"))
 			},
 			genPackets: func(srcIP, dstIP net.IP) ([]byte, []byte) {
@@ -408,10 +369,6 @@ func BenchmarkRoutedNetworkReturn(b *testing.B) {
 			proto: layers.IPProtocolTCP,
 			state: "post_handshake",
 			setupFunc: func(m *Manager) {
-				m.wgNetwork = &net.IPNet{
-					IP:   net.ParseIP("0.0.0.0"),
-					Mask: net.CIDRMask(0, 32),
-				}
 				require.NoError(b, os.Unsetenv("NB_DISABLE_CONNTRACK"))
 			},
 			genPackets: func(srcIP, dstIP net.IP) ([]byte, []byte) {
@@ -426,10 +383,6 @@ func BenchmarkRoutedNetworkReturn(b *testing.B) {
 			proto: layers.IPProtocolUDP,
 			state: "new",
 			setupFunc: func(m *Manager) {
-				m.wgNetwork = &net.IPNet{
-					IP:   net.ParseIP("0.0.0.0"),
-					Mask: net.CIDRMask(0, 32),
-				}
 				require.NoError(b, os.Unsetenv("NB_DISABLE_CONNTRACK"))
 			},
 			genPackets: func(srcIP, dstIP net.IP) ([]byte, []byte) {
@@ -443,10 +396,6 @@ func BenchmarkRoutedNetworkReturn(b *testing.B) {
 			proto: layers.IPProtocolUDP,
 			state: "established",
 			setupFunc: func(m *Manager) {
-				m.wgNetwork = &net.IPNet{
-					IP:   net.ParseIP("0.0.0.0"),
-					Mask: net.CIDRMask(0, 32),
-				}
 				require.NoError(b, os.Unsetenv("NB_DISABLE_CONNTRACK"))
 			},
 			genPackets: func(srcIP, dstIP net.IP) ([]byte, []byte) {
@@ -593,11 +542,6 @@ func BenchmarkLongLivedConnections(b *testing.B) {
 				require.NoError(b, manager.Close(nil))
 			})
 
-			manager.SetNetwork(&net.IPNet{
-				IP:   net.ParseIP("100.64.0.0"),
-				Mask: net.CIDRMask(10, 32),
-			})
-
 			// Setup initial state based on scenario
 			if sc.rules {
 				// Single rule to allow all return traffic from port 80
@@ -681,11 +625,6 @@ func BenchmarkShortLivedConnections(b *testing.B) {
 				require.NoError(b, manager.Close(nil))
 			})
 
-			manager.SetNetwork(&net.IPNet{
-				IP:   net.ParseIP("100.64.0.0"),
-				Mask: net.CIDRMask(10, 32),
-			})
-
 			// Setup initial state based on scenario
 			if sc.rules {
 				// Single rule to allow all return traffic from port 80
@@ -797,11 +736,6 @@ func BenchmarkParallelLongLivedConnections(b *testing.B) {
 				require.NoError(b, manager.Close(nil))
 			})
 
-			manager.SetNetwork(&net.IPNet{
-				IP:   net.ParseIP("100.64.0.0"),
-				Mask: net.CIDRMask(10, 32),
-			})
-
 			// Setup initial state based on scenario
 			if sc.rules {
 				_, err := manager.AddPeerFiltering(nil, net.ParseIP("0.0.0.0"), fw.ProtocolTCP, &fw.Port{Values: []uint16{80}}, nil, fw.ActionAccept, "")
@@ -882,11 +816,6 @@ func BenchmarkParallelShortLivedConnections(b *testing.B) {
 				require.NoError(b, manager.Close(nil))
 			})
 
-			manager.SetNetwork(&net.IPNet{
-				IP:   net.ParseIP("100.64.0.0"),
-				Mask: net.CIDRMask(10, 32),
-			})
-
 			if sc.rules {
 				_, err := manager.AddPeerFiltering(nil, net.ParseIP("0.0.0.0"), fw.ProtocolTCP, &fw.Port{Values: []uint16{80}}, nil, fw.ActionAccept, "")
 				require.NoError(b, err)
@@ -1032,7 +961,8 @@ func BenchmarkRouteACLs(b *testing.B) {
 	}
 
 	for _, r := range rules {
-		_, err := manager.AddRouteFiltering(nil, r.sources, r.dest, r.proto, nil, r.port, fw.ActionAccept)
+		dst := fw.Network{Prefix: r.dest}
+		_, err := manager.AddRouteFiltering(nil, r.sources, dst, r.proto, nil, r.port, fw.ActionAccept)
 		if err != nil {
 			b.Fatal(err)
 		}

client/firewall/uspfilter/uspfilter_filter_test.go

@@ -19,12 +19,8 @@ import (
 )
 
 func TestPeerACLFiltering(t *testing.T) {
-	localIP := net.ParseIP("100.10.0.100")
-	wgNet := &net.IPNet{
-		IP:   net.ParseIP("100.10.0.0"),
-		Mask: net.CIDRMask(16, 32),
-	}
-
+	localIP := netip.MustParseAddr("100.10.0.100")
+	wgNet := netip.MustParsePrefix("100.10.0.0/16")
 	ifaceMock := &IFaceMock{
 		SetFilterFunc: func(device.PacketFilter) error { return nil },
 		AddressFunc: func() wgaddr.Address {
@@ -43,8 +39,6 @@ func TestPeerACLFiltering(t *testing.T) {
 		require.NoError(t, manager.Close(nil))
 	})
 
-	manager.wgNetwork = wgNet
-
 	err = manager.UpdateLocalIPs()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
@@ -581,14 +575,13 @@ func setupRoutedManager(tb testing.TB, network string) *Manager {
 	dev := mocks.NewMockDevice(ctrl)
 	dev.EXPECT().MTU().Return(1500, nil).AnyTimes()
 
-	localIP, wgNet, err := net.ParseCIDR(network)
-	require.NoError(tb, err)
+	wgNet := netip.MustParsePrefix(network)
 
 	ifaceMock := &IFaceMock{
 		SetFilterFunc: func(device.PacketFilter) error { return nil },
 		AddressFunc: func() wgaddr.Address {
 			return wgaddr.Address{
-				IP:      localIP,
+				IP:      wgNet.Addr(),
 				Network: wgNet,
 			}
 		},
@@ -1440,11 +1433,8 @@ func TestRouteACLSet(t *testing.T) {
 		SetFilterFunc: func(device.PacketFilter) error { return nil },
 		AddressFunc: func() wgaddr.Address {
 			return wgaddr.Address{
-				IP: net.ParseIP("100.10.0.100"),
-				Network: &net.IPNet{
-					IP:   net.ParseIP("100.10.0.0"),
-					Mask: net.CIDRMask(16, 32),
-				},
+				IP:      netip.MustParseAddr("100.10.0.100"),
+				Network: netip.MustParsePrefix("100.10.0.0/16"),
 			}
 		},
 	}

client/firewall/uspfilter/uspfilter_test.go

@@ -271,11 +271,8 @@ func TestNotMatchByIP(t *testing.T) {
 		SetFilterFunc: func(device.PacketFilter) error { return nil },
 		AddressFunc: func() wgaddr.Address {
 			return wgaddr.Address{
-				IP: net.ParseIP("100.10.0.100"),
-				Network: &net.IPNet{
-					IP:   net.ParseIP("100.10.0.0"),
-					Mask: net.CIDRMask(16, 32),
-				},
+				IP:      netip.MustParseAddr("100.10.0.100"),
+				Network: netip.MustParsePrefix("100.10.0.0/16"),
 			}
 		},
 	}
@@ -285,10 +282,6 @@ func TestNotMatchByIP(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Errorf("failed to create Manager: %v", err)
 		return
 	}
-	m.wgNetwork = &net.IPNet{
-		IP:   net.ParseIP("100.10.0.0"),
-		Mask: net.CIDRMask(16, 32),
-	}
 
 	ip := net.ParseIP("0.0.0.0")
 	proto := fw.ProtocolUDP
@@ -396,10 +389,6 @@ func TestProcessOutgoingHooks(t *testing.T) {
 	}, false, flowLogger)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
-	manager.wgNetwork = &net.IPNet{
-		IP:   net.ParseIP("100.10.0.0"),
-		Mask: net.CIDRMask(16, 32),
-	}
 	manager.udpTracker.Close()
 	manager.udpTracker = conntrack.NewUDPTracker(100*time.Millisecond, logger, flowLogger)
 	defer func() {
@@ -509,11 +498,6 @@ func TestStatefulFirewall_UDPTracking(t *testing.T) {
 	}, false, flowLogger)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
-	manager.wgNetwork = &net.IPNet{
-		IP:   net.ParseIP("100.10.0.0"),
-		Mask: net.CIDRMask(16, 32),
-	}
-
 	manager.udpTracker.Close() // Close the existing tracker
 	manager.udpTracker = conntrack.NewUDPTracker(200*time.Millisecond, logger, flowLogger)
 	manager.decoders = sync.Pool{

client/iface/bind/udp_mux_universal.go

@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ func (u *udpConn) performFilterCheck(addr net.Addr) error {
 		return nil
 	}
 
-	if u.address.Network.Contains(a.AsSlice()) {
+	if u.address.Network.Contains(a) {
 		log.Warnf("Address %s is part of the NetBird network %s, refusing to write", addr, u.address)
 		return fmt.Errorf("address %s is part of the NetBird network %s, refusing to write", addr, u.address)
 	}

client/iface/configurer/kernel_unix.go

@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@ import (
 	"golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/wgctrl/wgtypes"
 )
 
+var zeroKey wgtypes.Key
+
 type KernelConfigurer struct {
 	deviceName string
 }
@@ -201,6 +203,47 @@ func (c *KernelConfigurer) configure(config wgtypes.Config) error {
 func (c *KernelConfigurer) Close() {
 }
 
+func (c *KernelConfigurer) FullStats() (*Stats, error) {
+	wg, err := wgctrl.New()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("wgctl: %w", err)
+	}
+	defer func() {
+		err = wg.Close()
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Errorf("Got error while closing wgctl: %v", err)
+		}
+	}()
+
+	wgDevice, err := wg.Device(c.deviceName)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("get device %s: %w", c.deviceName, err)
+	}
+	fullStats := &Stats{
+		DeviceName: wgDevice.Name,
+		PublicKey:  wgDevice.PublicKey.String(),
+		ListenPort: wgDevice.ListenPort,
+		FWMark:     wgDevice.FirewallMark,
+		Peers:      []Peer{},
+	}
+
+	for _, p := range wgDevice.Peers {
+		peer := Peer{
+			PublicKey:     p.PublicKey.String(),
+			AllowedIPs:    p.AllowedIPs,
+			TxBytes:       p.TransmitBytes,
+			RxBytes:       p.ReceiveBytes,
+			LastHandshake: p.LastHandshakeTime,
+			PresharedKey:  p.PresharedKey != zeroKey,
+		}
+		if p.Endpoint != nil {
+			peer.Endpoint = *p.Endpoint
+		}
+		fullStats.Peers = append(fullStats.Peers, peer)
+	}
+	return fullStats, nil
+}
+
 func (c *KernelConfigurer) GetStats() (map[string]WGStats, error) {
 	stats := make(map[string]WGStats)
 	wg, err := wgctrl.New()

client/iface/configurer/usp.go

@@ -19,10 +19,17 @@ import (
 )
 
 const (
+	privateKey                  = "private_key"
 	ipcKeyLastHandshakeTimeSec  = "last_handshake_time_sec"
 	ipcKeyLastHandshakeTimeNsec = "last_handshake_time_nsec"
 	ipcKeyTxBytes               = "tx_bytes"
 	ipcKeyRxBytes               = "rx_bytes"
+	allowedIP                   = "allowed_ip"
+	endpoint                    = "endpoint"
+	fwmark                      = "fwmark"
+	listenPort                  = "listen_port"
+	publicKey                   = "public_key"
+	presharedKey                = "preshared_key"
 )
 
 var ErrAllowedIPNotFound = fmt.Errorf("allowed IP not found")
@@ -186,6 +193,15 @@ func (c *WGUSPConfigurer) RemoveAllowedIP(peerKey string, ip string) error {
 	return c.device.IpcSet(toWgUserspaceString(config))
 }
 
+func (c *WGUSPConfigurer) FullStats() (*Stats, error) {
+	ipcStr, err := c.device.IpcGet()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("IpcGet failed: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return parseStatus(c.deviceName, ipcStr)
+}
+
 // startUAPI starts the UAPI listener for managing the WireGuard interface via external tool
 func (t *WGUSPConfigurer) startUAPI() {
 	var err error
@@ -365,3 +381,136 @@ func getFwmark() int {
 	}
 	return 0
 }
+
+func hexToWireguardKey(hexKey string) (wgtypes.Key, error) {
+	// Decode hex string to bytes
+	keyBytes, err := hex.DecodeString(hexKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		return wgtypes.Key{}, fmt.Errorf("failed to decode hex key: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Check if we have the right number of bytes (WireGuard keys are 32 bytes)
+	if len(keyBytes) != 32 {
+		return wgtypes.Key{}, fmt.Errorf("invalid key length: expected 32 bytes, got %d", len(keyBytes))
+	}
+
+	// Convert to wgtypes.Key
+	var key wgtypes.Key
+	copy(key[:], keyBytes)
+
+	return key, nil
+}
+
+func parseStatus(deviceName, ipcStr string) (*Stats, error) {
+	stats := &Stats{DeviceName: deviceName}
+	var currentPeer *Peer
+	for _, line := range strings.Split(strings.TrimSpace(ipcStr), "\n") {
+		if line == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+		parts := strings.SplitN(line, "=", 2)
+		if len(parts) != 2 {
+			continue
+		}
+		key := parts[0]
+		val := parts[1]
+
+		switch key {
+		case privateKey:
+			key, err := hexToWireguardKey(val)
+			if err != nil {
+				log.Errorf("failed to parse private key: %v", err)
+				continue
+			}
+			stats.PublicKey = key.PublicKey().String()
+		case publicKey:
+			// Save previous peer
+			if currentPeer != nil {
+				stats.Peers = append(stats.Peers, *currentPeer)
+			}
+			key, err := hexToWireguardKey(val)
+			if err != nil {
+				log.Errorf("failed to parse public key: %v", err)
+				continue
+			}
+			currentPeer = &Peer{
+				PublicKey: key.String(),
+			}
+		case listenPort:
+			if port, err := strconv.Atoi(val); err == nil {
+				stats.ListenPort = port
+			}
+		case fwmark:
+			if fwmark, err := strconv.Atoi(val); err == nil {
+				stats.FWMark = fwmark
+			}
+		case endpoint:
+			if currentPeer == nil {
+				continue
+			}
+
+			host, portStr, err := net.SplitHostPort(strings.Trim(val, "[]"))
+			if err != nil {
+				log.Errorf("failed to parse endpoint: %v", err)
+				continue
+			}
+			port, err := strconv.Atoi(portStr)
+			if err != nil {
+				log.Errorf("failed to parse endpoint port: %v", err)
+				continue
+			}
+			currentPeer.Endpoint = net.UDPAddr{
+				IP:   net.ParseIP(host),
+				Port: port,
+			}
+		case allowedIP:
+			if currentPeer == nil {
+				continue
+			}
+			_, ipnet, err := net.ParseCIDR(val)
+			if err == nil {
+				currentPeer.AllowedIPs = append(currentPeer.AllowedIPs, *ipnet)
+			}
+		case ipcKeyTxBytes:
+			if currentPeer == nil {
+				continue
+			}
+			rxBytes, err := toBytes(val)
+			if err != nil {
+				continue
+			}
+			currentPeer.TxBytes = rxBytes
+		case ipcKeyRxBytes:
+			if currentPeer == nil {
+				continue
+			}
+			rxBytes, err := toBytes(val)
+			if err != nil {
+				continue
+			}
+			currentPeer.RxBytes = rxBytes
+
+		case ipcKeyLastHandshakeTimeSec:
+			if currentPeer == nil {
+				continue
+			}
+
+			ts, err := toLastHandshake(val)
+			if err != nil {
+				continue
+			}
+			currentPeer.LastHandshake = ts
+		case presharedKey:
+			if currentPeer == nil {
+				continue
+			}
+			if val != "" {
+				currentPeer.PresharedKey = true
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	if currentPeer != nil {
+		stats.Peers = append(stats.Peers, *currentPeer)
+	}
+	return stats, nil
+}

client/iface/configurer/wgshow.go

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+package configurer
+
+import (
+	"net"
+	"time"
+)
+
+type Peer struct {
+	PublicKey     string
+	Endpoint      net.UDPAddr
+	AllowedIPs    []net.IPNet
+	TxBytes       int64
+	RxBytes       int64
+	LastHandshake time.Time
+	PresharedKey  bool
+}
+
+type Stats struct {
+	DeviceName string
+	PublicKey  string
+	ListenPort int
+	FWMark     int
+	Peers      []Peer
+}

client/iface/device/device_android.go

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/iface/bind"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/iface/configurer"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/iface/wgaddr"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/domain"
 )
 
 // WGTunDevice ignore the WGTunDevice interface on Android because the creation of the tun device is different on this platform
@@ -43,11 +44,11 @@ func NewTunDevice(address wgaddr.Address, port int, key string, mtu int, iceBind
 	}
 }
 
-func (t *WGTunDevice) Create(routes []string, dns string, searchDomains []string) (WGConfigurer, error) {
+func (t *WGTunDevice) Create(routes []string, dns string, searchDomains domain.List) (WGConfigurer, error) {
 	log.Info("create tun interface")
 
 	routesString := routesToString(routes)
-	searchDomainsToString := searchDomainsToString(searchDomains)
+	searchDomainsToString := searchDomainsToString(searchDomains.ToPunycodeList())
 
 	fd, err := t.tunAdapter.ConfigureInterface(t.address.String(), t.mtu, dns, searchDomainsToString, routesString)
 	if err != nil {

client/iface/device/device_filter.go

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 package device
 
 import (
-	"net"
 	"net/netip"
 	"sync"
 
@@ -24,9 +23,6 @@ type PacketFilter interface {
 
 	// RemovePacketHook removes hook by ID
 	RemovePacketHook(hookID string) error
-
-	// SetNetwork of the wireguard interface to which filtering applied
-	SetNetwork(*net.IPNet)
 }
 
 // FilteredDevice to override Read or Write of packets

client/iface/device/device_netstack.go

@@ -51,7 +51,11 @@ func (t *TunNetstackDevice) Create() (WGConfigurer, error) {
 	log.Info("create nbnetstack tun interface")
 
 	// TODO: get from service listener runtime IP
-	dnsAddr := nbnet.GetLastIPFromNetwork(t.address.Network, 1)
+	dnsAddr, err := nbnet.GetLastIPFromNetwork(t.address.Network, 1)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("last ip: %w", err)
+	}
+
 	log.Debugf("netstack using address: %s", t.address.IP)
 	t.nsTun = nbnetstack.NewNetStackTun(t.listenAddress, t.address.IP, dnsAddr, t.mtu)
 	log.Debugf("netstack using dns address: %s", dnsAddr)

client/iface/device/interface.go

@@ -17,4 +17,5 @@ type WGConfigurer interface {
 	RemoveAllowedIP(peerKey string, allowedIP string) error
 	Close()
 	GetStats() (map[string]configurer.WGStats, error)
+	FullStats() (*configurer.Stats, error)
 }

client/iface/device/wg_link_freebsd.go

@@ -64,7 +64,15 @@ func (l *wgLink) assignAddr(address wgaddr.Address) error {
 	}
 
 	ip := address.IP.String()
-	mask := "0x" + address.Network.Mask.String()
+
+	// Convert prefix length to hex netmask
+	prefixLen := address.Network.Bits()
+	if !address.IP.Is4() {
+		return fmt.Errorf("IPv6 not supported for interface assignment")
+	}
+
+	maskBits := uint32(0xffffffff) << (32 - prefixLen)
+	mask := fmt.Sprintf("0x%08x", maskBits)
 
 	log.Infof("assign addr %s mask %s to %s interface", ip, mask, l.name)
 

client/iface/device_android.go

@@ -8,10 +8,11 @@ import (
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/iface/bind"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/iface/device"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/iface/wgaddr"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/domain"
 )
 
 type WGTunDevice interface {
-	Create(routes []string, dns string, searchDomains []string) (device.WGConfigurer, error)
+	Create(routes []string, dns string, searchDomains domain.List) (device.WGConfigurer, error)
 	Up() (*bind.UniversalUDPMuxDefault, error)
 	UpdateAddr(address wgaddr.Address) error
 	WgAddress() wgaddr.Address

client/iface/iface.go

@@ -185,7 +185,6 @@ func (w *WGIface) SetFilter(filter device.PacketFilter) error {
 	}
 
 	w.filter = filter
-	w.filter.SetNetwork(w.tun.WgAddress().Network)
 
 	w.tun.FilteredDevice().SetFilter(filter)
 	return nil
@@ -217,6 +216,10 @@ func (w *WGIface) GetStats() (map[string]configurer.WGStats, error) {
 	return w.configurer.GetStats()
 }
 
+func (w *WGIface) FullStats() (*configurer.Stats, error) {
+	return w.configurer.FullStats()
+}
+
 func (w *WGIface) waitUntilRemoved() error {
 	maxWaitTime := 5 * time.Second
 	timeout := time.NewTimer(maxWaitTime)

client/iface/iface_create.go

@@ -2,7 +2,11 @@
 
 package iface
 
-import "fmt"
+import (
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/domain"
+)
 
 // Create creates a new Wireguard interface, sets a given IP and brings it up.
 // Will reuse an existing one.
@@ -21,6 +25,6 @@ func (w *WGIface) Create() error {
 }
 
 // CreateOnAndroid this function make sense on mobile only
-func (w *WGIface) CreateOnAndroid([]string, string, []string) error {
+func (w *WGIface) CreateOnAndroid([]string, string, domain.List) error {
 	return fmt.Errorf("this function has not implemented on non mobile")
 }

client/iface/iface_create_android.go

@@ -2,11 +2,13 @@ package iface
 
 import (
 	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/domain"
 )
 
 // CreateOnAndroid creates a new Wireguard interface, sets a given IP and brings it up.
 // Will reuse an existing one.
-func (w *WGIface) CreateOnAndroid(routes []string, dns string, searchDomains []string) error {
+func (w *WGIface) CreateOnAndroid(routes []string, dns string, searchDomains domain.List) error {
 	w.mu.Lock()
 	defer w.mu.Unlock()
 

client/iface/iface_create_darwin.go

@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/cenkalti/backoff/v4"
+
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/domain"
 )
 
 // Create creates a new Wireguard interface, sets a given IP and brings it up.
@@ -36,6 +38,6 @@ func (w *WGIface) Create() error {
 }
 
 // CreateOnAndroid this function make sense on mobile only
-func (w *WGIface) CreateOnAndroid([]string, string, []string) error {
+func (w *WGIface) CreateOnAndroid([]string, string, domain.List) error {
 	return fmt.Errorf("this function has not implemented on this platform")
 }

client/iface/mocks/filter.go

@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@
 package mocks
 
 import (
-	net "net"
 	"net/netip"
 	reflect "reflect"
 
@@ -90,15 +89,3 @@ func (mr *MockPacketFilterMockRecorder) RemovePacketHook(arg0 interface{}) *gomo
 	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
 	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "RemovePacketHook", reflect.TypeOf((*MockPacketFilter)(nil).RemovePacketHook), arg0)
 }
-
-// SetNetwork mocks base method.
-func (m *MockPacketFilter) SetNetwork(arg0 *net.IPNet) {
-	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
-	m.ctrl.Call(m, "SetNetwork", arg0)
-}
-
-// SetNetwork indicates an expected call of SetNetwork.
-func (mr *MockPacketFilterMockRecorder) SetNetwork(arg0 interface{}) *gomock.Call {
-	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
-	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "SetNetwork", reflect.TypeOf((*MockPacketFilter)(nil).SetNetwork), arg0)
-}

client/iface/netstack/tun.go

@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 package netstack
 
 import (
-	"fmt"
-	"net"
 	"net/netip"
 	"os"
 	"strconv"
@@ -15,8 +13,8 @@ import (
 const EnvSkipProxy = "NB_NETSTACK_SKIP_PROXY"
 
 type NetStackTun struct { //nolint:revive
-	address       net.IP
-	dnsAddress    net.IP
+	address       netip.Addr
+	dnsAddress    netip.Addr
 	mtu           int
 	listenAddress string
 
@@ -24,7 +22,7 @@ type NetStackTun struct { //nolint:revive
 	tundev tun.Device
 }
 
-func NewNetStackTun(listenAddress string, address net.IP, dnsAddress net.IP, mtu int) *NetStackTun {
+func NewNetStackTun(listenAddress string, address netip.Addr, dnsAddress netip.Addr, mtu int) *NetStackTun {
 	return &NetStackTun{
 		address:       address,
 		dnsAddress:    dnsAddress,
@@ -34,19 +32,9 @@ func NewNetStackTun(listenAddress string, address net.IP, dnsAddress net.IP, mtu
 }
 
 func (t *NetStackTun) Create() (tun.Device, *netstack.Net, error) {
-	addr, ok := netip.AddrFromSlice(t.address)
-	if !ok {
-		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("convert address to netip.Addr: %v", t.address)
-	}
-
-	dnsAddr, ok := netip.AddrFromSlice(t.dnsAddress)
-	if !ok {
-		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("convert dns address to netip.Addr: %v", t.dnsAddress)
-	}
-
 	nsTunDev, tunNet, err := netstack.CreateNetTUN(
-		[]netip.Addr{addr.Unmap()},
-		[]netip.Addr{dnsAddr.Unmap()},
+		[]netip.Addr{t.address},
+		[]netip.Addr{t.dnsAddress},
 		t.mtu)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, nil, err

client/iface/wgaddr/address.go

@@ -2,28 +2,27 @@ package wgaddr
 
 import (
 	"fmt"
-	"net"
+	"net/netip"
 )
 
 // Address WireGuard parsed address
 type Address struct {
-	IP      net.IP
-	Network *net.IPNet
+	IP      netip.Addr
+	Network netip.Prefix
 }
 
 // ParseWGAddress parse a string ("1.2.3.4/24") address to WG Address
 func ParseWGAddress(address string) (Address, error) {
-	ip, network, err := net.ParseCIDR(address)
+	prefix, err := netip.ParsePrefix(address)
 	if err != nil {
 		return Address{}, err
 	}
 	return Address{
-		IP:      ip,
-		Network: network,
+		IP:      prefix.Addr().Unmap(),
+		Network: prefix.Masked(),
 	}, nil
 }
 
 func (addr Address) String() string {
-	maskSize, _ := addr.Network.Mask.Size()
-	return fmt.Sprintf("%s/%d", addr.IP.String(), maskSize)
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%s/%d", addr.IP.String(), addr.Network.Bits())
 }

client/internal/acl/manager.go

@@ -58,6 +58,11 @@ func (d *DefaultManager) ApplyFiltering(networkMap *mgmProto.NetworkMap, dnsRout
 	d.mutex.Lock()
 	defer d.mutex.Unlock()
 
+	if d.firewall == nil {
+		log.Debug("firewall manager is not supported, skipping firewall rules")
+		return
+	}
+
 	start := time.Now()
 	defer func() {
 		total := 0
@@ -69,14 +74,8 @@ func (d *DefaultManager) ApplyFiltering(networkMap *mgmProto.NetworkMap, dnsRout
 			time.Since(start), total)
 	}()
 
-	if d.firewall == nil {
-		log.Debug("firewall manager is not supported, skipping firewall rules")
-		return
-	}
-
 	d.applyPeerACLs(networkMap)
 
-
 	if err := d.applyRouteACLs(networkMap.RoutesFirewallRules, dnsRouteFeatureFlag); err != nil {
 		log.Errorf("Failed to apply route ACLs: %v", err)
 	}
@@ -285,8 +284,10 @@ func (d *DefaultManager) protoRuleToFirewallRule(
 	case mgmProto.RuleDirection_IN:
 		rules, err = d.addInRules(r.PolicyID, ip, protocol, port, action, ipsetName)
 	case mgmProto.RuleDirection_OUT:
-		// TODO: Remove this soon. Outbound rules are obsolete.
-		// We only maintain this for return traffic (inbound dir) which is now handled by the stateful firewall already
+		if d.firewall.IsStateful() {
+			return "", nil, nil
+		}
+		// return traffic for outbound connections if firewall is stateless
 		rules, err = d.addOutRules(r.PolicyID, ip, protocol, port, action, ipsetName)
 	default:
 		return "", nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid direction, skipping firewall rule")

client/internal/acl/manager_test.go

@@ -1,13 +1,14 @@
 package acl
 
 import (
-	"net"
+	"net/netip"
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/golang/mock/gomock"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/firewall"
-	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/firewall/manager"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/iface/wgaddr"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/acl/mocks"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/netflow"
@@ -42,35 +43,31 @@ func TestDefaultManager(t *testing.T) {
 	ifaceMock := mocks.NewMockIFaceMapper(ctrl)
 	ifaceMock.EXPECT().IsUserspaceBind().Return(true).AnyTimes()
 	ifaceMock.EXPECT().SetFilter(gomock.Any())
-	ip, network, err := net.ParseCIDR("172.0.0.1/32")
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("failed to parse IP address: %v", err)
-	}
+	network := netip.MustParsePrefix("172.0.0.1/32")
 
 	ifaceMock.EXPECT().Name().Return("lo").AnyTimes()
 	ifaceMock.EXPECT().Address().Return(wgaddr.Address{
-		IP:      ip,
+		IP:      network.Addr(),
 		Network: network,
 	}).AnyTimes()
 	ifaceMock.EXPECT().GetWGDevice().Return(nil).AnyTimes()
 
-	// we receive one rule from the management so for testing purposes ignore it
 	fw, err := firewall.NewFirewall(ifaceMock, nil, flowLogger, false)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Errorf("create firewall: %v", err)
-		return
-	}
-	defer func(fw manager.Manager) {
-		_ = fw.Close(nil)
-	}(fw)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	defer func() {
+		err = fw.Close(nil)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+	}()
+
 	acl := NewDefaultManager(fw)
 
 	t.Run("apply firewall rules", func(t *testing.T) {
 		acl.ApplyFiltering(networkMap, false)
 
-		if len(acl.peerRulesPairs) != 2 {
-			t.Errorf("firewall rules not applied: %v", acl.peerRulesPairs)
-			return
+		if fw.IsStateful() {
+			assert.Equal(t, 0, len(acl.peerRulesPairs))
+		} else {
+			assert.Equal(t, 2, len(acl.peerRulesPairs))
 		}
 	})
 
@@ -94,12 +91,13 @@ func TestDefaultManager(t *testing.T) {
 
 		acl.ApplyFiltering(networkMap, false)
 
-		// we should have one old and one new rule in the existed rules
-		if len(acl.peerRulesPairs) != 2 {
-			t.Errorf("firewall rules not applied")
-			return
+		expectedRules := 2
+		if fw.IsStateful() {
+			expectedRules = 1 // only the inbound rule
 		}
 
+		assert.Equal(t, expectedRules, len(acl.peerRulesPairs))
+
 		// check that old rule was removed
 		previousCount := 0
 		for id := range acl.peerRulesPairs {
@@ -107,26 +105,86 @@ func TestDefaultManager(t *testing.T) {
 				previousCount++
 			}
 		}
-		if previousCount != 1 {
-			t.Errorf("old rule was not removed")
+
+		expectedPreviousCount := 0
+		if !fw.IsStateful() {
+			expectedPreviousCount = 1
 		}
+		assert.Equal(t, expectedPreviousCount, previousCount)
 	})
 
 	t.Run("handle default rules", func(t *testing.T) {
 		networkMap.FirewallRules = networkMap.FirewallRules[:0]
 
 		networkMap.FirewallRulesIsEmpty = true
-		if acl.ApplyFiltering(networkMap, false); len(acl.peerRulesPairs) != 0 {
-			t.Errorf("rules should be empty if FirewallRulesIsEmpty is set, got: %v", len(acl.peerRulesPairs))
-			return
-		}
+		acl.ApplyFiltering(networkMap, false)
+		assert.Equal(t, 0, len(acl.peerRulesPairs))
 
 		networkMap.FirewallRulesIsEmpty = false
 		acl.ApplyFiltering(networkMap, false)
-		if len(acl.peerRulesPairs) != 1 {
-			t.Errorf("rules should contain 1 rules if FirewallRulesIsEmpty is not set, got: %v", len(acl.peerRulesPairs))
-			return
+
+		expectedRules := 1
+		if fw.IsStateful() {
+			expectedRules = 1 // only inbound allow-all rule
 		}
+		assert.Equal(t, expectedRules, len(acl.peerRulesPairs))
+	})
+}
+
+func TestDefaultManagerStateless(t *testing.T) {
+	// stateless currently only in userspace, so we have to disable kernel
+	t.Setenv("NB_WG_KERNEL_DISABLED", "true")
+	t.Setenv("NB_DISABLE_CONNTRACK", "true")
+
+	networkMap := &mgmProto.NetworkMap{
+		FirewallRules: []*mgmProto.FirewallRule{
+			{
+				PeerIP:    "10.93.0.1",
+				Direction: mgmProto.RuleDirection_OUT,
+				Action:    mgmProto.RuleAction_ACCEPT,
+				Protocol:  mgmProto.RuleProtocol_TCP,
+				Port:      "80",
+			},
+			{
+				PeerIP:    "10.93.0.2",
+				Direction: mgmProto.RuleDirection_IN,
+				Action:    mgmProto.RuleAction_ACCEPT,
+				Protocol:  mgmProto.RuleProtocol_UDP,
+				Port:      "53",
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	ctrl := gomock.NewController(t)
+	defer ctrl.Finish()
+
+	ifaceMock := mocks.NewMockIFaceMapper(ctrl)
+	ifaceMock.EXPECT().IsUserspaceBind().Return(true).AnyTimes()
+	ifaceMock.EXPECT().SetFilter(gomock.Any())
+	network := netip.MustParsePrefix("172.0.0.1/32")
+
+	ifaceMock.EXPECT().Name().Return("lo").AnyTimes()
+	ifaceMock.EXPECT().Address().Return(wgaddr.Address{
+		IP:      network.Addr(),
+		Network: network,
+	}).AnyTimes()
+	ifaceMock.EXPECT().GetWGDevice().Return(nil).AnyTimes()
+
+	fw, err := firewall.NewFirewall(ifaceMock, nil, flowLogger, false)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	defer func() {
+		err = fw.Close(nil)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+	}()
+
+	acl := NewDefaultManager(fw)
+
+	t.Run("stateless firewall creates outbound rules", func(t *testing.T) {
+		acl.ApplyFiltering(networkMap, false)
+
+		// In stateless mode, we should have both inbound and outbound rules
+		assert.False(t, fw.IsStateful())
+		assert.Equal(t, 2, len(acl.peerRulesPairs))
 	})
 }
 
@@ -192,42 +250,19 @@ func TestDefaultManagerSquashRules(t *testing.T) {
 
 	manager := &DefaultManager{}
 	rules, _ := manager.squashAcceptRules(networkMap)
-	if len(rules) != 2 {
-		t.Errorf("rules should contain 2, got: %v", rules)
-		return
-	}
+	assert.Equal(t, 2, len(rules))
 
 	r := rules[0]
-	switch {
-	case r.PeerIP != "0.0.0.0":
-		t.Errorf("IP should be 0.0.0.0, got: %v", r.PeerIP)
-		return
-	case r.Direction != mgmProto.RuleDirection_IN:
-		t.Errorf("direction should be IN, got: %v", r.Direction)
-		return
-	case r.Protocol != mgmProto.RuleProtocol_ALL:
-		t.Errorf("protocol should be ALL, got: %v", r.Protocol)
-		return
-	case r.Action != mgmProto.RuleAction_ACCEPT:
-		t.Errorf("action should be ACCEPT, got: %v", r.Action)
-		return
-	}
+	assert.Equal(t, "0.0.0.0", r.PeerIP)
+	assert.Equal(t, mgmProto.RuleDirection_IN, r.Direction)
+	assert.Equal(t, mgmProto.RuleProtocol_ALL, r.Protocol)
+	assert.Equal(t, mgmProto.RuleAction_ACCEPT, r.Action)
 
 	r = rules[1]
-	switch {
-	case r.PeerIP != "0.0.0.0":
-		t.Errorf("IP should be 0.0.0.0, got: %v", r.PeerIP)
-		return
-	case r.Direction != mgmProto.RuleDirection_OUT:
-		t.Errorf("direction should be OUT, got: %v", r.Direction)
-		return
-	case r.Protocol != mgmProto.RuleProtocol_ALL:
-		t.Errorf("protocol should be ALL, got: %v", r.Protocol)
-		return
-	case r.Action != mgmProto.RuleAction_ACCEPT:
-		t.Errorf("action should be ACCEPT, got: %v", r.Action)
-		return
-	}
+	assert.Equal(t, "0.0.0.0", r.PeerIP)
+	assert.Equal(t, mgmProto.RuleDirection_OUT, r.Direction)
+	assert.Equal(t, mgmProto.RuleProtocol_ALL, r.Protocol)
+	assert.Equal(t, mgmProto.RuleAction_ACCEPT, r.Action)
 }
 
 func TestDefaultManagerSquashRulesNoAffect(t *testing.T) {
@@ -291,9 +326,8 @@ func TestDefaultManagerSquashRulesNoAffect(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	manager := &DefaultManager{}
-	if rules, _ := manager.squashAcceptRules(networkMap); len(rules) != len(networkMap.FirewallRules) {
-		t.Errorf("we should get the same amount of rules as output, got %v", len(rules))
-	}
+	rules, _ := manager.squashAcceptRules(networkMap)
+	assert.Equal(t, len(networkMap.FirewallRules), len(rules))
 }
 
 func TestDefaultManagerEnableSSHRules(t *testing.T) {
@@ -336,33 +370,29 @@ func TestDefaultManagerEnableSSHRules(t *testing.T) {
 	ifaceMock := mocks.NewMockIFaceMapper(ctrl)
 	ifaceMock.EXPECT().IsUserspaceBind().Return(true).AnyTimes()
 	ifaceMock.EXPECT().SetFilter(gomock.Any())
-	ip, network, err := net.ParseCIDR("172.0.0.1/32")
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("failed to parse IP address: %v", err)
-	}
+	network := netip.MustParsePrefix("172.0.0.1/32")
 
 	ifaceMock.EXPECT().Name().Return("lo").AnyTimes()
 	ifaceMock.EXPECT().Address().Return(wgaddr.Address{
-		IP:      ip,
+		IP:      network.Addr(),
 		Network: network,
 	}).AnyTimes()
 	ifaceMock.EXPECT().GetWGDevice().Return(nil).AnyTimes()
 
-	// we receive one rule from the management so for testing purposes ignore it
 	fw, err := firewall.NewFirewall(ifaceMock, nil, flowLogger, false)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Errorf("create firewall: %v", err)
-		return
-	}
-	defer func(fw manager.Manager) {
-		_ = fw.Close(nil)
-	}(fw)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	defer func() {
+		err = fw.Close(nil)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+	}()
+
 	acl := NewDefaultManager(fw)
 
 	acl.ApplyFiltering(networkMap, false)
 
-	if len(acl.peerRulesPairs) != 3 {
-		t.Errorf("expect 3 rules (last must be SSH), got: %d", len(acl.peerRulesPairs))
-		return
+	expectedRules := 3
+	if fw.IsStateful() {
+		expectedRules = 3 // 2 inbound rules + SSH rule
 	}
+	assert.Equal(t, expectedRules, len(acl.peerRulesPairs))
 }

client/internal/config.go

@@ -68,8 +68,8 @@ type ConfigInput struct {
 	DisableServerRoutes *bool
 	DisableDNS          *bool
 	DisableFirewall     *bool
-
-	BlockLANAccess *bool
+	BlockLANAccess      *bool
+	BlockInbound        *bool
 
 	DisableNotifications *bool
 
@@ -98,8 +98,8 @@ type Config struct {
 	DisableServerRoutes bool
 	DisableDNS          bool
 	DisableFirewall     bool
-
-	BlockLANAccess bool
+	BlockLANAccess      bool
+	BlockInbound        bool
 
 	DisableNotifications *bool
 
@@ -483,6 +483,16 @@ func (config *Config) apply(input ConfigInput) (updated bool, err error) {
 		updated = true
 	}
 
+	if input.BlockInbound != nil && *input.BlockInbound != config.BlockInbound {
+		if *input.BlockInbound {
+			log.Infof("blocking inbound connections")
+		} else {
+			log.Infof("allowing inbound connections")
+		}
+		config.BlockInbound = *input.BlockInbound
+		updated = true
+	}
+
 	if input.DisableNotifications != nil && input.DisableNotifications != config.DisableNotifications {
 		if *input.DisableNotifications {
 			log.Infof("disabling notifications")

client/internal/connect.go

@@ -436,11 +436,12 @@ func createEngineConfig(key wgtypes.Key, config *Config, peerConfig *mgmProto.Pe
 		DNSRouteInterval:     config.DNSRouteInterval,
 
 		DisableClientRoutes: config.DisableClientRoutes,
-		DisableServerRoutes: config.DisableServerRoutes,
+		DisableServerRoutes: config.DisableServerRoutes || config.BlockInbound,
 		DisableDNS:          config.DisableDNS,
 		DisableFirewall:     config.DisableFirewall,
+		BlockLANAccess:      config.BlockLANAccess,
+		BlockInbound:        config.BlockInbound,
 
-		BlockLANAccess:        config.BlockLANAccess,
 		LazyConnectionEnabled: config.LazyConnectionEnabled,
 	}
 

client/internal/debug/debug.go

@@ -270,11 +270,21 @@ func (g *BundleGenerator) createArchive() error {
 		log.Errorf("Failed to add corrupted state files to debug bundle: %v", err)
 	}
 
-	if g.logFile != "console" {
-		if err := g.addLogfile(); err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("add log file: %w", err)
-		}
+	if err := g.addWgShow(); err != nil {
+		log.Errorf("Failed to add wg show output: %v", err)
 	}
+
+	if g.logFile != "console" && g.logFile != "" {
+		if err := g.addLogfile(); err != nil {
+			log.Errorf("Failed to add log file to debug bundle: %v", err)
+			if err := g.trySystemdLogFallback(); err != nil {
+				log.Errorf("Failed to add systemd logs as fallback: %v", err)
+			}
+		}
+	} else if err := g.trySystemdLogFallback(); err != nil {
+		log.Errorf("Failed to add systemd logs: %v", err)
+	}
+
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -366,17 +376,33 @@ func (g *BundleGenerator) addCommonConfigFields(configContent *strings.Builder)
 	configContent.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("RosenpassEnabled: %v\n", g.internalConfig.RosenpassEnabled))
 	configContent.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("RosenpassPermissive: %v\n", g.internalConfig.RosenpassPermissive))
 	if g.internalConfig.ServerSSHAllowed != nil {
-		configContent.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("BundleGeneratorSSHAllowed: %v\n", *g.internalConfig.ServerSSHAllowed))
+		configContent.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("ServerSSHAllowed: %v\n", *g.internalConfig.ServerSSHAllowed))
 	}
-	configContent.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("DisableAutoConnect: %v\n", g.internalConfig.DisableAutoConnect))
-	configContent.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("DNSRouteInterval: %s\n", g.internalConfig.DNSRouteInterval))
 
 	configContent.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("DisableClientRoutes: %v\n", g.internalConfig.DisableClientRoutes))
-	configContent.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("DisableBundleGeneratorRoutes: %v\n", g.internalConfig.DisableServerRoutes))
+	configContent.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("DisableServerRoutes: %v\n", g.internalConfig.DisableServerRoutes))
 	configContent.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("DisableDNS: %v\n", g.internalConfig.DisableDNS))
 	configContent.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("DisableFirewall: %v\n", g.internalConfig.DisableFirewall))
-
 	configContent.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("BlockLANAccess: %v\n", g.internalConfig.BlockLANAccess))
+	configContent.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("BlockInbound: %v\n", g.internalConfig.BlockInbound))
+
+	if g.internalConfig.DisableNotifications != nil {
+		configContent.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("DisableNotifications: %v\n", *g.internalConfig.DisableNotifications))
+	}
+
+	configContent.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("DNSLabels: %v\n", g.internalConfig.DNSLabels))
+
+	configContent.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("DisableAutoConnect: %v\n", g.internalConfig.DisableAutoConnect))
+
+	configContent.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("DNSRouteInterval: %s\n", g.internalConfig.DNSRouteInterval))
+
+	if g.internalConfig.ClientCertPath != "" {
+		configContent.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("ClientCertPath: %s\n", g.internalConfig.ClientCertPath))
+	}
+	if g.internalConfig.ClientCertKeyPath != "" {
+		configContent.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("ClientCertKeyPath: %s\n", g.internalConfig.ClientCertKeyPath))
+	}
+
 	configContent.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("LazyConnectionEnabled: %v\n", g.internalConfig.LazyConnectionEnabled))
 }
 

client/internal/debug/debug_linux.go

@@ -4,17 +4,104 @@ package debug
 
 import (
 	"bytes"
+	"context"
 	"encoding/binary"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"os"
 	"os/exec"
 	"sort"
 	"strings"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/google/nftables"
 	"github.com/google/nftables/expr"
 	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 )
 
+const (
+	maxLogEntries = 100000
+	maxLogAge     = 7 * 24 * time.Hour // Last 7 days
+)
+
+// trySystemdLogFallback attempts to get logs from systemd journal as fallback
+func (g *BundleGenerator) trySystemdLogFallback() error {
+	log.Debug("Attempting to collect systemd journal logs")
+
+	serviceName := getServiceName()
+	journalLogs, err := getSystemdLogs(serviceName)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("get systemd logs for %s: %w", serviceName, err)
+	}
+
+	if strings.Contains(journalLogs, "No recent log entries found") {
+		log.Debug("No recent log entries found in systemd journal")
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	if g.anonymize {
+		journalLogs = g.anonymizer.AnonymizeString(journalLogs)
+	}
+
+	logReader := strings.NewReader(journalLogs)
+	fileName := fmt.Sprintf("systemd-%s.log", serviceName)
+	if err := g.addFileToZip(logReader, fileName); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("add systemd logs to bundle: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	log.Infof("Added systemd journal logs for %s to debug bundle", serviceName)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// getServiceName gets the service name from environment or defaults to netbird
+func getServiceName() string {
+	if unitName := os.Getenv("SYSTEMD_UNIT"); unitName != "" {
+		log.Debugf("Detected SYSTEMD_UNIT environment variable: %s", unitName)
+		return unitName
+	}
+
+	return "netbird"
+}
+
+// getSystemdLogs retrieves logs from systemd journal for a specific service using journalctl
+func getSystemdLogs(serviceName string) (string, error) {
+	args := []string{
+		"-u", fmt.Sprintf("%s.service", serviceName),
+		"--since", fmt.Sprintf("-%s", maxLogAge.String()),
+		"--lines", fmt.Sprintf("%d", maxLogEntries),
+		"--no-pager",
+		"--output", "short-iso",
+	}
+
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 30*time.Second)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	cmd := exec.CommandContext(ctx, "journalctl", args...)
+	var stdout, stderr bytes.Buffer
+	cmd.Stdout = &stdout
+	cmd.Stderr = &stderr
+
+	if err := cmd.Run(); err != nil {
+		if errors.Is(ctx.Err(), context.DeadlineExceeded) {
+			return "", fmt.Errorf("journalctl command timed out after 30 seconds")
+		}
+		if strings.Contains(err.Error(), "executable file not found") {
+			return "", fmt.Errorf("journalctl command not found: %w", err)
+		}
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("execute journalctl: %w (stderr: %s)", err, stderr.String())
+	}
+
+	logs := stdout.String()
+	if strings.TrimSpace(logs) == "" {
+		return "No recent log entries found in systemd journal", nil
+	}
+
+	header := fmt.Sprintf("=== Systemd Journal Logs for %s.service (last %d entries, max %s) ===\n",
+		serviceName, maxLogEntries, maxLogAge.String())
+
+	return header + logs, nil
+}
+
 // addFirewallRules collects and adds firewall rules to the archive
 func (g *BundleGenerator) addFirewallRules() error {
 	log.Info("Collecting firewall rules")
@@ -481,7 +568,7 @@ func formatExpr(exp expr.Any) string {
 	case *expr.Fib:
 		return formatFib(e)
 	case *expr.Target:
-		return fmt.Sprintf("jump %s", e.Name) // Properly format jump targets
+		return fmt.Sprintf("jump %s", e.Name)
 	case *expr.Immediate:
 		if e.Register == 1 {
 			return formatImmediateData(e.Data)

client/internal/debug/debug_nonlinux.go

@@ -6,3 +6,9 @@ package debug
 func (g *BundleGenerator) addFirewallRules() error {
 	return nil
 }
+
+func (g *BundleGenerator) trySystemdLogFallback() error {
+	// Systemd is only available on Linux
+	// TODO: Add BSD support
+	return nil
+}

client/internal/debug/wgshow.go

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+package debug
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/iface/configurer"
+)
+
+type WGIface interface {
+	FullStats() (*configurer.Stats, error)
+}
+
+func (g *BundleGenerator) addWgShow() error {
+	result, err := g.statusRecorder.PeersStatus()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	output := g.toWGShowFormat(result)
+	reader := bytes.NewReader([]byte(output))
+
+	if err := g.addFileToZip(reader, "wgshow.txt"); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("add wg show to zip: %w", err)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (g *BundleGenerator) toWGShowFormat(s *configurer.Stats) string {
+	var sb strings.Builder
+
+	sb.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("interface: %s\n", s.DeviceName))
+	sb.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("  public key: %s\n", s.PublicKey))
+	sb.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("  listen port: %d\n", s.ListenPort))
+	if s.FWMark != 0 {
+		sb.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("  fwmark: %#x\n", s.FWMark))
+	}
+
+	for _, peer := range s.Peers {
+		sb.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("\npeer: %s\n", peer.PublicKey))
+		if peer.Endpoint.IP != nil {
+			if g.anonymize {
+				anonEndpoint := g.anonymizer.AnonymizeUDPAddr(peer.Endpoint)
+				sb.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("  endpoint: %s\n", anonEndpoint.String()))
+			} else {
+				sb.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("  endpoint: %s\n", peer.Endpoint.String()))
+			}
+		}
+		if len(peer.AllowedIPs) > 0 {
+			var ipStrings []string
+			for _, ipnet := range peer.AllowedIPs {
+				ipStrings = append(ipStrings, ipnet.String())
+			}
+			sb.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("  allowed ips: %s\n", strings.Join(ipStrings, ", ")))
+		}
+		sb.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("  latest handshake: %s\n", peer.LastHandshake.Format(time.RFC1123)))
+		sb.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("  transfer: %d B received, %d B sent\n", peer.RxBytes, peer.TxBytes))
+		if peer.PresharedKey {
+			sb.WriteString("  preshared key: (hidden)\n")
+		}
+	}
+
+	return sb.String()
+}

client/internal/dns.go

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ package internal
 
 import (
 	"fmt"
-	"net"
+	"net/netip"
 	"slices"
 	"strings"
 
@@ -12,13 +12,14 @@ import (
 	nbdns "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/dns"
 )
 
-func createPTRRecord(aRecord nbdns.SimpleRecord, ipNet *net.IPNet) (nbdns.SimpleRecord, bool) {
-	ip := net.ParseIP(aRecord.RData)
-	if ip == nil || ip.To4() == nil {
+func createPTRRecord(aRecord nbdns.SimpleRecord, prefix netip.Prefix) (nbdns.SimpleRecord, bool) {
+	ip, err := netip.ParseAddr(aRecord.RData)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Warnf("failed to parse IP address %s: %v", aRecord.RData, err)
 		return nbdns.SimpleRecord{}, false
 	}
 
-	if !ipNet.Contains(ip) {
+	if !prefix.Contains(ip) {
 		return nbdns.SimpleRecord{}, false
 	}
 
@@ -36,16 +37,19 @@ func createPTRRecord(aRecord nbdns.SimpleRecord, ipNet *net.IPNet) (nbdns.Simple
 }
 
 // generateReverseZoneName creates the reverse DNS zone name for a given network
-func generateReverseZoneName(ipNet *net.IPNet) (string, error) {
-	networkIP := ipNet.IP.Mask(ipNet.Mask)
-	maskOnes, _ := ipNet.Mask.Size()
+func generateReverseZoneName(network netip.Prefix) (string, error) {
+	networkIP := network.Masked().Addr()
+
+	if !networkIP.Is4() {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("reverse DNS is only supported for IPv4 networks, got: %s", networkIP)
+	}
 
 	// round up to nearest byte
-	octetsToUse := (maskOnes + 7) / 8
+	octetsToUse := (network.Bits() + 7) / 8
 
 	octets := strings.Split(networkIP.String(), ".")
 	if octetsToUse > len(octets) {
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("invalid network mask size for reverse DNS: %d", maskOnes)
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("invalid network mask size for reverse DNS: %d", network.Bits())
 	}
 
 	reverseOctets := make([]string, octetsToUse)
@@ -68,7 +72,7 @@ func zoneExists(config *nbdns.Config, zoneName string) bool {
 }
 
 // collectPTRRecords gathers all PTR records for the given network from A records
-func collectPTRRecords(config *nbdns.Config, ipNet *net.IPNet) []nbdns.SimpleRecord {
+func collectPTRRecords(config *nbdns.Config, prefix netip.Prefix) []nbdns.SimpleRecord {
 	var records []nbdns.SimpleRecord
 
 	for _, zone := range config.CustomZones {
@@ -77,7 +81,7 @@ func collectPTRRecords(config *nbdns.Config, ipNet *net.IPNet) []nbdns.SimpleRec
 				continue
 			}
 
-			if ptrRecord, ok := createPTRRecord(record, ipNet); ok {
+			if ptrRecord, ok := createPTRRecord(record, prefix); ok {
 				records = append(records, ptrRecord)
 			}
 		}
@@ -87,8 +91,8 @@ func collectPTRRecords(config *nbdns.Config, ipNet *net.IPNet) []nbdns.SimpleRec
 }
 
 // addReverseZone adds a reverse DNS zone to the configuration for the given network
-func addReverseZone(config *nbdns.Config, ipNet *net.IPNet) {
-	zoneName, err := generateReverseZoneName(ipNet)
+func addReverseZone(config *nbdns.Config, network netip.Prefix) {
+	zoneName, err := generateReverseZoneName(network)
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Warn(err)
 		return
@@ -99,7 +103,7 @@ func addReverseZone(config *nbdns.Config, ipNet *net.IPNet) {
 		return
 	}
 
-	records := collectPTRRecords(config, ipNet)
+	records := collectPTRRecords(config, network)
 
 	reverseZone := nbdns.CustomZone{
 		Domain:  zoneName,

client/internal/dns/file_unix.go

@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ func searchDomains(config HostDNSConfig) []string {
 			continue
 		}
 
-		listOfDomains = append(listOfDomains, strings.TrimSuffix(dConf.Domain, "."))
+		listOfDomains = append(listOfDomains, strings.TrimSuffix(dConf.Domain.PunycodeString(), "."))
 	}
 	return listOfDomains
 }

client/internal/dns/handler_chain.go

@@ -1,12 +1,15 @@
 package dns
 
 import (
+	"fmt"
 	"slices"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
 
 	"github.com/miekg/dns"
 	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
+
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/domain"
 )
 
 const (
@@ -23,8 +26,8 @@ type SubdomainMatcher interface {
 type HandlerEntry struct {
 	Handler         dns.Handler
 	Priority        int
-	Pattern         string
-	OrigPattern     string
+	Pattern         domain.Domain
+	OrigPattern     domain.Domain
 	IsWildcard      bool
 	MatchSubdomains bool
 }
@@ -38,7 +41,7 @@ type HandlerChain struct {
 // ResponseWriterChain wraps a dns.ResponseWriter to track if handler wants to continue chain
 type ResponseWriterChain struct {
 	dns.ResponseWriter
-	origPattern    string
+	origPattern    domain.Domain
 	shouldContinue bool
 }
 
@@ -58,18 +61,18 @@ func NewHandlerChain() *HandlerChain {
 }
 
 // GetOrigPattern returns the original pattern of the handler that wrote the response
-func (w *ResponseWriterChain) GetOrigPattern() string {
+func (w *ResponseWriterChain) GetOrigPattern() domain.Domain {
 	return w.origPattern
 }
 
 // AddHandler adds a new handler to the chain, replacing any existing handler with the same pattern and priority
-func (c *HandlerChain) AddHandler(pattern string, handler dns.Handler, priority int) {
+func (c *HandlerChain) AddHandler(pattern domain.Domain, handler dns.Handler, priority int) {
 	c.mu.Lock()
 	defer c.mu.Unlock()
 
-	pattern = strings.ToLower(dns.Fqdn(pattern))
+	pattern = domain.Domain(strings.ToLower(dns.Fqdn(pattern.PunycodeString())))
 	origPattern := pattern
-	isWildcard := strings.HasPrefix(pattern, "*.")
+	isWildcard := strings.HasPrefix(pattern.PunycodeString(), "*.")
 	if isWildcard {
 		pattern = pattern[2:]
 	}
@@ -109,8 +112,8 @@ func (c *HandlerChain) findHandlerPosition(newEntry HandlerEntry) int {
 
 		// domain specificity next
 		if h.Priority == newEntry.Priority {
-			newDots := strings.Count(newEntry.Pattern, ".")
-			existingDots := strings.Count(h.Pattern, ".")
+			newDots := strings.Count(newEntry.Pattern.PunycodeString(), ".")
+			existingDots := strings.Count(h.Pattern.PunycodeString(), ".")
 			if newDots > existingDots {
 				return i
 			}
@@ -122,20 +125,20 @@ func (c *HandlerChain) findHandlerPosition(newEntry HandlerEntry) int {
 }
 
 // RemoveHandler removes a handler for the given pattern and priority
-func (c *HandlerChain) RemoveHandler(pattern string, priority int) {
+func (c *HandlerChain) RemoveHandler(pattern domain.Domain, priority int) {
 	c.mu.Lock()
 	defer c.mu.Unlock()
 
-	pattern = dns.Fqdn(pattern)
+	pattern = domain.Domain(dns.Fqdn(pattern.PunycodeString()))
 
 	c.removeEntry(pattern, priority)
 }
 
-func (c *HandlerChain) removeEntry(pattern string, priority int) {
+func (c *HandlerChain) removeEntry(pattern domain.Domain, priority int) {
 	// Find and remove handlers matching both original pattern (case-insensitive) and priority
 	for i := len(c.handlers) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
 		entry := c.handlers[i]
-		if strings.EqualFold(entry.OrigPattern, pattern) && entry.Priority == priority {
+		if strings.EqualFold(entry.OrigPattern.PunycodeString(), pattern.PunycodeString()) && entry.Priority == priority {
 			c.handlers = append(c.handlers[:i], c.handlers[i+1:]...)
 			break
 		}
@@ -148,61 +151,42 @@ func (c *HandlerChain) ServeDNS(w dns.ResponseWriter, r *dns.Msg) {
 	}
 
 	qname := strings.ToLower(r.Question[0].Name)
-	log.Tracef("handling DNS request for domain=%s", qname)
 
 	c.mu.RLock()
 	handlers := slices.Clone(c.handlers)
 	c.mu.RUnlock()
 
 	if log.IsLevelEnabled(log.TraceLevel) {
-		log.Tracef("current handlers (%d):", len(handlers))
+		var b strings.Builder
+		b.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("DNS request domain=%s, handlers (%d):\n", qname, len(handlers)))
 		for _, h := range handlers {
-			log.Tracef("  - pattern: domain=%s original: domain=%s wildcard=%v match_subdomain=%v priority=%d",
-				h.Pattern, h.OrigPattern, h.IsWildcard, h.MatchSubdomains, h.Priority)
+			b.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("  - pattern: domain=%s original: domain=%s wildcard=%v match_subdomain=%v priority=%d\n",
+				h.Pattern, h.OrigPattern, h.IsWildcard, h.MatchSubdomains, h.Priority))
 		}
+		log.Trace(strings.TrimSuffix(b.String(), "\n"))
 	}
 
 	// Try handlers in priority order
 	for _, entry := range handlers {
-		var matched bool
-		switch {
-		case entry.Pattern == ".":
-			matched = true
-		case entry.IsWildcard:
-			parts := strings.Split(strings.TrimSuffix(qname, entry.Pattern), ".")
-			matched = len(parts) >= 2 && strings.HasSuffix(qname, entry.Pattern)
-		default:
-			// For non-wildcard patterns:
-			// If handler wants subdomain matching, allow suffix match
-			// Otherwise require exact match
-			if entry.MatchSubdomains {
-				matched = strings.EqualFold(qname, entry.Pattern) || strings.HasSuffix(qname, "."+entry.Pattern)
-			} else {
-				matched = strings.EqualFold(qname, entry.Pattern)
+		matched := c.isHandlerMatch(qname, entry)
+
+		if matched {
+			log.Tracef("handler matched: domain=%s -> pattern=%s wildcard=%v match_subdomain=%v priority=%d",
+				qname, entry.OrigPattern, entry.IsWildcard, entry.MatchSubdomains, entry.Priority)
+
+			chainWriter := &ResponseWriterChain{
+				ResponseWriter: w,
+				origPattern:    entry.OrigPattern,
 			}
-		}
+			entry.Handler.ServeDNS(chainWriter, r)
 
-		if !matched {
-			log.Tracef("trying domain match: request: domain=%s pattern: domain=%s wildcard=%v match_subdomain=%v priority=%d matched=false",
-				qname, entry.OrigPattern, entry.MatchSubdomains, entry.IsWildcard, entry.Priority)
-			continue
+			// If handler wants to continue, try next handler
+			if chainWriter.shouldContinue {
+				log.Tracef("handler requested continue to next handler for domain=%s", qname)
+				continue
+			}
+			return
 		}
-
-		log.Tracef("handler matched: request: domain=%s pattern: domain=%s wildcard=%v match_subdomain=%v priority=%d",
-			qname, entry.OrigPattern, entry.IsWildcard, entry.MatchSubdomains, entry.Priority)
-
-		chainWriter := &ResponseWriterChain{
-			ResponseWriter: w,
-			origPattern:    entry.OrigPattern,
-		}
-		entry.Handler.ServeDNS(chainWriter, r)
-
-		// If handler wants to continue, try next handler
-		if chainWriter.shouldContinue {
-			log.Tracef("handler requested continue to next handler")
-			continue
-		}
-		return
 	}
 
 	// No handler matched or all handlers passed
@@ -213,3 +197,22 @@ func (c *HandlerChain) ServeDNS(w dns.ResponseWriter, r *dns.Msg) {
 		log.Errorf("failed to write DNS response: %v", err)
 	}
 }
+
+func (c *HandlerChain) isHandlerMatch(qname string, entry HandlerEntry) bool {
+	switch {
+	case entry.Pattern == ".":
+		return true
+	case entry.IsWildcard:
+		parts := strings.Split(strings.TrimSuffix(qname, entry.Pattern.PunycodeString()), ".")
+		return len(parts) >= 2 && strings.HasSuffix(qname, entry.Pattern.PunycodeString())
+	default:
+		// For non-wildcard patterns:
+		// If handler wants subdomain matching, allow suffix match
+		// Otherwise require exact match
+		if entry.MatchSubdomains {
+			return strings.EqualFold(qname, entry.Pattern.PunycodeString()) || strings.HasSuffix(qname, "."+entry.Pattern.PunycodeString())
+		} else {
+			return strings.EqualFold(qname, entry.Pattern.PunycodeString())
+		}
+	}
+}

client/internal/dns/handler_chain_test.go

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import (
 
 	nbdns "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/dns"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/dns/test"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/domain"
 )
 
 // TestHandlerChain_ServeDNS_Priorities tests that handlers are executed in priority order
@@ -50,8 +51,8 @@ func TestHandlerChain_ServeDNS_Priorities(t *testing.T) {
 func TestHandlerChain_ServeDNS_DomainMatching(t *testing.T) {
 	tests := []struct {
 		name            string
-		handlerDomain   string
-		queryDomain     string
+		handlerDomain   domain.Domain
+		queryDomain     domain.Domain
 		isWildcard      bool
 		matchSubdomains bool
 		shouldMatch     bool
@@ -141,7 +142,7 @@ func TestHandlerChain_ServeDNS_DomainMatching(t *testing.T) {
 			chain.AddHandler(pattern, handler, nbdns.PriorityDefault)
 
 			r := new(dns.Msg)
-			r.SetQuestion(tt.queryDomain, dns.TypeA)
+			r.SetQuestion(tt.queryDomain.PunycodeString(), dns.TypeA)
 			w := &nbdns.ResponseWriterChain{ResponseWriter: &test.MockResponseWriter{}}
 
 			chain.ServeDNS(w, r)
@@ -160,17 +161,17 @@ func TestHandlerChain_ServeDNS_OverlappingDomains(t *testing.T) {
 	tests := []struct {
 		name     string
 		handlers []struct {
-			pattern  string
+			pattern  domain.Domain
 			priority int
 		}
-		queryDomain     string
+		queryDomain     domain.Domain
 		expectedCalls   int
 		expectedHandler int // index of the handler that should be called
 	}{
 		{
 			name: "wildcard and exact same priority - exact should win",
 			handlers: []struct {
-				pattern  string
+				pattern  domain.Domain
 				priority int
 			}{
 				{pattern: "*.example.com.", priority: nbdns.PriorityDefault},
@@ -183,7 +184,7 @@ func TestHandlerChain_ServeDNS_OverlappingDomains(t *testing.T) {
 		{
 			name: "higher priority wildcard over lower priority exact",
 			handlers: []struct {
-				pattern  string
+				pattern  domain.Domain
 				priority int
 			}{
 				{pattern: "example.com.", priority: nbdns.PriorityDefault},
@@ -196,7 +197,7 @@ func TestHandlerChain_ServeDNS_OverlappingDomains(t *testing.T) {
 		{
 			name: "multiple wildcards different priorities",
 			handlers: []struct {
-				pattern  string
+				pattern  domain.Domain
 				priority int
 			}{
 				{pattern: "*.example.com.", priority: nbdns.PriorityDefault},
@@ -210,7 +211,7 @@ func TestHandlerChain_ServeDNS_OverlappingDomains(t *testing.T) {
 		{
 			name: "subdomain with mix of patterns",
 			handlers: []struct {
-				pattern  string
+				pattern  domain.Domain
 				priority int
 			}{
 				{pattern: "*.example.com.", priority: nbdns.PriorityDefault},
@@ -224,7 +225,7 @@ func TestHandlerChain_ServeDNS_OverlappingDomains(t *testing.T) {
 		{
 			name: "root zone with specific domain",
 			handlers: []struct {
-				pattern  string
+				pattern  domain.Domain
 				priority int
 			}{
 				{pattern: ".", priority: nbdns.PriorityDefault},
@@ -258,7 +259,7 @@ func TestHandlerChain_ServeDNS_OverlappingDomains(t *testing.T) {
 
 			// Create and execute request
 			r := new(dns.Msg)
-			r.SetQuestion(tt.queryDomain, dns.TypeA)
+			r.SetQuestion(tt.queryDomain.PunycodeString(), dns.TypeA)
 			w := &nbdns.ResponseWriterChain{ResponseWriter: &test.MockResponseWriter{}}
 			chain.ServeDNS(w, r)
 
@@ -330,7 +331,7 @@ func TestHandlerChain_PriorityDeregistration(t *testing.T) {
 		name string
 		ops  []struct {
 			action   string // "add" or "remove"
-			pattern  string
+			pattern  domain.Domain
 			priority int
 		}
 		query         string
@@ -340,7 +341,7 @@ func TestHandlerChain_PriorityDeregistration(t *testing.T) {
 			name: "remove high priority keeps lower priority handler",
 			ops: []struct {
 				action   string
-				pattern  string
+				pattern  domain.Domain
 				priority int
 			}{
 				{"add", "example.com.", nbdns.PriorityDNSRoute},
@@ -357,7 +358,7 @@ func TestHandlerChain_PriorityDeregistration(t *testing.T) {
 			name: "remove lower priority keeps high priority handler",
 			ops: []struct {
 				action   string
-				pattern  string
+				pattern  domain.Domain
 				priority int
 			}{
 				{"add", "example.com.", nbdns.PriorityDNSRoute},
@@ -374,7 +375,7 @@ func TestHandlerChain_PriorityDeregistration(t *testing.T) {
 			name: "remove all handlers in order",
 			ops: []struct {
 				action   string
-				pattern  string
+				pattern  domain.Domain
 				priority int
 			}{
 				{"add", "example.com.", nbdns.PriorityDNSRoute},
@@ -436,7 +437,7 @@ func TestHandlerChain_PriorityDeregistration(t *testing.T) {
 func TestHandlerChain_MultiPriorityHandling(t *testing.T) {
 	chain := nbdns.NewHandlerChain()
 
-	testDomain := "example.com."
+	testDomain := domain.Domain("example.com.")
 	testQuery := "test.example.com."
 
 	// Create handlers with MatchSubdomains enabled
@@ -518,7 +519,7 @@ func TestHandlerChain_CaseSensitivity(t *testing.T) {
 		name        string
 		scenario    string
 		addHandlers []struct {
-			pattern     string
+			pattern     domain.Domain
 			priority    int
 			subdomains  bool
 			shouldMatch bool
@@ -530,7 +531,7 @@ func TestHandlerChain_CaseSensitivity(t *testing.T) {
 			name:     "case insensitive exact match",
 			scenario: "handler registered lowercase, query uppercase",
 			addHandlers: []struct {
-				pattern     string
+				pattern     domain.Domain
 				priority    int
 				subdomains  bool
 				shouldMatch bool
@@ -544,7 +545,7 @@ func TestHandlerChain_CaseSensitivity(t *testing.T) {
 			name:     "case insensitive wildcard match",
 			scenario: "handler registered mixed case wildcard, query different case",
 			addHandlers: []struct {
-				pattern     string
+				pattern     domain.Domain
 				priority    int
 				subdomains  bool
 				shouldMatch bool
@@ -558,7 +559,7 @@ func TestHandlerChain_CaseSensitivity(t *testing.T) {
 			name:     "multiple handlers different case same domain",
 			scenario: "second handler should replace first despite case difference",
 			addHandlers: []struct {
-				pattern     string
+				pattern     domain.Domain
 				priority    int
 				subdomains  bool
 				shouldMatch bool
@@ -573,7 +574,7 @@ func TestHandlerChain_CaseSensitivity(t *testing.T) {
 			name:     "subdomain matching case insensitive",
 			scenario: "handler with MatchSubdomains true should match regardless of case",
 			addHandlers: []struct {
-				pattern     string
+				pattern     domain.Domain
 				priority    int
 				subdomains  bool
 				shouldMatch bool
@@ -587,7 +588,7 @@ func TestHandlerChain_CaseSensitivity(t *testing.T) {
 			name:     "root zone case insensitive",
 			scenario: "root zone handler should match regardless of case",
 			addHandlers: []struct {
-				pattern     string
+				pattern     domain.Domain
 				priority    int
 				subdomains  bool
 				shouldMatch bool
@@ -601,7 +602,7 @@ func TestHandlerChain_CaseSensitivity(t *testing.T) {
 			name:     "multiple handlers different priority",
 			scenario: "should call higher priority handler despite case differences",
 			addHandlers: []struct {
-				pattern     string
+				pattern     domain.Domain
 				priority    int
 				subdomains  bool
 				shouldMatch bool
@@ -618,7 +619,7 @@ func TestHandlerChain_CaseSensitivity(t *testing.T) {
 	for _, tt := range tests {
 		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
 			chain := nbdns.NewHandlerChain()
-			handlerCalls := make(map[string]bool) // track which patterns were called
+			handlerCalls := make(map[domain.Domain]bool) // track which patterns were called
 
 			// Add handlers according to test case
 			for _, h := range tt.addHandlers {
@@ -686,19 +687,19 @@ func TestHandlerChain_DomainSpecificityOrdering(t *testing.T) {
 		scenario string
 		ops      []struct {
 			action    string
-			pattern   string
+			pattern   domain.Domain
 			priority  int
 			subdomain bool
 		}
-		query         string
-		expectedMatch string
+		query         domain.Domain
+		expectedMatch domain.Domain
 	}{
 		{
 			name:     "more specific domain matches first",
 			scenario: "sub.example.com should match before example.com",
 			ops: []struct {
 				action    string
-				pattern   string
+				pattern   domain.Domain
 				priority  int
 				subdomain bool
 			}{
@@ -713,7 +714,7 @@ func TestHandlerChain_DomainSpecificityOrdering(t *testing.T) {
 			scenario: "sub.example.com should match before example.com",
 			ops: []struct {
 				action    string
-				pattern   string
+				pattern   domain.Domain
 				priority  int
 				subdomain bool
 			}{
@@ -728,7 +729,7 @@ func TestHandlerChain_DomainSpecificityOrdering(t *testing.T) {
 			scenario: "after removing most specific, should fall back to less specific",
 			ops: []struct {
 				action    string
-				pattern   string
+				pattern   domain.Domain
 				priority  int
 				subdomain bool
 			}{
@@ -745,7 +746,7 @@ func TestHandlerChain_DomainSpecificityOrdering(t *testing.T) {
 			scenario: "less specific domain with higher priority should match first",
 			ops: []struct {
 				action    string
-				pattern   string
+				pattern   domain.Domain
 				priority  int
 				subdomain bool
 			}{
@@ -760,7 +761,7 @@ func TestHandlerChain_DomainSpecificityOrdering(t *testing.T) {
 			scenario: "with equal priority, more specific domain should match",
 			ops: []struct {
 				action    string
-				pattern   string
+				pattern   domain.Domain
 				priority  int
 				subdomain bool
 			}{
@@ -776,7 +777,7 @@ func TestHandlerChain_DomainSpecificityOrdering(t *testing.T) {
 			scenario: "specific domain should match before wildcard at same priority",
 			ops: []struct {
 				action    string
-				pattern   string
+				pattern   domain.Domain
 				priority  int
 				subdomain bool
 			}{
@@ -791,7 +792,7 @@ func TestHandlerChain_DomainSpecificityOrdering(t *testing.T) {
 	for _, tt := range tests {
 		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
 			chain := nbdns.NewHandlerChain()
-			handlers := make(map[string]*nbdns.MockSubdomainHandler)
+			handlers := make(map[domain.Domain]*nbdns.MockSubdomainHandler)
 
 			for _, op := range tt.ops {
 				if op.action == "add" {
@@ -804,7 +805,7 @@ func TestHandlerChain_DomainSpecificityOrdering(t *testing.T) {
 			}
 
 			r := new(dns.Msg)
-			r.SetQuestion(tt.query, dns.TypeA)
+			r.SetQuestion(tt.query.PunycodeString(), dns.TypeA)
 			w := &nbdns.ResponseWriterChain{ResponseWriter: &test.MockResponseWriter{}}
 
 			// Setup handler expectations
@@ -836,9 +837,9 @@ func TestHandlerChain_DomainSpecificityOrdering(t *testing.T) {
 func TestHandlerChain_AddRemoveRoundtrip(t *testing.T) {
 	tests := []struct {
 		name            string
-		addPattern      string
-		removePattern   string
-		queryPattern    string
+		addPattern      domain.Domain
+		removePattern   domain.Domain
+		queryPattern    domain.Domain
 		shouldBeRemoved bool
 		description     string
 	}{
@@ -954,7 +955,7 @@ func TestHandlerChain_AddRemoveRoundtrip(t *testing.T) {
 
 			handler := &nbdns.MockHandler{}
 			r := new(dns.Msg)
-			r.SetQuestion(tt.queryPattern, dns.TypeA)
+			r.SetQuestion(tt.queryPattern.PunycodeString(), dns.TypeA)
 			w := &nbdns.ResponseWriterChain{ResponseWriter: &test.MockResponseWriter{}}
 
 			// First verify no handler is called before adding any

client/internal/dns/host.go

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/statemanager"
 	nbdns "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/dns"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/domain"
 )
 
 var ErrRouteAllWithoutNameserverGroup = fmt.Errorf("unable to configure DNS for this peer using file manager without a nameserver group with all domains configured")
@@ -39,9 +40,9 @@ type HostDNSConfig struct {
 }
 
 type DomainConfig struct {
-	Disabled  bool   `json:"disabled"`
-	Domain    string `json:"domain"`
-	MatchOnly bool   `json:"matchOnly"`
+	Disabled  bool          `json:"disabled"`
+	Domain    domain.Domain `json:"domain"`
+	MatchOnly bool          `json:"matchOnly"`
 }
 
 type mockHostConfigurator struct {
@@ -103,18 +104,20 @@ func dnsConfigToHostDNSConfig(dnsConfig nbdns.Config, ip string, port int) HostD
 			config.RouteAll = true
 		}
 
-		for _, domain := range nsConfig.Domains {
+		for _, d := range nsConfig.Domains {
+			d := strings.ToLower(dns.Fqdn(d.PunycodeString()))
 			config.Domains = append(config.Domains, DomainConfig{
-				Domain:    strings.ToLower(dns.Fqdn(domain)),
+				Domain:    domain.Domain(d),
 				MatchOnly: !nsConfig.SearchDomainsEnabled,
 			})
 		}
 	}
 
 	for _, customZone := range dnsConfig.CustomZones {
-		matchOnly := strings.HasSuffix(customZone.Domain, ipv4ReverseZone) || strings.HasSuffix(customZone.Domain, ipv6ReverseZone)
+		d := strings.ToLower(dns.Fqdn(customZone.Domain))
+		matchOnly := strings.HasSuffix(d, ipv4ReverseZone) || strings.HasSuffix(d, ipv6ReverseZone)
 		config.Domains = append(config.Domains, DomainConfig{
-			Domain:    strings.ToLower(dns.Fqdn(customZone.Domain)),
+			Domain:    domain.Domain(d),
 			MatchOnly: matchOnly,
 		})
 	}

client/internal/dns/host_darwin.go

@@ -79,10 +79,10 @@ func (s *systemConfigurator) applyDNSConfig(config HostDNSConfig, stateManager *
 			continue
 		}
 		if dConf.MatchOnly {
-			matchDomains = append(matchDomains, strings.TrimSuffix(dConf.Domain, "."))
+			matchDomains = append(matchDomains, strings.TrimSuffix(dConf.Domain.PunycodeString(), "."))
 			continue
 		}
-		searchDomains = append(searchDomains, strings.TrimSuffix(""+dConf.Domain, "."))
+		searchDomains = append(searchDomains, strings.TrimSuffix(""+dConf.Domain.PunycodeString(), "."))
 	}
 
 	matchKey := getKeyWithInput(netbirdDNSStateKeyFormat, matchSuffix)

client/internal/dns/host_windows.go

@@ -1,11 +1,14 @@
 package dns
 
 import (
+	"context"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
+	"os/exec"
 	"strings"
 	"syscall"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/hashicorp/go-multierror"
 	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
@@ -41,6 +44,20 @@ const (
 	interfaceConfigNameServerKey = "NameServer"
 	interfaceConfigSearchListKey = "SearchList"
 
+	// Network interface DNS registration settings
+	disableDynamicUpdateKey           = "DisableDynamicUpdate"
+	registrationEnabledKey            = "RegistrationEnabled"
+	maxNumberOfAddressesToRegisterKey = "MaxNumberOfAddressesToRegister"
+
+	// NetBIOS/WINS settings
+	netbtInterfacePath = `SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\NetBT\Parameters\Interfaces`
+	netbiosOptionsKey  = "NetbiosOptions"
+
+	// NetBIOS option values: 0 = from DHCP, 1 = enabled, 2 = disabled
+	netbiosFromDHCP = 0
+	netbiosEnabled  = 1
+	netbiosDisabled = 2
+
 	// RP_FORCE: Reapply all policies even if no policy change was detected
 	rpForce = 0x1
 )
@@ -67,16 +84,85 @@ func newHostManager(wgInterface WGIface) (*registryConfigurator, error) {
 		log.Infof("detected GPO DNS policy configuration, using policy store")
 	}
 
-	return &registryConfigurator{
+	configurator := &registryConfigurator{
 		guid: guid,
 		gpo:  useGPO,
-	}, nil
+	}
+
+	if err := configurator.configureInterface(); err != nil {
+		log.Errorf("failed to configure interface settings: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	return configurator, nil
 }
 
 func (r *registryConfigurator) supportCustomPort() bool {
 	return false
 }
 
+func (r *registryConfigurator) configureInterface() error {
+	var merr *multierror.Error
+
+	if err := r.disableDNSRegistrationForInterface(); err != nil {
+		merr = multierror.Append(merr, fmt.Errorf("disable DNS registration: %w", err))
+	}
+
+	if err := r.disableWINSForInterface(); err != nil {
+		merr = multierror.Append(merr, fmt.Errorf("disable WINS: %w", err))
+	}
+
+	return nberrors.FormatErrorOrNil(merr)
+}
+
+func (r *registryConfigurator) disableDNSRegistrationForInterface() error {
+	regKey, err := r.getInterfaceRegistryKey()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("get interface registry key: %w", err)
+	}
+	defer closer(regKey)
+
+	var merr *multierror.Error
+
+	if err := regKey.SetDWordValue(disableDynamicUpdateKey, 1); err != nil {
+		merr = multierror.Append(merr, fmt.Errorf("set %s: %w", disableDynamicUpdateKey, err))
+	}
+
+	if err := regKey.SetDWordValue(registrationEnabledKey, 0); err != nil {
+		merr = multierror.Append(merr, fmt.Errorf("set %s: %w", registrationEnabledKey, err))
+	}
+
+	if err := regKey.SetDWordValue(maxNumberOfAddressesToRegisterKey, 0); err != nil {
+		merr = multierror.Append(merr, fmt.Errorf("set %s: %w", maxNumberOfAddressesToRegisterKey, err))
+	}
+
+	if merr == nil || len(merr.Errors) == 0 {
+		log.Infof("disabled DNS registration for interface %s", r.guid)
+	}
+
+	return nberrors.FormatErrorOrNil(merr)
+}
+
+func (r *registryConfigurator) disableWINSForInterface() error {
+	netbtKeyPath := fmt.Sprintf(`%s\Tcpip_%s`, netbtInterfacePath, r.guid)
+
+	regKey, err := registry.OpenKey(registry.LOCAL_MACHINE, netbtKeyPath, registry.SET_VALUE)
+	if err != nil {
+		regKey, _, err = registry.CreateKey(registry.LOCAL_MACHINE, netbtKeyPath, registry.SET_VALUE)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("create NetBT interface key %s: %w", netbtKeyPath, err)
+		}
+	}
+	defer closer(regKey)
+
+	// NetbiosOptions: 2 = disabled
+	if err := regKey.SetDWordValue(netbiosOptionsKey, netbiosDisabled); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("set %s: %w", netbiosOptionsKey, err)
+	}
+
+	log.Infof("disabled WINS/NetBIOS for interface %s", r.guid)
+	return nil
+}
+
 func (r *registryConfigurator) applyDNSConfig(config HostDNSConfig, stateManager *statemanager.Manager) error {
 	if config.RouteAll {
 		if err := r.addDNSSetupForAll(config.ServerIP); err != nil {
@@ -100,9 +186,9 @@ func (r *registryConfigurator) applyDNSConfig(config HostDNSConfig, stateManager
 			continue
 		}
 		if !dConf.MatchOnly {
-			searchDomains = append(searchDomains, strings.TrimSuffix(dConf.Domain, "."))
+			searchDomains = append(searchDomains, strings.TrimSuffix(dConf.Domain.PunycodeString(), "."))
 		}
-		matchDomains = append(matchDomains, "."+strings.TrimSuffix(dConf.Domain, "."))
+		matchDomains = append(matchDomains, "."+strings.TrimSuffix(dConf.Domain.PunycodeString(), "."))
 	}
 
 	if len(matchDomains) != 0 {
@@ -119,9 +205,7 @@ func (r *registryConfigurator) applyDNSConfig(config HostDNSConfig, stateManager
 		return fmt.Errorf("update search domains: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	if err := r.flushDNSCache(); err != nil {
-		log.Errorf("failed to flush DNS cache: %v", err)
-	}
+	go r.flushDNSCache()
 
 	return nil
 }
@@ -191,7 +275,25 @@ func (r *registryConfigurator) string() string {
 	return "registry"
 }
 
-func (r *registryConfigurator) flushDNSCache() error {
+func (r *registryConfigurator) registerDNS() {
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 20*time.Second)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	// nolint:misspell
+	cmd := exec.CommandContext(ctx, "ipconfig", "/registerdns")
+	out, err := cmd.CombinedOutput()
+
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Errorf("failed to register DNS: %v, output: %s", err, out)
+		return
+	}
+
+	log.Info("registered DNS names")
+}
+
+func (r *registryConfigurator) flushDNSCache() {
+	r.registerDNS()
+
 	// dnsFlushResolverCacheFn.Call() may panic if the func is not found
 	defer func() {
 		if rec := recover(); rec != nil {
@@ -202,13 +304,14 @@ func (r *registryConfigurator) flushDNSCache() error {
 	ret, _, err := dnsFlushResolverCacheFn.Call()
 	if ret == 0 {
 		if err != nil && !errors.Is(err, syscall.Errno(0)) {
-			return fmt.Errorf("DnsFlushResolverCache failed: %w", err)
+			log.Errorf("DnsFlushResolverCache failed: %v", err)
+			return
 		}
-		return fmt.Errorf("DnsFlushResolverCache failed")
+		log.Errorf("DnsFlushResolverCache failed")
+		return
 	}
 
 	log.Info("flushed DNS cache")
-	return nil
 }
 
 func (r *registryConfigurator) updateSearchDomains(domains []string) error {
@@ -263,9 +366,7 @@ func (r *registryConfigurator) restoreHostDNS() error {
 		return fmt.Errorf("remove interface registry key: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	if err := r.flushDNSCache(); err != nil {
-		log.Errorf("failed to flush DNS cache: %v", err)
-	}
+	go r.flushDNSCache()
 
 	return nil
 }

client/internal/dns/mock_server.go

@@ -62,8 +62,8 @@ func (m *MockServer) UpdateDNSServer(serial uint64, update nbdns.Config) error {
 	return fmt.Errorf("method UpdateDNSServer is not implemented")
 }
 
-func (m *MockServer) SearchDomains() []string {
-	return make([]string, 0)
+func (m *MockServer) SearchDomains() domain.List {
+	return make(domain.List, 0)
 }
 
 // ProbeAvailability mocks implementation of ProbeAvailability from the Server interface

client/internal/dns/network_manager_unix.go

@@ -125,10 +125,10 @@ func (n *networkManagerDbusConfigurator) applyDNSConfig(config HostDNSConfig, st
 			continue
 		}
 		if dConf.MatchOnly {
-			matchDomains = append(matchDomains, "~."+dConf.Domain)
+			matchDomains = append(matchDomains, "~."+dConf.Domain.PunycodeString())
 			continue
 		}
-		searchDomains = append(searchDomains, dConf.Domain)
+		searchDomains = append(searchDomains, dConf.Domain.PunycodeString())
 	}
 
 	newDomainList := append(searchDomains, matchDomains...) //nolint:gocritic

client/internal/dns/notifier.go

@@ -1,21 +1,19 @@
 package dns
 
 import (
-	"reflect"
-	"sort"
 	"sync"
 
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/listener"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/domain"
 )
 
 type notifier struct {
 	listener      listener.NetworkChangeListener
 	listenerMux   sync.Mutex
-	searchDomains []string
+	searchDomains domain.List
 }
 
-func newNotifier(initialSearchDomains []string) *notifier {
-	sort.Strings(initialSearchDomains)
+func newNotifier(initialSearchDomains domain.List) *notifier {
 	return &notifier{
 		searchDomains: initialSearchDomains,
 	}
@@ -27,16 +25,8 @@ func (n *notifier) setListener(listener listener.NetworkChangeListener) {
 	n.listener = listener
 }
 
-func (n *notifier) onNewSearchDomains(searchDomains []string) {
-	sort.Strings(searchDomains)
-
-	if len(n.searchDomains) != len(searchDomains) {
-		n.searchDomains = searchDomains
-		n.notify()
-		return
-	}
-
-	if reflect.DeepEqual(n.searchDomains, searchDomains) {
+func (n *notifier) onNewSearchDomains(searchDomains domain.List) {
+	if searchDomains.Equal(n.searchDomains) {
 		return
 	}
 

client/internal/dns/server.go

@@ -44,12 +44,12 @@ type Server interface {
 	DnsIP() string
 	UpdateDNSServer(serial uint64, update nbdns.Config) error
 	OnUpdatedHostDNSServer(strings []string)
-	SearchDomains() []string
+	SearchDomains() domain.List
 	ProbeAvailability()
 }
 
 type nsGroupsByDomain struct {
-	domain string
+	domain domain.Domain
 	groups []*nbdns.NameServerGroup
 }
 
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ type handlerWithStop interface {
 }
 
 type handlerWrapper struct {
-	domain   string
+	domain   domain.Domain
 	handler  handlerWithStop
 	priority int
 }
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ func (s *DefaultServer) RegisterHandler(domains domain.List, handler dns.Handler
 	s.mux.Lock()
 	defer s.mux.Unlock()
 
-	s.registerHandler(domains.ToPunycodeList(), handler, priority)
+	s.registerHandler(domains, handler, priority)
 
 	// TODO: This will take over zones for non-wildcard domains, for which we might not have a handler in the chain
 	for _, domain := range domains {
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ func (s *DefaultServer) RegisterHandler(domains domain.List, handler dns.Handler
 	s.applyHostConfig()
 }
 
-func (s *DefaultServer) registerHandler(domains []string, handler dns.Handler, priority int) {
+func (s *DefaultServer) registerHandler(domains domain.List, handler dns.Handler, priority int) {
 	log.Debugf("registering handler %s with priority %d", handler, priority)
 
 	for _, domain := range domains {
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ func (s *DefaultServer) DeregisterHandler(domains domain.List, priority int) {
 	s.mux.Lock()
 	defer s.mux.Unlock()
 
-	s.deregisterHandler(domains.ToPunycodeList(), priority)
+	s.deregisterHandler(domains, priority)
 	for _, domain := range domains {
 		zone := toZone(domain)
 		s.extraDomains[zone]--
@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ func (s *DefaultServer) DeregisterHandler(domains domain.List, priority int) {
 	s.applyHostConfig()
 }
 
-func (s *DefaultServer) deregisterHandler(domains []string, priority int) {
+func (s *DefaultServer) deregisterHandler(domains domain.List, priority int) {
 	log.Debugf("deregistering handler %v with priority %d", domains, priority)
 
 	for _, domain := range domains {
@@ -378,8 +378,8 @@ func (s *DefaultServer) UpdateDNSServer(serial uint64, update nbdns.Config) erro
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (s *DefaultServer) SearchDomains() []string {
-	var searchDomains []string
+func (s *DefaultServer) SearchDomains() domain.List {
+	var searchDomains domain.List
 
 	for _, dConf := range s.currentConfig.Domains {
 		if dConf.Disabled {
@@ -472,24 +472,22 @@ func (s *DefaultServer) applyHostConfig() {
 
 	config := s.currentConfig
 
-	existingDomains := make(map[string]struct{})
+	existingDomains := make(map[domain.Domain]struct{})
 	for _, d := range config.Domains {
 		existingDomains[d.Domain] = struct{}{}
 	}
 
 	// add extra domains only if they're not already in the config
-	for domain := range s.extraDomains {
-		domainStr := domain.PunycodeString()
-
-		if _, exists := existingDomains[domainStr]; !exists {
+	for d := range s.extraDomains {
+		if _, exists := existingDomains[d]; !exists {
 			config.Domains = append(config.Domains, DomainConfig{
-				Domain:    domainStr,
+				Domain:    d,
 				MatchOnly: true,
 			})
 		}
 	}
 
-	log.Debugf("extra match domains: %v", s.extraDomains)
+	log.Debugf("extra match domains: %v", maps.Keys(s.extraDomains))
 
 	if err := s.hostManager.applyDNSConfig(config, s.stateManager); err != nil {
 		log.Errorf("failed to apply DNS host manager update: %v", err)
@@ -525,7 +523,7 @@ func (s *DefaultServer) buildLocalHandlerUpdate(customZones []nbdns.CustomZone)
 		}
 
 		muxUpdates = append(muxUpdates, handlerWrapper{
-			domain:   customZone.Domain,
+			domain: domain.Domain(customZone.Domain),
 			handler:  s.localResolver,
 			priority: PriorityMatchDomain,
 		})
@@ -647,7 +645,7 @@ func (s *DefaultServer) createHandlersForDomainGroup(domainGroup nsGroupsByDomai
 func (s *DefaultServer) updateMux(muxUpdates []handlerWrapper) {
 	// this will introduce a short period of time when the server is not able to handle DNS requests
 	for _, existing := range s.dnsMuxMap {
-		s.deregisterHandler([]string{existing.domain}, existing.priority)
+		s.deregisterHandler(domain.List{existing.domain}, existing.priority)
 		existing.handler.Stop()
 	}
 
@@ -658,7 +656,7 @@ func (s *DefaultServer) updateMux(muxUpdates []handlerWrapper) {
 		if update.domain == nbdns.RootZone {
 			containsRootUpdate = true
 		}
-		s.registerHandler([]string{update.domain}, update.handler, update.priority)
+		s.registerHandler(domain.List{update.domain}, update.handler, update.priority)
 		muxUpdateMap[update.handler.ID()] = update
 	}
 
@@ -687,7 +685,7 @@ func (s *DefaultServer) upstreamCallbacks(
 	handler dns.Handler,
 	priority int,
 ) (deactivate func(error), reactivate func()) {
-	var removeIndex map[string]int
+	var removeIndex map[domain.Domain]int
 	deactivate = func(err error) {
 		s.mux.Lock()
 		defer s.mux.Unlock()
@@ -695,20 +693,20 @@ func (s *DefaultServer) upstreamCallbacks(
 		l := log.WithField("nameservers", nsGroup.NameServers)
 		l.Info("Temporarily deactivating nameservers group due to timeout")
 
-		removeIndex = make(map[string]int)
+		removeIndex = make(map[domain.Domain]int)
 		for _, domain := range nsGroup.Domains {
 			removeIndex[domain] = -1
 		}
 		if nsGroup.Primary {
 			removeIndex[nbdns.RootZone] = -1
 			s.currentConfig.RouteAll = false
-			s.deregisterHandler([]string{nbdns.RootZone}, priority)
+			s.deregisterHandler(domain.List{nbdns.RootZone}, priority)
 		}
 
 		for i, item := range s.currentConfig.Domains {
 			if _, found := removeIndex[item.Domain]; found {
 				s.currentConfig.Domains[i].Disabled = true
-				s.deregisterHandler([]string{item.Domain}, priority)
+				s.deregisterHandler(domain.List{item.Domain}, priority)
 				removeIndex[item.Domain] = i
 			}
 		}
@@ -732,12 +730,12 @@ func (s *DefaultServer) upstreamCallbacks(
 		s.mux.Lock()
 		defer s.mux.Unlock()
 
-		for domain, i := range removeIndex {
-			if i == -1 || i >= len(s.currentConfig.Domains) || s.currentConfig.Domains[i].Domain != domain {
+		for d, i := range removeIndex {
+			if i == -1 || i >= len(s.currentConfig.Domains) || s.currentConfig.Domains[i].Domain != d{
 				continue
 			}
 			s.currentConfig.Domains[i].Disabled = false
-			s.registerHandler([]string{domain}, handler, priority)
+			s.registerHandler(domain.List{d}, handler, priority)
 		}
 
 		l := log.WithField("nameservers", nsGroup.NameServers)
@@ -745,7 +743,7 @@ func (s *DefaultServer) upstreamCallbacks(
 
 		if nsGroup.Primary {
 			s.currentConfig.RouteAll = true
-			s.registerHandler([]string{nbdns.RootZone}, handler, priority)
+			s.registerHandler(domain.List{nbdns.RootZone}, handler, priority)
 		}
 
 		s.applyHostConfig()
@@ -777,7 +775,7 @@ func (s *DefaultServer) addHostRootZone() {
 	handler.deactivate = func(error) {}
 	handler.reactivate = func() {}
 
-	s.registerHandler([]string{nbdns.RootZone}, handler, PriorityDefault)
+	s.registerHandler(domain.List{nbdns.RootZone}, handler, PriorityDefault)
 }
 
 func (s *DefaultServer) updateNSGroupStates(groups []*nbdns.NameServerGroup) {
@@ -792,7 +790,7 @@ func (s *DefaultServer) updateNSGroupStates(groups []*nbdns.NameServerGroup) {
 		state := peer.NSGroupState{
 			ID:      generateGroupKey(group),
 			Servers: servers,
-			Domains: group.Domains,
+			Domains: group.Domains.ToPunycodeList(),
 			// The probe will determine the state, default enabled
 			Enabled: true,
 			Error:   nil,
@@ -825,7 +823,7 @@ func generateGroupKey(nsGroup *nbdns.NameServerGroup) string {
 
 // groupNSGroupsByDomain groups nameserver groups by their match domains
 func groupNSGroupsByDomain(nsGroups []*nbdns.NameServerGroup) []nsGroupsByDomain {
-	domainMap := make(map[string][]*nbdns.NameServerGroup)
+	domainMap := make(map[domain.Domain][]*nbdns.NameServerGroup)
 
 	for _, group := range nsGroups {
 		if group.Primary {

client/internal/dns/server_test.go

@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ import (
 	"net"
 	"net/netip"
 	"os"
-	"strings"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
@@ -46,10 +45,9 @@ func (w *mocWGIface) Name() string {
 }
 
 func (w *mocWGIface) Address() wgaddr.Address {
-	ip, network, _ := net.ParseCIDR("100.66.100.0/24")
 	return wgaddr.Address{
-		IP:      ip,
-		Network: network,
+		IP:      netip.MustParseAddr("100.66.100.1"),
+		Network: netip.MustParsePrefix("100.66.100.0/24"),
 	}
 }
 
@@ -97,7 +95,7 @@ func init() {
 	formatter.SetTextFormatter(log.StandardLogger())
 }
 
-func generateDummyHandler(domain string, servers []nbdns.NameServer) *upstreamResolverBase {
+func generateDummyHandler(domain domain.Domain, servers []nbdns.NameServer) *upstreamResolverBase {
 	var srvs []string
 	for _, srv := range servers {
 		srvs = append(srvs, getNSHostPort(srv))
@@ -152,7 +150,7 @@ func TestUpdateDNSServer(t *testing.T) {
 				},
 				NameServerGroups: []*nbdns.NameServerGroup{
 					{
-						Domains:     []string{"netbird.io"},
+						Domains:     domain.List{"netbird.io"},
 						NameServers: nameServers,
 					},
 					{
@@ -184,7 +182,7 @@ func TestUpdateDNSServer(t *testing.T) {
 			name:             "New Config Should Succeed",
 			initLocalRecords: []nbdns.SimpleRecord{{Name: "netbird.cloud", Type: 1, Class: nbdns.DefaultClass, TTL: 300, RData: "10.0.0.1"}},
 			initUpstreamMap: registeredHandlerMap{
-				generateDummyHandler(zoneRecords[0].Name, nameServers).ID(): handlerWrapper{
+				generateDummyHandler(domain.Domain(zoneRecords[0].Name), nameServers).ID(): handlerWrapper{
 					domain:   "netbird.cloud",
 					handler:  dummyHandler,
 					priority: PriorityMatchDomain,
@@ -202,7 +200,7 @@ func TestUpdateDNSServer(t *testing.T) {
 				},
 				NameServerGroups: []*nbdns.NameServerGroup{
 					{
-						Domains:     []string{"netbird.io"},
+						Domains:     domain.List{"netbird.io"},
 						NameServers: nameServers,
 					},
 				},
@@ -303,8 +301,8 @@ func TestUpdateDNSServer(t *testing.T) {
 			name:             "Empty Config Should Succeed and Clean Maps",
 			initLocalRecords: []nbdns.SimpleRecord{{Name: "netbird.cloud", Type: int(dns.TypeA), Class: nbdns.DefaultClass, TTL: 300, RData: "10.0.0.1"}},
 			initUpstreamMap: registeredHandlerMap{
-				generateDummyHandler(zoneRecords[0].Name, nameServers).ID(): handlerWrapper{
-					domain:   zoneRecords[0].Name,
+				generateDummyHandler(domain.Domain(zoneRecords[0].Name), nameServers).ID(): handlerWrapper{
+					domain:   domain.Domain(zoneRecords[0].Name),
 					handler:  dummyHandler,
 					priority: PriorityMatchDomain,
 				},
@@ -319,8 +317,8 @@ func TestUpdateDNSServer(t *testing.T) {
 			name:             "Disabled Service Should clean map",
 			initLocalRecords: []nbdns.SimpleRecord{{Name: "netbird.cloud", Type: int(dns.TypeA), Class: nbdns.DefaultClass, TTL: 300, RData: "10.0.0.1"}},
 			initUpstreamMap: registeredHandlerMap{
-				generateDummyHandler(zoneRecords[0].Name, nameServers).ID(): handlerWrapper{
-					domain:   zoneRecords[0].Name,
+				generateDummyHandler(domain.Domain(zoneRecords[0].Name), nameServers).ID(): handlerWrapper{
+					domain:   domain.Domain(zoneRecords[0].Name),
 					handler:  dummyHandler,
 					priority: PriorityMatchDomain,
 				},
@@ -464,17 +462,10 @@ func TestDNSFakeResolverHandleUpdates(t *testing.T) {
 	ctrl := gomock.NewController(t)
 	defer ctrl.Finish()
 
-	_, ipNet, err := net.ParseCIDR("100.66.100.1/32")
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Errorf("parse CIDR: %v", err)
-		return
-	}
-
 	packetfilter := pfmock.NewMockPacketFilter(ctrl)
 	packetfilter.EXPECT().DropOutgoing(gomock.Any(), gomock.Any()).AnyTimes()
 	packetfilter.EXPECT().AddUDPPacketHook(gomock.Any(), gomock.Any(), gomock.Any(), gomock.Any())
 	packetfilter.EXPECT().RemovePacketHook(gomock.Any())
-	packetfilter.EXPECT().SetNetwork(ipNet)
 
 	if err := wgIface.SetFilter(packetfilter); err != nil {
 		t.Errorf("set packet filter: %v", err)
@@ -501,7 +492,7 @@ func TestDNSFakeResolverHandleUpdates(t *testing.T) {
 
 	dnsServer.dnsMuxMap = registeredHandlerMap{
 		"id1": handlerWrapper{
-			domain:   zoneRecords[0].Name,
+			domain:   domain.Domain(zoneRecords[0].Name),
 			handler:  &local.Resolver{},
 			priority: PriorityMatchDomain,
 		},
@@ -533,7 +524,7 @@ func TestDNSFakeResolverHandleUpdates(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		NameServerGroups: []*nbdns.NameServerGroup{
 			{
-				Domains:     []string{"netbird.io"},
+				Domains:     domain.List{"netbird.io"},
 				NameServers: nameServers,
 			},
 			{
@@ -599,7 +590,7 @@ func TestDNSServerStartStop(t *testing.T) {
 				t.Error(err)
 			}
 
-			dnsServer.registerHandler([]string{"netbird.cloud"}, dnsServer.localResolver, 1)
+			dnsServer.registerHandler(domain.List{"netbird.cloud"}, dnsServer.localResolver, 1)
 
 			resolver := &net.Resolver{
 				PreferGo: true,
@@ -659,48 +650,48 @@ func TestDNSServerUpstreamDeactivateCallback(t *testing.T) {
 
 	var domainsUpdate string
 	hostManager.applyDNSConfigFunc = func(config HostDNSConfig, statemanager *statemanager.Manager) error {
-		domains := []string{}
+		domains := domain.List{}
 		for _, item := range config.Domains {
 			if item.Disabled {
 				continue
 			}
 			domains = append(domains, item.Domain)
 		}
-		domainsUpdate = strings.Join(domains, ",")
+		domainsUpdate = domains.PunycodeString()
 		return nil
 	}
 
 	deactivate, reactivate := server.upstreamCallbacks(&nbdns.NameServerGroup{
-		Domains: []string{"domain1"},
+		Domains: domain.List{"domain1"},
 		NameServers: []nbdns.NameServer{
 			{IP: netip.MustParseAddr("8.8.0.0"), NSType: nbdns.UDPNameServerType, Port: 53},
 		},
 	}, nil, 0)
 
 	deactivate(nil)
-	expected := "domain0,domain2"
-	domains := []string{}
+	expected := "domain0, domain2"
+	domains := domain.List{}
 	for _, item := range server.currentConfig.Domains {
 		if item.Disabled {
 			continue
 		}
 		domains = append(domains, item.Domain)
 	}
-	got := strings.Join(domains, ",")
+	got := domains.PunycodeString()
 	if expected != got {
 		t.Errorf("expected domains list: %q, got %q", expected, got)
 	}
 
 	reactivate()
-	expected = "domain0,domain1,domain2"
-	domains = []string{}
+	expected = "domain0, domain1, domain2"
+	domains = domain.List{}
 	for _, item := range server.currentConfig.Domains {
 		if item.Disabled {
 			continue
 		}
 		domains = append(domains, item.Domain)
 	}
-	got = strings.Join(domains, ",")
+	got = domains.PunycodeString()
 	if expected != got {
 		t.Errorf("expected domains list: %q, got %q", expected, domainsUpdate)
 	}
@@ -868,7 +859,7 @@ func TestDNSPermanent_matchOnly(t *testing.T) {
 						Port:   53,
 					},
 				},
-				Domains: []string{"google.com"},
+				Domains: domain.List{"google.com"},
 				Primary: false,
 			},
 		},
@@ -1123,7 +1114,7 @@ func TestDefaultServer_UpdateMux(t *testing.T) {
 		name             string
 		initialHandlers  registeredHandlerMap
 		updates          []handlerWrapper
-		expectedHandlers map[string]string // map[HandlerID]domain
+		expectedHandlers map[string]domain.Domain // map[HandlerID]domain
 		description      string
 	}{
 		{
@@ -1139,7 +1130,7 @@ func TestDefaultServer_UpdateMux(t *testing.T) {
 					priority: PriorityMatchDomain - 1,
 				},
 			},
-			expectedHandlers: map[string]string{
+			expectedHandlers: map[string]domain.Domain{
 				"upstream-group2": "example.com",
 			},
 			description: "When group1 is not included in the update, it should be removed while group2 remains",
@@ -1157,7 +1148,7 @@ func TestDefaultServer_UpdateMux(t *testing.T) {
 					priority: PriorityMatchDomain,
 				},
 			},
-			expectedHandlers: map[string]string{
+			expectedHandlers: map[string]domain.Domain{
 				"upstream-group1": "example.com",
 			},
 			description: "When group2 is not included in the update, it should be removed while group1 remains",
@@ -1190,7 +1181,7 @@ func TestDefaultServer_UpdateMux(t *testing.T) {
 					priority: PriorityMatchDomain - 1,
 				},
 			},
-			expectedHandlers: map[string]string{
+			expectedHandlers: map[string]domain.Domain{
 				"upstream-group1": "example.com",
 				"upstream-group2": "example.com",
 				"upstream-group3": "example.com",
@@ -1225,7 +1216,7 @@ func TestDefaultServer_UpdateMux(t *testing.T) {
 					priority: PriorityMatchDomain - 2,
 				},
 			},
-			expectedHandlers: map[string]string{
+			expectedHandlers: map[string]domain.Domain{
 				"upstream-group1": "example.com",
 				"upstream-group2": "example.com",
 				"upstream-group3": "example.com",
@@ -1245,7 +1236,7 @@ func TestDefaultServer_UpdateMux(t *testing.T) {
 					priority: PriorityDefault - 1,
 				},
 			},
-			expectedHandlers: map[string]string{
+			expectedHandlers: map[string]domain.Domain{
 				"upstream-root2": ".",
 			},
 			description: "When root1 is not included in the update, it should be removed while root2 remains",
@@ -1262,7 +1253,7 @@ func TestDefaultServer_UpdateMux(t *testing.T) {
 					priority: PriorityDefault,
 				},
 			},
-			expectedHandlers: map[string]string{
+			expectedHandlers: map[string]domain.Domain{
 				"upstream-root1": ".",
 			},
 			description: "When root2 is not included in the update, it should be removed while root1 remains",
@@ -1293,7 +1284,7 @@ func TestDefaultServer_UpdateMux(t *testing.T) {
 					priority: PriorityDefault - 1,
 				},
 			},
-			expectedHandlers: map[string]string{
+			expectedHandlers: map[string]domain.Domain{
 				"upstream-root1": ".",
 				"upstream-root2": ".",
 				"upstream-root3": ".",
@@ -1326,7 +1317,7 @@ func TestDefaultServer_UpdateMux(t *testing.T) {
 					priority: PriorityDefault - 2,
 				},
 			},
-			expectedHandlers: map[string]string{
+			expectedHandlers: map[string]domain.Domain{
 				"upstream-root1": ".",
 				"upstream-root2": ".",
 				"upstream-root3": ".",
@@ -1353,7 +1344,7 @@ func TestDefaultServer_UpdateMux(t *testing.T) {
 					priority: PriorityMatchDomain,
 				},
 			},
-			expectedHandlers: map[string]string{
+			expectedHandlers: map[string]domain.Domain{
 				"upstream-group1": "example.com",
 				"upstream-other":  "other.com",
 			},
@@ -1392,7 +1383,7 @@ func TestDefaultServer_UpdateMux(t *testing.T) {
 					priority: PriorityMatchDomain,
 				},
 			},
-			expectedHandlers: map[string]string{
+			expectedHandlers: map[string]domain.Domain{
 				"upstream-group1": "example.com",
 				"upstream-group2": "example.com",
 				"upstream-other":  "other.com",
@@ -1448,7 +1439,7 @@ func TestDefaultServer_UpdateMux(t *testing.T) {
 				for _, muxEntry := range server.dnsMuxMap {
 					if chainEntry.Handler == muxEntry.handler &&
 						chainEntry.Priority == muxEntry.priority &&
-						chainEntry.Pattern == dns.Fqdn(muxEntry.domain) {
+						chainEntry.Pattern.PunycodeString() == dns.Fqdn(muxEntry.domain.PunycodeString()) {
 						foundInMux = true
 						break
 					}
@@ -1467,8 +1458,8 @@ func TestExtraDomains(t *testing.T) {
 		registerDomains     []domain.List
 		deregisterDomains   []domain.List
 		finalConfig         nbdns.Config
-		expectedDomains     []string
-		expectedMatchOnly   []string
+		expectedDomains     domain.List
+		expectedMatchOnly   domain.List
 		applyHostConfigCall int
 	}{
 		{
@@ -1482,12 +1473,12 @@ func TestExtraDomains(t *testing.T) {
 					{Domain: "config.example.com"},
 				},
 			},
-			expectedDomains: []string{
+			expectedDomains: domain.List{
 				"config.example.com.",
 				"extra1.example.com.",
 				"extra2.example.com.",
 			},
-			expectedMatchOnly: []string{
+			expectedMatchOnly: domain.List{
 				"extra1.example.com.",
 				"extra2.example.com.",
 			},
@@ -1504,12 +1495,12 @@ func TestExtraDomains(t *testing.T) {
 			registerDomains: []domain.List{
 				{"extra1.example.com", "extra2.example.com"},
 			},
-			expectedDomains: []string{
+			expectedDomains: domain.List{
 				"config.example.com.",
 				"extra1.example.com.",
 				"extra2.example.com.",
 			},
-			expectedMatchOnly: []string{
+			expectedMatchOnly: domain.List{
 				"extra1.example.com.",
 				"extra2.example.com.",
 			},
@@ -1527,12 +1518,12 @@ func TestExtraDomains(t *testing.T) {
 			registerDomains: []domain.List{
 				{"extra.example.com", "overlap.example.com"},
 			},
-			expectedDomains: []string{
+			expectedDomains: domain.List{
 				"config.example.com.",
 				"overlap.example.com.",
 				"extra.example.com.",
 			},
-			expectedMatchOnly: []string{
+			expectedMatchOnly: domain.List{
 				"extra.example.com.",
 			},
 			applyHostConfigCall: 2,
@@ -1552,12 +1543,12 @@ func TestExtraDomains(t *testing.T) {
 			deregisterDomains: []domain.List{
 				{"extra1.example.com", "extra3.example.com"},
 			},
-			expectedDomains: []string{
+			expectedDomains: domain.List{
 				"config.example.com.",
 				"extra2.example.com.",
 				"extra4.example.com.",
 			},
-			expectedMatchOnly: []string{
+			expectedMatchOnly: domain.List{
 				"extra2.example.com.",
 				"extra4.example.com.",
 			},
@@ -1578,13 +1569,13 @@ func TestExtraDomains(t *testing.T) {
 			deregisterDomains: []domain.List{
 				{"duplicate.example.com"},
 			},
-			expectedDomains: []string{
+			expectedDomains: domain.List{
 				"config.example.com.",
 				"extra.example.com.",
 				"other.example.com.",
 				"duplicate.example.com.",
 			},
-			expectedMatchOnly: []string{
+			expectedMatchOnly: domain.List{
 				"extra.example.com.",
 				"other.example.com.",
 				"duplicate.example.com.",
@@ -1609,13 +1600,13 @@ func TestExtraDomains(t *testing.T) {
 					{Domain: "newconfig.example.com"},
 				},
 			},
-			expectedDomains: []string{
+			expectedDomains: domain.List{
 				"config.example.com.",
 				"newconfig.example.com.",
 				"extra.example.com.",
 				"duplicate.example.com.",
 			},
-			expectedMatchOnly: []string{
+			expectedMatchOnly: domain.List{
 				"extra.example.com.",
 				"duplicate.example.com.",
 			},
@@ -1636,12 +1627,12 @@ func TestExtraDomains(t *testing.T) {
 			deregisterDomains: []domain.List{
 				{"protected.example.com"},
 			},
-			expectedDomains: []string{
+			expectedDomains: domain.List{
 				"extra.example.com.",
 				"config.example.com.",
 				"protected.example.com.",
 			},
-			expectedMatchOnly: []string{
+			expectedMatchOnly: domain.List{
 				"extra.example.com.",
 			},
 			applyHostConfigCall: 3,
@@ -1652,7 +1643,7 @@ func TestExtraDomains(t *testing.T) {
 				ServiceEnable: true,
 				NameServerGroups: []*nbdns.NameServerGroup{
 					{
-						Domains: []string{"ns.example.com", "overlap.ns.example.com"},
+						Domains: domain.List{"ns.example.com", "overlap.ns.example.com"},
 						NameServers: []nbdns.NameServer{
 							{
 								IP:     netip.MustParseAddr("8.8.8.8"),
@@ -1666,12 +1657,12 @@ func TestExtraDomains(t *testing.T) {
 			registerDomains: []domain.List{
 				{"extra.example.com", "overlap.ns.example.com"},
 			},
-			expectedDomains: []string{
+			expectedDomains: domain.List{
 				"ns.example.com.",
 				"overlap.ns.example.com.",
 				"extra.example.com.",
 			},
-			expectedMatchOnly: []string{
+			expectedMatchOnly: domain.List{
 				"ns.example.com.",
 				"overlap.ns.example.com.",
 				"extra.example.com.",
@@ -1742,8 +1733,8 @@ func TestExtraDomains(t *testing.T) {
 			lastConfig := capturedConfigs[len(capturedConfigs)-1]
 
 			// Check all expected domains are present
-			domainMap := make(map[string]bool)
-			matchOnlyMap := make(map[string]bool)
+			domainMap := make(map[domain.Domain]bool)
+			matchOnlyMap := make(map[domain.Domain]bool)
 
 			for _, d := range lastConfig.Domains {
 				domainMap[d.Domain] = true
@@ -1860,12 +1851,12 @@ func TestUpdateConfigWithExistingExtraDomains(t *testing.T) {
 	err := server.applyConfiguration(initialConfig)
 	assert.NoError(t, err)
 
-	var domains []string
+	var domains domain.List
 	for _, d := range capturedConfig.Domains {
 		domains = append(domains, d.Domain)
 	}
-	assert.Contains(t, domains, "config.example.com.")
-	assert.Contains(t, domains, "extra.example.com.")
+	assert.Contains(t, domains, domain.Domain("config.example.com."))
+	assert.Contains(t, domains, domain.Domain("extra.example.com."))
 
 	// Now apply a new configuration with overlapping domain
 	updatedConfig := nbdns.Config{
@@ -1879,7 +1870,7 @@ func TestUpdateConfigWithExistingExtraDomains(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.NoError(t, err)
 
 	// Verify both domains are in config, but no duplicates
-	domains = []string{}
+	domains = domain.List{}
 	matchOnlyCount := 0
 	for _, d := range capturedConfig.Domains {
 		domains = append(domains, d.Domain)
@@ -1888,12 +1879,12 @@ func TestUpdateConfigWithExistingExtraDomains(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 
-	assert.Contains(t, domains, "config.example.com.")
-	assert.Contains(t, domains, "extra.example.com.")
+	assert.Contains(t, domains, domain.Domain("config.example.com."))
+	assert.Contains(t, domains, domain.Domain("extra.example.com."))
 	assert.Equal(t, 2, len(domains), "Should have exactly 2 domains with no duplicates")
 
 	// Extra domain should no longer be marked as match-only when in config
-	matchOnlyDomain := ""
+	var matchOnlyDomain domain.Domain
 	for _, d := range capturedConfig.Domains {
 		if d.Domain == "extra.example.com." && d.MatchOnly {
 			matchOnlyDomain = d.Domain
@@ -1946,10 +1937,10 @@ func TestDomainCaseHandling(t *testing.T) {
 	err := server.applyConfiguration(config)
 	assert.NoError(t, err)
 
-	var domains []string
+	var domains domain.List
 	for _, d := range capturedConfig.Domains {
 		domains = append(domains, d.Domain)
 	}
-	assert.Contains(t, domains, "config.example.com.", "Mixed case domain should be normalized and pre.sent")
-	assert.Contains(t, domains, "mixed.example.com.", "Mixed case domain should be normalized and present")
+	assert.Contains(t, domains, domain.Domain("config.example.com."), "Mixed case domain should be normalized and pre.sent")
+	assert.Contains(t, domains, domain.Domain("mixed.example.com."), "Mixed case domain should be normalized and present")
 }

client/internal/dns/service_memory.go

@@ -24,11 +24,15 @@ type ServiceViaMemory struct {
 }
 
 func NewServiceViaMemory(wgIface WGIface) *ServiceViaMemory {
+	lastIP, err := nbnet.GetLastIPFromNetwork(wgIface.Address().Network, 1)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Errorf("get last ip from network: %v", err)
+	}
 	s := &ServiceViaMemory{
 		wgInterface: wgIface,
 		dnsMux:      dns.NewServeMux(),
 
-		runtimeIP:   nbnet.GetLastIPFromNetwork(wgIface.Address().Network, 1).String(),
+		runtimeIP:   lastIP.String(),
 		runtimePort: defaultPort,
 	}
 	return s
@@ -91,7 +95,7 @@ func (s *ServiceViaMemory) filterDNSTraffic() (string, error) {
 	}
 
 	firstLayerDecoder := layers.LayerTypeIPv4
-	if s.wgInterface.Address().Network.IP.To4() == nil {
+	if s.wgInterface.Address().IP.Is6() {
 		firstLayerDecoder = layers.LayerTypeIPv6
 	}
 

client/internal/dns/service_memory_test.go

@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
-package dns
-
-import (
-	"net"
-	"testing"
-
-	nbnet "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/util/net"
-)
-
-func TestGetLastIPFromNetwork(t *testing.T) {
-	tests := []struct {
-		addr string
-		ip   string
-	}{
-		{"2001:db8::/32", "2001:db8:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffe"},
-		{"192.168.0.0/30", "192.168.0.2"},
-		{"192.168.0.0/16", "192.168.255.254"},
-		{"192.168.0.0/24", "192.168.0.254"},
-	}
-
-	for _, tt := range tests {
-		_, ipnet, err := net.ParseCIDR(tt.addr)
-		if err != nil {
-			t.Errorf("Error parsing CIDR: %v", err)
-			return
-		}
-
-		lastIP := nbnet.GetLastIPFromNetwork(ipnet, 1).String()
-		if lastIP != tt.ip {
-			t.Errorf("wrong IP address, expected %s: got %s", tt.ip, lastIP)
-		}
-	}
-}

client/internal/dns/systemd_linux.go

@@ -117,15 +117,15 @@ func (s *systemdDbusConfigurator) applyDNSConfig(config HostDNSConfig, stateMana
 			continue
 		}
 		domainsInput = append(domainsInput, systemdDbusLinkDomainsInput{
-			Domain:    dConf.Domain,
+			Domain:    dConf.Domain.PunycodeString(),
 			MatchOnly: dConf.MatchOnly,
 		})
 
 		if dConf.MatchOnly {
-			matchDomains = append(matchDomains, dConf.Domain)
+			matchDomains = append(matchDomains, dConf.Domain.PunycodeString())
 			continue
 		}
-		searchDomains = append(searchDomains, dConf.Domain)
+		searchDomains = append(searchDomains, dConf.Domain.PunycodeString())
 	}
 
 	if config.RouteAll {

client/internal/dns/upstream.go

@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/dns/types"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/peer"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/proto"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/domain"
 )
 
 const (
@@ -48,7 +49,7 @@ type upstreamResolverBase struct {
 	cancel           context.CancelFunc
 	upstreamClient   upstreamClient
 	upstreamServers  []string
-	domain           string
+	domain           domain.Domain
 	disabled         bool
 	failsCount       atomic.Int32
 	successCount     atomic.Int32
@@ -62,7 +63,7 @@ type upstreamResolverBase struct {
 	statusRecorder *peer.Status
 }
 
-func newUpstreamResolverBase(ctx context.Context, statusRecorder *peer.Status, domain string) *upstreamResolverBase {
+func newUpstreamResolverBase(ctx context.Context, statusRecorder *peer.Status, domain domain.Domain) *upstreamResolverBase {
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(ctx)
 
 	return &upstreamResolverBase{

client/internal/dns/upstream_android.go

@@ -3,12 +3,14 @@ package dns
 import (
 	"context"
 	"net"
+	"net/netip"
 	"syscall"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/miekg/dns"
 
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/peer"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/domain"
 	nbnet "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/util/net"
 )
 
@@ -23,11 +25,11 @@ type upstreamResolver struct {
 func newUpstreamResolver(
 	ctx context.Context,
 	_ string,
-	_ net.IP,
-	_ *net.IPNet,
+	_ netip.Addr,
+	_ netip.Prefix,
 	statusRecorder *peer.Status,
 	hostsDNSHolder *hostsDNSHolder,
-	domain string,
+	domain domain.Domain,
 ) (*upstreamResolver, error) {
 	upstreamResolverBase := newUpstreamResolverBase(ctx, statusRecorder, domain)
 	c := &upstreamResolver{

client/internal/dns/upstream_general.go

@@ -4,12 +4,13 @@ package dns
 
 import (
 	"context"
-	"net"
+	"net/netip"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/miekg/dns"
 
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/peer"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/domain"
 )
 
 type upstreamResolver struct {
@@ -19,11 +20,11 @@ type upstreamResolver struct {
 func newUpstreamResolver(
 	ctx context.Context,
 	_ string,
-	_ net.IP,
-	_ *net.IPNet,
+	_ netip.Addr,
+	_ netip.Prefix,
 	statusRecorder *peer.Status,
 	_ *hostsDNSHolder,
-	domain string,
+	domain domain.Domain,
 ) (*upstreamResolver, error) {
 	upstreamResolverBase := newUpstreamResolverBase(ctx, statusRecorder, domain)
 	nonIOS := &upstreamResolver{

client/internal/dns/upstream_ios.go

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
 	"net"
+	"net/netip"
 	"syscall"
 	"time"
 
@@ -14,23 +15,24 @@ import (
 	"golang.org/x/sys/unix"
 
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/peer"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/domain"
 )
 
 type upstreamResolverIOS struct {
 	*upstreamResolverBase
-	lIP           net.IP
-	lNet          *net.IPNet
+	lIP           netip.Addr
+	lNet          netip.Prefix
 	interfaceName string
 }
 
 func newUpstreamResolver(
 	ctx context.Context,
 	interfaceName string,
-	ip net.IP,
-	net *net.IPNet,
+	ip netip.Addr,
+	net netip.Prefix,
 	statusRecorder *peer.Status,
 	_ *hostsDNSHolder,
-	domain string,
+	domain domain.Domain,
 ) (*upstreamResolverIOS, error) {
 	upstreamResolverBase := newUpstreamResolverBase(ctx, statusRecorder, domain)
 
@@ -58,8 +60,11 @@ func (u *upstreamResolverIOS) exchange(ctx context.Context, upstream string, r *
 	}
 	client.DialTimeout = timeout
 
-	upstreamIP := net.ParseIP(upstreamHost)
-	if u.lNet.Contains(upstreamIP) || net.IP.IsPrivate(upstreamIP) {
+	upstreamIP, err := netip.ParseAddr(upstreamHost)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Warnf("failed to parse upstream host %s: %s", upstreamHost, err)
+	}
+	if u.lNet.Contains(upstreamIP) || upstreamIP.IsPrivate() {
 		log.Debugf("using private client to query upstream: %s", upstream)
 		client, err = GetClientPrivate(u.lIP, u.interfaceName, timeout)
 		if err != nil {
@@ -73,7 +78,7 @@ func (u *upstreamResolverIOS) exchange(ctx context.Context, upstream string, r *
 
 // GetClientPrivate returns a new DNS client bound to the local IP address of the Netbird interface
 // This method is needed for iOS
-func GetClientPrivate(ip net.IP, interfaceName string, dialTimeout time.Duration) (*dns.Client, error) {
+func GetClientPrivate(ip netip.Addr, interfaceName string, dialTimeout time.Duration) (*dns.Client, error) {
 	index, err := getInterfaceIndex(interfaceName)
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Debugf("unable to get interface index for %s: %s", interfaceName, err)
@@ -82,7 +87,7 @@ func GetClientPrivate(ip net.IP, interfaceName string, dialTimeout time.Duration
 
 	dialer := &net.Dialer{
 		LocalAddr: &net.UDPAddr{
-			IP:   ip,
+			IP:   ip.AsSlice(),
 			Port: 0, // Let the OS pick a free port
 		},
 		Timeout: dialTimeout,

client/internal/dns/upstream_test.go

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ package dns
 
 import (
 	"context"
-	"net"
+	"net/netip"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ func TestUpstreamResolver_ServeDNS(t *testing.T) {
 	for _, testCase := range testCases {
 		t.Run(testCase.name, func(t *testing.T) {
 			ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.TODO())
-			resolver, _ := newUpstreamResolver(ctx, "", net.IP{}, &net.IPNet{}, nil, nil, ".")
+			resolver, _ := newUpstreamResolver(ctx, "", netip.Addr{}, netip.Prefix{}, nil, nil, ".")
 			resolver.upstreamServers = testCase.InputServers
 			resolver.upstreamTimeout = testCase.timeout
 			if testCase.cancelCTX {

client/internal/engine.go

@@ -121,8 +121,8 @@ type EngineConfig struct {
 	DisableServerRoutes bool
 	DisableDNS          bool
 	DisableFirewall     bool
-
-	BlockLANAccess bool
+	BlockLANAccess      bool
+	BlockInbound        bool
 
 	LazyConnectionEnabled bool
 }
@@ -359,6 +359,7 @@ func (e *Engine) Start() error {
 		return fmt.Errorf("new wg interface: %w", err)
 	}
 	e.wgInterface = wgIface
+	e.statusRecorder.SetWgIface(wgIface)
 
 	// start flow manager right after interface creation
 	publicKey := e.config.WgPrivateKey.PublicKey()
@@ -380,7 +381,6 @@ func (e *Engine) Start() error {
 			return fmt.Errorf("run rosenpass manager: %w", err)
 		}
 	}
-
 	e.stateManager.Start()
 
 	initialRoutes, dnsServer, err := e.newDnsServer()
@@ -431,7 +431,8 @@ func (e *Engine) Start() error {
 		return fmt.Errorf("up wg interface: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	if e.firewall != nil {
+	// if inbound conns are blocked there is no need to create the ACL manager
+	if e.firewall != nil && !e.config.BlockInbound {
 		e.acl = acl.NewDefaultManager(e.firewall)
 	}
 
@@ -487,11 +488,9 @@ func (e *Engine) createFirewall() error {
 }
 
 func (e *Engine) initFirewall() error {
-	if e.firewall.IsServerRouteSupported() {
-		if err := e.routeManager.EnableServerRouter(e.firewall); err != nil {
-			e.close()
-			return fmt.Errorf("enable server router: %w", err)
-		}
+	if err := e.routeManager.EnableServerRouter(e.firewall); err != nil {
+		e.close()
+		return fmt.Errorf("enable server router: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	if e.config.BlockLANAccess {
@@ -525,6 +524,11 @@ func (e *Engine) initFirewall() error {
 }
 
 func (e *Engine) blockLanAccess() {
+	if e.config.BlockInbound {
+		// no need to set up extra deny rules if inbound is already blocked in general
+		return
+	}
+
 	var merr *multierror.Error
 
 	// TODO: keep this updated
@@ -796,56 +800,58 @@ func isNil(server nbssh.Server) bool {
 }
 
 func (e *Engine) updateSSH(sshConf *mgmProto.SSHConfig) error {
+	if e.config.BlockInbound {
+		log.Infof("SSH server is disabled because inbound connections are blocked")
+		return nil
+	}
 
 	if !e.config.ServerSSHAllowed {
-		log.Warnf("running SSH server is not permitted")
+		log.Info("SSH server is not enabled")
 		return nil
-	} else {
-
-		if sshConf.GetSshEnabled() {
-			if runtime.GOOS == "windows" {
-				log.Warnf("running SSH server on %s is not supported", runtime.GOOS)
-				return nil
-			}
-			// start SSH server if it wasn't running
-			if isNil(e.sshServer) {
-				listenAddr := fmt.Sprintf("%s:%d", e.wgInterface.Address().IP.String(), nbssh.DefaultSSHPort)
-				if nbnetstack.IsEnabled() {
-					listenAddr = fmt.Sprintf("127.0.0.1:%d", nbssh.DefaultSSHPort)
-				}
-				// nil sshServer means it has not yet been started
-				var err error
-				e.sshServer, err = e.sshServerFunc(e.config.SSHKey, listenAddr)
-
-				if err != nil {
-					return fmt.Errorf("create ssh server: %w", err)
-				}
-				go func() {
-					// blocking
-					err = e.sshServer.Start()
-					if err != nil {
-						// will throw error when we stop it even if it is a graceful stop
-						log.Debugf("stopped SSH server with error %v", err)
-					}
-					e.syncMsgMux.Lock()
-					defer e.syncMsgMux.Unlock()
-					e.sshServer = nil
-					log.Infof("stopped SSH server")
-				}()
-			} else {
-				log.Debugf("SSH server is already running")
-			}
-		} else if !isNil(e.sshServer) {
-			// Disable SSH server request, so stop it if it was running
-			err := e.sshServer.Stop()
-			if err != nil {
-				log.Warnf("failed to stop SSH server %v", err)
-			}
-			e.sshServer = nil
-		}
-		return nil
-
 	}
+
+	if sshConf.GetSshEnabled() {
+		if runtime.GOOS == "windows" {
+			log.Warnf("running SSH server on %s is not supported", runtime.GOOS)
+			return nil
+		}
+		// start SSH server if it wasn't running
+		if isNil(e.sshServer) {
+			listenAddr := fmt.Sprintf("%s:%d", e.wgInterface.Address().IP.String(), nbssh.DefaultSSHPort)
+			if nbnetstack.IsEnabled() {
+				listenAddr = fmt.Sprintf("127.0.0.1:%d", nbssh.DefaultSSHPort)
+			}
+			// nil sshServer means it has not yet been started
+			var err error
+			e.sshServer, err = e.sshServerFunc(e.config.SSHKey, listenAddr)
+
+			if err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("create ssh server: %w", err)
+			}
+			go func() {
+				// blocking
+				err = e.sshServer.Start()
+				if err != nil {
+					// will throw error when we stop it even if it is a graceful stop
+					log.Debugf("stopped SSH server with error %v", err)
+				}
+				e.syncMsgMux.Lock()
+				defer e.syncMsgMux.Unlock()
+				e.sshServer = nil
+				log.Infof("stopped SSH server")
+			}()
+		} else {
+			log.Debugf("SSH server is already running")
+		}
+	} else if !isNil(e.sshServer) {
+		// Disable SSH server request, so stop it if it was running
+		err := e.sshServer.Stop()
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Warnf("failed to stop SSH server %v", err)
+		}
+		e.sshServer = nil
+	}
+	return nil
 }
 
 func (e *Engine) updateConfig(conf *mgmProto.PeerConfig) error {
@@ -988,12 +994,21 @@ func (e *Engine) updateNetworkMap(networkMap *mgmProto.NetworkMap) error {
 		}
 	}
 
+	protoDNSConfig := networkMap.GetDNSConfig()
+	if protoDNSConfig == nil {
+		protoDNSConfig = &mgmProto.DNSConfig{}
+	}
+
+	if err := e.dnsServer.UpdateDNSServer(serial, toDNSConfig(protoDNSConfig, e.wgInterface.Address().Network)); err != nil {
+		log.Errorf("failed to update dns server, err: %v", err)
+	}
+
 	dnsRouteFeatureFlag := toDNSFeatureFlag(networkMap)
 
 	// apply routes first, route related actions might depend on routing being enabled
 	routes := toRoutes(networkMap.GetRoutes())
 	if err := e.routeManager.UpdateRoutes(serial, routes, dnsRouteFeatureFlag); err != nil {
-		log.Errorf("failed to update clientRoutes, err: %v", err)
+		log.Errorf("failed to update routes: %v", err)
 	}
 
 	if e.acl != nil {
@@ -1055,15 +1070,6 @@ func (e *Engine) updateNetworkMap(networkMap *mgmProto.NetworkMap) error {
 	excludedLazyPeers := e.toExcludedLazyPeers(routes, forwardingRules, networkMap.GetRemotePeers())
 	e.connMgr.SetExcludeList(excludedLazyPeers)
 
-	protoDNSConfig := networkMap.GetDNSConfig()
-	if protoDNSConfig == nil {
-		protoDNSConfig = &mgmProto.DNSConfig{}
-	}
-
-	if err := e.dnsServer.UpdateDNSServer(serial, toDNSConfig(protoDNSConfig, e.wgInterface.Address().Network)); err != nil {
-		log.Errorf("failed to update dns server, err: %v", err)
-	}
-
 	e.networkSerial = serial
 
 	// Test received (upstream) servers for availability right away instead of upon usage.
@@ -1098,7 +1104,7 @@ func toRoutes(protoRoutes []*mgmProto.Route) []*route.Route {
 
 		convertedRoute := &route.Route{
 			ID:          route.ID(protoRoute.ID),
-			Network:     prefix,
+			Network:     prefix.Masked(),
 			Domains:     domain.FromPunycodeList(protoRoute.Domains),
 			NetID:       route.NetID(protoRoute.NetID),
 			NetworkType: route.NetworkType(protoRoute.NetworkType),
@@ -1132,7 +1138,7 @@ func toRouteDomains(myPubKey string, routes []*route.Route) []*dnsfwd.ForwarderE
 	return entries
 }
 
-func toDNSConfig(protoDNSConfig *mgmProto.DNSConfig, network *net.IPNet) nbdns.Config {
+func toDNSConfig(protoDNSConfig *mgmProto.DNSConfig, network netip.Prefix) nbdns.Config {
 	dnsUpdate := nbdns.Config{
 		ServiceEnable:    protoDNSConfig.GetServiceEnable(),
 		CustomZones:      make([]nbdns.CustomZone, 0),
@@ -1159,7 +1165,7 @@ func toDNSConfig(protoDNSConfig *mgmProto.DNSConfig, network *net.IPNet) nbdns.C
 	for _, nsGroup := range protoDNSConfig.GetNameServerGroups() {
 		dnsNSGroup := &nbdns.NameServerGroup{
 			Primary:              nsGroup.GetPrimary(),
-			Domains:              nsGroup.GetDomains(),
+			Domains:              domain.FromPunycodeList(nsGroup.GetDomains()),
 			SearchDomainsEnabled: nsGroup.GetSearchDomainsEnabled(),
 		}
 		for _, ns := range nsGroup.GetNameServers() {
@@ -1447,6 +1453,7 @@ func (e *Engine) close() {
 			log.Errorf("failed closing Netbird interface %s %v", e.config.WgIfaceName, err)
 		}
 		e.wgInterface = nil
+		e.statusRecorder.SetWgIface(nil)
 	}
 
 	if !isNil(e.sshServer) {
@@ -1671,7 +1678,7 @@ func (e *Engine) RunHealthProbes() bool {
 func (e *Engine) probeICE(stuns, turns []*stun.URI) []relay.ProbeResult {
 	return append(
 		relay.ProbeAll(e.ctx, relay.ProbeSTUN, stuns),
-		relay.ProbeAll(e.ctx, relay.ProbeSTUN, turns)...,
+		relay.ProbeAll(e.ctx, relay.ProbeTURN, turns)...,
 	)
 }
 
@@ -1784,9 +1791,9 @@ func (e *Engine) GetLatestNetworkMap() (*mgmProto.NetworkMap, error) {
 }
 
 // GetWgAddr returns the wireguard address
-func (e *Engine) GetWgAddr() net.IP {
+func (e *Engine) GetWgAddr() netip.Addr {
 	if e.wgInterface == nil {
-		return nil
+		return netip.Addr{}
 	}
 	return e.wgInterface.Address().IP
 }
@@ -1796,6 +1803,10 @@ func (e *Engine) updateDNSForwarder(
 	enabled bool,
 	fwdEntries []*dnsfwd.ForwarderEntry,
 ) {
+	if e.config.DisableServerRoutes {
+		return
+	}
+
 	if !enabled {
 		if e.dnsForwardMgr == nil {
 			return
@@ -1851,12 +1862,7 @@ func (e *Engine) Address() (netip.Addr, error) {
 		return netip.Addr{}, errors.New("wireguard interface not initialized")
 	}
 
-	addr := e.wgInterface.Address()
-	ip, ok := netip.AddrFromSlice(addr.IP)
-	if !ok {
-		return netip.Addr{}, errors.New("failed to convert address to netip.Addr")
-	}
-	return ip.Unmap(), nil
+	return e.wgInterface.Address().IP, nil
 }
 
 func (e *Engine) updateForwardRules(rules []*mgmProto.ForwardingRule) ([]firewallManager.ForwardRule, error) {

client/internal/engine_test.go

@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/system"
 	nbdns "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/dns"
 	mgmt "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/client"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/domain"
 	mgmtProto "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/proto"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/server"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/server/activity"
@@ -77,7 +78,7 @@ var (
 
 type MockWGIface struct {
 	CreateFunc                 func() error
-	CreateOnAndroidFunc        func(routeRange []string, ip string, domains []string) error
+	CreateOnAndroidFunc        func(routeRange []string, ip string, domains domain.List) error
 	IsUserspaceBindFunc        func() bool
 	NameFunc                   func() string
 	AddressFunc                func() wgaddr.Address
@@ -99,6 +100,10 @@ type MockWGIface struct {
 	GetNetFunc                 func() *netstack.Net
 }
 
+func (m *MockWGIface) FullStats() (*configurer.Stats, error) {
+	return nil, fmt.Errorf("not implemented")
+}
+
 func (m *MockWGIface) GetInterfaceGUIDString() (string, error) {
 	return m.GetInterfaceGUIDStringFunc()
 }
@@ -107,7 +112,7 @@ func (m *MockWGIface) Create() error {
 	return m.CreateFunc()
 }
 
-func (m *MockWGIface) CreateOnAndroid(routeRange []string, ip string, domains []string) error {
+func (m *MockWGIface) CreateOnAndroid(routeRange []string, ip string, domains domain.List) error {
 	return m.CreateOnAndroidFunc(routeRange, ip, domains)
 }
 
@@ -371,11 +376,8 @@ func TestEngine_UpdateNetworkMap(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		AddressFunc: func() wgaddr.Address {
 			return wgaddr.Address{
-				IP: net.ParseIP("10.20.0.1"),
-				Network: &net.IPNet{
-					IP:   net.ParseIP("10.20.0.0"),
-					Mask: net.IPv4Mask(255, 255, 255, 0),
-				},
+				IP:      netip.MustParseAddr("10.20.0.1"),
+				Network: netip.MustParsePrefix("10.20.0.0/24"),
 			}
 		},
 		UpdatePeerFunc: func(peerKey string, allowedIps []netip.Prefix, keepAlive time.Duration, endpoint *net.UDPAddr, preSharedKey *wgtypes.Key) error {

client/internal/iface_common.go

@@ -14,11 +14,12 @@ import (
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/iface/device"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/iface/wgaddr"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/iface/wgproxy"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/domain"
 )
 
 type wgIfaceBase interface {
 	Create() error
-	CreateOnAndroid(routeRange []string, ip string, domains []string) error
+	CreateOnAndroid(routeRange []string, ip string, domains domain.List) error
 	IsUserspaceBind() bool
 	Name() string
 	Address() wgaddr.Address
@@ -37,4 +38,5 @@ type wgIfaceBase interface {
 	GetWGDevice() *wgdevice.Device
 	GetStats() (map[string]configurer.WGStats, error)
 	GetNet() *netstack.Net
+	FullStats() (*configurer.Stats, error)
 }

client/internal/netflow/conntrack/conntrack.go

@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ func (c *ConnTrack) relevantFlow(mark uint32, srcIP, dstIP netip.Addr) bool {
 
 	// fallback if mark rules are not in place
 	wgnet := c.iface.Address().Network
-	return wgnet.Contains(srcIP.AsSlice()) || wgnet.Contains(dstIP.AsSlice())
+	return wgnet.Contains(srcIP) || wgnet.Contains(dstIP)
 }
 
 // mapRxPackets maps packet counts to RX based on flow direction
@@ -293,17 +293,15 @@ func (c *ConnTrack) inferDirection(mark uint32, srcIP, dstIP netip.Addr) nftypes
 	// fallback if marks are not set
 	wgaddr := c.iface.Address().IP
 	wgnetwork := c.iface.Address().Network
-	src, dst := srcIP.AsSlice(), dstIP.AsSlice()
-
 	switch {
-	case wgaddr.Equal(src):
+	case wgaddr == srcIP:
 		return nftypes.Egress
-	case wgaddr.Equal(dst):
+	case wgaddr == dstIP:
 		return nftypes.Ingress
-	case wgnetwork.Contains(src):
+	case wgnetwork.Contains(srcIP):
 		// netbird network -> resource network
 		return nftypes.Ingress
-	case wgnetwork.Contains(dst):
+	case wgnetwork.Contains(dstIP):
 		// resource network -> netbird network
 		return nftypes.Egress
 	}

client/internal/netflow/logger/logger.go

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ package logger
 
 import (
 	"context"
-	"net"
+	"net/netip"
 	"sync"
 	"sync/atomic"
 	"time"
@@ -23,17 +23,16 @@ type Logger struct {
 	rcvChan            atomic.Pointer[rcvChan]
 	cancel             context.CancelFunc
 	statusRecorder     *peer.Status
-	wgIfaceIPNet       net.IPNet
+	wgIfaceNet         netip.Prefix
 	dnsCollection      atomic.Bool
 	exitNodeCollection atomic.Bool
 	Store              types.Store
 }
 
-func New(statusRecorder *peer.Status, wgIfaceIPNet net.IPNet) *Logger {
-
+func New(statusRecorder *peer.Status, wgIfaceIPNet netip.Prefix) *Logger {
 	return &Logger{
 		statusRecorder: statusRecorder,
-		wgIfaceIPNet:   wgIfaceIPNet,
+		wgIfaceNet:     wgIfaceIPNet,
 		Store:          store.NewMemoryStore(),
 	}
 }
@@ -89,11 +88,11 @@ func (l *Logger) startReceiver() {
 			var isSrcExitNode bool
 			var isDestExitNode bool
 
-			if !l.wgIfaceIPNet.Contains(net.IP(event.SourceIP.AsSlice())) {
+			if !l.wgIfaceNet.Contains(event.SourceIP) {
 				event.SourceResourceID, isSrcExitNode = l.statusRecorder.CheckRoutes(event.SourceIP)
 			}
 
-			if !l.wgIfaceIPNet.Contains(net.IP(event.DestIP.AsSlice())) {
+			if !l.wgIfaceNet.Contains(event.DestIP) {
 				event.DestResourceID, isDestExitNode = l.statusRecorder.CheckRoutes(event.DestIP)
 			}
 

client/internal/netflow/logger/logger_test.go

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 package logger_test
 
 import (
-	"net"
+	"net/netip"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ import (
 )
 
 func TestStore(t *testing.T) {
-	logger := logger.New(nil, net.IPNet{})
+	logger := logger.New(nil, netip.Prefix{})
 	logger.Enable()
 
 	event := types.EventFields{

client/internal/netflow/manager.go

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	"net"
+	"net/netip"
 	"runtime"
 	"sync"
 	"time"
@@ -34,11 +34,11 @@ type Manager struct {
 
 // NewManager creates a new netflow manager
 func NewManager(iface nftypes.IFaceMapper, publicKey []byte, statusRecorder *peer.Status) *Manager {
-	var ipNet net.IPNet
+	var prefix netip.Prefix
 	if iface != nil {
-		ipNet = *iface.Address().Network
+		prefix = iface.Address().Network
 	}
-	flowLogger := logger.New(statusRecorder, ipNet)
+	flowLogger := logger.New(statusRecorder, prefix)
 
 	var ct nftypes.ConnTracker
 	if runtime.GOOS == "linux" && iface != nil && !iface.IsUserspaceBind() {

client/internal/netflow/manager_test.go

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 package netflow
 
 import (
-	"net"
+	"net/netip"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
@@ -33,10 +33,7 @@ func (m *mockIFaceMapper) IsUserspaceBind() bool {
 func TestManager_Update(t *testing.T) {
 	mockIFace := &mockIFaceMapper{
 		address: wgaddr.Address{
-			Network: &net.IPNet{
-				IP:   net.ParseIP("192.168.1.1"),
-				Mask: net.CIDRMask(24, 32),
-			},
+			Network: netip.MustParsePrefix("192.168.1.1/32"),
 		},
 		isUserspaceBind: true,
 	}
@@ -102,10 +99,7 @@ func TestManager_Update(t *testing.T) {
 func TestManager_Update_TokenPreservation(t *testing.T) {
 	mockIFace := &mockIFaceMapper{
 		address: wgaddr.Address{
-			Network: &net.IPNet{
-				IP:   net.ParseIP("192.168.1.1"),
-				Mask: net.CIDRMask(24, 32),
-			},
+			Network: netip.MustParsePrefix("192.168.1.1/32"),
 		},
 		isUserspaceBind: true,
 	}

client/internal/peer/status.go

@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 package peer
 
 import (
+	"context"
 	"errors"
+	"fmt"
 	"net/netip"
 	"slices"
 	"sync"
@@ -31,6 +33,10 @@ type ResolvedDomainInfo struct {
 	ParentDomain domain.Domain
 }
 
+type WGIfaceStatus interface {
+	FullStats() (*configurer.Stats, error)
+}
+
 type EventListener interface {
 	OnEvent(event *proto.SystemEvent)
 }
@@ -146,11 +152,31 @@ type FullStatus struct {
 	LazyConnectionEnabled bool
 }
 
+type StatusChangeSubscription struct {
+	peerID     string
+	id         string
+	eventsChan chan struct{}
+	ctx        context.Context
+}
+
+func newStatusChangeSubscription(ctx context.Context, peerID string) *StatusChangeSubscription {
+	return &StatusChangeSubscription{
+		ctx:        ctx,
+		peerID:     peerID,
+		id:         uuid.New().String(),
+		eventsChan: make(chan struct{}, 1),
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *StatusChangeSubscription) Events() chan struct{} {
+	return s.eventsChan
+}
+
 // Status holds a state of peers, signal, management connections and relays
 type Status struct {
 	mux                   sync.Mutex
 	peers                 map[string]State
-	changeNotify          map[string]chan struct{}
+	changeNotify          map[string]map[string]*StatusChangeSubscription // map[peerID]map[subscriptionID]*StatusChangeSubscription
 	signalState           bool
 	signalError           error
 	managementState       bool
@@ -181,13 +207,14 @@ type Status struct {
 	ingressGwMgr *ingressgw.Manager
 
 	routeIDLookup routeIDLookup
+	wgIface       WGIfaceStatus
 }
 
 // NewRecorder returns a new Status instance
 func NewRecorder(mgmAddress string) *Status {
 	return &Status{
 		peers:                 make(map[string]State),
-		changeNotify:          make(map[string]chan struct{}),
+		changeNotify:          make(map[string]map[string]*StatusChangeSubscription),
 		eventStreams:          make(map[string]chan *proto.SystemEvent),
 		eventQueue:            NewEventQueue(eventQueueSize),
 		offlinePeers:          make([]State, 0),
@@ -289,11 +316,7 @@ func (d *Status) UpdatePeerState(receivedState State) error {
 		return errors.New("peer doesn't exist")
 	}
 
-	if receivedState.IP != "" {
-		peerState.IP = receivedState.IP
-	}
-
-	skipNotification := shouldSkipNotify(receivedState.ConnStatus, peerState)
+	oldState := peerState.ConnStatus
 
 	if receivedState.ConnStatus != peerState.ConnStatus {
 		peerState.ConnStatus = receivedState.ConnStatus
@@ -309,11 +332,14 @@ func (d *Status) UpdatePeerState(receivedState State) error {
 
 	d.peers[receivedState.PubKey] = peerState
 
-	if skipNotification {
-		return nil
+	if hasConnStatusChanged(oldState, receivedState.ConnStatus) {
+		d.notifyPeerListChanged()
 	}
 
-	d.notifyPeerListChanged()
+	// when we close the connection we will not notify the router manager
+	if receivedState.ConnStatus == StatusIdle {
+		d.notifyPeerStateChangeListeners(receivedState.PubKey)
+	}
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -380,11 +406,8 @@ func (d *Status) UpdatePeerICEState(receivedState State) error {
 		return errors.New("peer doesn't exist")
 	}
 
-	if receivedState.IP != "" {
-		peerState.IP = receivedState.IP
-	}
-
-	skipNotification := shouldSkipNotify(receivedState.ConnStatus, peerState)
+	oldState := peerState.ConnStatus
+	oldIsRelayed := peerState.Relayed
 
 	peerState.ConnStatus = receivedState.ConnStatus
 	peerState.ConnStatusUpdate = receivedState.ConnStatusUpdate
@@ -397,12 +420,13 @@ func (d *Status) UpdatePeerICEState(receivedState State) error {
 
 	d.peers[receivedState.PubKey] = peerState
 
-	if skipNotification {
-		return nil
+	if hasConnStatusChanged(oldState, receivedState.ConnStatus) {
+		d.notifyPeerListChanged()
 	}
 
-	d.notifyPeerStateChangeListeners(receivedState.PubKey)
-	d.notifyPeerListChanged()
+	if hasStatusOrRelayedChange(oldState, receivedState.ConnStatus, oldIsRelayed, receivedState.Relayed) {
+		d.notifyPeerStateChangeListeners(receivedState.PubKey)
+	}
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -415,7 +439,8 @@ func (d *Status) UpdatePeerRelayedState(receivedState State) error {
 		return errors.New("peer doesn't exist")
 	}
 
-	skipNotification := shouldSkipNotify(receivedState.ConnStatus, peerState)
+	oldState := peerState.ConnStatus
+	oldIsRelayed := peerState.Relayed
 
 	peerState.ConnStatus = receivedState.ConnStatus
 	peerState.ConnStatusUpdate = receivedState.ConnStatusUpdate
@@ -425,12 +450,13 @@ func (d *Status) UpdatePeerRelayedState(receivedState State) error {
 
 	d.peers[receivedState.PubKey] = peerState
 
-	if skipNotification {
-		return nil
+	if hasConnStatusChanged(oldState, receivedState.ConnStatus) {
+		d.notifyPeerListChanged()
 	}
 
-	d.notifyPeerStateChangeListeners(receivedState.PubKey)
-	d.notifyPeerListChanged()
+	if hasStatusOrRelayedChange(oldState, receivedState.ConnStatus, oldIsRelayed, receivedState.Relayed) {
+		d.notifyPeerStateChangeListeners(receivedState.PubKey)
+	}
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -443,7 +469,8 @@ func (d *Status) UpdatePeerRelayedStateToDisconnected(receivedState State) error
 		return errors.New("peer doesn't exist")
 	}
 
-	skipNotification := shouldSkipNotify(receivedState.ConnStatus, peerState)
+	oldState := peerState.ConnStatus
+	oldIsRelayed := peerState.Relayed
 
 	peerState.ConnStatus = receivedState.ConnStatus
 	peerState.Relayed = receivedState.Relayed
@@ -452,12 +479,13 @@ func (d *Status) UpdatePeerRelayedStateToDisconnected(receivedState State) error
 
 	d.peers[receivedState.PubKey] = peerState
 
-	if skipNotification {
-		return nil
+	if hasConnStatusChanged(oldState, receivedState.ConnStatus) {
+		d.notifyPeerListChanged()
 	}
 
-	d.notifyPeerStateChangeListeners(receivedState.PubKey)
-	d.notifyPeerListChanged()
+	if hasStatusOrRelayedChange(oldState, receivedState.ConnStatus, oldIsRelayed, receivedState.Relayed) {
+		d.notifyPeerStateChangeListeners(receivedState.PubKey)
+	}
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -470,7 +498,8 @@ func (d *Status) UpdatePeerICEStateToDisconnected(receivedState State) error {
 		return errors.New("peer doesn't exist")
 	}
 
-	skipNotification := shouldSkipNotify(receivedState.ConnStatus, peerState)
+	oldState := peerState.ConnStatus
+	oldIsRelayed := peerState.Relayed
 
 	peerState.ConnStatus = receivedState.ConnStatus
 	peerState.Relayed = receivedState.Relayed
@@ -482,12 +511,13 @@ func (d *Status) UpdatePeerICEStateToDisconnected(receivedState State) error {
 
 	d.peers[receivedState.PubKey] = peerState
 
-	if skipNotification {
-		return nil
+	if hasConnStatusChanged(oldState, receivedState.ConnStatus) {
+		d.notifyPeerListChanged()
 	}
 
-	d.notifyPeerStateChangeListeners(receivedState.PubKey)
-	d.notifyPeerListChanged()
+	if hasStatusOrRelayedChange(oldState, receivedState.ConnStatus, oldIsRelayed, receivedState.Relayed) {
+		d.notifyPeerStateChangeListeners(receivedState.PubKey)
+	}
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -510,17 +540,12 @@ func (d *Status) UpdateWireGuardPeerState(pubKey string, wgStats configurer.WGSt
 	return nil
 }
 
-func shouldSkipNotify(receivedConnStatus ConnStatus, curr State) bool {
-	switch {
-	case receivedConnStatus == StatusConnecting:
-		return true
-	case receivedConnStatus == StatusIdle && curr.ConnStatus == StatusConnecting:
-		return true
-	case receivedConnStatus == StatusIdle && curr.ConnStatus == StatusIdle:
-		return curr.IP != ""
-	default:
-		return false
-	}
+func hasStatusOrRelayedChange(oldConnStatus, newConnStatus ConnStatus, oldRelayed, newRelayed bool) bool {
+	return oldRelayed != newRelayed || hasConnStatusChanged(newConnStatus, oldConnStatus)
+}
+
+func hasConnStatusChanged(oldStatus, newStatus ConnStatus) bool {
+	return newStatus != oldStatus
 }
 
 // UpdatePeerFQDN update peer's state fqdn only
@@ -553,19 +578,41 @@ func (d *Status) FinishPeerListModifications() {
 	d.notifyPeerListChanged()
 }
 
-// GetPeerStateChangeNotifier returns a change notifier channel for a peer
-func (d *Status) GetPeerStateChangeNotifier(peer string) <-chan struct{} {
+func (d *Status) SubscribeToPeerStateChanges(ctx context.Context, peerID string) *StatusChangeSubscription {
 	d.mux.Lock()
 	defer d.mux.Unlock()
 
-	ch, found := d.changeNotify[peer]
-	if found {
-		return ch
+	sub := newStatusChangeSubscription(ctx, peerID)
+	if _, ok := d.changeNotify[peerID]; !ok {
+		d.changeNotify[peerID] = make(map[string]*StatusChangeSubscription)
+	}
+	d.changeNotify[peerID][sub.id] = sub
+
+	return sub
+}
+
+func (d *Status) UnsubscribePeerStateChanges(subscription *StatusChangeSubscription) {
+	d.mux.Lock()
+	defer d.mux.Unlock()
+
+	if subscription == nil {
+		return
 	}
 
-	ch = make(chan struct{})
-	d.changeNotify[peer] = ch
-	return ch
+	channels, ok := d.changeNotify[subscription.peerID]
+	if !ok {
+		return
+	}
+
+	sub, exists := channels[subscription.id]
+	if !exists {
+		return
+	}
+
+	delete(channels, subscription.id)
+	if len(channels) == 0 {
+		delete(d.changeNotify, sub.peerID)
+	}
 }
 
 // GetLocalPeerState returns the local peer state
@@ -940,13 +987,20 @@ func (d *Status) onConnectionChanged() {
 
 // notifyPeerStateChangeListeners notifies route manager about the change in peer state
 func (d *Status) notifyPeerStateChangeListeners(peerID string) {
-	ch, found := d.changeNotify[peerID]
-	if !found {
+	subs, ok := d.changeNotify[peerID]
+	if !ok {
 		return
 	}
-
-	close(ch)
-	delete(d.changeNotify, peerID)
+	for _, sub := range subs {
+		// block the write because we do not want to miss notification
+		// must have to be sure we will run the GetPeerState() on separated thread
+		go func() {
+			select {
+			case sub.eventsChan <- struct{}{}:
+			case <-sub.ctx.Done():
+			}
+		}()
+	}
 }
 
 func (d *Status) notifyPeerListChanged() {
@@ -1030,6 +1084,23 @@ func (d *Status) GetEventHistory() []*proto.SystemEvent {
 	return d.eventQueue.GetAll()
 }
 
+func (d *Status) SetWgIface(wgInterface WGIfaceStatus) {
+	d.mux.Lock()
+	defer d.mux.Unlock()
+
+	d.wgIface = wgInterface
+}
+
+func (d *Status) PeersStatus() (*configurer.Stats, error) {
+	d.mux.Lock()
+	defer d.mux.Unlock()
+	if d.wgIface == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("wgInterface is nil, cannot retrieve peers status")
+	}
+
+	return d.wgIface.FullStats()
+}
+
 type EventQueue struct {
 	maxSize int
 	events  []*proto.SystemEvent

client/internal/peer/status_test.go

@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
 package peer
 
 import (
+	"context"
 	"errors"
 	"sync"
 	"testing"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 )
@@ -42,16 +44,16 @@ func TestGetPeer(t *testing.T) {
 func TestUpdatePeerState(t *testing.T) {
 	key := "abc"
 	ip := "10.10.10.10"
+	fqdn := "peer-a.netbird.local"
 	status := NewRecorder("https://mgm")
+	_ = status.AddPeer(key, fqdn, ip)
+
 	peerState := State{
-		PubKey: key,
-		Mux:    new(sync.RWMutex),
+		PubKey:           key,
+		ConnStatusUpdate: time.Now(),
+		ConnStatus:       StatusConnecting,
 	}
 
-	status.peers[key] = peerState
-
-	peerState.IP = ip
-
 	err := status.UpdatePeerState(peerState)
 	assert.NoError(t, err, "shouldn't return error")
 
@@ -83,25 +85,27 @@ func TestGetPeerStateChangeNotifierLogic(t *testing.T) {
 	key := "abc"
 	ip := "10.10.10.10"
 	status := NewRecorder("https://mgm")
+	_ = status.AddPeer(key, "abc.netbird", ip)
+
+	sub := status.SubscribeToPeerStateChanges(context.Background(), key)
+	assert.NotNil(t, sub, "channel shouldn't be nil")
+
 	peerState := State{
-		PubKey: key,
-		Mux:    new(sync.RWMutex),
+		PubKey:           key,
+		ConnStatus:       StatusConnecting,
+		Relayed:          false,
+		ConnStatusUpdate: time.Now(),
 	}
 
-	status.peers[key] = peerState
-
-	ch := status.GetPeerStateChangeNotifier(key)
-	assert.NotNil(t, ch, "channel shouldn't be nil")
-
-	peerState.IP = ip
-
 	err := status.UpdatePeerRelayedStateToDisconnected(peerState)
 	assert.NoError(t, err, "shouldn't return error")
 
+	timeoutCtx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 1*time.Second)
+	defer cancel()
 	select {
-	case <-ch:
-	default:
-		t.Errorf("channel wasn't closed after update")
+	case <-sub.eventsChan:
+	case <-timeoutCtx.Done():
+		t.Errorf("timed out waiting for event")
 	}
 }
 

client/internal/relay/relay.go

@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ func ProbeAll(
 
 	var wg sync.WaitGroup
 	for i, uri := range relays {
-		ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, 2*time.Second)
+		ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, 6*time.Second)
 		defer cancel()
 
 		wg.Add(1)

client/internal/routemanager/client/client.go

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package routemanager
+package client
 
 import (
 	"context"
@@ -7,10 +7,8 @@ import (
 	"runtime"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/hashicorp/go-multierror"
 	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 
-	nberrors "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/errors"
 	nbdns "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/dns"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/peer"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/peerstore"
@@ -36,6 +34,7 @@ const (
 	reasonRouteUpdate
 	reasonPeerUpdate
 	reasonShutdown
+	reasonHA
 )
 
 type routerPeerStatus struct {
@@ -44,9 +43,9 @@ type routerPeerStatus struct {
 	latency   time.Duration
 }
 
-type routesUpdate struct {
-	updateSerial uint64
-	routes       []*route.Route
+type RoutesUpdate struct {
+	UpdateSerial uint64
+	Routes       []*route.Route
 }
 
 // RouteHandler defines the interface for handling routes
@@ -58,64 +57,54 @@ type RouteHandler interface {
 	RemoveAllowedIPs() error
 }
 
-type clientNetwork struct {
+type WatcherConfig struct {
+	Context          context.Context
+	DNSRouteInterval time.Duration
+	WGInterface      iface.WGIface
+	StatusRecorder   *peer.Status
+	Route            *route.Route
+	Handler          RouteHandler
+}
+
+// Watcher watches route and peer changes and updates allowed IPs accordingly.
+// Once stopped, it cannot be reused.
+type Watcher struct {
 	ctx                 context.Context
 	cancel              context.CancelFunc
 	statusRecorder      *peer.Status
 	wgInterface         iface.WGIface
 	routes              map[route.ID]*route.Route
-	routeUpdate         chan routesUpdate
+	routeUpdate         chan RoutesUpdate
 	peerStateUpdate     chan struct{}
-	routePeersNotifiers map[string]chan struct{}
+	routePeersNotifiers map[string]chan struct{} // map of peer key to channel for peer state changes
 	currentChosen       *route.Route
 	handler             RouteHandler
 	updateSerial        uint64
 }
 
-func newClientNetworkWatcher(
-	ctx context.Context,
-	dnsRouteInterval time.Duration,
-	wgInterface iface.WGIface,
-	statusRecorder *peer.Status,
-	rt *route.Route,
-	routeRefCounter *refcounter.RouteRefCounter,
-	allowedIPsRefCounter *refcounter.AllowedIPsRefCounter,
-	dnsServer nbdns.Server,
-	peerStore *peerstore.Store,
-	useNewDNSRoute bool,
-) *clientNetwork {
-	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(ctx)
+func NewWatcher(config WatcherConfig) *Watcher {
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(config.Context)
 
-	client := &clientNetwork{
+	client := &Watcher{
 		ctx:                 ctx,
 		cancel:              cancel,
-		statusRecorder:      statusRecorder,
-		wgInterface:         wgInterface,
+		statusRecorder:      config.StatusRecorder,
+		wgInterface:         config.WGInterface,
 		routes:              make(map[route.ID]*route.Route),
 		routePeersNotifiers: make(map[string]chan struct{}),
-		routeUpdate:         make(chan routesUpdate),
+		routeUpdate:         make(chan RoutesUpdate),
 		peerStateUpdate:     make(chan struct{}),
-		handler: handlerFromRoute(
-			rt,
-			routeRefCounter,
-			allowedIPsRefCounter,
-			dnsRouteInterval,
-			statusRecorder,
-			wgInterface,
-			dnsServer,
-			peerStore,
-			useNewDNSRoute,
-		),
+		handler:             config.Handler,
 	}
 	return client
 }
 
-func (c *clientNetwork) getRouterPeerStatuses() map[route.ID]routerPeerStatus {
+func (w *Watcher) getRouterPeerStatuses() map[route.ID]routerPeerStatus {
 	routePeerStatuses := make(map[route.ID]routerPeerStatus)
-	for _, r := range c.routes {
-		peerStatus, err := c.statusRecorder.GetPeer(r.Peer)
+	for _, r := range w.routes {
+		peerStatus, err := w.statusRecorder.GetPeer(r.Peer)
 		if err != nil {
-			log.Debugf("couldn't fetch peer state: %v", err)
+			log.Debugf("couldn't fetch peer state %v: %v", r.Peer, err)
 			continue
 		}
 		routePeerStatuses[r.ID] = routerPeerStatus{
@@ -128,7 +117,7 @@ func (c *clientNetwork) getRouterPeerStatuses() map[route.ID]routerPeerStatus {
 }
 
 // getBestRouteFromStatuses determines the most optimal route from the available routes
-// within a clientNetwork, taking into account peer connection status, route metrics, and
+// within a Watcher, taking into account peer connection status, route metrics, and
 // preference for non-relayed and direct connections.
 //
 // It follows these prioritization rules:
@@ -140,17 +129,17 @@ func (c *clientNetwork) getRouterPeerStatuses() map[route.ID]routerPeerStatus {
 // * Stability: In case of equal scores, the currently active route (if any) is maintained.
 //
 // It returns the ID of the selected optimal route.
-func (c *clientNetwork) getBestRouteFromStatuses(routePeerStatuses map[route.ID]routerPeerStatus) route.ID {
-	chosen := route.ID("")
+func (w *Watcher) getBestRouteFromStatuses(routePeerStatuses map[route.ID]routerPeerStatus) route.ID {
+	var chosen route.ID
 	chosenScore := float64(0)
 	currScore := float64(0)
 
-	currID := route.ID("")
-	if c.currentChosen != nil {
-		currID = c.currentChosen.ID
+	var currID route.ID
+	if w.currentChosen != nil {
+		currID = w.currentChosen.ID
 	}
 
-	for _, r := range c.routes {
+	for _, r := range w.routes {
 		tempScore := float64(0)
 		peerStatus, found := routePeerStatuses[r.ID]
 		if !found || !peerStatus.connected {
@@ -167,7 +156,7 @@ func (c *clientNetwork) getBestRouteFromStatuses(routePeerStatuses map[route.ID]
 		if peerStatus.latency != 0 {
 			latency = peerStatus.latency
 		} else {
-			log.Tracef("peer %s has 0 latency, range %s", r.Peer, c.handler)
+			log.Tracef("peer %s has 0 latency, range %s", r.Peer, w.handler)
 		}
 
 		// avoid negative tempScore on the higher latency calculation
@@ -197,149 +186,145 @@ func (c *clientNetwork) getBestRouteFromStatuses(routePeerStatuses map[route.ID]
 		}
 	}
 
-	log.Debugf("chosen route: %s, chosen score: %f, current route: %s, current score: %f", chosen, chosenScore, currID, currScore)
+	chosenID := chosen
+	if chosen == "" {
+		chosenID = "<none>"
+	}
+	currentID := currID
+	if currID == "" {
+		currentID = "<none>"
+	}
+
+	log.Debugf("chosen route: %s, chosen score: %f, current route: %s, current score: %f", chosenID, chosenScore, currentID, currScore)
 
 	switch {
 	case chosen == "":
 		var peers []string
-		for _, r := range c.routes {
+		for _, r := range w.routes {
 			peers = append(peers, r.Peer)
 		}
 
-		log.Warnf("The network [%v] has not been assigned a routing peer as no peers from the list %s are currently connected", c.handler, peers)
+		log.Infof("network [%v] has not been assigned a routing peer as no peers from the list %s are currently connected", w.handler, peers)
 	case chosen != currID:
 		// we compare the current score + 10ms to the chosen score to avoid flapping between routes
 		if currScore != 0 && currScore+0.01 > chosenScore {
-			log.Debugf("Keeping current routing peer because the score difference with latency is less than 0.01(10ms), current: %f, new: %f", currScore, chosenScore)
+			log.Debugf("keeping current routing peer %s for [%v]: the score difference with latency is less than 0.01(10ms): current: %f, new: %f",
+				w.currentChosen.Peer, w.handler, currScore, chosenScore)
 			return currID
 		}
 		var p string
-		if rt := c.routes[chosen]; rt != nil {
+		if rt := w.routes[chosen]; rt != nil {
 			p = rt.Peer
 		}
-		log.Infof("New chosen route is %s with peer %s with score %f for network [%v]", chosen, p, chosenScore, c.handler)
+		log.Infof("New chosen route is %s with peer %s with score %f for network [%v]", chosen, p, chosenScore, w.handler)
 	}
 
 	return chosen
 }
 
-func (c *clientNetwork) watchPeerStatusChanges(ctx context.Context, peerKey string, peerStateUpdate chan struct{}, closer chan struct{}) {
+func (w *Watcher) watchPeerStatusChanges(ctx context.Context, peerKey string, peerStateUpdate chan struct{}, closer chan struct{}) {
+	subscription := w.statusRecorder.SubscribeToPeerStateChanges(ctx, peerKey)
+	defer w.statusRecorder.UnsubscribePeerStateChanges(subscription)
+
 	for {
 		select {
 		case <-ctx.Done():
 			return
 		case <-closer:
 			return
-		case <-c.statusRecorder.GetPeerStateChangeNotifier(peerKey):
-			state, err := c.statusRecorder.GetPeer(peerKey)
-			if err != nil || state.ConnStatus == peer.StatusConnecting {
-				continue
-			}
+		case <-subscription.Events():
 			peerStateUpdate <- struct{}{}
-			log.Debugf("triggered route state update for Peer %s, state: %s", peerKey, state.ConnStatus)
+			log.Debugf("triggered route state update for Peer: %s", peerKey)
 		}
 	}
 }
 
-func (c *clientNetwork) startPeersStatusChangeWatcher() {
-	for _, r := range c.routes {
-		_, found := c.routePeersNotifiers[r.Peer]
-		if found {
+func (w *Watcher) startNewPeerStatusWatchers() {
+	for _, r := range w.routes {
+		if _, found := w.routePeersNotifiers[r.Peer]; found {
 			continue
 		}
 
 		closerChan := make(chan struct{})
-		c.routePeersNotifiers[r.Peer] = closerChan
-		go c.watchPeerStatusChanges(c.ctx, r.Peer, c.peerStateUpdate, closerChan)
+		w.routePeersNotifiers[r.Peer] = closerChan
+		go w.watchPeerStatusChanges(w.ctx, r.Peer, w.peerStateUpdate, closerChan)
 	}
 }
 
-func (c *clientNetwork) removeRouteFromWireGuardPeer() error {
-	if err := c.statusRecorder.RemovePeerStateRoute(c.currentChosen.Peer, c.handler.String()); err != nil {
+// addAllowedIPs adds the allowed IPs for the current chosen route to the handler.
+func (w *Watcher) addAllowedIPs(route *route.Route) error {
+	if err := w.handler.AddAllowedIPs(route.Peer); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("add allowed IPs for peer %s: %w", route.Peer, err)
+	}
+
+	if err := w.statusRecorder.AddPeerStateRoute(route.Peer, w.handler.String(), route.GetResourceID()); err != nil {
 		log.Warnf("Failed to update peer state: %v", err)
 	}
 
-	if err := c.handler.RemoveAllowedIPs(); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("remove allowed IPs: %w", err)
-	}
+	w.connectEvent(route)
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (c *clientNetwork) removeRouteFromPeerAndSystem(rsn reason) error {
-	if c.currentChosen == nil {
-		return nil
+func (w *Watcher) removeAllowedIPs(route *route.Route, rsn reason) error {
+	if err := w.statusRecorder.RemovePeerStateRoute(route.Peer, w.handler.String()); err != nil {
+		log.Warnf("Failed to update peer state: %v", err)
 	}
 
-	var merr *multierror.Error
-
-	if err := c.removeRouteFromWireGuardPeer(); err != nil {
-		merr = multierror.Append(merr, fmt.Errorf("remove allowed IPs for peer %s: %w", c.currentChosen.Peer, err))
-	}
-	if err := c.handler.RemoveRoute(); err != nil {
-		merr = multierror.Append(merr, fmt.Errorf("remove route: %w", err))
+	if err := w.handler.RemoveAllowedIPs(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("remove allowed IPs: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	c.disconnectEvent(rsn)
+	w.disconnectEvent(route, rsn)
 
-	return nberrors.FormatErrorOrNil(merr)
+	return nil
 }
 
-func (c *clientNetwork) recalculateRouteAndUpdatePeerAndSystem(rsn reason) error {
-	routerPeerStatuses := c.getRouterPeerStatuses()
+func (w *Watcher) recalculateRoutes(rsn reason) error {
+	routerPeerStatuses := w.getRouterPeerStatuses()
 
-	newChosenID := c.getBestRouteFromStatuses(routerPeerStatuses)
+	newChosenID := w.getBestRouteFromStatuses(routerPeerStatuses)
 
-	// If no route is chosen, remove the route from the peer and system
+	// If no route is chosen, remove the route from the peer
 	if newChosenID == "" {
-		if err := c.removeRouteFromPeerAndSystem(rsn); err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("remove route for peer %s: %w", c.currentChosen.Peer, err)
+		if w.currentChosen == nil {
+			return nil
 		}
 
-		c.currentChosen = nil
+		if err := w.removeAllowedIPs(w.currentChosen, rsn); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("remove obsolete: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		w.currentChosen = nil
 
 		return nil
 	}
 
 	// If the chosen route is the same as the current route, do nothing
-	if c.currentChosen != nil && c.currentChosen.ID == newChosenID &&
-		c.currentChosen.Equal(c.routes[newChosenID]) {
+	if w.currentChosen != nil && w.currentChosen.ID == newChosenID &&
+		w.currentChosen.Equal(w.routes[newChosenID]) {
 		return nil
 	}
 
-	var isNew bool
-	if c.currentChosen == nil {
-		// If they were not previously assigned to another peer, add routes to the system first
-		if err := c.handler.AddRoute(c.ctx); err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("add route: %w", err)
-		}
-		isNew = true
-	} else {
-		// Otherwise, remove the allowed IPs from the previous peer first
-		if err := c.removeRouteFromWireGuardPeer(); err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("remove allowed IPs for peer %s: %w", c.currentChosen.Peer, err)
+	// If the chosen route was assigned to a different peer, remove the allowed IPs first
+	if isNew := w.currentChosen == nil; !isNew {
+		if err := w.removeAllowedIPs(w.currentChosen, reasonHA); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("remove old: %w", err)
 		}
 	}
 
-	c.currentChosen = c.routes[newChosenID]
-
-	if err := c.handler.AddAllowedIPs(c.currentChosen.Peer); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("add allowed IPs for peer %s: %w", c.currentChosen.Peer, err)
+	newChosenRoute := w.routes[newChosenID]
+	if err := w.addAllowedIPs(newChosenRoute); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("add new: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	if isNew {
-		c.connectEvent()
-	}
+	w.currentChosen = newChosenRoute
 
-	err := c.statusRecorder.AddPeerStateRoute(c.currentChosen.Peer, c.handler.String(), c.currentChosen.GetResourceID())
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("add peer state route: %w", err)
-	}
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (c *clientNetwork) connectEvent() {
+func (w *Watcher) connectEvent(route *route.Route) {
 	var defaultRoute bool
-	for _, r := range c.routes {
+	for _, r := range w.routes {
 		if r.Network.Bits() == 0 {
 			defaultRoute = true
 			break
@@ -351,13 +336,13 @@ func (c *clientNetwork) connectEvent() {
 	}
 
 	meta := map[string]string{
-		"network": c.handler.String(),
+		"network": w.handler.String(),
 	}
-	if c.currentChosen != nil {
-		meta["id"] = string(c.currentChosen.NetID)
-		meta["peer"] = c.currentChosen.Peer
+	if route != nil {
+		meta["id"] = string(route.NetID)
+		meta["peer"] = route.Peer
 	}
-	c.statusRecorder.PublishEvent(
+	w.statusRecorder.PublishEvent(
 		proto.SystemEvent_INFO,
 		proto.SystemEvent_NETWORK,
 		"Default route added",
@@ -366,9 +351,9 @@ func (c *clientNetwork) connectEvent() {
 	)
 }
 
-func (c *clientNetwork) disconnectEvent(rsn reason) {
+func (w *Watcher) disconnectEvent(route *route.Route, rsn reason) {
 	var defaultRoute bool
-	for _, r := range c.routes {
+	for _, r := range w.routes {
 		if r.Network.Bits() == 0 {
 			defaultRoute = true
 			break
@@ -384,11 +369,11 @@ func (c *clientNetwork) disconnectEvent(rsn reason) {
 	var userMessage string
 	meta := make(map[string]string)
 
-	if c.currentChosen != nil {
-		meta["id"] = string(c.currentChosen.NetID)
-		meta["peer"] = c.currentChosen.Peer
+	if route != nil {
+		meta["id"] = string(route.NetID)
+		meta["peer"] = route.Peer
 	}
-	meta["network"] = c.handler.String()
+	meta["network"] = w.handler.String()
 	switch rsn {
 	case reasonShutdown:
 		severity = proto.SystemEvent_INFO
@@ -401,13 +386,17 @@ func (c *clientNetwork) disconnectEvent(rsn reason) {
 		severity = proto.SystemEvent_WARNING
 		message = "Default route disconnected due to peer unreachability"
 		userMessage = "Exit node connection lost. Your internet access might be affected."
+	case reasonHA:
+		severity = proto.SystemEvent_INFO
+		message = "Default route disconnected due to high availability change"
+		userMessage = "Exit node disconnected due to high availability change."
 	default:
 		severity = proto.SystemEvent_ERROR
 		message = "Default route disconnected for unknown reasons"
 		userMessage = "Exit node disconnected for unknown reasons."
 	}
 
-	c.statusRecorder.PublishEvent(
+	w.statusRecorder.PublishEvent(
 		severity,
 		proto.SystemEvent_NETWORK,
 		message,
@@ -416,86 +405,101 @@ func (c *clientNetwork) disconnectEvent(rsn reason) {
 	)
 }
 
-func (c *clientNetwork) sendUpdateToClientNetworkWatcher(update routesUpdate) {
+func (w *Watcher) SendUpdate(update RoutesUpdate) {
 	go func() {
-		c.routeUpdate <- update
+		select {
+		case w.routeUpdate <- update:
+		case <-w.ctx.Done():
+		}
 	}()
 }
 
-func (c *clientNetwork) handleUpdate(update routesUpdate) bool {
+func (w *Watcher) classifyUpdate(update RoutesUpdate) bool {
 	isUpdateMapDifferent := false
 	updateMap := make(map[route.ID]*route.Route)
 
-	for _, r := range update.routes {
+	for _, r := range update.Routes {
 		updateMap[r.ID] = r
 	}
 
-	if len(c.routes) != len(updateMap) {
+	if len(w.routes) != len(updateMap) {
 		isUpdateMapDifferent = true
 	}
 
-	for id, r := range c.routes {
+	for id, r := range w.routes {
 		_, found := updateMap[id]
 		if !found {
-			close(c.routePeersNotifiers[r.Peer])
-			delete(c.routePeersNotifiers, r.Peer)
+			close(w.routePeersNotifiers[r.Peer])
+			delete(w.routePeersNotifiers, r.Peer)
 			isUpdateMapDifferent = true
 			continue
 		}
-		if !reflect.DeepEqual(c.routes[id], updateMap[id]) {
+		if !reflect.DeepEqual(w.routes[id], updateMap[id]) {
 			isUpdateMapDifferent = true
 		}
 	}
 
-	c.routes = updateMap
+	w.routes = updateMap
 	return isUpdateMapDifferent
 }
 
-// peersStateAndUpdateWatcher is the main point of reacting on client network routing events.
+// Start is the main point of reacting on client network routing events.
 // All the processing related to the client network should be done here. Thread-safe.
-func (c *clientNetwork) peersStateAndUpdateWatcher() {
+func (w *Watcher) Start() {
 	for {
 		select {
-		case <-c.ctx.Done():
-			log.Debugf("Stopping watcher for network [%v]", c.handler)
-			if err := c.removeRouteFromPeerAndSystem(reasonShutdown); err != nil {
-				log.Errorf("Failed to remove routes for [%v]: %v", c.handler, err)
-			}
+		case <-w.ctx.Done():
 			return
-		case <-c.peerStateUpdate:
-			err := c.recalculateRouteAndUpdatePeerAndSystem(reasonPeerUpdate)
-			if err != nil {
-				log.Errorf("Failed to recalculate routes for network [%v]: %v", c.handler, err)
+		case <-w.peerStateUpdate:
+			if err := w.recalculateRoutes(reasonPeerUpdate); err != nil {
+				log.Errorf("Failed to recalculate routes for network [%v]: %v", w.handler, err)
 			}
-		case update := <-c.routeUpdate:
-			if update.updateSerial < c.updateSerial {
-				log.Warnf("Received a routes update with smaller serial number (%d -> %d), ignoring it", c.updateSerial, update.updateSerial)
+		case update := <-w.routeUpdate:
+			if update.UpdateSerial < w.updateSerial {
+				log.Warnf("Received a routes update with smaller serial number (%d -> %d), ignoring it", w.updateSerial, update.UpdateSerial)
 				continue
 			}
 
-			log.Debugf("Received a new client network route update for [%v]", c.handler)
-
-			// hash update somehow
-			isTrueRouteUpdate := c.handleUpdate(update)
-
-			c.updateSerial = update.updateSerial
-
-			if isTrueRouteUpdate {
-				log.Debug("Client network update contains different routes, recalculating routes")
-				err := c.recalculateRouteAndUpdatePeerAndSystem(reasonRouteUpdate)
-				if err != nil {
-					log.Errorf("Failed to recalculate routes for network [%v]: %v", c.handler, err)
-				}
-			} else {
-				log.Debug("Route update is not different, skipping route recalculation")
-			}
-
-			c.startPeersStatusChangeWatcher()
+			w.handleRouteUpdate(update)
 		}
 	}
 }
 
-func handlerFromRoute(
+func (w *Watcher) handleRouteUpdate(update RoutesUpdate) {
+	log.Debugf("Received a new client network route update for [%v]", w.handler)
+
+	// hash update somehow
+	isTrueRouteUpdate := w.classifyUpdate(update)
+
+	w.updateSerial = update.UpdateSerial
+
+	if isTrueRouteUpdate {
+		log.Debugf("client network update %v for [%v] contains different routes, recalculating routes", update.UpdateSerial, w.handler)
+		if err := w.recalculateRoutes(reasonRouteUpdate); err != nil {
+			log.Errorf("failed to recalculate routes for network [%v]: %v", w.handler, err)
+		}
+	} else {
+		log.Debugf("route update %v for [%v] is not different, skipping route recalculation", update.UpdateSerial, w.handler)
+	}
+
+	w.startNewPeerStatusWatchers()
+}
+
+// Stop stops the watcher and cleans up resources.
+func (w *Watcher) Stop() {
+	log.Debugf("Stopping watcher for network [%v]", w.handler)
+
+	w.cancel()
+
+	if w.currentChosen == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	if err := w.removeAllowedIPs(w.currentChosen, reasonShutdown); err != nil {
+		log.Errorf("Failed to remove routes for [%v]: %v", w.handler, err)
+	}
+}
+
+func HandlerFromRoute(
 	rt *route.Route,
 	routeRefCounter *refcounter.RouteRefCounter,
 	allowedIPsRefCounter *refcounter.AllowedIPsRefCounter,

client/internal/routemanager/client/client_test.go

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package routemanager
+package client
 
 import (
 	"fmt"
@@ -395,7 +395,7 @@ func TestGetBestrouteFromStatuses(t *testing.T) {
 			}
 
 			// create new clientNetwork
-			client := &clientNetwork{
+			client := &Watcher{
 				handler:       static.NewRoute(&route.Route{Network: netip.MustParsePrefix("192.168.0.0/24")}, nil, nil),
 				routes:        tc.existingRoutes,
 				currentChosen: currentRoute,

client/internal/routemanager/dnsinterceptor/handler.go

@@ -229,15 +229,14 @@ func (d *DnsInterceptor) writeMsg(w dns.ResponseWriter, r *dns.Msg) error {
 	}
 
 	if len(r.Answer) > 0 && len(r.Question) > 0 {
-		origPattern := ""
+		var origPattern domain.Domain
 		if writer, ok := w.(*nbdns.ResponseWriterChain); ok {
 			origPattern = writer.GetOrigPattern()
 		}
 
 		resolvedDomain := domain.Domain(strings.ToLower(r.Question[0].Name))
 
-		// already punycode via RegisterHandler()
-		originalDomain := domain.Domain(origPattern)
+		originalDomain := origPattern
 		if originalDomain == "" {
 			originalDomain = resolvedDomain
 		}
@@ -264,7 +263,7 @@ func (d *DnsInterceptor) writeMsg(w dns.ResponseWriter, r *dns.Msg) error {
 				continue
 			}
 
-			prefix := netip.PrefixFrom(ip, ip.BitLen())
+			prefix := netip.PrefixFrom(ip.Unmap(), ip.BitLen())
 			newPrefixes = append(newPrefixes, prefix)
 		}
 

client/internal/routemanager/manager.go

@@ -11,9 +11,11 @@ import (
 	"sync"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/hashicorp/go-multierror"
 	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"golang.org/x/exp/maps"
 
+	nberrors "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/errors"
 	firewall "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/firewall/manager"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/iface/configurer"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/iface/netstack"
@@ -21,9 +23,11 @@ import (
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/listener"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/peer"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/peerstore"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/routemanager/client"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/routemanager/iface"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/routemanager/notifier"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/routemanager/refcounter"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/routemanager/server"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/routemanager/systemops"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/routemanager/vars"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/routeselector"
@@ -68,9 +72,9 @@ type DefaultManager struct {
 	ctx                  context.Context
 	stop                 context.CancelFunc
 	mux                  sync.Mutex
-	clientNetworks       map[route.HAUniqueID]*clientNetwork
+	clientNetworks       map[route.HAUniqueID]*client.Watcher
 	routeSelector        *routeselector.RouteSelector
-	serverRouter         *serverRouter
+	serverRouter         *server.Router
 	sysOps               *systemops.SysOps
 	statusRecorder       *peer.Status
 	relayMgr             *relayClient.Manager
@@ -88,6 +92,7 @@ type DefaultManager struct {
 	useNewDNSRoute      bool
 	disableClientRoutes bool
 	disableServerRoutes bool
+	activeRoutes        map[route.HAUniqueID]client.RouteHandler
 }
 
 func NewManager(config ManagerConfig) *DefaultManager {
@@ -99,7 +104,7 @@ func NewManager(config ManagerConfig) *DefaultManager {
 		ctx:                 mCTX,
 		stop:                cancel,
 		dnsRouteInterval:    config.DNSRouteInterval,
-		clientNetworks:      make(map[route.HAUniqueID]*clientNetwork),
+		clientNetworks:      make(map[route.HAUniqueID]*client.Watcher),
 		relayMgr:            config.RelayManager,
 		sysOps:              sysOps,
 		statusRecorder:      config.StatusRecorder,
@@ -111,6 +116,7 @@ func NewManager(config ManagerConfig) *DefaultManager {
 		peerStore:           config.PeerStore,
 		disableClientRoutes: config.DisableClientRoutes,
 		disableServerRoutes: config.DisableServerRoutes,
+		activeRoutes:        make(map[route.HAUniqueID]client.RouteHandler),
 	}
 
 	useNoop := netstack.IsEnabled() || config.DisableClientRoutes
@@ -226,7 +232,7 @@ func (m *DefaultManager) EnableServerRouter(firewall firewall.Manager) error {
 	}
 
 	var err error
-	m.serverRouter, err = newServerRouter(m.ctx, m.wgInterface, firewall, m.statusRecorder)
+	m.serverRouter, err = server.NewRouter(m.ctx, m.wgInterface, firewall, m.statusRecorder)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -237,7 +243,7 @@ func (m *DefaultManager) EnableServerRouter(firewall firewall.Manager) error {
 func (m *DefaultManager) Stop(stateManager *statemanager.Manager) {
 	m.stop()
 	if m.serverRouter != nil {
-		m.serverRouter.cleanUp()
+		m.serverRouter.CleanUp()
 	}
 
 	if m.routeRefCounter != nil {
@@ -265,6 +271,54 @@ func (m *DefaultManager) Stop(stateManager *statemanager.Manager) {
 }
 
 // UpdateRoutes compares received routes with existing routes and removes, updates or adds them to the client and server maps
+func (m *DefaultManager) updateSystemRoutes(newRoutes route.HAMap) error {
+	toAdd := make(map[route.HAUniqueID]*route.Route)
+	toRemove := make(map[route.HAUniqueID]client.RouteHandler)
+
+	for id, routes := range newRoutes {
+		if len(routes) > 0 {
+			toAdd[id] = routes[0]
+		}
+	}
+
+	for id, activeHandler := range m.activeRoutes {
+		if _, exists := toAdd[id]; exists {
+			delete(toAdd, id)
+		} else {
+			toRemove[id] = activeHandler
+		}
+	}
+
+	var merr *multierror.Error
+	for id, handler := range toRemove {
+		if err := handler.RemoveRoute(); err != nil {
+			merr = multierror.Append(merr, fmt.Errorf("remove route %s: %w", handler.String(), err))
+		}
+		delete(m.activeRoutes, id)
+	}
+
+	for id, route := range toAdd {
+		handler := client.HandlerFromRoute(
+			route,
+			m.routeRefCounter,
+			m.allowedIPsRefCounter,
+			m.dnsRouteInterval,
+			m.statusRecorder,
+			m.wgInterface,
+			m.dnsServer,
+			m.peerStore,
+			m.useNewDNSRoute,
+		)
+		if err := handler.AddRoute(m.ctx); err != nil {
+			merr = multierror.Append(merr, fmt.Errorf("add route %s: %w", handler.String(), err))
+			continue
+		}
+		m.activeRoutes[id] = handler
+	}
+
+	return nberrors.FormatErrorOrNil(merr)
+}
+
 func (m *DefaultManager) UpdateRoutes(updateSerial uint64, newRoutes []*route.Route, useNewDNSRoute bool) error {
 	select {
 	case <-m.ctx.Done():
@@ -279,22 +333,28 @@ func (m *DefaultManager) UpdateRoutes(updateSerial uint64, newRoutes []*route.Ro
 
 	newServerRoutesMap, newClientRoutesIDMap := m.classifyRoutes(newRoutes)
 
+	var merr *multierror.Error
 	if !m.disableClientRoutes {
 		filteredClientRoutes := m.routeSelector.FilterSelected(newClientRoutesIDMap)
+
+		if err := m.updateSystemRoutes(filteredClientRoutes); err != nil {
+			merr = multierror.Append(merr, fmt.Errorf("update system routes: %w", err))
+		}
+
 		m.updateClientNetworks(updateSerial, filteredClientRoutes)
 		m.notifier.OnNewRoutes(filteredClientRoutes)
 	}
 	m.clientRoutes = newClientRoutesIDMap
 
 	if m.serverRouter == nil {
-		return nil
+		return nberrors.FormatErrorOrNil(merr)
 	}
 
-	if err := m.serverRouter.updateRoutes(newServerRoutesMap, useNewDNSRoute); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("update routes: %w", err)
+	if err := m.serverRouter.UpdateRoutes(newServerRoutesMap, useNewDNSRoute); err != nil {
+		merr = multierror.Append(merr, fmt.Errorf("update server routes: %w", err))
 	}
 
-	return nil
+	return nberrors.FormatErrorOrNil(merr)
 }
 
 // SetRouteChangeListener set RouteListener for route change Notifier
@@ -341,6 +401,10 @@ func (m *DefaultManager) TriggerSelection(networks route.HAMap) {
 
 	m.notifier.OnNewRoutes(networks)
 
+	if err := m.updateSystemRoutes(networks); err != nil {
+		log.Errorf("failed to update system routes during selection: %v", err)
+	}
+
 	m.stopObsoleteClients(networks)
 
 	for id, routes := range networks {
@@ -349,21 +413,24 @@ func (m *DefaultManager) TriggerSelection(networks route.HAMap) {
 			continue
 		}
 
-		clientNetworkWatcher := newClientNetworkWatcher(
-			m.ctx,
-			m.dnsRouteInterval,
-			m.wgInterface,
-			m.statusRecorder,
-			routes[0],
-			m.routeRefCounter,
-			m.allowedIPsRefCounter,
-			m.dnsServer,
-			m.peerStore,
-			m.useNewDNSRoute,
-		)
+		handler := m.activeRoutes[id]
+		if handler == nil {
+			log.Warnf("no active handler found for route %s", id)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		config := client.WatcherConfig{
+			Context:          m.ctx,
+			DNSRouteInterval: m.dnsRouteInterval,
+			WGInterface:      m.wgInterface,
+			StatusRecorder:   m.statusRecorder,
+			Route:            routes[0],
+			Handler:          handler,
+		}
+		clientNetworkWatcher := client.NewWatcher(config)
 		m.clientNetworks[id] = clientNetworkWatcher
-		go clientNetworkWatcher.peersStateAndUpdateWatcher()
-		clientNetworkWatcher.sendUpdateToClientNetworkWatcher(routesUpdate{routes: routes})
+		go clientNetworkWatcher.Start()
+		clientNetworkWatcher.SendUpdate(client.RoutesUpdate{Routes: routes})
 	}
 
 	if err := m.stateManager.UpdateState((*SelectorState)(m.routeSelector)); err != nil {
@@ -375,8 +442,7 @@ func (m *DefaultManager) TriggerSelection(networks route.HAMap) {
 func (m *DefaultManager) stopObsoleteClients(networks route.HAMap) {
 	for id, client := range m.clientNetworks {
 		if _, ok := networks[id]; !ok {
-			log.Debugf("Stopping client network watcher, %s", id)
-			client.cancel()
+			client.Stop()
 			delete(m.clientNetworks, id)
 		}
 	}
@@ -389,26 +455,29 @@ func (m *DefaultManager) updateClientNetworks(updateSerial uint64, networks rout
 	for id, routes := range networks {
 		clientNetworkWatcher, found := m.clientNetworks[id]
 		if !found {
-			clientNetworkWatcher = newClientNetworkWatcher(
-				m.ctx,
-				m.dnsRouteInterval,
-				m.wgInterface,
-				m.statusRecorder,
-				routes[0],
-				m.routeRefCounter,
-				m.allowedIPsRefCounter,
-				m.dnsServer,
-				m.peerStore,
-				m.useNewDNSRoute,
-			)
+			handler := m.activeRoutes[id]
+			if handler == nil {
+				log.Errorf("No active handler found for route %s", id)
+				continue
+			}
+
+			config := client.WatcherConfig{
+				Context:          m.ctx,
+				DNSRouteInterval: m.dnsRouteInterval,
+				WGInterface:      m.wgInterface,
+				StatusRecorder:   m.statusRecorder,
+				Route:            routes[0],
+				Handler:          handler,
+			}
+			clientNetworkWatcher = client.NewWatcher(config)
 			m.clientNetworks[id] = clientNetworkWatcher
-			go clientNetworkWatcher.peersStateAndUpdateWatcher()
+			go clientNetworkWatcher.Start()
 		}
-		update := routesUpdate{
-			updateSerial: updateSerial,
-			routes:       routes,
+		update := client.RoutesUpdate{
+			UpdateSerial: updateSerial,
+			Routes:       routes,
 		}
-		clientNetworkWatcher.sendUpdateToClientNetworkWatcher(update)
+		clientNetworkWatcher.SendUpdate(update)
 	}
 }
 

client/internal/routemanager/manager_test.go

@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
 	"net/netip"
-	"runtime"
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/pion/transport/v3/stdnet"
@@ -45,7 +44,7 @@ func TestManagerUpdateRoutes(t *testing.T) {
 					ID:          "a",
 					NetID:       "routeA",
 					Peer:        remotePeerKey1,
-					Network:     netip.MustParsePrefix("100.64.251.250/30"),
+					Network:     netip.MustParsePrefix("100.64.251.248/30"),
 					NetworkType: route.IPv4Network,
 					Metric:      9999,
 					Masquerade:  false,
@@ -72,7 +71,7 @@ func TestManagerUpdateRoutes(t *testing.T) {
 					ID:          "a",
 					NetID:       "routeA",
 					Peer:        localPeerKey,
-					Network:     netip.MustParsePrefix("100.64.252.250/30"),
+					Network:     netip.MustParsePrefix("100.64.252.248/30"),
 					NetworkType: route.IPv4Network,
 					Metric:      9999,
 					Masquerade:  false,
@@ -100,7 +99,7 @@ func TestManagerUpdateRoutes(t *testing.T) {
 					ID:          "a",
 					NetID:       "routeA",
 					Peer:        localPeerKey,
-					Network:     netip.MustParsePrefix("100.64.30.250/30"),
+					Network:     netip.MustParsePrefix("100.64.30.248/30"),
 					NetworkType: route.IPv4Network,
 					Metric:      9999,
 					Masquerade:  false,
@@ -128,7 +127,7 @@ func TestManagerUpdateRoutes(t *testing.T) {
 					ID:          "a",
 					NetID:       "routeA",
 					Peer:        localPeerKey,
-					Network:     netip.MustParsePrefix("100.64.30.250/30"),
+					Network:     netip.MustParsePrefix("100.64.30.248/30"),
 					NetworkType: route.IPv4Network,
 					Metric:      9999,
 					Masquerade:  false,
@@ -212,7 +211,7 @@ func TestManagerUpdateRoutes(t *testing.T) {
 					ID:          "a",
 					NetID:       "routeA",
 					Peer:        remotePeerKey1,
-					Network:     netip.MustParsePrefix("100.64.251.250/30"),
+					Network:     netip.MustParsePrefix("100.64.251.248/30"),
 					NetworkType: route.IPv4Network,
 					Metric:      9999,
 					Masquerade:  false,
@@ -234,7 +233,7 @@ func TestManagerUpdateRoutes(t *testing.T) {
 					ID:          "a",
 					NetID:       "routeA",
 					Peer:        remotePeerKey1,
-					Network:     netip.MustParsePrefix("100.64.251.250/30"),
+					Network:     netip.MustParsePrefix("100.64.251.248/30"),
 					NetworkType: route.IPv4Network,
 					Metric:      9999,
 					Masquerade:  false,
@@ -251,7 +250,7 @@ func TestManagerUpdateRoutes(t *testing.T) {
 					ID:          "a",
 					NetID:       "routeA",
 					Peer:        remotePeerKey1,
-					Network:     netip.MustParsePrefix("100.64.251.250/30"),
+					Network:     netip.MustParsePrefix("100.64.251.248/30"),
 					NetworkType: route.IPv4Network,
 					Metric:      9999,
 					Masquerade:  false,
@@ -273,7 +272,7 @@ func TestManagerUpdateRoutes(t *testing.T) {
 					ID:          "a",
 					NetID:       "routeA",
 					Peer:        remotePeerKey1,
-					Network:     netip.MustParsePrefix("100.64.251.250/30"),
+					Network:     netip.MustParsePrefix("100.64.251.248/30"),
 					NetworkType: route.IPv4Network,
 					Metric:      9999,
 					Masquerade:  false,
@@ -283,7 +282,7 @@ func TestManagerUpdateRoutes(t *testing.T) {
 					ID:          "b",
 					NetID:       "routeA",
 					Peer:        remotePeerKey2,
-					Network:     netip.MustParsePrefix("100.64.251.250/30"),
+					Network:     netip.MustParsePrefix("100.64.251.248/30"),
 					NetworkType: route.IPv4Network,
 					Metric:      9999,
 					Masquerade:  false,
@@ -300,7 +299,7 @@ func TestManagerUpdateRoutes(t *testing.T) {
 					ID:          "a",
 					NetID:       "routeA",
 					Peer:        remotePeerKey1,
-					Network:     netip.MustParsePrefix("100.64.251.250/30"),
+					Network:     netip.MustParsePrefix("100.64.251.248/30"),
 					NetworkType: route.IPv4Network,
 					Metric:      9999,
 					Masquerade:  false,
@@ -328,7 +327,7 @@ func TestManagerUpdateRoutes(t *testing.T) {
 					ID:          "a",
 					NetID:       "routeA",
 					Peer:        localPeerKey,
-					Network:     netip.MustParsePrefix("100.64.251.250/30"),
+					Network:     netip.MustParsePrefix("100.64.251.248/30"),
 					NetworkType: route.IPv4Network,
 					Metric:      9999,
 					Masquerade:  false,
@@ -357,7 +356,7 @@ func TestManagerUpdateRoutes(t *testing.T) {
 					ID:          "l1",
 					NetID:       "routeA",
 					Peer:        localPeerKey,
-					Network:     netip.MustParsePrefix("100.64.251.250/30"),
+					Network:     netip.MustParsePrefix("100.64.251.248/30"),
 					NetworkType: route.IPv4Network,
 					Metric:      9999,
 					Masquerade:  false,
@@ -377,7 +376,7 @@ func TestManagerUpdateRoutes(t *testing.T) {
 					ID:          "r1",
 					NetID:       "routeA",
 					Peer:        remotePeerKey1,
-					Network:     netip.MustParsePrefix("100.64.251.250/30"),
+					Network:     netip.MustParsePrefix("100.64.251.248/30"),
 					NetworkType: route.IPv4Network,
 					Metric:      9999,
 					Masquerade:  false,
@@ -441,11 +440,11 @@ func TestManagerUpdateRoutes(t *testing.T) {
 			}
 
 			if len(testCase.inputInitRoutes) > 0 {
-				_ = routeManager.UpdateRoutes(testCase.inputSerial, testCase.inputRoutes, false)
+				err = routeManager.UpdateRoutes(testCase.inputSerial, testCase.inputRoutes, false)
 				require.NoError(t, err, "should update routes with init routes")
 			}
 
-			_ = routeManager.UpdateRoutes(testCase.inputSerial+uint64(len(testCase.inputInitRoutes)), testCase.inputRoutes, false)
+			err = routeManager.UpdateRoutes(testCase.inputSerial+uint64(len(testCase.inputInitRoutes)), testCase.inputRoutes, false)
 			require.NoError(t, err, "should update routes")
 
 			expectedWatchers := testCase.clientNetworkWatchersExpected
@@ -454,8 +453,8 @@ func TestManagerUpdateRoutes(t *testing.T) {
 			}
 			require.Len(t, routeManager.clientNetworks, expectedWatchers, "client networks size should match")
 
-			if runtime.GOOS == "linux" && routeManager.serverRouter != nil {
-				require.Len(t, routeManager.serverRouter.routes, testCase.serverRoutesExpected, "server networks size should match")
+			if routeManager.serverRouter != nil {
+				require.Equal(t, testCase.serverRoutesExpected, routeManager.serverRouter.RoutesCount(), "server networks size should match")
 			}
 		})
 	}

client/internal/routemanager/server/server.go

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package routemanager
+package server
 
 import (
 	"context"
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/route"
 )
 
-type serverRouter struct {
+type Router struct {
 	mux            sync.Mutex
 	ctx            context.Context
 	routes         map[route.ID]*route.Route
@@ -23,8 +23,8 @@ type serverRouter struct {
 	statusRecorder *peer.Status
 }
 
-func newServerRouter(ctx context.Context, wgInterface iface.WGIface, firewall firewall.Manager, statusRecorder *peer.Status) (*serverRouter, error) {
-	return &serverRouter{
+func NewRouter(ctx context.Context, wgInterface iface.WGIface, firewall firewall.Manager, statusRecorder *peer.Status) (*Router, error) {
+	return &Router{
 		ctx:            ctx,
 		routes:         make(map[route.ID]*route.Route),
 		firewall:       firewall,
@@ -33,104 +33,110 @@ func newServerRouter(ctx context.Context, wgInterface iface.WGIface, firewall fi
 	}, nil
 }
 
-func (m *serverRouter) updateRoutes(routesMap map[route.ID]*route.Route, useNewDNSRoute bool) error {
-	m.mux.Lock()
-	defer m.mux.Unlock()
+func (r *Router) UpdateRoutes(routesMap map[route.ID]*route.Route, useNewDNSRoute bool) error {
+	r.mux.Lock()
+	defer r.mux.Unlock()
 
 	serverRoutesToRemove := make([]route.ID, 0)
 
-	for routeID := range m.routes {
+	for routeID := range r.routes {
 		update, found := routesMap[routeID]
-		if !found || !update.Equal(m.routes[routeID]) {
+		if !found || !update.Equal(r.routes[routeID]) {
 			serverRoutesToRemove = append(serverRoutesToRemove, routeID)
 		}
 	}
 
 	for _, routeID := range serverRoutesToRemove {
-		oldRoute := m.routes[routeID]
-		err := m.removeFromServerNetwork(oldRoute)
+		oldRoute := r.routes[routeID]
+		err := r.removeFromServerNetwork(oldRoute)
 		if err != nil {
 			log.Errorf("Unable to remove route id: %s, network %s, from server, got: %v",
 				oldRoute.ID, oldRoute.Network, err)
 		}
-		delete(m.routes, routeID)
+		delete(r.routes, routeID)
 	}
 
 	// If routing is to be disabled, do it after routes have been removed
 	// If routing is to be enabled, do it before adding new routes; addToServerNetwork needs routing to be enabled
 	if len(routesMap) > 0 {
-		if err := m.firewall.EnableRouting(); err != nil {
+		if err := r.firewall.EnableRouting(); err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("enable routing: %w", err)
 		}
 	} else {
-		if err := m.firewall.DisableRouting(); err != nil {
+		if err := r.firewall.DisableRouting(); err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("disable routing: %w", err)
 		}
 	}
 
 	for id, newRoute := range routesMap {
-		_, found := m.routes[id]
+		_, found := r.routes[id]
 		if found {
 			continue
 		}
 
-		err := m.addToServerNetwork(newRoute, useNewDNSRoute)
+		err := r.addToServerNetwork(newRoute, useNewDNSRoute)
 		if err != nil {
 			log.Errorf("Unable to add route %s from server, got: %v", newRoute.ID, err)
 			continue
 		}
-		m.routes[id] = newRoute
+		r.routes[id] = newRoute
 	}
 
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (m *serverRouter) removeFromServerNetwork(route *route.Route) error {
-	if m.ctx.Err() != nil {
+func (r *Router) removeFromServerNetwork(route *route.Route) error {
+	if r.ctx.Err() != nil {
 		log.Infof("Not removing from server network because context is done")
-		return m.ctx.Err()
+		return r.ctx.Err()
 	}
 
 	routerPair := routeToRouterPair(route, false)
-	if err := m.firewall.RemoveNatRule(routerPair); err != nil {
+	if err := r.firewall.RemoveNatRule(routerPair); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("remove routing rules: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	delete(m.routes, route.ID)
-	m.statusRecorder.RemoveLocalPeerStateRoute(route.NetString())
+	delete(r.routes, route.ID)
+	r.statusRecorder.RemoveLocalPeerStateRoute(route.NetString())
 
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (m *serverRouter) addToServerNetwork(route *route.Route, useNewDNSRoute bool) error {
-	if m.ctx.Err() != nil {
+func (r *Router) addToServerNetwork(route *route.Route, useNewDNSRoute bool) error {
+	if r.ctx.Err() != nil {
 		log.Infof("Not adding to server network because context is done")
-		return m.ctx.Err()
+		return r.ctx.Err()
 	}
 
 	routerPair := routeToRouterPair(route, useNewDNSRoute)
-	if err := m.firewall.AddNatRule(routerPair); err != nil {
+	if err := r.firewall.AddNatRule(routerPair); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("insert routing rules: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	m.routes[route.ID] = route
-	m.statusRecorder.AddLocalPeerStateRoute(route.NetString(), route.GetResourceID())
+	r.routes[route.ID] = route
+	r.statusRecorder.AddLocalPeerStateRoute(route.NetString(), route.GetResourceID())
 
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (m *serverRouter) cleanUp() {
-	m.mux.Lock()
-	defer m.mux.Unlock()
+func (r *Router) CleanUp() {
+	r.mux.Lock()
+	defer r.mux.Unlock()
 
-	for _, r := range m.routes {
-		routerPair := routeToRouterPair(r, false)
-		if err := m.firewall.RemoveNatRule(routerPair); err != nil {
+	for _, route := range r.routes {
+		routerPair := routeToRouterPair(route, false)
+		if err := r.firewall.RemoveNatRule(routerPair); err != nil {
 			log.Errorf("Failed to remove cleanup route: %v", err)
 		}
 	}
 
-	m.statusRecorder.CleanLocalPeerStateRoutes()
+	r.statusRecorder.CleanLocalPeerStateRoutes()
+}
+
+func (r *Router) RoutesCount() int {
+	r.mux.Lock()
+	defer r.mux.Unlock()
+	return len(r.routes)
 }
 
 func routeToRouterPair(route *route.Route, useNewDNSRoute bool) firewall.RouterPair {

client/internal/routemanager/static/route.go

@@ -24,19 +24,22 @@ func NewRoute(rt *route.Route, routeRefCounter *refcounter.RouteRefCounter, allo
 	}
 }
 
-// Route route methods
 func (r *Route) String() string {
 	return r.route.Network.String()
 }
 
 func (r *Route) AddRoute(context.Context) error {
-	_, err := r.routeRefCounter.Increment(r.route.Network, struct{}{})
-	return err
+	if _, err := r.routeRefCounter.Increment(r.route.Network, struct{}{}); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
 }
 
 func (r *Route) RemoveRoute() error {
-	_, err := r.routeRefCounter.Decrement(r.route.Network)
-	return err
+	if _, err := r.routeRefCounter.Decrement(r.route.Network); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
 }
 
 func (r *Route) AddAllowedIPs(peerKey string) error {
@@ -52,6 +55,8 @@ func (r *Route) AddAllowedIPs(peerKey string) error {
 }
 
 func (r *Route) RemoveAllowedIPs() error {
-	_, err := r.allowedIPsRefcounter.Decrement(r.route.Network)
-	return err
+	if _, err := r.allowedIPsRefcounter.Decrement(r.route.Network); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
 }

client/internal/routemanager/sysctl/sysctl_linux.go

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ import (
 	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 
 	nberrors "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/errors"
-	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/routemanager/iface"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/iface/wgaddr"
 )
 
 const (
@@ -22,8 +22,13 @@ const (
 	srcValidMarkPath      = "net.ipv4.conf.all.src_valid_mark"
 )
 
+type iface interface {
+	Address() wgaddr.Address
+	Name() string
+}
+
 // Setup configures sysctl settings for RP filtering and source validation.
-func Setup(wgIface iface.WGIface) (map[string]int, error) {
+func Setup(wgIface iface) (map[string]int, error) {
 	keys := map[string]int{}
 	var result *multierror.Error
 

client/internal/routemanager/systemops/systemops.go

@@ -6,9 +6,10 @@ import (
 	"net/netip"
 	"sync"
 
-	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/routemanager/iface"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/iface/wgaddr"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/routemanager/notifier"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/routemanager/refcounter"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/routemanager/vars"
 )
 
 type Nexthop struct {
@@ -30,11 +31,16 @@ func (n Nexthop) String() string {
 	return fmt.Sprintf("%s @ %d (%s)", n.IP.String(), n.Intf.Index, n.Intf.Name)
 }
 
+type wgIface interface {
+	Address() wgaddr.Address
+	Name() string
+}
+
 type ExclusionCounter = refcounter.Counter[netip.Prefix, struct{}, Nexthop]
 
 type SysOps struct {
 	refCounter  *ExclusionCounter
-	wgInterface iface.WGIface
+	wgInterface wgIface
 	// prefixes is tracking all the current added prefixes im memory
 	// (this is used in iOS as all route updates require a full table update)
 	//nolint
@@ -45,9 +51,27 @@ type SysOps struct {
 	notifier *notifier.Notifier
 }
 
-func NewSysOps(wgInterface iface.WGIface, notifier *notifier.Notifier) *SysOps {
+func NewSysOps(wgInterface wgIface, notifier *notifier.Notifier) *SysOps {
 	return &SysOps{
 		wgInterface: wgInterface,
 		notifier:    notifier,
 	}
 }
+
+func (r *SysOps) validateRoute(prefix netip.Prefix) error {
+	addr := prefix.Addr()
+
+	switch {
+	case
+		!addr.IsValid(),
+		addr.IsLoopback(),
+		addr.IsLinkLocalUnicast(),
+		addr.IsLinkLocalMulticast(),
+		addr.IsInterfaceLocalMulticast(),
+		addr.IsMulticast(),
+		addr.IsUnspecified() && prefix.Bits() != 0,
+		r.wgInterface.Address().Network.Contains(addr):
+		return vars.ErrRouteNotAllowed
+	}
+	return nil
+}

client/internal/routemanager/systemops/systemops_bsd_test.go

@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@ import (
 	"net/netip"
 	"os/exec"
 	"regexp"
+	"runtime"
+	"strings"
 	"sync"
 	"testing"
 
@@ -33,7 +35,12 @@ func init() {
 
 func TestConcurrentRoutes(t *testing.T) {
 	baseIP := netip.MustParseAddr("192.0.2.0")
-	intf := &net.Interface{Name: "lo0"}
+
+	var intf *net.Interface
+	var nexthop Nexthop
+
+	_, intf = setupDummyInterface(t)
+	nexthop = Nexthop{netip.Addr{}, intf}
 
 	r := NewSysOps(nil, nil)
 
@@ -43,7 +50,7 @@ func TestConcurrentRoutes(t *testing.T) {
 		go func(ip netip.Addr) {
 			defer wg.Done()
 			prefix := netip.PrefixFrom(ip, 32)
-			if err := r.addToRouteTable(prefix, Nexthop{netip.Addr{}, intf}); err != nil {
+			if err := r.addToRouteTable(prefix, nexthop); err != nil {
 				t.Errorf("Failed to add route for %s: %v", prefix, err)
 			}
 		}(baseIP)
@@ -59,7 +66,7 @@ func TestConcurrentRoutes(t *testing.T) {
 		go func(ip netip.Addr) {
 			defer wg.Done()
 			prefix := netip.PrefixFrom(ip, 32)
-			if err := r.removeFromRouteTable(prefix, Nexthop{netip.Addr{}, intf}); err != nil {
+			if err := r.removeFromRouteTable(prefix, nexthop); err != nil {
 				t.Errorf("Failed to remove route for %s: %v", prefix, err)
 			}
 		}(baseIP)
@@ -119,18 +126,39 @@ func TestBits(t *testing.T) {
 func createAndSetupDummyInterface(t *testing.T, intf string, ipAddressCIDR string) string {
 	t.Helper()
 
-	err := exec.Command("ifconfig", intf, "alias", ipAddressCIDR).Run()
-	require.NoError(t, err, "Failed to create loopback alias")
+	if runtime.GOOS == "darwin" {
+		err := exec.Command("ifconfig", intf, "alias", ipAddressCIDR).Run()
+		require.NoError(t, err, "Failed to create loopback alias")
+
+		t.Cleanup(func() {
+			err := exec.Command("ifconfig", intf, ipAddressCIDR, "-alias").Run()
+			assert.NoError(t, err, "Failed to remove loopback alias")
+		})
+
+		return intf
+	}
+
+	prefix, err := netip.ParsePrefix(ipAddressCIDR)
+	require.NoError(t, err, "Failed to parse prefix")
+
+	netIntf, err := net.InterfaceByName(intf)
+	require.NoError(t, err, "Failed to get interface by name")
+
+	nexthop := Nexthop{netip.Addr{}, netIntf}
+
+	r := NewSysOps(nil, nil)
+	err = r.addToRouteTable(prefix, nexthop)
+	require.NoError(t, err, "Failed to add route to table")
 
 	t.Cleanup(func() {
-		err := exec.Command("ifconfig", intf, ipAddressCIDR, "-alias").Run()
-		assert.NoError(t, err, "Failed to remove loopback alias")
+		err := r.removeFromRouteTable(prefix, nexthop)
+		assert.NoError(t, err, "Failed to remove route from table")
 	})
 
-	return "lo0"
+	return intf
 }
 
-func addDummyRoute(t *testing.T, dstCIDR string, gw net.IP, _ string) {
+func addDummyRoute(t *testing.T, dstCIDR string, gw netip.Addr, _ string) {
 	t.Helper()
 
 	var originalNexthop net.IP
@@ -176,12 +204,40 @@ func fetchOriginalGateway() (net.IP, error) {
 	return net.ParseIP(matches[1]), nil
 }
 
+// setupDummyInterface creates a dummy tun interface for FreeBSD route testing
+func setupDummyInterface(t *testing.T) (netip.Addr, *net.Interface) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	if runtime.GOOS == "darwin" {
+		return netip.AddrFrom4([4]byte{192, 168, 1, 2}), &net.Interface{Name: "lo0"}
+	}
+
+	output, err := exec.Command("ifconfig", "tun", "create").CombinedOutput()
+	require.NoError(t, err, "Failed to create tun interface: %s", string(output))
+
+	tunName := strings.TrimSpace(string(output))
+
+	output, err = exec.Command("ifconfig", tunName, "192.168.1.1", "netmask", "255.255.0.0", "192.168.1.2", "up").CombinedOutput()
+	require.NoError(t, err, "Failed to configure tun interface: %s", string(output))
+
+	intf, err := net.InterfaceByName(tunName)
+	require.NoError(t, err, "Failed to get interface by name")
+
+	t.Cleanup(func() {
+		if err := exec.Command("ifconfig", tunName, "destroy").Run(); err != nil {
+			t.Logf("Failed to destroy tun interface %s: %v", tunName, err)
+		}
+	})
+
+	return netip.AddrFrom4([4]byte{192, 168, 1, 2}), intf
+}
+
 func setupDummyInterfacesAndRoutes(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Helper()
 
 	defaultDummy := createAndSetupDummyInterface(t, expectedExternalInt, "192.168.0.1/24")
-	addDummyRoute(t, "0.0.0.0/0", net.IPv4(192, 168, 0, 1), defaultDummy)
+	addDummyRoute(t, "0.0.0.0/0", netip.AddrFrom4([4]byte{192, 168, 0, 1}), defaultDummy)
 
 	otherDummy := createAndSetupDummyInterface(t, expectedInternalInt, "192.168.1.1/24")
-	addDummyRoute(t, "10.0.0.0/8", net.IPv4(192, 168, 1, 1), otherDummy)
+	addDummyRoute(t, "10.0.0.0/8", netip.AddrFrom4([4]byte{192, 168, 1, 1}), otherDummy)
 }

client/internal/routemanager/systemops/systemops_generic.go

@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ import (
 
 	nberrors "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/errors"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/iface/netstack"
-	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/routemanager/iface"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/routemanager/refcounter"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/routemanager/util"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/routemanager/vars"
@@ -106,59 +105,15 @@ func (r *SysOps) cleanupRefCounter(stateManager *statemanager.Manager) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-// TODO: fix: for default our wg address now appears as the default gw
-func (r *SysOps) addRouteForCurrentDefaultGateway(prefix netip.Prefix) error {
-	addr := netip.IPv4Unspecified()
-	if prefix.Addr().Is6() {
-		addr = netip.IPv6Unspecified()
-	}
-
-	nexthop, err := GetNextHop(addr)
-	if err != nil && !errors.Is(err, vars.ErrRouteNotFound) {
-		return fmt.Errorf("get existing route gateway: %s", err)
-	}
-
-	if !prefix.Contains(nexthop.IP) {
-		log.Debugf("Skipping adding a new route for gateway %s because it is not in the network %s", nexthop.IP, prefix)
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	gatewayPrefix := netip.PrefixFrom(nexthop.IP, 32)
-	if nexthop.IP.Is6() {
-		gatewayPrefix = netip.PrefixFrom(nexthop.IP, 128)
-	}
-
-	ok, err := existsInRouteTable(gatewayPrefix)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("unable to check if there is an existing route for gateway %s. error: %s", gatewayPrefix, err)
-	}
-
-	if ok {
-		log.Debugf("Skipping adding a new route for gateway %s because it already exists", gatewayPrefix)
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	nexthop, err = GetNextHop(nexthop.IP)
-	if err != nil && !errors.Is(err, vars.ErrRouteNotFound) {
-		return fmt.Errorf("unable to get the next hop for the default gateway address. error: %s", err)
-	}
-
-	log.Debugf("Adding a new route for gateway %s with next hop %s", gatewayPrefix, nexthop.IP)
-	return r.addToRouteTable(gatewayPrefix, nexthop)
-}
-
 // addRouteToNonVPNIntf adds a new route to the routing table for the given prefix and returns the next hop and interface.
 // If the next hop or interface is pointing to the VPN interface, it will return the initial values.
-func (r *SysOps) addRouteToNonVPNIntf(prefix netip.Prefix, vpnIntf iface.WGIface, initialNextHop Nexthop) (Nexthop, error) {
-	addr := prefix.Addr()
-	switch {
-	case addr.IsLoopback(),
-		addr.IsLinkLocalUnicast(),
-		addr.IsLinkLocalMulticast(),
-		addr.IsInterfaceLocalMulticast(),
-		addr.IsUnspecified(),
-		addr.IsMulticast():
+func (r *SysOps) addRouteToNonVPNIntf(prefix netip.Prefix, vpnIntf wgIface, initialNextHop Nexthop) (Nexthop, error) {
+	if err := r.validateRoute(prefix); err != nil {
+		return Nexthop{}, err
+	}
 
+	addr := prefix.Addr()
+	if addr.IsUnspecified() {
 		return Nexthop{}, vars.ErrRouteNotAllowed
 	}
 
@@ -179,10 +134,7 @@ func (r *SysOps) addRouteToNonVPNIntf(prefix netip.Prefix, vpnIntf iface.WGIface
 		Intf: nexthop.Intf,
 	}
 
-	vpnAddr, ok := netip.AddrFromSlice(vpnIntf.Address().IP)
-	if !ok {
-		return Nexthop{}, fmt.Errorf("failed to convert vpn address to netip.Addr")
-	}
+	vpnAddr := vpnIntf.Address().IP
 
 	// if next hop is the VPN address or the interface is the VPN interface, we should use the initial values
 	if exitNextHop.IP == vpnAddr || exitNextHop.Intf != nil && exitNextHop.Intf.Name == vpnIntf.Name() {
@@ -271,32 +223,7 @@ func (r *SysOps) genericAddVPNRoute(prefix netip.Prefix, intf *net.Interface) er
 		return nil
 	}
 
-	return r.addNonExistingRoute(prefix, intf)
-}
-
-// addNonExistingRoute adds a new route to the vpn interface if it doesn't exist in the current routing table
-func (r *SysOps) addNonExistingRoute(prefix netip.Prefix, intf *net.Interface) error {
-	ok, err := existsInRouteTable(prefix)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("exists in route table: %w", err)
-	}
-	if ok {
-		log.Warnf("Skipping adding a new route for network %s because it already exists", prefix)
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	ok, err = isSubRange(prefix)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("sub range: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	if ok {
-		if err := r.addRouteForCurrentDefaultGateway(prefix); err != nil {
-			log.Warnf("Unable to add route for current default gateway route. Will proceed without it. error: %s", err)
-		}
-	}
-
-	return r.addToRouteTable(prefix, Nexthop{netip.Addr{}, intf})
+	return r.addToRouteTable(prefix, nextHop)
 }
 
 // genericRemoveVPNRoute removes the route from the vpn interface. If a default prefix is given,
@@ -408,12 +335,8 @@ func GetNextHop(ip netip.Addr) (Nexthop, error) {
 
 	log.Debugf("Route for %s: interface %v nexthop %v, preferred source %v", ip, intf, gateway, preferredSrc)
 	if gateway == nil {
-		if runtime.GOOS == "freebsd" {
-			return Nexthop{Intf: intf}, nil
-		}
-
 		if preferredSrc == nil {
-			return Nexthop{}, vars.ErrRouteNotFound
+			return Nexthop{Intf: intf}, nil
 		}
 		log.Debugf("No next hop found for IP %s, using preferred source %s", ip, preferredSrc)
 
@@ -457,32 +380,6 @@ func ipToAddr(ip net.IP, intf *net.Interface) (netip.Addr, error) {
 	return addr.Unmap(), nil
 }
 
-func existsInRouteTable(prefix netip.Prefix) (bool, error) {
-	routes, err := GetRoutesFromTable()
-	if err != nil {
-		return false, fmt.Errorf("get routes from table: %w", err)
-	}
-	for _, tableRoute := range routes {
-		if tableRoute == prefix {
-			return true, nil
-		}
-	}
-	return false, nil
-}
-
-func isSubRange(prefix netip.Prefix) (bool, error) {
-	routes, err := GetRoutesFromTable()
-	if err != nil {
-		return false, fmt.Errorf("get routes from table: %w", err)
-	}
-	for _, tableRoute := range routes {
-		if tableRoute.Bits() > vars.MinRangeBits && tableRoute.Contains(prefix.Addr()) && tableRoute.Bits() < prefix.Bits() {
-			return true, nil
-		}
-	}
-	return false, nil
-}
-
 // IsAddrRouted checks if the candidate address would route to the vpn, in which case it returns true and the matched prefix.
 func IsAddrRouted(addr netip.Addr, vpnRoutes []netip.Prefix) (bool, netip.Prefix) {
 	localRoutes, err := hasSeparateRouting()

client/internal/routemanager/systemops/systemops_generic_test.go

@@ -3,23 +3,25 @@
 package systemops
 
 import (
-	"bytes"
 	"context"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"net"
 	"net/netip"
-	"os"
+	"os/exec"
 	"runtime"
+	"strconv"
 	"strings"
+	"syscall"
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/pion/transport/v3/stdnet"
-	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 	"golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/wgctrl/wgtypes"
 
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/iface"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/routemanager/vars"
 )
 
 type dialer interface {
@@ -27,105 +29,370 @@ type dialer interface {
 	DialContext(ctx context.Context, network, address string) (net.Conn, error)
 }
 
-func TestAddRemoveRoutes(t *testing.T) {
+func TestAddVPNRoute(t *testing.T) {
 	testCases := []struct {
-		name                   string
-		prefix                 netip.Prefix
-		shouldRouteToWireguard bool
-		shouldBeRemoved        bool
+		name        string
+		prefix      netip.Prefix
+		expectError bool
 	}{
 		{
-			name:                   "Should Add And Remove Route 100.66.120.0/24",
-			prefix:                 netip.MustParsePrefix("100.66.120.0/24"),
-			shouldRouteToWireguard: true,
-			shouldBeRemoved:        true,
+			name:   "IPv4 - Private network route",
+			prefix: netip.MustParsePrefix("10.10.100.0/24"),
 		},
 		{
-			name:                   "Should Not Add Or Remove Route 127.0.0.1/32",
-			prefix:                 netip.MustParsePrefix("127.0.0.1/32"),
-			shouldRouteToWireguard: false,
-			shouldBeRemoved:        false,
+			name:   "IPv4 Single host",
+			prefix: netip.MustParsePrefix("10.111.111.111/32"),
+		},
+		{
+			name:   "IPv4 RFC3927 test range",
+			prefix: netip.MustParsePrefix("198.51.100.0/24"),
+		},
+		{
+			name:   "IPv4 Default route",
+			prefix: netip.MustParsePrefix("0.0.0.0/0"),
+		},
+
+		{
+			name:   "IPv6 Subnet",
+			prefix: netip.MustParsePrefix("fdb1:848a:7e16::/48"),
+		},
+		{
+			name:   "IPv6 Single host",
+			prefix: netip.MustParsePrefix("fdb1:848a:7e16:a::b/128"),
+		},
+		{
+			name:   "IPv6 Default route",
+			prefix: netip.MustParsePrefix("::/0"),
+		},
+
+		// IPv4 addresses that should be rejected (matches validateRoute logic)
+		{
+			name:        "IPv4 Loopback",
+			prefix:      netip.MustParsePrefix("127.0.0.1/32"),
+			expectError: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "IPv4 Link-local unicast",
+			prefix:      netip.MustParsePrefix("169.254.1.1/32"),
+			expectError: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "IPv4 Link-local multicast",
+			prefix:      netip.MustParsePrefix("224.0.0.251/32"),
+			expectError: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "IPv4 Multicast",
+			prefix:      netip.MustParsePrefix("239.255.255.250/32"),
+			expectError: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "IPv4 Unspecified with prefix",
+			prefix:      netip.MustParsePrefix("0.0.0.0/32"),
+			expectError: true,
+		},
+
+		// IPv6 addresses that should be rejected (matches validateRoute logic)
+		{
+			name:        "IPv6 Loopback",
+			prefix:      netip.MustParsePrefix("::1/128"),
+			expectError: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "IPv6 Link-local unicast",
+			prefix:      netip.MustParsePrefix("fe80::1/128"),
+			expectError: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "IPv6 Link-local multicast",
+			prefix:      netip.MustParsePrefix("ff02::1/128"),
+			expectError: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "IPv6 Interface-local multicast",
+			prefix:      netip.MustParsePrefix("ff01::1/128"),
+			expectError: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "IPv6 Multicast",
+			prefix:      netip.MustParsePrefix("ff00::1/128"),
+			expectError: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "IPv6 Unspecified with prefix",
+			prefix:      netip.MustParsePrefix("::/128"),
+			expectError: true,
+		},
+
+		{
+			name:        "IPv4 WireGuard interface network overlap",
+			prefix:      netip.MustParsePrefix("100.65.75.0/24"),
+			expectError: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "IPv4 WireGuard interface network subnet",
+			prefix:      netip.MustParsePrefix("100.65.75.0/32"),
+			expectError: true,
 		},
 	}
 
 	for n, testCase := range testCases {
-		// todo resolve test execution on freebsd
-		if runtime.GOOS == "freebsd" {
-			t.Skip("skipping ", testCase.name, " on freebsd")
-		}
 		t.Run(testCase.name, func(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Setenv("NB_DISABLE_ROUTE_CACHE", "true")
 
-			peerPrivateKey, _ := wgtypes.GeneratePrivateKey()
-			newNet, err := stdnet.NewNet()
-			if err != nil {
-				t.Fatal(err)
-			}
-			opts := iface.WGIFaceOpts{
-				IFaceName:    fmt.Sprintf("utun53%d", n),
-				Address:      "100.65.75.2/24",
-				WGPrivKey:    peerPrivateKey.String(),
-				MTU:          iface.DefaultMTU,
-				TransportNet: newNet,
-			}
-			wgInterface, err := iface.NewWGIFace(opts)
-			require.NoError(t, err, "should create testing WGIface interface")
-			defer wgInterface.Close()
-
-			err = wgInterface.Create()
-			require.NoError(t, err, "should create testing wireguard interface")
+			wgInterface := createWGInterface(t, fmt.Sprintf("utun53%d", n), "100.65.75.2/24", 33100+n)
 
 			r := NewSysOps(wgInterface, nil)
-
-			_, _, err = r.SetupRouting(nil, nil)
+			_, _, err := r.SetupRouting(nil, nil)
 			require.NoError(t, err)
 			t.Cleanup(func() {
 				assert.NoError(t, r.CleanupRouting(nil))
 			})
 
-			index, err := net.InterfaceByName(wgInterface.Name())
-			require.NoError(t, err, "InterfaceByName should not return err")
-			intf := &net.Interface{Index: index.Index, Name: wgInterface.Name()}
+			intf, err := net.InterfaceByName(wgInterface.Name())
+			require.NoError(t, err)
 
+			// add the route
 			err = r.AddVPNRoute(testCase.prefix, intf)
-			require.NoError(t, err, "genericAddVPNRoute should not return err")
+			if testCase.expectError {
+				assert.ErrorIs(t, err, vars.ErrRouteNotAllowed)
+				return
+			}
 
-			if testCase.shouldRouteToWireguard {
-				assertWGOutInterface(t, testCase.prefix, wgInterface, false)
+			// validate it's pointing to the WireGuard interface
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+
+			nextHop := getNextHop(t, testCase.prefix.Addr())
+			assert.Equal(t, wgInterface.Name(), nextHop.Intf.Name, "next hop interface should be WireGuard interface")
+
+			// remove route again
+			err = r.RemoveVPNRoute(testCase.prefix, intf)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+
+			// validate it's gone
+			nextHop, err = GetNextHop(testCase.prefix.Addr())
+			require.True(t,
+				errors.Is(err, vars.ErrRouteNotFound) || err == nil && nextHop.Intf != nil && nextHop.Intf.Name != wgInterface.Name(),
+				"err: %v, next hop: %v", err, nextHop)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func getNextHop(t *testing.T, addr netip.Addr) Nexthop {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	if runtime.GOOS == "windows" || runtime.GOOS == "linux" {
+		nextHop, err := GetNextHop(addr)
+
+		if runtime.GOOS == "windows" && errors.Is(err, vars.ErrRouteNotFound) && addr.Is6() {
+			// TODO: Fix this test. It doesn't return the route when running in a windows github runner, but it is
+			// present in the route table.
+			t.Skip("Skipping windows test")
+		}
+
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.NotNil(t, nextHop.Intf, "next hop interface should not be nil for %s", addr)
+
+		return nextHop
+	}
+	// GetNextHop for bsd is buggy and returns the wrong interface for the default route.
+
+	if addr.IsUnspecified() {
+		// On macOS, querying 0.0.0.0 returns the wrong interface
+		if addr.Is4() {
+			addr = netip.MustParseAddr("1.2.3.4")
+		} else {
+			addr = netip.MustParseAddr("2001:db8::1")
+		}
+	}
+
+	cmd := exec.Command("route", "-n", "get", addr.String())
+	if addr.Is6() {
+		cmd = exec.Command("route", "-n", "get", "-inet6", addr.String())
+	}
+
+	output, err := cmd.CombinedOutput()
+	t.Logf("route output: %s", output)
+	require.NoError(t, err, "%s failed")
+
+	lines := strings.Split(string(output), "\n")
+	var intf string
+	var gateway string
+
+	for _, line := range lines {
+		line = strings.TrimSpace(line)
+		if strings.HasPrefix(line, "interface:") {
+			intf = strings.TrimSpace(strings.TrimPrefix(line, "interface:"))
+		} else if strings.HasPrefix(line, "gateway:") {
+			gateway = strings.TrimSpace(strings.TrimPrefix(line, "gateway:"))
+		}
+	}
+
+	require.NotEmpty(t, intf, "interface should be found in route output")
+
+	iface, err := net.InterfaceByName(intf)
+	require.NoError(t, err, "interface %s should exist", intf)
+
+	nexthop := Nexthop{Intf: iface}
+
+	if gateway != "" && gateway != "link#"+strconv.Itoa(iface.Index) {
+		addr, err := netip.ParseAddr(gateway)
+		if err == nil {
+			nexthop.IP = addr
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nexthop
+}
+
+func TestAddRouteToNonVPNIntf(t *testing.T) {
+	testCases := []struct {
+		name        string
+		prefix      netip.Prefix
+		expectError bool
+		errorType   error
+	}{
+		{
+			name:   "IPv4 RFC3927 test range",
+			prefix: netip.MustParsePrefix("198.51.100.0/24"),
+		},
+		{
+			name:   "IPv4 Single host",
+			prefix: netip.MustParsePrefix("8.8.8.8/32"),
+		},
+		{
+			name:   "IPv6 External network route",
+			prefix: netip.MustParsePrefix("2001:db8:1000::/48"),
+		},
+		{
+			name:   "IPv6 Single host",
+			prefix: netip.MustParsePrefix("2001:db8::1/128"),
+		},
+		{
+			name:   "IPv6 Subnet",
+			prefix: netip.MustParsePrefix("2a05:d014:1f8d::/48"),
+		},
+		{
+			name:   "IPv6 Single host",
+			prefix: netip.MustParsePrefix("2a05:d014:1f8d:7302:ebca:ec15:b24d:d07e/128"),
+		},
+
+		// Addresses that should be rejected
+		{
+			name:        "IPv4 Loopback",
+			prefix:      netip.MustParsePrefix("127.0.0.1/32"),
+			expectError: true,
+			errorType:   vars.ErrRouteNotAllowed,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "IPv4 Link-local unicast",
+			prefix:      netip.MustParsePrefix("169.254.1.1/32"),
+			expectError: true,
+			errorType:   vars.ErrRouteNotAllowed,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "IPv4 Multicast",
+			prefix:      netip.MustParsePrefix("239.255.255.250/32"),
+			expectError: true,
+			errorType:   vars.ErrRouteNotAllowed,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "IPv4 Unspecified",
+			prefix:      netip.MustParsePrefix("0.0.0.0/0"),
+			expectError: true,
+			errorType:   vars.ErrRouteNotAllowed,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "IPv6 Loopback",
+			prefix:      netip.MustParsePrefix("::1/128"),
+			expectError: true,
+			errorType:   vars.ErrRouteNotAllowed,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "IPv6 Link-local unicast",
+			prefix:      netip.MustParsePrefix("fe80::1/128"),
+			expectError: true,
+			errorType:   vars.ErrRouteNotAllowed,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "IPv6 Multicast",
+			prefix:      netip.MustParsePrefix("ff00::1/128"),
+			expectError: true,
+			errorType:   vars.ErrRouteNotAllowed,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "IPv6 Unspecified",
+			prefix:      netip.MustParsePrefix("::/0"),
+			expectError: true,
+			errorType:   vars.ErrRouteNotAllowed,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "IPv4 WireGuard interface network overlap",
+			prefix:      netip.MustParsePrefix("100.65.75.0/24"),
+			expectError: true,
+			errorType:   vars.ErrRouteNotAllowed,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for n, testCase := range testCases {
+		t.Run(testCase.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Setenv("NB_DISABLE_ROUTE_CACHE", "true")
+
+			wgInterface := createWGInterface(t, fmt.Sprintf("utun54%d", n), "100.65.75.2/24", 33200+n)
+
+			r := NewSysOps(wgInterface, nil)
+			_, _, err := r.SetupRouting(nil, nil)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			t.Cleanup(func() {
+				assert.NoError(t, r.CleanupRouting(nil))
+			})
+
+			initialNextHopV4, err := GetNextHop(netip.IPv4Unspecified())
+			require.NoError(t, err, "Should be able to get IPv4 default route")
+			t.Logf("Initial IPv4 next hop: %s", initialNextHopV4)
+
+			initialNextHopV6, err := GetNextHop(netip.IPv6Unspecified())
+			if testCase.prefix.Addr().Is6() &&
+				(errors.Is(err, vars.ErrRouteNotFound) || initialNextHopV6.Intf != nil && strings.HasPrefix(initialNextHopV6.Intf.Name, "utun")) {
+				t.Skip("Skipping test as no ipv6 default route is available")
+			}
+			if err != nil && !errors.Is(err, vars.ErrRouteNotFound) {
+				t.Fatalf("Failed to get IPv6 default route: %v", err)
+			}
+
+			var initialNextHop Nexthop
+			if testCase.prefix.Addr().Is6() {
+				initialNextHop = initialNextHopV6
 			} else {
-				assertWGOutInterface(t, testCase.prefix, wgInterface, true)
+				initialNextHop = initialNextHopV4
 			}
-			exists, err := existsInRouteTable(testCase.prefix)
-			require.NoError(t, err, "existsInRouteTable should not return err")
-			if exists && testCase.shouldRouteToWireguard {
-				err = r.RemoveVPNRoute(testCase.prefix, intf)
-				require.NoError(t, err, "genericRemoveVPNRoute should not return err")
 
-				prefixNexthop, err := GetNextHop(testCase.prefix.Addr())
-				require.NoError(t, err, "GetNextHop should not return err")
+			nexthop, err := r.addRouteToNonVPNIntf(testCase.prefix, wgInterface, initialNextHop)
 
-				internetNexthop, err := GetNextHop(netip.MustParseAddr("0.0.0.0"))
-				require.NoError(t, err)
-
-				if testCase.shouldBeRemoved {
-					require.Equal(t, internetNexthop.IP, prefixNexthop.IP, "route should be pointing to default internet gateway")
-				} else {
-					require.NotEqual(t, internetNexthop.IP, prefixNexthop.IP, "route should be pointing to a different gateway than the internet gateway")
-				}
+			if testCase.expectError {
+				require.ErrorIs(t, err, vars.ErrRouteNotAllowed)
+				return
 			}
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			t.Logf("Next hop for %s: %s", testCase.prefix, nexthop)
+
+			// Verify the route was added and points to non-VPN interface
+			currentNextHop, err := GetNextHop(testCase.prefix.Addr())
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			assert.NotEqual(t, wgInterface.Name(), currentNextHop.Intf.Name, "Route should not point to VPN interface")
+
+			err = r.removeFromRouteTable(testCase.prefix, nexthop)
+			assert.NoError(t, err)
 		})
 	}
 }
 
 func TestGetNextHop(t *testing.T) {
-	if runtime.GOOS == "freebsd" {
-		t.Skip("skipping on freebsd")
-	}
-	nexthop, err := GetNextHop(netip.MustParseAddr("0.0.0.0"))
+	defaultNh, err := GetNextHop(netip.MustParseAddr("0.0.0.0"))
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal("shouldn't return error when fetching the gateway: ", err)
 	}
-	if !nexthop.IP.IsValid() {
+	if !defaultNh.IP.IsValid() {
 		t.Fatal("should return a gateway")
 	}
 	addresses, err := net.InterfaceAddrs()
@@ -133,7 +400,6 @@ func TestGetNextHop(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatal("shouldn't return error when fetching interface addresses: ", err)
 	}
 
-	var testingIP string
 	var testingPrefix netip.Prefix
 	for _, address := range addresses {
 		if address.Network() != "ip+net" {
@@ -141,213 +407,23 @@ func TestGetNextHop(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 		prefix := netip.MustParsePrefix(address.String())
 		if !prefix.Addr().IsLoopback() && prefix.Addr().Is4() {
-			testingIP = prefix.Addr().String()
 			testingPrefix = prefix.Masked()
 			break
 		}
 	}
 
-	localIP, err := GetNextHop(testingPrefix.Addr())
+	nh, err := GetNextHop(testingPrefix.Addr())
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal("shouldn't return error: ", err)
 	}
-	if !localIP.IP.IsValid() {
+	if nh.Intf == nil {
 		t.Fatal("should return a gateway for local network")
 	}
-	if localIP.IP.String() == nexthop.IP.String() {
-		t.Fatal("local IP should not match with gateway IP")
+	if nh.IP.String() == defaultNh.IP.String() {
+		t.Fatal("next hop IP should not match with default gateway IP")
 	}
-	if localIP.IP.String() != testingIP {
-		t.Fatalf("local IP should match with testing IP: want %s got %s", testingIP, localIP.IP.String())
-	}
-}
-
-func TestAddExistAndRemoveRoute(t *testing.T) {
-	defaultNexthop, err := GetNextHop(netip.MustParseAddr("0.0.0.0"))
-	t.Log("defaultNexthop: ", defaultNexthop)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatal("shouldn't return error when fetching the gateway: ", err)
-	}
-	testCases := []struct {
-		name              string
-		prefix            netip.Prefix
-		preExistingPrefix netip.Prefix
-		shouldAddRoute    bool
-	}{
-		{
-			name:           "Should Add And Remove random Route",
-			prefix:         netip.MustParsePrefix("99.99.99.99/32"),
-			shouldAddRoute: true,
-		},
-		{
-			name:           "Should Not Add Route if overlaps with default gateway",
-			prefix:         netip.MustParsePrefix(defaultNexthop.IP.String() + "/31"),
-			shouldAddRoute: false,
-		},
-		{
-			name:              "Should Add Route if bigger network exists",
-			prefix:            netip.MustParsePrefix("100.100.100.0/24"),
-			preExistingPrefix: netip.MustParsePrefix("100.100.0.0/16"),
-			shouldAddRoute:    true,
-		},
-		{
-			name:              "Should Add Route if smaller network exists",
-			prefix:            netip.MustParsePrefix("100.100.0.0/16"),
-			preExistingPrefix: netip.MustParsePrefix("100.100.100.0/24"),
-			shouldAddRoute:    true,
-		},
-		{
-			name:              "Should Not Add Route if same network exists",
-			prefix:            netip.MustParsePrefix("100.100.0.0/16"),
-			preExistingPrefix: netip.MustParsePrefix("100.100.0.0/16"),
-			shouldAddRoute:    false,
-		},
-	}
-
-	for n, testCase := range testCases {
-
-		var buf bytes.Buffer
-		log.SetOutput(&buf)
-		defer func() {
-			log.SetOutput(os.Stderr)
-		}()
-		t.Run(testCase.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			t.Setenv("NB_USE_LEGACY_ROUTING", "true")
-			t.Setenv("NB_DISABLE_ROUTE_CACHE", "true")
-
-			peerPrivateKey, _ := wgtypes.GeneratePrivateKey()
-			newNet, err := stdnet.NewNet()
-			if err != nil {
-				t.Fatal(err)
-			}
-			opts := iface.WGIFaceOpts{
-				IFaceName:    fmt.Sprintf("utun53%d", n),
-				Address:      "100.65.75.2/24",
-				WGPort:       33100,
-				WGPrivKey:    peerPrivateKey.String(),
-				MTU:          iface.DefaultMTU,
-				TransportNet: newNet,
-			}
-			wgInterface, err := iface.NewWGIFace(opts)
-			require.NoError(t, err, "should create testing WGIface interface")
-			defer wgInterface.Close()
-
-			err = wgInterface.Create()
-			require.NoError(t, err, "should create testing wireguard interface")
-
-			index, err := net.InterfaceByName(wgInterface.Name())
-			require.NoError(t, err, "InterfaceByName should not return err")
-			intf := &net.Interface{Index: index.Index, Name: wgInterface.Name()}
-
-			r := NewSysOps(wgInterface, nil)
-
-			// Prepare the environment
-			if testCase.preExistingPrefix.IsValid() {
-				err := r.AddVPNRoute(testCase.preExistingPrefix, intf)
-				require.NoError(t, err, "should not return err when adding pre-existing route")
-			}
-
-			// Add the route
-			err = r.AddVPNRoute(testCase.prefix, intf)
-			require.NoError(t, err, "should not return err when adding route")
-
-			if testCase.shouldAddRoute {
-				// test if route exists after adding
-				ok, err := existsInRouteTable(testCase.prefix)
-				require.NoError(t, err, "should not return err")
-				require.True(t, ok, "route should exist")
-
-				// remove route again if added
-				err = r.RemoveVPNRoute(testCase.prefix, intf)
-				require.NoError(t, err, "should not return err")
-			}
-
-			// route should either not have been added or should have been removed
-			// In case of already existing route, it should not have been added (but still exist)
-			ok, err := existsInRouteTable(testCase.prefix)
-			t.Log("Buffer string: ", buf.String())
-			require.NoError(t, err, "should not return err")
-
-			if !strings.Contains(buf.String(), "because it already exists") {
-				require.False(t, ok, "route should not exist")
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
-
-func TestIsSubRange(t *testing.T) {
-	addresses, err := net.InterfaceAddrs()
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatal("shouldn't return error when fetching interface addresses: ", err)
-	}
-
-	var subRangeAddressPrefixes []netip.Prefix
-	var nonSubRangeAddressPrefixes []netip.Prefix
-	for _, address := range addresses {
-		p := netip.MustParsePrefix(address.String())
-		if !p.Addr().IsLoopback() && p.Addr().Is4() && p.Bits() < 32 {
-			p2 := netip.PrefixFrom(p.Masked().Addr(), p.Bits()+1)
-			subRangeAddressPrefixes = append(subRangeAddressPrefixes, p2)
-			nonSubRangeAddressPrefixes = append(nonSubRangeAddressPrefixes, p.Masked())
-		}
-	}
-
-	for _, prefix := range subRangeAddressPrefixes {
-		isSubRangePrefix, err := isSubRange(prefix)
-		if err != nil {
-			t.Fatal("shouldn't return error when checking if address is sub-range: ", err)
-		}
-		if !isSubRangePrefix {
-			t.Fatalf("address %s should be sub-range of an existing route in the table", prefix)
-		}
-	}
-
-	for _, prefix := range nonSubRangeAddressPrefixes {
-		isSubRangePrefix, err := isSubRange(prefix)
-		if err != nil {
-			t.Fatal("shouldn't return error when checking if address is sub-range: ", err)
-		}
-		if isSubRangePrefix {
-			t.Fatalf("address %s should not be sub-range of an existing route in the table", prefix)
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-func TestExistsInRouteTable(t *testing.T) {
-	addresses, err := net.InterfaceAddrs()
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatal("shouldn't return error when fetching interface addresses: ", err)
-	}
-
-	var addressPrefixes []netip.Prefix
-	for _, address := range addresses {
-		p := netip.MustParsePrefix(address.String())
-
-		switch {
-		case p.Addr().Is6():
-			continue
-		// Windows sometimes has hidden interface link local addrs that don't turn up on any interface
-		case runtime.GOOS == "windows" && p.Addr().IsLinkLocalUnicast():
-			continue
-		// Linux loopback 127/8 is in the local table, not in the main table and always takes precedence
-		case runtime.GOOS == "linux" && p.Addr().IsLoopback():
-			continue
-		// FreeBSD loopback 127/8 is not added to the routing table
-		case runtime.GOOS == "freebsd" && p.Addr().IsLoopback():
-			continue
-		default:
-			addressPrefixes = append(addressPrefixes, p.Masked())
-		}
-	}
-
-	for _, prefix := range addressPrefixes {
-		exists, err := existsInRouteTable(prefix)
-		if err != nil {
-			t.Fatal("shouldn't return error when checking if address exists in route table: ", err)
-		}
-		if !exists {
-			t.Fatalf("address %s should exist in route table", prefix)
-		}
+	if nh.Intf.Name != defaultNh.Intf.Name {
+		t.Fatalf("next hop interface name should match with default gateway interface name, got: %s, want: %s", nh.Intf.Name, defaultNh.Intf.Name)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -384,11 +460,16 @@ func createWGInterface(t *testing.T, interfaceName, ipAddressCIDR string, listen
 func setupRouteAndCleanup(t *testing.T, r *SysOps, prefix netip.Prefix, intf *net.Interface) {
 	t.Helper()
 
-	err := r.AddVPNRoute(prefix, intf)
-	require.NoError(t, err, "addVPNRoute should not return err")
+	if err := r.AddVPNRoute(prefix, intf); err != nil {
+		if !errors.Is(err, syscall.EEXIST) && !errors.Is(err, vars.ErrRouteNotAllowed) {
+			t.Fatalf("addVPNRoute should not return err: %v", err)
+		}
+		t.Logf("addVPNRoute %v returned: %v", prefix, err)
+	}
 	t.Cleanup(func() {
-		err = r.RemoveVPNRoute(prefix, intf)
-		assert.NoError(t, err, "removeVPNRoute should not return err")
+		if err := r.RemoveVPNRoute(prefix, intf); err != nil && !errors.Is(err, vars.ErrRouteNotAllowed) {
+			t.Fatalf("removeVPNRoute should not return err: %v", err)
+		}
 	})
 }
 
@@ -422,28 +503,10 @@ func setupTestEnv(t *testing.T) {
 	// 10.10.0.0/24 more specific route exists in vpn table
 	setupRouteAndCleanup(t, r, netip.MustParsePrefix("10.10.0.0/24"), intf)
 
-	// 127.0.10.0/24 more specific route exists in vpn table
-	setupRouteAndCleanup(t, r, netip.MustParsePrefix("127.0.10.0/24"), intf)
-
 	// unique route in vpn table
 	setupRouteAndCleanup(t, r, netip.MustParsePrefix("172.16.0.0/12"), intf)
 }
 
-func assertWGOutInterface(t *testing.T, prefix netip.Prefix, wgIface *iface.WGIface, invert bool) {
-	t.Helper()
-	if runtime.GOOS == "linux" && prefix.Addr().IsLoopback() {
-		return
-	}
-
-	prefixNexthop, err := GetNextHop(prefix.Addr())
-	require.NoError(t, err, "GetNextHop should not return err")
-	if invert {
-		assert.NotEqual(t, wgIface.Address().IP.String(), prefixNexthop.IP.String(), "route should not point to wireguard interface IP")
-	} else {
-		assert.Equal(t, wgIface.Address().IP.String(), prefixNexthop.IP.String(), "route should point to wireguard interface IP")
-	}
-}
-
 func TestIsVpnRoute(t *testing.T) {
 	tests := []struct {
 		name           string

client/internal/routemanager/systemops/systemops_linux.go

@@ -149,6 +149,10 @@ func (r *SysOps) removeFromRouteTable(prefix netip.Prefix, nexthop Nexthop) erro
 }
 
 func (r *SysOps) AddVPNRoute(prefix netip.Prefix, intf *net.Interface) error {
+	if err := r.validateRoute(prefix); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
 	if !nbnet.AdvancedRouting() {
 		return r.genericAddVPNRoute(prefix, intf)
 	}
@@ -172,6 +176,10 @@ func (r *SysOps) AddVPNRoute(prefix netip.Prefix, intf *net.Interface) error {
 }
 
 func (r *SysOps) RemoveVPNRoute(prefix netip.Prefix, intf *net.Interface) error {
+	if err := r.validateRoute(prefix); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
 	if !nbnet.AdvancedRouting() {
 		return r.genericRemoveVPNRoute(prefix, intf)
 	}
@@ -219,7 +227,7 @@ func getRoutes(tableID, family int) ([]netip.Prefix, error) {
 
 			ones, _ := route.Dst.Mask.Size()
 
-			prefix := netip.PrefixFrom(addr, ones)
+			prefix := netip.PrefixFrom(addr.Unmap(), ones)
 			if prefix.IsValid() {
 				prefixList = append(prefixList, prefix)
 			}
@@ -247,7 +255,7 @@ func addRoute(prefix netip.Prefix, nexthop Nexthop, tableID int) error {
 		return fmt.Errorf("add gateway and device: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	if err := netlink.RouteAdd(route); err != nil && !errors.Is(err, syscall.EEXIST) && !isOpErr(err) {
+	if err := netlink.RouteAdd(route); err != nil && !isOpErr(err) {
 		return fmt.Errorf("netlink add route: %w", err)
 	}
 
@@ -270,7 +278,7 @@ func addUnreachableRoute(prefix netip.Prefix, tableID int) error {
 		Dst:    ipNet,
 	}
 
-	if err := netlink.RouteAdd(route); err != nil && !errors.Is(err, syscall.EEXIST) && !isOpErr(err) {
+	if err := netlink.RouteAdd(route); err != nil && !isOpErr(err) {
 		return fmt.Errorf("netlink add unreachable route: %w", err)
 	}
 

client/internal/routemanager/systemops/systemops_linux_test.go

@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ import (
 )
 
 var expectedVPNint = "wgtest0"
-var expectedLoopbackInt = "lo"
 var expectedExternalInt = "dummyext0"
 var expectedInternalInt = "dummyint0"
 
@@ -31,12 +30,6 @@ func init() {
 			dialer:            &net.Dialer{},
 			expectedPacket:    createPacketExpectation("192.168.1.1", 12345, "10.10.0.2", 53),
 		},
-		{
-			name:              "To more specific route (local) without custom dialer via physical interface",
-			expectedInterface: expectedLoopbackInt,
-			dialer:            &net.Dialer{},
-			expectedPacket:    createPacketExpectation("127.0.0.1", 12345, "127.0.10.1", 53),
-		},
 	}...)
 }
 

client/internal/routemanager/systemops/systemops_nonlinux.go

@@ -11,10 +11,16 @@ import (
 )
 
 func (r *SysOps) AddVPNRoute(prefix netip.Prefix, intf *net.Interface) error {
+	if err := r.validateRoute(prefix); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
 	return r.genericAddVPNRoute(prefix, intf)
 }
 
 func (r *SysOps) RemoveVPNRoute(prefix netip.Prefix, intf *net.Interface) error {
+	if err := r.validateRoute(prefix); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
 	return r.genericRemoveVPNRoute(prefix, intf)
 }
 

client/internal/routemanager/systemops/systemops_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,268 @@
+package systemops
+
+import (
+	"net/netip"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/iface/wgaddr"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/routemanager/notifier"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/routemanager/vars"
+)
+
+type mockWGIface struct {
+	address wgaddr.Address
+	name    string
+}
+
+func (m *mockWGIface) Address() wgaddr.Address {
+	return m.address
+}
+
+func (m *mockWGIface) Name() string {
+	return m.name
+}
+
+func TestSysOps_validateRoute(t *testing.T) {
+	wgNetwork := netip.MustParsePrefix("10.0.0.0/24")
+	mockWG := &mockWGIface{
+		address: wgaddr.Address{
+			IP:      wgNetwork.Addr(),
+			Network: wgNetwork,
+		},
+		name: "wg0",
+	}
+
+	sysOps := &SysOps{
+		wgInterface: mockWG,
+		notifier:    &notifier.Notifier{},
+	}
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name        string
+		prefix      string
+		expectError bool
+	}{
+		// Valid routes
+		{
+			name:        "valid IPv4 route",
+			prefix:      "192.168.1.0/24",
+			expectError: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "valid IPv6 route",
+			prefix:      "2001:db8::/32",
+			expectError: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "valid single IPv4 host",
+			prefix:      "8.8.8.8/32",
+			expectError: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "valid single IPv6 host",
+			prefix:      "2001:4860:4860::8888/128",
+			expectError: false,
+		},
+
+		// Invalid routes - loopback
+		{
+			name:        "IPv4 loopback",
+			prefix:      "127.0.0.1/32",
+			expectError: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "IPv6 loopback",
+			prefix:      "::1/128",
+			expectError: true,
+		},
+
+		// Invalid routes - link-local unicast
+		{
+			name:        "IPv4 link-local unicast",
+			prefix:      "169.254.1.1/32",
+			expectError: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "IPv6 link-local unicast",
+			prefix:      "fe80::1/128",
+			expectError: true,
+		},
+
+		// Invalid routes - multicast
+		{
+			name:        "IPv4 multicast",
+			prefix:      "224.0.0.1/32",
+			expectError: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "IPv6 multicast",
+			prefix:      "ff02::1/128",
+			expectError: true,
+		},
+
+		// Invalid routes - link-local multicast
+		{
+			name:        "IPv4 link-local multicast",
+			prefix:      "224.0.0.0/24",
+			expectError: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "IPv6 link-local multicast",
+			prefix:      "ff02::/16",
+			expectError: true,
+		},
+
+		// Invalid routes - interface-local multicast (IPv6 only)
+		{
+			name:        "IPv6 interface-local multicast",
+			prefix:      "ff01::1/128",
+			expectError: true,
+		},
+
+		// Invalid routes - overlaps with WG interface network
+		{
+			name:        "overlaps with WG network - exact match",
+			prefix:      "10.0.0.0/24",
+			expectError: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "overlaps with WG network - subset",
+			prefix:      "10.0.0.1/32",
+			expectError: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "overlaps with WG network - host in range",
+			prefix:      "10.0.0.100/32",
+			expectError: true,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			prefix, err := netip.ParsePrefix(tt.prefix)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "Failed to parse test prefix %s", tt.prefix)
+
+			err = sysOps.validateRoute(prefix)
+
+			if tt.expectError {
+				require.Error(t, err, "validateRoute() expected error for %s", tt.prefix)
+				assert.Equal(t, vars.ErrRouteNotAllowed, err, "validateRoute() expected ErrRouteNotAllowed for %s", tt.prefix)
+			} else {
+				assert.NoError(t, err, "validateRoute() expected no error for %s", tt.prefix)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSysOps_validateRoute_SubnetOverlap(t *testing.T) {
+	wgNetwork := netip.MustParsePrefix("192.168.100.0/24")
+	mockWG := &mockWGIface{
+		address: wgaddr.Address{
+			IP:      wgNetwork.Addr(),
+			Network: wgNetwork,
+		},
+		name: "wg0",
+	}
+
+	sysOps := &SysOps{
+		wgInterface: mockWG,
+		notifier:    &notifier.Notifier{},
+	}
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name        string
+		prefix      string
+		expectError bool
+		description string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:        "identical subnet",
+			prefix:      "192.168.100.0/24",
+			expectError: true,
+			description: "exact same network as WG interface",
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "broader subnet containing WG network",
+			prefix:      "192.168.0.0/16",
+			expectError: false,
+			description: "broader network that contains WG network should be allowed",
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "host within WG network",
+			prefix:      "192.168.100.50/32",
+			expectError: true,
+			description: "specific host within WG network",
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "subnet within WG network",
+			prefix:      "192.168.100.128/25",
+			expectError: true,
+			description: "smaller subnet within WG network",
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "adjacent subnet - same /23",
+			prefix:      "192.168.101.0/24",
+			expectError: false,
+			description: "adjacent subnet, no overlap",
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "adjacent subnet - different /16",
+			prefix:      "192.167.100.0/24",
+			expectError: false,
+			description: "different network, no overlap",
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "WG network broadcast address",
+			prefix:      "192.168.100.255/32",
+			expectError: true,
+			description: "broadcast address of WG network",
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "WG network first usable",
+			prefix:      "192.168.100.1/32",
+			expectError: true,
+			description: "first usable address in WG network",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			prefix, err := netip.ParsePrefix(tt.prefix)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "Failed to parse test prefix %s", tt.prefix)
+
+			err = sysOps.validateRoute(prefix)
+
+			if tt.expectError {
+				require.Error(t, err, "validateRoute() expected error for %s (%s)", tt.prefix, tt.description)
+				assert.Equal(t, vars.ErrRouteNotAllowed, err, "validateRoute() expected ErrRouteNotAllowed for %s (%s)", tt.prefix, tt.description)
+			} else {
+				assert.NoError(t, err, "validateRoute() expected no error for %s (%s)", tt.prefix, tt.description)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSysOps_validateRoute_InvalidPrefix(t *testing.T) {
+	wgNetwork := netip.MustParsePrefix("10.0.0.0/24")
+	mockWG := &mockWGIface{
+		address: wgaddr.Address{
+			IP:      wgNetwork.Addr(),
+			Network: wgNetwork,
+		},
+		name: "wt0",
+	}
+
+	sysOps := &SysOps{
+		wgInterface: mockWG,
+		notifier:    &notifier.Notifier{},
+	}
+
+	var invalidPrefix netip.Prefix
+	err := sysOps.validateRoute(invalidPrefix)
+
+	require.Error(t, err, "validateRoute() expected error for invalid prefix")
+	assert.Equal(t, vars.ErrRouteNotAllowed, err, "validateRoute() expected ErrRouteNotAllowed for invalid prefix")
+}

client/internal/routemanager/systemops/systemops_unix.go

@@ -3,15 +3,19 @@
 package systemops
 
 import (
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"net"
 	"net/netip"
-	"os/exec"
-	"strings"
+	"strconv"
+	"syscall"
 	"time"
+	"unsafe"
 
 	"github.com/cenkalti/backoff/v4"
 	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
+	"golang.org/x/net/route"
+	"golang.org/x/sys/unix"
 
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/statemanager"
 	nbnet "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/util/net"
@@ -26,48 +30,16 @@ func (r *SysOps) CleanupRouting(stateManager *statemanager.Manager) error {
 }
 
 func (r *SysOps) addToRouteTable(prefix netip.Prefix, nexthop Nexthop) error {
-	return r.routeCmd("add", prefix, nexthop)
+	return r.routeSocket(unix.RTM_ADD, prefix, nexthop)
 }
 
 func (r *SysOps) removeFromRouteTable(prefix netip.Prefix, nexthop Nexthop) error {
-	return r.routeCmd("delete", prefix, nexthop)
+	return r.routeSocket(unix.RTM_DELETE, prefix, nexthop)
 }
 
-func (r *SysOps) routeCmd(action string, prefix netip.Prefix, nexthop Nexthop) error {
-	inet := "-inet"
-	if prefix.Addr().Is6() {
-		inet = "-inet6"
-	}
-
-	network := prefix.String()
-	if prefix.IsSingleIP() {
-		network = prefix.Addr().String()
-	}
-
-	args := []string{"-n", action, inet, network}
-	if nexthop.IP.IsValid() {
-		args = append(args, nexthop.IP.Unmap().String())
-	} else if nexthop.Intf != nil {
-		args = append(args, "-interface", nexthop.Intf.Name)
-	}
-
-	if err := retryRouteCmd(args); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to %s route for %s: %w", action, prefix, err)
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
-func retryRouteCmd(args []string) error {
-	operation := func() error {
-		out, err := exec.Command("route", args...).CombinedOutput()
-		log.Tracef("route %s: %s", strings.Join(args, " "), out)
-		// https://github.com/golang/go/issues/45736
-		if err != nil && strings.Contains(string(out), "sysctl: cannot allocate memory") {
-			return err
-		} else if err != nil {
-			return backoff.Permanent(err)
-		}
-		return nil
+func (r *SysOps) routeSocket(action int, prefix netip.Prefix, nexthop Nexthop) error {
+	if !prefix.IsValid() {
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid prefix: %s", prefix)
 	}
 
 	expBackOff := backoff.NewExponentialBackOff()
@@ -75,9 +47,157 @@ func retryRouteCmd(args []string) error {
 	expBackOff.MaxInterval = 500 * time.Millisecond
 	expBackOff.MaxElapsedTime = 1 * time.Second
 
-	err := backoff.Retry(operation, expBackOff)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("route cmd retry failed: %w", err)
+	if err := backoff.Retry(r.routeOp(action, prefix, nexthop), expBackOff); err != nil {
+		a := "add"
+		if action == unix.RTM_DELETE {
+			a = "remove"
+		}
+		return fmt.Errorf("%s route for %s: %w", a, prefix, err)
 	}
 	return nil
 }
+
+func (r *SysOps) routeOp(action int, prefix netip.Prefix, nexthop Nexthop) func() error {
+	operation := func() error {
+		fd, err := unix.Socket(syscall.AF_ROUTE, syscall.SOCK_RAW, syscall.AF_UNSPEC)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("open routing socket: %w", err)
+		}
+		defer func() {
+			if err := unix.Close(fd); err != nil && !errors.Is(err, unix.EBADF) {
+				log.Warnf("failed to close routing socket: %v", err)
+			}
+		}()
+
+		msg, err := r.buildRouteMessage(action, prefix, nexthop)
+		if err != nil {
+			return backoff.Permanent(fmt.Errorf("build route message: %w", err))
+		}
+
+		msgBytes, err := msg.Marshal()
+		if err != nil {
+			return backoff.Permanent(fmt.Errorf("marshal route message: %w", err))
+		}
+
+		if _, err = unix.Write(fd, msgBytes); err != nil {
+			if errors.Is(err, unix.ENOBUFS) || errors.Is(err, unix.EAGAIN) {
+				return fmt.Errorf("write: %w", err)
+			}
+			return backoff.Permanent(fmt.Errorf("write: %w", err))
+		}
+
+		respBuf := make([]byte, 2048)
+		n, err := unix.Read(fd, respBuf)
+		if err != nil {
+			return backoff.Permanent(fmt.Errorf("read route response: %w", err))
+		}
+
+		if n > 0 {
+			if err := r.parseRouteResponse(respBuf[:n]); err != nil {
+				return backoff.Permanent(err)
+			}
+		}
+
+		return nil
+	}
+	return operation
+}
+
+func (r *SysOps) buildRouteMessage(action int, prefix netip.Prefix, nexthop Nexthop) (msg *route.RouteMessage, err error) {
+	msg = &route.RouteMessage{
+		Type:    action,
+		Flags:   unix.RTF_UP,
+		Version: unix.RTM_VERSION,
+		Seq:     1,
+	}
+
+	const numAddrs = unix.RTAX_NETMASK + 1
+	addrs := make([]route.Addr, numAddrs)
+
+	addrs[unix.RTAX_DST], err = addrToRouteAddr(prefix.Addr())
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("build destination address for %s: %w", prefix.Addr(), err)
+	}
+
+	if prefix.IsSingleIP() {
+		msg.Flags |= unix.RTF_HOST
+	} else {
+		addrs[unix.RTAX_NETMASK], err = prefixToRouteNetmask(prefix)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("build netmask for %s: %w", prefix, err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if nexthop.IP.IsValid() {
+		msg.Flags |= unix.RTF_GATEWAY
+		addrs[unix.RTAX_GATEWAY], err = addrToRouteAddr(nexthop.IP.Unmap())
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("build gateway IP address for %s: %w", nexthop.IP, err)
+		}
+	} else if nexthop.Intf != nil {
+		msg.Index = nexthop.Intf.Index
+		addrs[unix.RTAX_GATEWAY] = &route.LinkAddr{
+			Index: nexthop.Intf.Index,
+			Name:  nexthop.Intf.Name,
+		}
+	}
+
+	msg.Addrs = addrs
+	return msg, nil
+}
+
+func (r *SysOps) parseRouteResponse(buf []byte) error {
+	if len(buf) < int(unsafe.Sizeof(unix.RtMsghdr{})) {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	rtMsg := (*unix.RtMsghdr)(unsafe.Pointer(&buf[0]))
+	if rtMsg.Errno != 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("parse: %d", rtMsg.Errno)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// addrToRouteAddr converts a netip.Addr to the appropriate route.Addr (*route.Inet4Addr or *route.Inet6Addr).
+func addrToRouteAddr(addr netip.Addr) (route.Addr, error) {
+	if addr.Is4() {
+		return &route.Inet4Addr{IP: addr.As4()}, nil
+	}
+
+	if addr.Zone() == "" {
+		return &route.Inet6Addr{IP: addr.As16()}, nil
+	}
+
+	var zone int
+	// zone can be either a numeric zone ID or an interface name.
+	if z, err := strconv.Atoi(addr.Zone()); err == nil {
+		zone = z
+	} else {
+		iface, err := net.InterfaceByName(addr.Zone())
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("resolve zone '%s': %w", addr.Zone(), err)
+		}
+		zone = iface.Index
+	}
+	return &route.Inet6Addr{IP: addr.As16(), ZoneID: zone}, nil
+}
+
+func prefixToRouteNetmask(prefix netip.Prefix) (route.Addr, error) {
+	bits := prefix.Bits()
+	if prefix.Addr().Is4() {
+		m := net.CIDRMask(bits, 32)
+		var maskBytes [4]byte
+		copy(maskBytes[:], m)
+		return &route.Inet4Addr{IP: maskBytes}, nil
+	}
+
+	if prefix.Addr().Is6() {
+		m := net.CIDRMask(bits, 128)
+		var maskBytes [16]byte
+		copy(maskBytes[:], m)
+		return &route.Inet6Addr{IP: maskBytes}, nil
+	}
+
+	return nil, fmt.Errorf("unknown IP version in prefix: %s", prefix.Addr().String())
+}