Bump github.com/Azure/go-ntlmssp from 0.1.0 to 0.1.1

Bumps [github.com/Azure/go-ntlmssp](https://github.com/Azure/go-ntlmssp) from 0.1.0 to 0.1.1. - [Release notes](https://github.com/Azure/go-ntlmssp/releases) - [Commits](https://github.com/Azure/go-ntlmssp/compare/v0.1.0...v0.1.1) --- updated-dependencies: - dependency-name: github.com/Azure/go-ntlmssp dependency-version: 0.1.1 dependency-type: indirect ... Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>
2026-05-29 12:09:59 +00:00 · 2026-05-08 14:32:57 +00:00
163 changed files with 2436 additions and 11794 deletions
--- a/.github/dependabot.yml
+++ b/.github/dependabot.yml
@@ -1,45 +0,0 @@
-version: 2
-updates:
-  - package-ecosystem: "github-actions"
-    directory: "/"
-    schedule:
-      interval: "daily"
-    open-pull-requests-limit: 15
-    groups:
-      actions:
-        patterns:
-          - "*"
-    ignore:
-      # git-town/action v1.3.x crashes on cyclic PR graphs (self-loop main->main
-      # fork PRs) via its topological-sort visualization. Pinned to v1.2.1 in
-      # git-town.yml; block v1.3.x until upstream tolerates cyclic edges.
-      - dependency-name: "git-town/action"
-        update-types:
-          - "version-update:semver-minor"
-          - "version-update:semver-major"
-
-  - package-ecosystem: "gomod"
-    directories:
-      - "/"
-    schedule:
-      interval: "daily"
-    open-pull-requests-limit: 15
-    groups:
-      aws-sdk:
-        patterns:
-          - "github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/*"
-      pion:
-        patterns:
-          - "github.com/pion/*"
-      gorm:
-        patterns:
-          - "gorm.io/*"
-      otel:
-        patterns:
-          - "go.opentelemetry.io/*"
-      testcontainers:
-        patterns:
-          - "github.com/testcontainers/testcontainers-go/*"
-      wireguard:
-        patterns:
-          - "golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard*"
--- a/.github/pull_request_template.md
+++ b/.github/pull_request_template.md
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@
 - [ ] Is a feature enhancement
 - [ ] It is a refactor
 - [ ] Created tests that fail without the change (if possible)
- [ ] This change does **not** modify the public API, gRPC protocols, functionality behavior, CLI / service flags, or introduce a new feature — **OR** I have discussed it with the NetBird team beforehand (link the issue / Slack thread in the description). See [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/netbirdio/netbird/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md#discuss-changes-with-the-netbird-team-first).

 > By submitting this pull request, you confirm that you have read and agree to the terms of the [Contributor License Agreement](https://github.com/netbirdio/netbird/blob/main/CONTRIBUTOR_LICENSE_AGREEMENT.md).

--- a/.github/workflows/check-license-dependencies.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/check-license-dependencies.yml
@@ -2,16 +2,16 @@ name: Check License Dependencies

 on:
  push:
-    branches: [main]
+    branches: [ main ]
    paths:
-      - "go.mod"
-      - "go.sum"
-      - ".github/workflows/check-license-dependencies.yml"
+      - 'go.mod'
+      - 'go.sum'
+      - '.github/workflows/check-license-dependencies.yml'
  pull_request:
    paths:
-      - "go.mod"
-      - "go.sum"
-      - ".github/workflows/check-license-dependencies.yml"
+      - 'go.mod'
+      - 'go.sum'
+      - '.github/workflows/check-license-dependencies.yml'

 jobs:
  check-internal-dependencies:
@@ -19,10 +19,7 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest

    steps:
-      - name: Checkout code
-        uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
-        with:
-          persist-credentials: false
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4

      - name: Check for problematic license dependencies
        run: |
@@ -59,57 +56,55 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest

    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
-        with:
-          persist-credentials: false
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4

-      - name: Set up Go
-        uses: actions/setup-go@4b73464bb391d4059bd26b0524d20df3927bd417 # v6.3.0
-        with:
-          go-version-file: "go.mod"
-          cache: true
+    - name: Set up Go
+      uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+      with:
+        go-version-file: 'go.mod'
+        cache: true

-      - name: Install go-licenses
-        run: go install github.com/google/go-licenses@v1.6.0
+    - name: Install go-licenses
+      run: go install github.com/google/go-licenses@v1.6.0

-      - name: Check for GPL/AGPL licensed dependencies
-        run: |
-          echo "Checking for GPL/AGPL/LGPL licensed dependencies..."
+    - name: Check for GPL/AGPL licensed dependencies
+      run: |
+        echo "Checking for GPL/AGPL/LGPL licensed dependencies..."
+        echo ""
+
+        # Check all Go packages for copyleft licenses, excluding internal netbird packages
+        COPYLEFT_DEPS=$(go-licenses report ./... 2>/dev/null | grep -E 'GPL|AGPL|LGPL' | grep -v 'github.com/netbirdio/netbird/' || true)
+
+        if [ -n "$COPYLEFT_DEPS" ]; then
+          echo "Found copyleft licensed dependencies:"
+          echo "$COPYLEFT_DEPS"
          echo ""

-          # Check all Go packages for copyleft licenses, excluding internal netbird packages
-          COPYLEFT_DEPS=$(go-licenses report ./... 2>/dev/null | grep -E 'GPL|AGPL|LGPL' | grep -v 'github.com/netbirdio/netbird/' || true)
+          # Filter out dependencies that are only pulled in by internal AGPL packages
+          INCOMPATIBLE=""
+          while IFS=',' read -r package url license; do
+            if echo "$license" | grep -qE 'GPL-[0-9]|AGPL-[0-9]|LGPL-[0-9]'; then
+              # Find ALL packages that import this GPL package using go list
+              IMPORTERS=$(go list -json -deps ./... 2>/dev/null | jq -r "select(.Imports[]? == \"$package\") | .ImportPath")

-          if [ -n "$COPYLEFT_DEPS" ]; then
-            echo "Found copyleft licensed dependencies:"
-            echo "$COPYLEFT_DEPS"
-            echo ""
+              # Check if any importer is NOT in management/signal/relay
+              BSD_IMPORTER=$(echo "$IMPORTERS" | grep -v "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/\(management\|signal\|relay\|proxy\|combined\|tools/idp-migrate\)" | head -1)

-            # Filter out dependencies that are only pulled in by internal AGPL packages
-            INCOMPATIBLE=""
-            while IFS=',' read -r package url license; do
-              if echo "$license" | grep -qE 'GPL-[0-9]|AGPL-[0-9]|LGPL-[0-9]'; then
-                # Find ALL packages that import this GPL package using go list
-                IMPORTERS=$(go list -json -deps ./... 2>/dev/null | jq -r "select(.Imports[]? == \"$package\") | .ImportPath")
-
-                # Check if any importer is NOT in management/signal/relay
-                BSD_IMPORTER=$(echo "$IMPORTERS" | grep -v "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/\(management\|signal\|relay\|proxy\|combined\|tools/idp-migrate\)" | head -1)
-
-                if [ -n "$BSD_IMPORTER" ]; then
-                  echo "❌ $package ($license) is imported by BSD-licensed code: $BSD_IMPORTER"
-                  INCOMPATIBLE="${INCOMPATIBLE}${package},${url},${license}\n"
-                else
-                  echo "✓ $package ($license) is only used by internal AGPL packages - OK"
-                fi
+              if [ -n "$BSD_IMPORTER" ]; then
+                echo "❌ $package ($license) is imported by BSD-licensed code: $BSD_IMPORTER"
+                INCOMPATIBLE="${INCOMPATIBLE}${package},${url},${license}\n"
+              else
+                echo "✓ $package ($license) is only used by internal AGPL packages - OK"
              fi
-            done <<< "$COPYLEFT_DEPS"
-
-            if [ -n "$INCOMPATIBLE" ]; then
-              echo ""
-              echo "❌ INCOMPATIBLE licenses found that are used by BSD-licensed code:"
-              echo -e "$INCOMPATIBLE"
-              exit 1
            fi
-          fi
+          done <<< "$COPYLEFT_DEPS"

-          echo "✅ All external license dependencies are compatible with BSD-3-Clause"
+          if [ -n "$INCOMPATIBLE" ]; then
+            echo ""
+            echo "❌ INCOMPATIBLE licenses found that are used by BSD-licensed code:"
+            echo -e "$INCOMPATIBLE"
+            exit 1
+          fi
+        fi
+
+        echo "✅ All external license dependencies are compatible with BSD-3-Clause"
--- a/.github/workflows/docs-ack.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/docs-ack.yml
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ jobs:

      - name: Verify docs PR exists (and is open or merged)
        if: steps.validate.outputs.mode == 'added'
-        uses: actions/github-script@3a2844b7e9c422d3c10d287c895573f7108da1b3 # v9.0.0
+        uses: actions/github-script@v7
        id: verify
        with:
          pr_number: ${{ steps.extract.outputs.pr_number }}
--- a/.github/workflows/forum.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/forum.yml
@@ -8,10 +8,11 @@ jobs:
  post:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
-      - uses: roots/discourse-topic-github-release-action@557d74ea05b6cc0c47f555c1d5d28a89d904005b # v1.1.0
+      - uses: roots/discourse-topic-github-release-action@main
        with:
          discourse-api-key: ${{ secrets.DISCOURSE_RELEASES_API_KEY }}
          discourse-base-url: https://forum.netbird.io
          discourse-author-username: NetBird
          discourse-category: 17
-          discourse-tags: releases
+          discourse-tags:
+            releases
--- a/.github/workflows/git-town.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/git-town.yml
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ name: Git Town
 on:
  pull_request:
    branches:
-      - "**"
+      - '**'

 jobs:
  git-town:
@@ -15,9 +15,7 @@ jobs:
      pull-requests: write

    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
-        with:
-          persist-credentials: false
-      - uses: git-town/action@3d8b878379abb1ee393fb49865a28b4a6c2cd3b0 # v1.2.1
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: git-town/action@v1.2.1
        with:
          skip-single-stacks: true
--- a/.github/workflows/golang-test-darwin.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/golang-test-darwin.yml
@@ -16,18 +16,16 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: macos-latest
    steps:
      - name: Checkout code
-        uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
-        with:
-          persist-credentials: false
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4

      - name: Install Go
-        uses: actions/setup-go@4b73464bb391d4059bd26b0524d20df3927bd417 # v6.3.0
+        uses: actions/setup-go@v5
        with:
          go-version-file: "go.mod"
          cache: false

      - name: Cache Go modules
-        uses: actions/cache@27d5ce7f107fe9357f9df03efb73ab90386fccae # v5.0.5
+        uses: actions/cache@v4
        with:
          path: ~/go/pkg/mod
          key: macos-gotest-${{ hashFiles('**/go.sum') }}
@@ -46,3 +44,4 @@ jobs:

      - name: Test
        run: NETBIRD_STORE_ENGINE=${{ matrix.store }} CI=true go test -tags=devcert -exec 'sudo --preserve-env=CI,NETBIRD_STORE_ENGINE' -timeout 5m -p 1 $(go list ./... | grep -v -e /management -e /signal -e /relay -e /proxy -e /combined)
+
--- a/.github/workflows/golang-test-freebsd.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/golang-test-freebsd.yml
@@ -15,31 +15,20 @@ jobs:
    name: "Client / Unit"
    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
    steps:
-      - name: Checkout code
-        uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
-        with:
-          persist-credentials: false
-
-      - name: Read Go version from go.mod
-        id: goversion
-        run: echo "version=$(awk '/^go / {print $2}' go.mod)" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
-
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - name: Test in FreeBSD
        id: test
-        env:
-          GO_VERSION: ${{ steps.goversion.outputs.version }}
-        uses: vmactions/freebsd-vm@d1e65811565151536c0c894fff74f06351ed26e6 # v1.4.5
+        uses: vmactions/freebsd-vm@v1
        with:
          usesh: true
          copyback: false
-          release: "15.0"
-          envs: "GO_VERSION"
+          release: "14.2"
          prepare: |
            pkg install -y curl pkgconf xorg
-            GO_TARBALL="go${GO_VERSION}.freebsd-amd64.tar.gz"
+            GO_TARBALL="go1.25.3.freebsd-amd64.tar.gz"
            GO_URL="https://go.dev/dl/$GO_TARBALL"
            curl -vLO "$GO_URL"
-            tar -C /usr/local -vxzf "$GO_TARBALL"
+            tar -C /usr/local -vxzf "$GO_TARBALL"            

          # -x - to print all executed commands
          # -e - to faile on first error
--- a/.github/workflows/golang-test-linux.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/golang-test-linux.yml
@@ -18,11 +18,9 @@ jobs:
      management: ${{ steps.filter.outputs.management }}
    steps:
      - name: Checkout code
-        uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
-        with:
-          persist-credentials: false
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4

-      - uses: dorny/paths-filter@fbd0ab8f3e69293af611ebaee6363fc25e6d187d # v4.0.1
+      - uses: dorny/paths-filter@v3
        id: filter
        with:
          filters: |
@@ -30,7 +28,7 @@ jobs:
              - 'management/**'

      - name: Install Go
-        uses: actions/setup-go@4b73464bb391d4059bd26b0524d20df3927bd417 # v6.3.0
+        uses: actions/setup-go@v5
        with:
          go-version-file: "go.mod"
          cache: false
@@ -38,10 +36,10 @@ jobs:
      - name: Get Go environment
        run: |
          echo "cache=$(go env GOCACHE)" >> $GITHUB_ENV
-          echo "modcache=$(go env GOMODCACHE)" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+          echo "modcache=$(go env GOMODCACHE)" >> $GITHUB_ENV     

      - name: Cache Go modules
-        uses: actions/cache@27d5ce7f107fe9357f9df03efb73ab90386fccae # v5.0.5
+        uses: actions/cache@v4
        id: cache
        with:
          path: |
@@ -115,16 +113,14 @@ jobs:
    strategy:
      fail-fast: false
      matrix:
-        arch: ["386", "amd64"]
+        arch: [ '386','amd64' ]
    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
    steps:
      - name: Checkout code
-        uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
-        with:
-          persist-credentials: false
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4

      - name: Install Go
-        uses: actions/setup-go@4b73464bb391d4059bd26b0524d20df3927bd417 # v6.3.0
+        uses: actions/setup-go@v5
        with:
          go-version-file: "go.mod"
          cache: false
@@ -132,10 +128,10 @@ jobs:
      - name: Get Go environment
        run: |
          echo "cache=$(go env GOCACHE)" >> $GITHUB_ENV
-          echo "modcache=$(go env GOMODCACHE)" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+          echo "modcache=$(go env GOMODCACHE)" >> $GITHUB_ENV     

      - name: Cache Go modules
-        uses: actions/cache/restore@27d5ce7f107fe9357f9df03efb73ab90386fccae # v5.0.5
+        uses: actions/cache/restore@v4
        with:
          path: |
            ${{ env.cache }}
@@ -162,16 +158,14 @@ jobs:

  test_client_on_docker:
    name: "Client (Docker) / Unit"
-    needs: [build-cache]
+    needs: [ build-cache ]
    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
    steps:
      - name: Checkout code
-        uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
-        with:
-          persist-credentials: false
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4

      - name: Install Go
-        uses: actions/setup-go@4b73464bb391d4059bd26b0524d20df3927bd417 # v6.3.0
+        uses: actions/setup-go@v5
        with:
          go-version-file: "go.mod"
          cache: false
@@ -183,7 +177,7 @@ jobs:
          echo "modcache_dir=$(go env GOMODCACHE)" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT

      - name: Cache Go modules
-        uses: actions/cache/restore@27d5ce7f107fe9357f9df03efb73ab90386fccae # v5.0.5
+        uses: actions/cache/restore@v4
        id: cache-restore
        with:
          path: |
@@ -237,12 +231,10 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
    steps:
      - name: Checkout code
-        uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
-        with:
-          persist-credentials: false
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4

      - name: Install Go
-        uses: actions/setup-go@4b73464bb391d4059bd26b0524d20df3927bd417 # v6.3.0
+        uses: actions/setup-go@v5
        with:
          go-version-file: "go.mod"
          cache: false
@@ -254,10 +246,10 @@ jobs:
      - name: Get Go environment
        run: |
          echo "cache=$(go env GOCACHE)" >> $GITHUB_ENV
-          echo "modcache=$(go env GOMODCACHE)" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+          echo "modcache=$(go env GOMODCACHE)" >> $GITHUB_ENV     

      - name: Cache Go modules
-        uses: actions/cache/restore@27d5ce7f107fe9357f9df03efb73ab90386fccae # v5.0.5
+        uses: actions/cache/restore@v4
        with:
          path: |
            ${{ env.cache }}
@@ -285,16 +277,14 @@ jobs:
    strategy:
      fail-fast: false
      matrix:
-        arch: ["386", "amd64"]
+        arch: [ '386','amd64' ]
    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
    steps:
      - name: Checkout code
-        uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
-        with:
-          persist-credentials: false
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4

      - name: Install Go
-        uses: actions/setup-go@4b73464bb391d4059bd26b0524d20df3927bd417 # v6.3.0
+        uses: actions/setup-go@v5
        with:
          go-version-file: "go.mod"
          cache: false
@@ -308,7 +298,7 @@ jobs:
          echo "modcache=$(go env GOMODCACHE)" >> $GITHUB_ENV

      - name: Cache Go modules
-        uses: actions/cache/restore@27d5ce7f107fe9357f9df03efb73ab90386fccae # v5.0.5
+        uses: actions/cache/restore@v4
        with:
          path: |
            ${{ env.cache }}
@@ -334,16 +324,14 @@ jobs:
    strategy:
      fail-fast: false
      matrix:
-        arch: ["386", "amd64"]
+        arch: [ '386','amd64' ]
    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
    steps:
      - name: Checkout code
-        uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
-        with:
-          persist-credentials: false
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4

      - name: Install Go
-        uses: actions/setup-go@4b73464bb391d4059bd26b0524d20df3927bd417 # v6.3.0
+        uses: actions/setup-go@v5
        with:
          go-version-file: "go.mod"
          cache: false
@@ -355,10 +343,10 @@ jobs:
      - name: Get Go environment
        run: |
          echo "cache=$(go env GOCACHE)" >> $GITHUB_ENV
-          echo "modcache=$(go env GOMODCACHE)" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+          echo "modcache=$(go env GOMODCACHE)" >> $GITHUB_ENV     

      - name: Cache Go modules
-        uses: actions/cache/restore@27d5ce7f107fe9357f9df03efb73ab90386fccae # v5.0.5
+        uses: actions/cache/restore@v4
        with:
          path: |
            ${{ env.cache }}
@@ -382,21 +370,19 @@ jobs:

  test_management:
    name: "Management / Unit"
-    needs: [build-cache]
+    needs: [ build-cache ]
    strategy:
      fail-fast: false
      matrix:
-        arch: ["amd64"]
-        store: ["sqlite", "postgres", "mysql"]
+        arch: [ 'amd64' ]
+        store: [ 'sqlite', 'postgres', 'mysql' ]
    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
    steps:
      - name: Checkout code
-        uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
-        with:
-          persist-credentials: false
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4

      - name: Install Go
-        uses: actions/setup-go@4b73464bb391d4059bd26b0524d20df3927bd417 # v6.3.0
+        uses: actions/setup-go@v5
        with:
          go-version-file: "go.mod"
          cache: false
@@ -404,10 +390,10 @@ jobs:
      - name: Get Go environment
        run: |
          echo "cache=$(go env GOCACHE)" >> $GITHUB_ENV
-          echo "modcache=$(go env GOMODCACHE)" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+          echo "modcache=$(go env GOMODCACHE)" >> $GITHUB_ENV     

      - name: Cache Go modules
-        uses: actions/cache/restore@27d5ce7f107fe9357f9df03efb73ab90386fccae # v5.0.5
+        uses: actions/cache/restore@v4
        with:
          path: |
            ${{ env.cache }}
@@ -424,7 +410,7 @@ jobs:

      - name: Login to Docker hub
        if: github.event.pull_request && github.event.pull_request.head.repo && github.event.pull_request.head.repo.full_name == '' || github.repository == github.event.pull_request.head.repo.full_name || !github.head_ref
-        uses: docker/login-action@650006c6eb7dba73a995cc03b0b2d7f5ca915bee # v4.2.0
+        uses: docker/login-action@v3
        with:
          username: ${{ secrets.DOCKER_USER }}
          password: ${{ secrets.DOCKER_TOKEN }}
@@ -441,7 +427,7 @@ jobs:
        run: docker pull mlsmaycon/warmed-mysql:8

      - name: Test
-        run: |
+        run: |          
          CGO_ENABLED=1 GOARCH=${{ matrix.arch }} \
          NETBIRD_STORE_ENGINE=${{ matrix.store }} \
            CI=true \
@@ -451,13 +437,13 @@ jobs:

  benchmark:
    name: "Management / Benchmark"
-    needs: [build-cache]
+    needs: [ build-cache ]
    if: ${{ needs.build-cache.outputs.management == 'true' || github.event_name != 'pull_request' }}
    strategy:
      fail-fast: false
      matrix:
-        arch: ["amd64"]
-        store: ["sqlite", "postgres"]
+        arch: [ 'amd64' ]
+        store: [ 'sqlite', 'postgres' ]
    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
    steps:
      - name: Create Docker network
@@ -488,12 +474,10 @@ jobs:
            prom/prometheus

      - name: Checkout code
-        uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
-        with:
-          persist-credentials: false
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4

      - name: Install Go
-        uses: actions/setup-go@4b73464bb391d4059bd26b0524d20df3927bd417 # v6.3.0
+        uses: actions/setup-go@v5
        with:
          go-version-file: "go.mod"
          cache: false
@@ -501,10 +485,10 @@ jobs:
      - name: Get Go environment
        run: |
          echo "cache=$(go env GOCACHE)" >> $GITHUB_ENV
-          echo "modcache=$(go env GOMODCACHE)" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+          echo "modcache=$(go env GOMODCACHE)" >> $GITHUB_ENV     

      - name: Cache Go modules
-        uses: actions/cache/restore@27d5ce7f107fe9357f9df03efb73ab90386fccae # v5.0.5
+        uses: actions/cache/restore@v4
        with:
          path: |
            ${{ env.cache }}
@@ -521,7 +505,7 @@ jobs:

      - name: Login to Docker hub
        if: github.event.pull_request && github.event.pull_request.head.repo && github.event.pull_request.head.repo.full_name == '' || github.repository == github.event.pull_request.head.repo.full_name || !github.head_ref
-        uses: docker/login-action@650006c6eb7dba73a995cc03b0b2d7f5ca915bee # v4.2.0
+        uses: docker/login-action@v3
        with:
          username: ${{ secrets.DOCKER_USER }}
          password: ${{ secrets.DOCKER_TOKEN }}
@@ -545,13 +529,13 @@ jobs:

  api_benchmark:
    name: "Management / Benchmark (API)"
-    needs: [build-cache]
+    needs: [ build-cache ]
    if: ${{ needs.build-cache.outputs.management == 'true' || github.event_name != 'pull_request' }}
    strategy:
      fail-fast: false
      matrix:
-        arch: ["amd64"]
-        store: ["sqlite", "postgres"]
+        arch: [ 'amd64' ]
+        store: [ 'sqlite', 'postgres' ]
    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
    steps:
      - name: Create Docker network
@@ -582,12 +566,10 @@ jobs:
            prom/prometheus

      - name: Checkout code
-        uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
-        with:
-          persist-credentials: false
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4

      - name: Install Go
-        uses: actions/setup-go@4b73464bb391d4059bd26b0524d20df3927bd417 # v6.3.0
+        uses: actions/setup-go@v5
        with:
          go-version-file: "go.mod"
          cache: false
@@ -595,10 +577,10 @@ jobs:
      - name: Get Go environment
        run: |
          echo "cache=$(go env GOCACHE)" >> $GITHUB_ENV
-          echo "modcache=$(go env GOMODCACHE)" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+          echo "modcache=$(go env GOMODCACHE)" >> $GITHUB_ENV     

      - name: Cache Go modules
-        uses: actions/cache/restore@27d5ce7f107fe9357f9df03efb73ab90386fccae # v5.0.5
+        uses: actions/cache/restore@v4
        with:
          path: |
            ${{ env.cache }}
@@ -615,7 +597,7 @@ jobs:

      - name: Login to Docker hub
        if: github.event.pull_request && github.event.pull_request.head.repo && github.event.pull_request.head.repo.full_name == '' || github.repository == github.event.pull_request.head.repo.full_name || !github.head_ref
-        uses: docker/login-action@650006c6eb7dba73a995cc03b0b2d7f5ca915bee # v4.2.0
+        uses: docker/login-action@v3
        with:
          username: ${{ secrets.DOCKER_USER }}
          password: ${{ secrets.DOCKER_TOKEN }}
@@ -641,22 +623,20 @@ jobs:

  api_integration_test:
    name: "Management / Integration"
-    needs: [build-cache]
+    needs: [ build-cache ]
    if: ${{ needs.build-cache.outputs.management == 'true' || github.event_name != 'pull_request' }}
    strategy:
      fail-fast: false
      matrix:
-        arch: ["amd64"]
-        store: ["sqlite", "postgres"]
+        arch: [ 'amd64' ]
+        store: [ 'sqlite', 'postgres']
    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
    steps:
      - name: Checkout code
-        uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
-        with:
-          persist-credentials: false
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4

      - name: Install Go
-        uses: actions/setup-go@4b73464bb391d4059bd26b0524d20df3927bd417 # v6.3.0
+        uses: actions/setup-go@v5
        with:
          go-version-file: "go.mod"
          cache: false
@@ -664,10 +644,10 @@ jobs:
      - name: Get Go environment
        run: |
          echo "cache=$(go env GOCACHE)" >> $GITHUB_ENV
-          echo "modcache=$(go env GOMODCACHE)" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+          echo "modcache=$(go env GOMODCACHE)" >> $GITHUB_ENV     

      - name: Cache Go modules
-        uses: actions/cache/restore@27d5ce7f107fe9357f9df03efb73ab90386fccae # v5.0.5
+        uses: actions/cache/restore@v4
        with:
          path: |
            ${{ env.cache }}
--- a/.github/workflows/golang-test-windows.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/golang-test-windows.yml
@@ -18,12 +18,10 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: windows-latest
    steps:
      - name: Checkout code
-        uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
-        with:
-          persist-credentials: false
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4

      - name: Install Go
-        uses: actions/setup-go@4b73464bb391d4059bd26b0524d20df3927bd417 # v6.3.0
+        uses: actions/setup-go@v5
        id: go
        with:
          go-version-file: "go.mod"
@@ -35,7 +33,7 @@ jobs:
          echo "modcache=$(go env GOMODCACHE)" >> $env:GITHUB_ENV

      - name: Cache Go modules
-        uses: actions/cache@27d5ce7f107fe9357f9df03efb73ab90386fccae # v5.0.5
+        uses: actions/cache@v4
        with:
          path: |
            ${{ env.cache }}
@@ -46,15 +44,16 @@ jobs:
            ${{ runner.os }}-go-

      - name: Download wintun
+        uses: carlosperate/download-file-action@v2
        id: download-wintun
-        uses: netbirdio/shared-actions/actions/win-download-and-verify@be5df6047383da2236e02243cceb857d8567c27e # v0.0.2
        with:
-          url: https://pkgs.netbird.io/wintun/wintun-0.14.1.zip
-          destination: ${{ env.downloadPath }}\wintun.zip
-          sha256: 07c256185d6ee3652e09fa55c0b673e2624b565e02c4b9091c79ca7d2f24ef51
+          file-url: https://pkgs.netbird.io/wintun/wintun-0.14.1.zip
+          file-name: wintun.zip
+          location: ${{ env.downloadPath }}
+          sha256: '07c256185d6ee3652e09fa55c0b673e2624b565e02c4b9091c79ca7d2f24ef51'

      - name: Decompressing wintun files
-        run: tar -xvf "${{ steps.download-wintun.outputs.file-path }}" -C ${{ env.downloadPath }}
+        run: tar -zvxf "${{ steps.download-wintun.outputs.file-path }}" -C ${{ env.downloadPath }}

      - run: mv ${{ env.downloadPath }}/wintun/bin/amd64/wintun.dll 'C:\Windows\System32\'

--- a/.github/workflows/golangci-lint.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/golangci-lint.yml
@@ -15,13 +15,11 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - name: Checkout code
-        uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
-        with:
-          persist-credentials: false
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - name: codespell
-        uses: codespell-project/actions-codespell@8f01853be192eb0f849a5c7d721450e7a467c579 # v2.2
+        uses: codespell-project/actions-codespell@v2
        with:
-          ignore_words_list: erro,clienta,hastable,iif,groupd,testin,groupe,cros,ans,deriver,te,userA,ede,additionals
+          ignore_words_list: erro,clienta,hastable,iif,groupd,testin,groupe,cros,ans,deriver,te,userA
          skip: go.mod,go.sum,**/proxy/web/**
  golangci:
    strategy:
@@ -40,15 +38,13 @@ jobs:
    timeout-minutes: 15
    steps:
      - name: Checkout code
-        uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
-        with:
-          persist-credentials: false
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - name: Check for duplicate constants
        if: matrix.os == 'ubuntu-latest'
        run: |
          ! awk '/const \(/,/)/{print $0}' management/server/activity/codes.go | grep -o '= [0-9]*' | sort | uniq -d | grep .
      - name: Install Go
-        uses: actions/setup-go@4b73464bb391d4059bd26b0524d20df3927bd417 # v6.3.0
+        uses: actions/setup-go@v5
        with:
          go-version-file: "go.mod"
          cache: false
@@ -56,7 +52,7 @@ jobs:
        if: matrix.os == 'ubuntu-latest'
        run: sudo apt update && sudo apt install -y -q libgtk-3-dev libayatana-appindicator3-dev libgl1-mesa-dev xorg-dev libpcap-dev
      - name: golangci-lint
-        uses: golangci/golangci-lint-action@82606bf257cbaff209d206a39f5134f0cfbfd2ee #v9.2.1
+        uses: golangci/golangci-lint-action@4afd733a84b1f43292c63897423277bb7f4313a9 # v8.0.0
        with:
          version: latest
          skip-cache: true
--- a/.github/workflows/install-script-test.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/install-script-test.yml
@@ -22,9 +22,7 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
    steps:
      - name: Checkout code
-        uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
-        with:
-          persist-credentials: false
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4

      - name: run install script
        env:
--- a/.github/workflows/mobile-build-validation.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/mobile-build-validation.yml
@@ -16,25 +16,23 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - name: Checkout repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
-        with:
-          persist-credentials: false
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - name: Install Go
-        uses: actions/setup-go@4b73464bb391d4059bd26b0524d20df3927bd417 # v6.3.0
+        uses: actions/setup-go@v5
        with:
          go-version-file: "go.mod"
      - name: Setup Android SDK
-        uses: android-actions/setup-android@40fd30fb8d7440372e1316f5d1809ec01dcd3699 # v4.0.1
+        uses: android-actions/setup-android@v3
        with:
          cmdline-tools-version: 8512546
      - name: Setup Java
-        uses: actions/setup-java@be666c2fcd27ec809703dec50e508c2fdc7f6654
+        uses: actions/setup-java@v4
        with:
          java-version: "11"
          distribution: "adopt"
      - name: NDK Cache
        id: ndk-cache
-        uses: actions/cache@27d5ce7f107fe9357f9df03efb73ab90386fccae # v5.0.5
+        uses: actions/cache@v4
        with:
          path: /usr/local/lib/android/sdk/ndk
          key: ndk-cache-23.1.7779620
@@ -54,11 +52,9 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: macos-latest
    steps:
      - name: Checkout repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
-        with:
-          persist-credentials: false
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - name: Install Go
-        uses: actions/setup-go@4b73464bb391d4059bd26b0524d20df3927bd417 # v6.3.0
+        uses: actions/setup-go@v5
        with:
          go-version-file: "go.mod"
      - name: install gomobile
--- a/.github/workflows/pr-title-check.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/pr-title-check.yml
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - name: Validate PR title prefix
-        uses: actions/github-script@3a2844b7e9c422d3c10d287c895573f7108da1b3 # v9.0.0
+        uses: actions/github-script@v7
        with:
          script: |
            const title = context.payload.pull_request.title;
--- a/.github/workflows/proto-version-check.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/proto-version-check.yml
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - name: Check for proto tool version changes
-        uses: actions/github-script@3a2844b7e9c422d3c10d287c895573f7108da1b3 # v9.0.0
+        uses: actions/github-script@v7
        with:
          script: |
            const files = await github.paginate(github.rest.pulls.listFiles, {
--- a/.github/workflows/release.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/release.yml
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ on:
  pull_request:

 env:
-  SIGN_PIPE_VER: "v0.1.5"
+  SIGN_PIPE_VER: "v0.1.4"
  GORELEASER_VER: "v2.14.3"
  PRODUCT_NAME: "NetBird"
  COPYRIGHT: "NetBird GmbH"
@@ -24,9 +24,7 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
    steps:
      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
-        with:
-          persist-credentials: false
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4

      - name: Generate FreeBSD port diff
        run: bash release_files/freebsd-port-diff.sh
@@ -53,26 +51,19 @@ jobs:
          echo "Generated files for version: $VERSION"
          cat netbird-*.diff

-      - name: Read Go version from go.mod
-        id: goversion
-        run: echo "version=$(awk '/^go / {print $2}' go.mod)" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
-
      - name: Test FreeBSD port
        if: steps.check_diff.outputs.diff_exists == 'true'
-        env:
-          GO_VERSION: ${{ steps.goversion.outputs.version }}
-        uses: vmactions/freebsd-vm@d1e65811565151536c0c894fff74f06351ed26e6 # v1.4.5
+        uses: vmactions/freebsd-vm@v1
        with:
          usesh: true
          copyback: false
          release: "15.0"
-          envs: "GO_VERSION"
          prepare: |
            # Install required packages
-            pkg install -y git curl portlint
+            pkg install -y git curl portlint go

            # Install Go for building
-            GO_TARBALL="go${GO_VERSION}.freebsd-amd64.tar.gz"
+            GO_TARBALL="go1.25.5.freebsd-amd64.tar.gz"
            GO_URL="https://go.dev/dl/$GO_TARBALL"
            curl -LO "$GO_URL"
            tar -C /usr/local -xzf "$GO_TARBALL"
@@ -102,19 +93,19 @@ jobs:

            # Show patched Makefile
            version=$(cat security/netbird/Makefile | grep -E '^DISTVERSION=' | awk '{print $NF}')
-
+            
            cd /usr/ports/security/netbird
            export BATCH=yes
            make package
            pkg add ./work/pkg/netbird-*.pkg
-
+            
            netbird version | grep "$version"

            echo "FreeBSD port test completed successfully!"

      - name: Upload FreeBSD port files
        if: steps.check_diff.outputs.diff_exists == 'true'
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@043fb46d1a93c77aae656e7c1c64a875d1fc6a0a #v7.0.1
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
        with:
          name: freebsd-port-files
          path: |
@@ -133,25 +124,26 @@ jobs:
    env:
      flags: ""
    steps:
-      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
-        with:
-          fetch-depth: 0 # It is required for GoReleaser to work properly
-          persist-credentials: false
-
      - name: Parse semver string
        id: semver_parser
-        uses: netbirdio/shared-actions/actions/parse-semver@be5df6047383da2236e02243cceb857d8567c27e # v0.0.2
+        uses: booxmedialtd/ws-action-parse-semver@v1
+        with:
+          input_string: ${{ (startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/v') && github.ref) || 'refs/tags/v0.0.0' }}
+          version_extractor_regex: '\/v(.*)$'

      - if: ${{ !startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/v') }}
        run: echo "flags=--snapshot" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+      - name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          fetch-depth: 0 # It is required for GoReleaser to work properly
      - name: Set up Go
-        uses: actions/setup-go@4b73464bb391d4059bd26b0524d20df3927bd417 # v6.3.0
+        uses: actions/setup-go@v5
        with:
          go-version-file: "go.mod"
          cache: false
      - name: Cache Go modules
-        uses: actions/cache/restore@27d5ce7f107fe9357f9df03efb73ab90386fccae # v5.0.5
+        uses: actions/cache@v4
        with:
          path: |
            ~/go/pkg/mod
@@ -164,18 +156,18 @@ jobs:
      - name: check git status
        run: git --no-pager diff --exit-code
      - name: Set up QEMU
-        uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@ce360397dd3f832beb865e1373c09c0e9f86d70a #v4.0.0
+        uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v2
      - name: Set up Docker Buildx
-        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@4d04d5d9486b7bd6fa91e7baf45bbb4f8b9deedd #v4.0.0
+        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v2
      - name: Login to Docker hub
        if: github.event_name != 'pull_request'
-        uses: docker/login-action@650006c6eb7dba73a995cc03b0b2d7f5ca915bee # v4.2.0
+        uses: docker/login-action@v1
        with:
          username: ${{ secrets.DOCKER_USER }}
          password: ${{ secrets.DOCKER_TOKEN }}
      - name: Log in to the GitHub container registry
        if: github.event_name != 'pull_request' || github.event.pull_request.head.repo.full_name == github.repository
-        uses: docker/login-action@650006c6eb7dba73a995cc03b0b2d7f5ca915bee # v4.2.0
+        uses: docker/login-action@v3
        with:
          registry: ghcr.io
          username: ${{ github.actor }}
@@ -199,7 +191,7 @@ jobs:
        run: goversioninfo -arm -64 -icon client/ui/assets/netbird.ico -manifest client/manifest.xml -product-name ${{ env.PRODUCT_NAME }} -copyright "${{ env.COPYRIGHT }}" -ver-major ${{ steps.semver_parser.outputs.major }} -ver-minor ${{ steps.semver_parser.outputs.minor }} -ver-patch ${{ steps.semver_parser.outputs.patch }} -ver-build 0 -file-version ${{ steps.semver_parser.outputs.fullversion }}.0 -product-version ${{ steps.semver_parser.outputs.fullversion }}.0 -o client/resources_windows_arm64.syso
      - name: Run GoReleaser
        id: goreleaser
-        uses: goreleaser/goreleaser-action@4c6ab561adb47e50c45ef534e2155934e91c40c1 # v7.2.0
+        uses: goreleaser/goreleaser-action@v4
        with:
          version: ${{ env.GORELEASER_VER }}
          args: release --clean ${{ env.flags }}
@@ -290,28 +282,28 @@ jobs:
          } >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
      - name: upload non tags for debug purposes
        id: upload_release
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@043fb46d1a93c77aae656e7c1c64a875d1fc6a0a #v7.0.1
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
        with:
          name: release
          path: dist/
          retention-days: 7
      - name: upload linux packages
        id: upload_linux_packages
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@043fb46d1a93c77aae656e7c1c64a875d1fc6a0a #v7.0.1
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
        with:
          name: linux-packages
          path: dist/netbird_linux**
          retention-days: 7
      - name: upload windows packages
        id: upload_windows_packages
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@043fb46d1a93c77aae656e7c1c64a875d1fc6a0a #v7.0.1
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
        with:
          name: windows-packages
          path: dist/netbird_windows**
          retention-days: 7
      - name: upload macos packages
        id: upload_macos_packages
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@043fb46d1a93c77aae656e7c1c64a875d1fc6a0a #v7.0.1
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
        with:
          name: macos-packages
          path: dist/netbird_darwin**
@@ -322,26 +314,27 @@ jobs:
    outputs:
      release_ui_artifact_url: ${{ steps.upload_release_ui.outputs.artifact-url }}
    steps:
-      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
-        with:
-          fetch-depth: 0 # It is required for GoReleaser to work properly
-          persist-credentials: false
-
      - name: Parse semver string
        id: semver_parser
-        uses: netbirdio/shared-actions/actions/parse-semver@be5df6047383da2236e02243cceb857d8567c27e # v0.0.2
+        uses: booxmedialtd/ws-action-parse-semver@v1
+        with:
+          input_string: ${{ (startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/v') && github.ref) || 'refs/tags/v0.0.0' }}
+          version_extractor_regex: '\/v(.*)$'

      - if: ${{ !startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/v') }}
        run: echo "flags=--snapshot" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+      - name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          fetch-depth: 0 # It is required for GoReleaser to work properly

      - name: Set up Go
-        uses: actions/setup-go@4b73464bb391d4059bd26b0524d20df3927bd417 # v6.3.0
+        uses: actions/setup-go@v5
        with:
          go-version-file: "go.mod"
          cache: false
      - name: Cache Go modules
-        uses: actions/cache@27d5ce7f107fe9357f9df03efb73ab90386fccae # v5.0.5
+        uses: actions/cache@v4
        with:
          path: |
            ~/go/pkg/mod
@@ -382,7 +375,7 @@ jobs:
        run: goversioninfo -arm -64 -icon client/ui/assets/netbird.ico -manifest client/ui/manifest.xml -product-name ${{ env.PRODUCT_NAME }}-"UI" -copyright "${{ env.COPYRIGHT }}" -ver-major ${{ steps.semver_parser.outputs.major }} -ver-minor ${{ steps.semver_parser.outputs.minor }} -ver-patch ${{ steps.semver_parser.outputs.patch }} -ver-build 0 -file-version ${{ steps.semver_parser.outputs.fullversion }}.0 -product-version ${{ steps.semver_parser.outputs.fullversion }}.0 -o client/ui/resources_windows_arm64.syso

      - name: Run GoReleaser
-        uses: goreleaser/goreleaser-action@4c6ab561adb47e50c45ef534e2155934e91c40c1 # v7.2.0
+        uses: goreleaser/goreleaser-action@v4
        with:
          version: ${{ env.GORELEASER_VER }}
          args: release --config .goreleaser_ui.yaml --clean ${{ env.flags }}
@@ -411,7 +404,7 @@ jobs:
        run: rm -f /tmp/gpg-rpm-signing-key.asc
      - name: upload non tags for debug purposes
        id: upload_release_ui
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@043fb46d1a93c77aae656e7c1c64a875d1fc6a0a #v7.0.1
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
        with:
          name: release-ui
          path: dist/
@@ -425,17 +418,16 @@ jobs:
      - if: ${{ !startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/v') }}
        run: echo "flags=--snapshot" >> $GITHUB_ENV
      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
        with:
          fetch-depth: 0 # It is required for GoReleaser to work properly
-          persist-credentials: false
      - name: Set up Go
-        uses: actions/setup-go@4b73464bb391d4059bd26b0524d20df3927bd417 # v6.3.0
+        uses: actions/setup-go@v5
        with:
          go-version-file: "go.mod"
          cache: false
      - name: Cache Go modules
-        uses: actions/cache@27d5ce7f107fe9357f9df03efb73ab90386fccae # v5.0.5
+        uses: actions/cache@v4
        with:
          path: |
            ~/go/pkg/mod
@@ -449,7 +441,7 @@ jobs:
        run: git --no-pager diff --exit-code
      - name: Run GoReleaser
        id: goreleaser
-        uses: goreleaser/goreleaser-action@4c6ab561adb47e50c45ef534e2155934e91c40c1 # v7.2.0
+        uses: goreleaser/goreleaser-action@v4
        with:
          version: ${{ env.GORELEASER_VER }}
          args: release --config .goreleaser_ui_darwin.yaml --clean ${{ env.flags }}
@@ -457,7 +449,7 @@ jobs:
          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
      - name: upload non tags for debug purposes
        id: upload_release_ui_darwin
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@043fb46d1a93c77aae656e7c1c64a875d1fc6a0a #v7.0.1
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
        with:
          name: release-ui-darwin
          path: dist/
@@ -482,26 +474,27 @@ jobs:
      PackageWorkdir: netbird_windows_${{ matrix.arch }}
      downloadPath: '${{ github.workspace }}\temp'
    steps:
-      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
-        with:
-          persist-credentials: false
-
      - name: Parse semver string
        id: semver_parser
-        uses: netbirdio/shared-actions/actions/parse-semver@be5df6047383da2236e02243cceb857d8567c27e # v0.0.2
+        uses: booxmedialtd/ws-action-parse-semver@v1
+        with:
+          input_string: ${{ (startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/v') && github.ref) || 'refs/tags/v0.0.0' }}
+          version_extractor_regex: '\/v(.*)$'
+
+      - name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4

      - name: Add 7-Zip to PATH
        run: echo "C:\Program Files\7-Zip" | Out-File -FilePath $env:GITHUB_PATH -Encoding utf8 -Append

      - name: Download release artifacts
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@70fc10c6e5e1ce46ad2ea6f2b72d43f7d47b13c3 # v8.0.1
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
        with:
          name: release
          path: release

      - name: Download UI release artifacts
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@70fc10c6e5e1ce46ad2ea6f2b72d43f7d47b13c3 # v8.0.1
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
        with:
          name: release-ui
          path: release-ui
@@ -521,27 +514,29 @@ jobs:
          Get-ChildItem $workdir

      - name: Download wintun
+        uses: carlosperate/download-file-action@v2
        id: download-wintun
-        uses: netbirdio/shared-actions/actions/win-download-and-verify@be5df6047383da2236e02243cceb857d8567c27e # v0.0.2
        with:
-          url: https://pkgs.netbird.io/wintun/wintun-0.14.1.zip
-          destination: ${{ env.downloadPath }}\wintun.zip
-          sha256: 07c256185d6ee3652e09fa55c0b673e2624b565e02c4b9091c79ca7d2f24ef51
+          file-url: https://pkgs.netbird.io/wintun/wintun-0.14.1.zip
+          file-name: wintun.zip
+          location: ${{ env.downloadPath }}
+          sha256: '07c256185d6ee3652e09fa55c0b673e2624b565e02c4b9091c79ca7d2f24ef51'

      - name: Decompress wintun files
-        run: tar -xvf "${{ env.downloadPath }}\wintun.zip" -C ${{ env.downloadPath }}
+        run: tar -zvxf "${{ steps.download-wintun.outputs.file-path }}" -C ${{ env.downloadPath }}

      - name: Move wintun.dll into dist
        run: mv ${{ env.downloadPath }}\wintun\bin\${{ matrix.wintun_arch }}\wintun.dll ${{ github.workspace }}\dist\${{ env.PackageWorkdir }}\

      - name: Download Mesa3D (amd64 only)
+        uses: carlosperate/download-file-action@v2
        id: download-mesa3d
        if: matrix.arch == 'amd64'
-        uses: netbirdio/shared-actions/actions/win-download-and-verify@be5df6047383da2236e02243cceb857d8567c27e # v0.0.2
        with:
-          url: https://pkgs.netbird.io/mesa3d/MesaForWindows-x64-20.1.8.7z
-          destination: ${{ env.downloadPath }}\mesa3d.7z
-          sha256: 71c7cb64ec229a1d6b8d62fa08e1889ed2bd17c0eeede8689daf0f25cb31d6b9
+          file-url: https://downloads.fdossena.com/Projects/Mesa3D/Builds/MesaForWindows-x64-20.1.8.7z
+          file-name: mesa3d.7z
+          location: ${{ env.downloadPath }}
+          sha256: '71c7cb64ec229a1d6b8d62fa08e1889ed2bd17c0eeede8689daf0f25cb31d6b9'

      - name: Extract Mesa3D driver (amd64 only)
        if: matrix.arch == 'amd64'
@@ -552,38 +547,35 @@ jobs:
        run: mv ${{ env.downloadPath }}\opengl32.dll ${{ github.workspace }}\dist\${{ env.PackageWorkdir }}\

      - name: Download EnVar plugin for NSIS
-        uses: netbirdio/shared-actions/actions/win-download-and-verify@be5df6047383da2236e02243cceb857d8567c27e # v0.0.2
+        uses: carlosperate/download-file-action@v2
        with:
-          url: https://pkgs.netbird.io/nsis/EnVar_plugin.zip
-          destination: ${{ github.workspace }}\envar_plugin.zip
-          sha256: e9aa92de351345ed82795251d838f1ae9041ba35af9d381a5780c7843b01f56a
+          file-url: https://nsis.sourceforge.io/mediawiki/images/7/7f/EnVar_plugin.zip
+          file-name: envar_plugin.zip
+          location: ${{ github.workspace }}

      - name: Extract EnVar plugin
        run: 7z x -o"${{ github.workspace }}/NSIS_Plugins" "${{ github.workspace }}/envar_plugin.zip"

      - name: Download ShellExecAsUser plugin for NSIS (amd64 only)
+        uses: carlosperate/download-file-action@v2
        if: matrix.arch == 'amd64'
-        uses: netbirdio/shared-actions/actions/win-download-and-verify@be5df6047383da2236e02243cceb857d8567c27e # v0.0.2
        with:
-          url: https://pkgs.netbird.io/nsis/ShellExecAsUser_amd64-Unicode.7z
-          destination: ${{ github.workspace }}\ShellExecAsUser_amd64-Unicode.7z
-          sha256: 0a55ea25c7330a92cec028eda8afcaf1b1a7092e0dfb77c21c8f654564b4ff9d
+          file-url: https://nsis.sourceforge.io/mediawiki/images/6/68/ShellExecAsUser_amd64-Unicode.7z
+          file-name: ShellExecAsUser_amd64-Unicode.7z
+          location: ${{ github.workspace }}

      - name: Extract ShellExecAsUser plugin (amd64 only)
        if: matrix.arch == 'amd64'
        run: 7z x -o"${{ github.workspace }}/NSIS_Plugins" "${{ github.workspace }}/ShellExecAsUser_amd64-Unicode.7z"

      - name: Build NSIS installer
-        shell: pwsh
+        uses: joncloud/makensis-action@v3.3
+        with:
+          additional-plugin-paths: ${{ github.workspace }}/NSIS_Plugins/Plugins
+          script-file: client/installer.nsis
+          arguments: "/V4 /DARCH=${{ matrix.arch }}"
        env:
          APPVER: ${{ steps.semver_parser.outputs.major }}.${{ steps.semver_parser.outputs.minor }}.${{ steps.semver_parser.outputs.patch }}.${{ github.run_id }}
-        run: |
-          $nsisPluginDir = "C:\Program Files (x86)\NSIS\Plugins\x86-unicode"
-          $srcPlugins    = "${{ github.workspace }}\NSIS_Plugins\Plugins"
-          Get-ChildItem -Path $srcPlugins -Recurse -Filter *.dll |
-            Copy-Item -Destination $nsisPluginDir -Force
-          & "C:\Program Files (x86)\NSIS\makensis.exe" /V4 "/DARCH=${{ matrix.arch }}" client\installer.nsis
-          if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0) { throw "makensis failed with exit code $LASTEXITCODE" }

      - name: Rename NSIS installer
        run: mv netbird-installer.exe netbird_installer_test_windows_${{ matrix.arch }}.exe
@@ -600,7 +592,7 @@ jobs:

      - name: Upload installer artifacts
        if: always()
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@043fb46d1a93c77aae656e7c1c64a875d1fc6a0a #v7.0.1
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
        with:
          name: windows-installer-test-${{ matrix.arch }}
          path: |
@@ -619,7 +611,7 @@ jobs:
      pull-requests: write
    steps:
      - name: Create or update PR comment
-        uses: actions/github-script@3a2844b7e9c422d3c10d287c895573f7108da1b3 # v9.0.0
+        uses: actions/github-script@v7
        env:
          RELEASE_RESULT: ${{ needs.release.result }}
          RELEASE_UI_RESULT: ${{ needs.release_ui.result }}
@@ -711,7 +703,7 @@ jobs:
    if: startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/')
    steps:
      - name: Trigger binaries sign pipelines
-        uses: benc-uk/workflow-dispatch@31e2b3319479a63f0ab15bf800eff9e913504e26 # v1.3.2
+        uses: benc-uk/workflow-dispatch@v1
        with:
          workflow: Sign bin and installer
          repo: netbirdio/sign-pipelines
--- a/.github/workflows/sync-main.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/sync-main.yml
@@ -14,9 +14,9 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - name: Trigger main branch sync
-        uses: benc-uk/workflow-dispatch@31e2b3319479a63f0ab15bf800eff9e913504e26 # v1.3.2
+        uses: benc-uk/workflow-dispatch@v1
        with:
          workflow: sync-main.yml
          repo: ${{ secrets.UPSTREAM_REPO }}
          token: ${{ secrets.NC_GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-          inputs: '{ "sha": "${{ github.sha }}" }'
+          inputs: '{ "sha": "${{ github.sha }}" }'
--- a/.github/workflows/sync-tag.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/sync-tag.yml
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ name: sync tag
 on:
  push:
    tags:
-      - "v*"
+      - 'v*'

 concurrency:
  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}-${{ github.head_ref || github.actor_id }}
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - name: Trigger release tag sync
-        uses: benc-uk/workflow-dispatch@31e2b3319479a63f0ab15bf800eff9e913504e26 # v1.3.2
+        uses: benc-uk/workflow-dispatch@v1
        with:
          workflow: sync-tag.yml
          ref: main
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ jobs:
    if: github.event.created && !github.event.deleted && startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/v') && !contains(github.ref_name, '-')
    steps:
      - name: Trigger android-client submodule bump
-        uses: benc-uk/workflow-dispatch@31e2b3319479a63f0ab15bf800eff9e913504e26 # v1.3.2
+        uses: benc-uk/workflow-dispatch@7a027648b88c2413826b6ddd6c76114894dc5ec4 # v1.3.1
        with:
          workflow: bump-netbird.yml
          ref: main
@@ -42,10 +42,10 @@ jobs:
    if: github.event.created && !github.event.deleted && startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/v') && !contains(github.ref_name, '-')
    steps:
      - name: Trigger ios-client submodule bump
-        uses: benc-uk/workflow-dispatch@31e2b3319479a63f0ab15bf800eff9e913504e26 # v1.3.2
+        uses: benc-uk/workflow-dispatch@7a027648b88c2413826b6ddd6c76114894dc5ec4 # v1.3.1
        with:
          workflow: bump-netbird.yml
          ref: main
          repo: netbirdio/ios-client
          token: ${{ secrets.NC_GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-          inputs: '{ "tag": "${{ github.ref_name }}" }'
+          inputs: '{ "tag": "${{ github.ref_name }}" }'
--- a/.github/workflows/test-infrastructure-files.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test-infrastructure-files.yml
@@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ on:
      - main
  pull_request:
    paths:
-      - "infrastructure_files/**"
-      - ".github/workflows/test-infrastructure-files.yml"
-      - "management/cmd/**"
-      - "signal/cmd/**"
+      - 'infrastructure_files/**'
+      - '.github/workflows/test-infrastructure-files.yml'
+      - 'management/cmd/**'
+      - 'signal/cmd/**'

 concurrency:
  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}-${{ github.head_ref || github.actor_id }}
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    strategy:
      matrix:
-        store: ["sqlite", "postgres", "mysql"]
+        store: [ 'sqlite', 'postgres', 'mysql' ]
    services:
      postgres:
        image: ${{ (matrix.store == 'postgres') && 'postgres' || '' }}
@@ -68,17 +68,15 @@ jobs:
        run: sudo apt-get install -y curl

      - name: Checkout code
-        uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
-        with:
-          persist-credentials: false
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4

      - name: Install Go
-        uses: actions/setup-go@4b73464bb391d4059bd26b0524d20df3927bd417 # v6.3.0
+        uses: actions/setup-go@v5
        with:
          go-version-file: "go.mod"

      - name: Cache Go modules
-        uses: actions/cache@27d5ce7f107fe9357f9df03efb73ab90386fccae # v5.0.5
+        uses: actions/cache@v4
        with:
          path: ~/go/pkg/mod
          key: ${{ runner.os }}-go-${{ hashFiles('**/go.sum') }}
@@ -141,8 +139,8 @@ jobs:
          CI_NETBIRD_IDP_MGMT_CLIENT_SECRET: testing.client.secret
          CI_NETBIRD_SIGNAL_PORT: 12345
          CI_NETBIRD_STORE_CONFIG_ENGINE: ${{ matrix.store }}
-          NETBIRD_STORE_ENGINE_POSTGRES_DSN: "${{ env.NETBIRD_STORE_ENGINE_POSTGRES_DSN }}$"
-          NETBIRD_STORE_ENGINE_MYSQL_DSN: "${{ env.NETBIRD_STORE_ENGINE_MYSQL_DSN }}$"
+          NETBIRD_STORE_ENGINE_POSTGRES_DSN: '${{ env.NETBIRD_STORE_ENGINE_POSTGRES_DSN }}$'
+          NETBIRD_STORE_ENGINE_MYSQL_DSN: '${{ env.NETBIRD_STORE_ENGINE_MYSQL_DSN }}$'
          CI_NETBIRD_MGMT_IDP_SIGNKEY_REFRESH: false
          CI_NETBIRD_TURN_EXTERNAL_IP: "1.2.3.4"
          CI_NETBIRD_MGMT_DISABLE_DEFAULT_POLICY: false
@@ -256,9 +254,7 @@ jobs:
        run: sudo apt-get install -y jq

      - name: Checkout code
-        uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
-        with:
-          persist-credentials: false
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4

      - name: run script with Zitadel PostgreSQL
        run: NETBIRD_DOMAIN=use-ip bash -x infrastructure_files/getting-started-with-zitadel.sh
--- a/.github/workflows/update-docs.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/update-docs.yml
@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@ name: update docs
 on:
  push:
    tags:
-      - "v*"
+      - 'v*'
    paths:
-      - "shared/management/http/api/openapi.yml"
+      - 'shared/management/http/api/openapi.yml'

 jobs:
  trigger_docs_api_update:
@@ -13,10 +13,10 @@ jobs:
    if: startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/')
    steps:
      - name: Trigger API pages generation
-        uses: benc-uk/workflow-dispatch@31e2b3319479a63f0ab15bf800eff9e913504e26 # v1.3.2
+        uses: benc-uk/workflow-dispatch@v1
        with:
          workflow: generate api pages
          repo: netbirdio/docs
          ref: "refs/heads/main"
          token: ${{ secrets.SIGN_GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-          inputs: '{ "tag": "${{ github.ref }}" }'
+          inputs: '{ "tag": "${{ github.ref }}" }'
--- a/.github/workflows/wasm-build-validation.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/wasm-build-validation.yml
@@ -19,17 +19,15 @@ jobs:
      GOARCH: wasm
    steps:
      - name: Checkout repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
-        with:
-          persist-credentials: false
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - name: Install Go
-        uses: actions/setup-go@4b73464bb391d4059bd26b0524d20df3927bd417 # v6.3.0
+        uses: actions/setup-go@v5
        with:
          go-version-file: "go.mod"
      - name: Install dependencies
        run: sudo apt update && sudo apt install -y -q libgtk-3-dev libayatana-appindicator3-dev libgl1-mesa-dev xorg-dev libpcap-dev
      - name: Install golangci-lint
-        uses: golangci/golangci-lint-action@82606bf257cbaff209d206a39f5134f0cfbfd2ee #v9.2.1
+        uses: golangci/golangci-lint-action@4afd733a84b1f43292c63897423277bb7f4313a9 # v8.0.0
        with:
          version: latest
          install-mode: binary
@@ -44,11 +42,9 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - name: Checkout repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
-        with:
-          persist-credentials: false
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - name: Install Go
-        uses: actions/setup-go@4b73464bb391d4059bd26b0524d20df3927bd417 # v6.3.0
+        uses: actions/setup-go@v5
        with:
          go-version-file: "go.mod"
      - name: Build Wasm client
@@ -69,3 +65,4 @@ jobs:
            echo "Wasm binary size (${SIZE_MB}MB) exceeds 56MB limit!"
            exit 1
          fi
+
--- a/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ If you haven't already, join our slack workspace [here](https://docs.netbird.io/
 - [Contributing to NetBird](#contributing-to-netbird)
    - [Contents](#contents)
    - [Code of conduct](#code-of-conduct)
-    - [Discuss changes with the NetBird team first](#discuss-changes-with-the-netbird-team-first)
    - [Directory structure](#directory-structure)
    - [Development setup](#development-setup)
        - [Requirements](#requirements)
@@ -34,14 +33,6 @@ Conduct which can be found in the file [CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md](CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md).
 By participating, you are expected to uphold this code. Please report
 unacceptable behavior to community@netbird.io.

-## Discuss changes with the NetBird team first
-
-Changes to the **public API**, **gRPC protocols**, **functionality behavior**, **CLI / service flags**, or **new features** should be discussed with the NetBird team before you start the work. These surfaces are part of NetBird's contract with operators, self-hosters, and downstream integrators, and changes to them have compatibility, security, and release-planning implications that benefit from an early conversation.
-
-Open an issue or reach out on [Slack](https://docs.netbird.io/slack-url) to talk through what you have in mind. We'll help shape the change, flag any constraints we know about, and confirm the direction so the PR review can focus on implementation rather than design.
-
-Typical bug fixes, internal refactors, documentation updates, and tests do not need pre-discussion — open the PR directly.
-
 ## Directory structure

 The NetBird project monorepo is organized to maintain most of its individual dependencies code within their directories, except for a few auxiliary or shared packages.
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1,134 +1,147 @@

 <div align="center">
-  <p align="center">
-    <img width="234" src="docs/media/logo-full.png" alt="NetBird logo"/>
-  </p>
-  <p align="center">
-    <a href="https://sonarcloud.io/dashboard?id=netbirdio_netbird">
-      <img src="https://sonarcloud.io/api/project_badges/measure?project=netbirdio_netbird&metric=alert_status" alt="SonarCloud alert status"/>
-    </a>
-    <a href="https://github.com/netbirdio/netbird/blob/main/LICENSE">
-      <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/license-BSD--3-blue" alt="BSD-3 License"/>
-    </a>
+<br/>
+  <br/>
+<p align="center">
+  <img width="234" src="docs/media/logo-full.png"/>
+</p>
+  <p>
+   <a href="https://img.shields.io/badge/license-BSD--3-blue)">
+       <img src="https://sonarcloud.io/api/project_badges/measure?project=netbirdio_netbird&metric=alert_status" />
+     </a> 
+     <a href="https://github.com/netbirdio/netbird/blob/main/LICENSE">
+       <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/license-BSD--3-blue" />
+     </a> 
+    <br>
    <a href="https://docs.netbird.io/slack-url">
-      <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/slack-@netbird-red.svg?logo=slack" alt="NetBird Slack"/>
-    </a>
+        <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/slack-@netbird-red.svg?logo=slack"/>
+     </a>
    <a href="https://forum.netbird.io">
-      <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/community%20forum-@netbird-red.svg?logo=discourse" alt="Community forum"/>
-    </a>
+        <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/community forum-@netbird-red.svg?logo=discourse"/>
+     </a>  
+     <br>
    <a href="https://gurubase.io/g/netbird">
-      <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/Gurubase-Ask%20NetBird%20Guru-006BFF" alt="Gurubase: Ask NetBird Guru"/>
-    </a>
+        <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/Gurubase-Ask%20NetBird%20Guru-006BFF"/>
+     </a>    
  </p>
 </div>

+
 <p align="center">
-  <strong>
-    Start using NetBird at <a href="https://netbird.io/pricing">netbird.io</a>
-    <br/>
-    See <a href="https://netbird.io/docs/">Documentation</a>
-    <br/>
-    Join our <a href="https://docs.netbird.io/slack-url">Slack channel</a> or our <a href="https://forum.netbird.io">Community forum</a>
-  </strong>
+<strong>
+  Start using NetBird at <a href="https://netbird.io/pricing">netbird.io</a>
  <br/>
+  See <a href="https://netbird.io/docs/">Documentation</a>
  <br/>
-  <strong>
-    🚀 <a href="https://careers.netbird.io">We are hiring! Join us at careers.netbird.io</a>
-  </strong>
+   Join our <a href="https://docs.netbird.io/slack-url">Slack channel</a> or our <a href="https://forum.netbird.io">Community forum</a>
+  <br/>
+ 
+</strong>
+<br>
+<strong>
+  🚀 <a href="https://careers.netbird.io">We are hiring! Join us at careers.netbird.io</a>
+</strong>
+<br>
+<br>
+<a href="https://registry.terraform.io/providers/netbirdio/netbird/latest">
+    New: NetBird terraform provider
+  </a> 
 </p>

+<br>
+
 **NetBird combines a configuration-free peer-to-peer private network and a centralized access control system in a single platform, making it easy to create secure private networks for your organization or home.**

 **Connect.** NetBird creates a WireGuard-based overlay network that automatically connects your machines over an encrypted tunnel, leaving behind the hassle of opening ports, complex firewall rules, VPN gateways, and so forth.

 **Secure.** NetBird enables secure remote access by applying granular access policies while allowing you to manage them intuitively from a single place. Works universally on any infrastructure.

+### Open Source Network Security in a Single Platform
+
 https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/10cec749-bb56-4ab3-97af-4e38850108d2

-### Self-host NetBird (video)
-
+### Self-Host NetBird (Video)
 [![Watch the video](https://img.youtube.com/vi/bZAgpT6nzaQ/0.jpg)](https://youtu.be/bZAgpT6nzaQ)

 ### Key features

-| Connectivity | Management | Security | Automation | Platforms |
-|---|---|---|---|---|
-| ✓ [Kernel WireGuard](https://docs.netbird.io/about-netbird/why-wireguard-with-netbird) | ✓ [Admin Web UI](https://github.com/netbirdio/dashboard) | ✓ [SSO & MFA support](https://docs.netbird.io/how-to/installation#running-net-bird-with-sso-login) | ✓ [Public API](https://docs.netbird.io/api) | ✓ [Linux](https://docs.netbird.io/get-started/install/linux) |
-| ✓ [Peer-to-peer connections](https://docs.netbird.io/about-netbird/how-netbird-works) | ✓ Auto peer discovery and configuration | ✓ [Access control: groups & rules](https://docs.netbird.io/how-to/manage-network-access) | ✓ [Setup keys for bulk provisioning](https://docs.netbird.io/how-to/register-machines-using-setup-keys) | ✓ [macOS](https://docs.netbird.io/get-started/install/macos) |
-| ✓ Connection relay fallback | ✓ [IdP integrations](https://docs.netbird.io/selfhosted/identity-providers) | ✓ [Activity logging](https://docs.netbird.io/how-to/audit-events-logging) | ✓ [Self-hosting quickstart script](https://docs.netbird.io/selfhosted/selfhosted-quickstart) | ✓ [Windows](https://docs.netbird.io/get-started/install/windows) |
-| ✓ [Routes to external networks](https://docs.netbird.io/how-to/routing-traffic-to-private-networks) | ✓ [Private DNS](https://docs.netbird.io/how-to/manage-dns-in-your-network) | ✓ [Traffic events](https://docs.netbird.io/manage/activity/traffic-events-logging) | ✓ [IdP groups sync with JWT](https://docs.netbird.io/manage/team/idp-sync) | ✓ [Android](https://docs.netbird.io/get-started/install/android) |
-| ✓ [Domain-based DNS routes](https://docs.netbird.io/manage/dns/dns-aliases-for-routed-networks) | ✓ [Custom DNS zones](https://docs.netbird.io/manage/dns/custom-zones) | ✓ [Device posture checks](https://docs.netbird.io/how-to/manage-posture-checks) | ✓ [Terraform provider](https://registry.terraform.io/providers/netbirdio/netbird/latest) | ✓ [Android TV](https://docs.netbird.io/get-started/install/android-tv) |
-| ✓ [Exit nodes](https://docs.netbird.io/manage/network-routes/use-cases/exit-nodes) | ✓ [Multiuser support](https://docs.netbird.io/how-to/add-users-to-your-network) | ✓ Peer-to-peer encryption | ✓ [Ansible collection](https://github.com/netbirdio/ansible-netbird) | ✓ [iOS](https://docs.netbird.io/get-started/install/ios) |
-| ✓ [IPv6 dual-stack overlay](https://docs.netbird.io/manage/settings/ipv6) | ✓ [Multi-account profile switching](https://docs.netbird.io/client/profiles) | ✓ [SSH with central access policies](https://docs.netbird.io/manage/peers/ssh) | | ✓ [Apple TV](https://docs.netbird.io/get-started/install/tvos) |
-| ✓ [Browser SSH & RDP](https://docs.netbird.io/manage/peers/browser-client) | | ✓ [Quantum-resistance with Rosenpass](https://netbird.io/knowledge-hub/the-first-quantum-resistant-mesh-vpn) | | ✓ FreeBSD |
-| ✓ [Reverse proxy with auto-TLS](https://docs.netbird.io/manage/reverse-proxy) | | ✓ [Periodic re-authentication](https://docs.netbird.io/how-to/enforce-periodic-user-authentication) | | ✓ [pfSense](https://docs.netbird.io/get-started/install/pfsense) |
-| | | | | ✓ [OPNsense](https://docs.netbird.io/get-started/install/opnsense) |
-| | | | | ✓ [MikroTik RouterOS](https://docs.netbird.io/use-cases/homelab/client-on-mikrotik-router) |
-| | | | | ✓ OpenWRT |
-| | | | | ✓ [Synology](https://docs.netbird.io/get-started/install/synology) |
-| | | | | ✓ [TrueNAS](https://docs.netbird.io/get-started/install/truenas) |
-| | | | | ✓ [Proxmox](https://docs.netbird.io/get-started/install/proxmox-ve) |
-| | | | | ✓ [Raspberry Pi](https://docs.netbird.io/get-started/install/raspberrypi) |
-| | | | | ✓ [Serverless](https://docs.netbird.io/how-to/netbird-on-faas) |
-| | | | | ✓ [Container](https://docs.netbird.io/get-started/install/docker) |
+| Connectivity | Management | Security | Automation| Platforms |
+|----|----|----|----|----|
+| <ul><li>- \[x] Kernel WireGuard</ul></li> | <ul><li>- \[x] [Admin Web UI](https://github.com/netbirdio/dashboard)</ul></li> | <ul><li>- \[x] [SSO & MFA support](https://docs.netbird.io/how-to/installation#running-net-bird-with-sso-login)</ul></li> | <ul><li>- \[x] [Public API](https://docs.netbird.io/api)</ul></li> | <ul><li>- \[x] Linux</ul></li> |
+| <ul><li>- \[x] Peer-to-peer connections</ul></li> | <ul><li>- \[x] Auto peer discovery and configuration</ui></li> | <ul><li>- \[x] [Access control - groups & rules](https://docs.netbird.io/how-to/manage-network-access)</ui></li> | <ul><li>- \[x] [Setup keys for bulk network provisioning](https://docs.netbird.io/how-to/register-machines-using-setup-keys)</ui></li> | <ul><li>- \[x] Mac</ui></li> |
+| <ul><li>- \[x] Connection relay fallback</ui></li> | <ul><li>- \[x] [IdP integrations](https://docs.netbird.io/selfhosted/identity-providers)</ui></li> | <ul><li>- \[x] [Activity logging](https://docs.netbird.io/how-to/audit-events-logging)</ui></li> | <ul><li>- \[x] [Self-hosting quickstart script](https://docs.netbird.io/selfhosted/selfhosted-quickstart)</ui></li> | <ul><li>- \[x] Windows</ui></li> |
+| <ul><li>- \[x] [Routes to external networks](https://docs.netbird.io/how-to/routing-traffic-to-private-networks)</ui></li> | <ul><li>- \[x] [Private DNS](https://docs.netbird.io/how-to/manage-dns-in-your-network)</ui></li> | <ul><li>- \[x] [Device posture checks](https://docs.netbird.io/how-to/manage-posture-checks)</ui></li> | <ul><li>- \[x] IdP groups sync with JWT</ui></li> | <ul><li>- \[x] Android</ui></li> |
+| <ul><li>- \[x] NAT traversal with BPF</ui></li> | <ul><li>- \[x] [Multiuser support](https://docs.netbird.io/how-to/add-users-to-your-network)</ui></li> | <ul><li>- \[x] Peer-to-peer encryption</ui></li> || <ul><li>- \[x] iOS</ui></li> |
+||| <ul><li>- \[x] [Quantum-resistance with Rosenpass](https://netbird.io/knowledge-hub/the-first-quantum-resistant-mesh-vpn)</ui></li> || <ul><li>- \[x] OpenWRT</ui></li> |
+||| <ul><li>- \[x] [Periodic re-authentication](https://docs.netbird.io/how-to/enforce-periodic-user-authentication)</ui></li> || <ul><li>- \[x] [Serverless](https://docs.netbird.io/how-to/netbird-on-faas)</ui></li> |
+||||| <ul><li>- \[x] Docker</ui></li> |

 ### Quickstart with NetBird Cloud

- Download and install NetBird at [https://app.netbird.io/install](https://app.netbird.io/install).
- Follow the steps to sign up with Google, Microsoft, GitHub or your email address.
- Check the NetBird [admin UI](https://app.netbird.io/).
+- Download and install NetBird at [https://app.netbird.io/install](https://app.netbird.io/install)
+- Follow the steps to sign-up with Google, Microsoft, GitHub or your email address.
+- Check NetBird [admin UI](https://app.netbird.io/).
+- Add more machines.

 ### Quickstart with self-hosted NetBird

-This is the quickest way to try self-hosted NetBird. It should take around 5 minutes to get started if you already have a public domain and a VM. Follow the [Advanced guide with a custom identity provider](https://docs.netbird.io/selfhosted/selfhosted-guide#advanced-guide-with-a-custom-identity-provider) for installations with different IdPs.
+> This is the quickest way to try self-hosted NetBird. It should take around 5 minutes to get started if you already have a public domain and a VM.
+Follow the [Advanced guide with a custom identity provider](https://docs.netbird.io/selfhosted/selfhosted-guide#advanced-guide-with-a-custom-identity-provider) for installations with different IDPs.

 **Infrastructure requirements:**
- A Linux VM with at least **1 CPU** and **2 GB** of memory.
- The VM should be publicly accessible on TCP ports **80** and **443** and UDP port **3478**.
- A **public domain** name pointing to the VM.
+- A Linux VM with at least **1CPU** and **2GB** of memory.
+- The VM should be publicly accessible on TCP ports **80** and **443** and UDP port: **3478**.
+- **Public domain** name pointing to the VM.

 **Software requirements:**
- Docker with the Compose plugin (Compose v2 or higher). See the [Docker installation guide](https://docs.docker.com/engine/install/).
+- Docker installed on the VM with the docker-compose plugin ([Docker installation guide](https://docs.docker.com/engine/install/)) or docker with docker-compose in version 2 or higher.
+- [jq](https://jqlang.github.io/jq/) installed. In most distributions
+  Usually available in the official repositories and can be installed with `sudo apt install jq` or `sudo yum install jq`
+- [curl](https://curl.se/) installed.
+  Usually available in the official repositories and can be installed with `sudo apt install curl` or `sudo yum install curl`

 **Steps**
 - Download and run the installation script:
 ```bash
 export NETBIRD_DOMAIN=netbird.example.com; curl -fsSL https://github.com/netbirdio/netbird/releases/latest/download/getting-started.sh | bash
 ```
+- Once finished, you can manage the resources via `docker-compose`

 ### A bit on NetBird internals
- Every machine in the network runs the [NetBird agent](client/), which manages WireGuard.
- Every agent connects to the [Management Service](management/), which holds network state, manages peer IPs, and distributes updates to agents.
- Agents use ICE (via [pion/ice](https://github.com/pion/ice)) to discover connection candidates for peer-to-peer connections.
- Candidates are discovered with the help of [STUN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STUN) servers.
- Agents negotiate a connection through the [Signal Service](signal/), exchanging end-to-end encrypted messages with candidates.
- When NAT traversal fails (e.g. mobile carrier-grade NAT) and a direct p2p connection isn't possible, the system falls back to a [Relay Service](relay/) and a secure WireGuard tunnel is established through it.
+-  Every machine in the network runs [NetBird Agent (or Client)](client/) that manages WireGuard.
+-  Every agent connects to [Management Service](management/) that holds network state, manages peer IPs, and distributes network updates to agents (peers).
+-  NetBird agent uses WebRTC ICE implemented in [pion/ice library](https://github.com/pion/ice) to discover connection candidates when establishing a peer-to-peer connection between machines.
+-  Connection candidates are discovered with the help of [STUN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STUN) servers.
+-  Agents negotiate a connection through [Signal Service](signal/) passing p2p encrypted messages with candidates.
+-  Sometimes the NAT traversal is unsuccessful due to strict NATs (e.g. mobile carrier-grade NAT) and a p2p connection isn't possible. When this occurs the system falls back to a relay server called [TURN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traversal_Using_Relays_around_NAT), and a secure WireGuard tunnel is established via the TURN server. 
+ 
+[Coturn](https://github.com/coturn/coturn) is the one that has been successfully used for STUN and TURN in NetBird setups.

 <p float="left" align="middle">
-  <img src="https://docs.netbird.io/docs-static/img/about-netbird/high-level-dia.png" width="700" alt="NetBird high-level architecture diagram"/>
+  <img src="https://docs.netbird.io/docs-static/img/about-netbird/high-level-dia.png" width="700"/>
 </p>

 See a complete [architecture overview](https://docs.netbird.io/about-netbird/how-netbird-works#architecture) for details.

 ### Community projects
- [NetBird installer script](https://github.com/physk/netbird-installer)
- [netbird-tui](https://github.com/n0pashkov/netbird-tui) - terminal UI for managing NetBird peers, routes, and settings
- [caddy-netbird](https://github.com/lixmal/caddy-netbird) - Caddy plugin that embeds a NetBird client for proxying HTTP and TCP/UDP traffic through NetBird networks
+-  [NetBird installer script](https://github.com/physk/netbird-installer)
+-  [NetBird ansible collection by Dominion Solutions](https://galaxy.ansible.com/ui/repo/published/dominion_solutions/netbird/)
+-  [netbird-tui](https://github.com/n0pashkov/netbird-tui) — terminal UI for managing NetBird peers, routes, and settings

 **Note**: The `main` branch may be in an *unstable or even broken state* during development.
 For stable versions, see [releases](https://github.com/netbirdio/netbird/releases).

 ### Support acknowledgement

-In November 2022, NetBird joined the [StartUpSecure program](https://www.forschung-it-sicherheit-kommunikationssysteme.de/foerderung/bekanntmachungen/startup-secure) sponsored by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research of the Federal Republic of Germany. Together with the [CISPA Helmholtz Center for Information Security](https://cispa.de/en), NetBird brings security best practices and simplicity to private networking.
+In November 2022, NetBird joined the [StartUpSecure program](https://www.forschung-it-sicherheit-kommunikationssysteme.de/foerderung/bekanntmachungen/startup-secure) sponsored by The Federal Ministry of Education and Research of The Federal Republic of Germany. Together with [CISPA Helmholtz Center for Information Security](https://cispa.de/en) NetBird brings the security best practices and simplicity to private networking.

 ![CISPA_Logo_BLACK_EN_RZ_RGB (1)](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/700848/203091324-c6d311a0-22b5-4b05-a288-91cbc6cdcc46.png)

-### Acknowledgements
-We build on open-source technologies like [WireGuard®](https://www.wireguard.com/), [Pion ICE](https://github.com/pion/ice), and [Rosenpass](https://rosenpass.eu). We greatly appreciate the work these projects are doing, and we'd love it if you could support them too (e.g., by starring or contributing).
+### Testimonials
+We use open-source technologies like [WireGuard®](https://www.wireguard.com/), [Pion ICE (WebRTC)](https://github.com/pion/ice), [Coturn](https://github.com/coturn/coturn), and [Rosenpass](https://rosenpass.eu). We very much appreciate the work these guys are doing and we'd greatly appreciate if you could support them in any way (e.g., by giving a star or a contribution).

 ### Legal
-This repository is licensed under the BSD-3-Clause license, which applies to all parts of the repository except for the directories management/, signal/ and relay/.
+This repository is licensed under BSD-3-Clause license that applies to all parts of the repository except for the directories management/, signal/ and relay/.
 Those directories are licensed under the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.0 (AGPLv3). See the respective LICENSE files inside each directory.

 _WireGuard_ and the _WireGuard_ logo are [registered trademarks](https://www.wireguard.com/trademark-policy/) of Jason A. Donenfeld.
--- a/client/cmd/root.go
+++ b/client/cmd/root.go
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ func init() {
 	rootCmd.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&preSharedKey, preSharedKeyFlag, "", "Sets WireGuard PreSharedKey property. If set, then only peers that have the same key can communicate.")
 	rootCmd.PersistentFlags().StringVarP(&hostName, "hostname", "n", "", "Sets a custom hostname for the device")
 	rootCmd.PersistentFlags().BoolVarP(&anonymizeFlag, "anonymize", "A", false, "anonymize IP addresses and non-netbird.io domains in logs and status output")
-	rootCmd.PersistentFlags().StringVarP(&configPath, "config", "c", profilemanager.DefaultConfigPath, "Overrides the default profile file location")
+	rootCmd.PersistentFlags().StringVarP(&configPath, "config", "c", defaultConfigPath, "Overrides the default profile file location")

 	rootCmd.AddCommand(upCmd)
 	rootCmd.AddCommand(downCmd)
--- a/client/cmd/status.go
+++ b/client/cmd/status.go
@@ -43,16 +43,16 @@ func init() {
 	ipsFilterMap = make(map[string]struct{})
 	prefixNamesFilterMap = make(map[string]struct{})
 	statusCmd.PersistentFlags().BoolVarP(&detailFlag, "detail", "d", false, "display detailed status information in human-readable format")
-	statusCmd.PersistentFlags().BoolVarP(&jsonFlag, "json", "j", false, "display detailed status information in json format")
-	statusCmd.PersistentFlags().BoolVarP(&yamlFlag, "yaml", "y", false, "display detailed status information in yaml format")
-	statusCmd.PersistentFlags().BoolVarP(&ipv4Flag, "ipv4", "4", false, "display only NetBird IPv4 of this peer, e.g., --ipv4 will output 100.64.0.33")
-	statusCmd.PersistentFlags().BoolVarP(&ipv6Flag, "ipv6", "6", false, "display only NetBird IPv6 of this peer")
+	statusCmd.PersistentFlags().BoolVar(&jsonFlag, "json", false, "display detailed status information in json format")
+	statusCmd.PersistentFlags().BoolVar(&yamlFlag, "yaml", false, "display detailed status information in yaml format")
+	statusCmd.PersistentFlags().BoolVar(&ipv4Flag, "ipv4", false, "display only NetBird IPv4 of this peer, e.g., --ipv4 will output 100.64.0.33")
+	statusCmd.PersistentFlags().BoolVar(&ipv6Flag, "ipv6", false, "display only NetBird IPv6 of this peer")
 	statusCmd.MarkFlagsMutuallyExclusive("detail", "json", "yaml", "ipv4", "ipv6")
-	statusCmd.PersistentFlags().StringSliceVarP(&ipsFilter, "filter-by-ips", "I", []string{}, "filters the detailed output by a list of one or more IPs (v4 or v6), e.g., --filter-by-ips 100.64.0.100,fd00::1")
-	statusCmd.PersistentFlags().StringSliceVarP(&prefixNamesFilter, "filter-by-names", "N", []string{}, "filters the detailed output by a list of one or more peer FQDN or hostnames, e.g., --filter-by-names peer-a,peer-b.netbird.cloud")
-	statusCmd.PersistentFlags().StringVarP(&statusFilter, "filter-by-status", "S", "", "filters the detailed output by connection status(idle|connecting|connected), e.g., --filter-by-status connected")
-	statusCmd.PersistentFlags().StringVarP(&connectionTypeFilter, "filter-by-connection-type", "T", "", "filters the detailed output by connection type (P2P|Relayed), e.g., --filter-by-connection-type P2P")
-	statusCmd.PersistentFlags().StringVarP(&checkFlag, "check", "C", "", "run a health check and exit with code 0 on success, 1 on failure (live|ready|startup)")
+	statusCmd.PersistentFlags().StringSliceVar(&ipsFilter, "filter-by-ips", []string{}, "filters the detailed output by a list of one or more IPs (v4 or v6), e.g., --filter-by-ips 100.64.0.100,fd00::1")
+	statusCmd.PersistentFlags().StringSliceVar(&prefixNamesFilter, "filter-by-names", []string{}, "filters the detailed output by a list of one or more peer FQDN or hostnames, e.g., --filter-by-names peer-a,peer-b.netbird.cloud")
+	statusCmd.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&statusFilter, "filter-by-status", "", "filters the detailed output by connection status(idle|connecting|connected), e.g., --filter-by-status connected")
+	statusCmd.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&connectionTypeFilter, "filter-by-connection-type", "", "filters the detailed output by connection type (P2P|Relayed), e.g., --filter-by-connection-type P2P")
+	statusCmd.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&checkFlag, "check", "", "run a health check and exit with code 0 on success, 1 on failure (live|ready|startup)")
 }

 func statusFunc(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
--- a/client/embed/embed.go
+++ b/client/embed/embed.go
@@ -336,7 +336,7 @@ func (c *Client) ListenTCP(address string) (net.Listener, error) {
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("split host port: %w", err)
 	}
-	listenAddr := net.JoinHostPort(addr.String(), port)
+	listenAddr := fmt.Sprintf("%s:%s", addr, port)

 	tcpAddr, err := net.ResolveTCPAddr("tcp", listenAddr)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -357,7 +357,7 @@ func (c *Client) ListenUDP(address string) (net.PacketConn, error) {
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("split host port: %w", err)
 	}
-	listenAddr := net.JoinHostPort(addr.String(), port)
+	listenAddr := fmt.Sprintf("%s:%s", addr, port)

 	udpAddr, err := net.ResolveUDPAddr("udp", listenAddr)
 	if err != nil {
--- a/client/firewall/nftables/external_chain_monitor_linux.go
+++ b/client/firewall/nftables/external_chain_monitor_linux.go
@@ -52,10 +52,9 @@ func (m *externalChainMonitor) start() {

 	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
 	m.cancel = cancel
-	done := make(chan struct{})
-	m.done = done
+	m.done = make(chan struct{})

-	go m.run(ctx, done)
+	go m.run(ctx)
 }

 func (m *externalChainMonitor) stop() {
@@ -73,8 +72,8 @@ func (m *externalChainMonitor) stop() {
 	<-done
 }

-func (m *externalChainMonitor) run(ctx context.Context, done chan struct{}) {
-	defer close(done)
+func (m *externalChainMonitor) run(ctx context.Context) {
+	defer close(m.done)

 	bo := &backoff.ExponentialBackOff{
 		InitialInterval:     externalMonitorInitInterval,
--- a/client/firewall/uspfilter/conntrack/cap_test.go
+++ b/client/firewall/uspfilter/conntrack/cap_test.go
@@ -1,125 +0,0 @@
-package conntrack
-
-import (
-	"net/netip"
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/google/gopacket/layers"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
-)
-
-func TestTCPCapEvicts(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Setenv(EnvTCPMaxEntries, "4")
-
-	tracker := NewTCPTracker(DefaultTCPTimeout, logger, flowLogger)
-	defer tracker.Close()
-	require.Equal(t, 4, tracker.maxEntries)
-
-	src := netip.MustParseAddr("100.64.0.1")
-	dst := netip.MustParseAddr("100.64.0.2")
-
-	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
-		tracker.TrackOutbound(src, dst, uint16(10000+i), 80, TCPSyn, 0)
-	}
-	require.LessOrEqual(t, len(tracker.connections), 4,
-		"TCP table must not exceed the configured cap")
-	require.Greater(t, len(tracker.connections), 0,
-		"some entries must remain after eviction")
-
-	// The most recently admitted flow must be present: eviction must make
-	// room for new entries, not silently drop them.
-	require.Contains(t, tracker.connections,
-		ConnKey{SrcIP: src, DstIP: dst, SrcPort: uint16(10009), DstPort: 80},
-		"newest TCP flow must be admitted after eviction")
-	// A pre-cap flow must have been evicted to fit the last one.
-	require.NotContains(t, tracker.connections,
-		ConnKey{SrcIP: src, DstIP: dst, SrcPort: uint16(10000), DstPort: 80},
-		"oldest TCP flow should have been evicted")
-}
-
-func TestTCPCapPrefersTombstonedForEviction(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Setenv(EnvTCPMaxEntries, "3")
-
-	tracker := NewTCPTracker(DefaultTCPTimeout, logger, flowLogger)
-	defer tracker.Close()
-
-	src := netip.MustParseAddr("100.64.0.1")
-	dst := netip.MustParseAddr("100.64.0.2")
-
-	// Fill to cap with 3 live connections.
-	for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
-		tracker.TrackOutbound(src, dst, uint16(20000+i), 80, TCPSyn, 0)
-	}
-	require.Len(t, tracker.connections, 3)
-
-	// Tombstone one by sending RST through IsValidInbound.
-	tombstonedKey := ConnKey{SrcIP: src, DstIP: dst, SrcPort: 20001, DstPort: 80}
-	require.True(t, tracker.IsValidInbound(dst, src, 80, 20001, TCPRst|TCPAck, 0))
-	require.True(t, tracker.connections[tombstonedKey].IsTombstone())
-
-	// Another live connection forces eviction. The tombstone must go first.
-	tracker.TrackOutbound(src, dst, uint16(29999), 80, TCPSyn, 0)
-
-	_, tombstonedStillPresent := tracker.connections[tombstonedKey]
-	require.False(t, tombstonedStillPresent,
-		"tombstoned entry should be evicted before live entries")
-	require.LessOrEqual(t, len(tracker.connections), 3)
-
-	// Both live pre-cap entries must survive: eviction must prefer the
-	// tombstone, not just satisfy the size bound by dropping any entry.
-	require.Contains(t, tracker.connections,
-		ConnKey{SrcIP: src, DstIP: dst, SrcPort: uint16(20000), DstPort: 80},
-		"live entries must not be evicted while a tombstone exists")
-	require.Contains(t, tracker.connections,
-		ConnKey{SrcIP: src, DstIP: dst, SrcPort: uint16(20002), DstPort: 80},
-		"live entries must not be evicted while a tombstone exists")
-}
-
-func TestUDPCapEvicts(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Setenv(EnvUDPMaxEntries, "5")
-
-	tracker := NewUDPTracker(DefaultUDPTimeout, logger, flowLogger)
-	defer tracker.Close()
-	require.Equal(t, 5, tracker.maxEntries)
-
-	src := netip.MustParseAddr("100.64.0.1")
-	dst := netip.MustParseAddr("100.64.0.2")
-
-	for i := 0; i < 12; i++ {
-		tracker.TrackOutbound(src, dst, uint16(30000+i), 53, 0)
-	}
-	require.LessOrEqual(t, len(tracker.connections), 5)
-	require.Greater(t, len(tracker.connections), 0)
-
-	require.Contains(t, tracker.connections,
-		ConnKey{SrcIP: src, DstIP: dst, SrcPort: uint16(30011), DstPort: 53},
-		"newest UDP flow must be admitted after eviction")
-	require.NotContains(t, tracker.connections,
-		ConnKey{SrcIP: src, DstIP: dst, SrcPort: uint16(30000), DstPort: 53},
-		"oldest UDP flow should have been evicted")
-}
-
-func TestICMPCapEvicts(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Setenv(EnvICMPMaxEntries, "3")
-
-	tracker := NewICMPTracker(DefaultICMPTimeout, logger, flowLogger)
-	defer tracker.Close()
-	require.Equal(t, 3, tracker.maxEntries)
-
-	src := netip.MustParseAddr("100.64.0.1")
-	dst := netip.MustParseAddr("100.64.0.2")
-
-	echoReq := layers.CreateICMPv4TypeCode(uint8(layers.ICMPv4TypeEchoRequest), 0)
-	for i := 0; i < 8; i++ {
-		tracker.TrackOutbound(src, dst, uint16(i), echoReq, nil, 64)
-	}
-	require.LessOrEqual(t, len(tracker.connections), 3)
-	require.Greater(t, len(tracker.connections), 0)
-
-	require.Contains(t, tracker.connections,
-		ICMPConnKey{SrcIP: src, DstIP: dst, ID: uint16(7)},
-		"newest ICMP flow must be admitted after eviction")
-	require.NotContains(t, tracker.connections,
-		ICMPConnKey{SrcIP: src, DstIP: dst, ID: uint16(0)},
-		"oldest ICMP flow should have been evicted")
-}
--- a/client/firewall/uspfilter/conntrack/common.go
+++ b/client/firewall/uspfilter/conntrack/common.go
@@ -3,61 +3,15 @@ package conntrack
 import (
 	"net"
 	"net/netip"
-	"os"
 	"strconv"
 	"sync/atomic"
 	"time"

 	"github.com/google/uuid"

-	nblog "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/firewall/uspfilter/log"
 	nftypes "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/netflow/types"
 )

-// evictSampleSize bounds how many map entries we scan per eviction call.
-// Keeps eviction O(1) even at cap under sustained load; the sampled-LRU
-// heuristic is good enough for a conntrack table that only overflows under
-// abuse.
-const evictSampleSize = 8
-
-// envDuration parses an os.Getenv(name) as a time.Duration. Falls back to
-// def on empty or invalid; logs a warning on invalid.
-func envDuration(logger *nblog.Logger, name string, def time.Duration) time.Duration {
-	v := os.Getenv(name)
-	if v == "" {
-		return def
-	}
-	d, err := time.ParseDuration(v)
-	if err != nil {
-		logger.Warn3("invalid %s=%q: %v, using default", name, v, err)
-		return def
-	}
-	if d <= 0 {
-		logger.Warn2("invalid %s=%q: must be positive, using default", name, v)
-		return def
-	}
-	return d
-}
-
-// envInt parses an os.Getenv(name) as an int. Falls back to def on empty,
-// invalid, or non-positive. Logs a warning on invalid input.
-func envInt(logger *nblog.Logger, name string, def int) int {
-	v := os.Getenv(name)
-	if v == "" {
-		return def
-	}
-	n, err := strconv.Atoi(v)
-	switch {
-	case err != nil:
-		logger.Warn3("invalid %s=%q: %v, using default", name, v, err)
-		return def
-	case n <= 0:
-		logger.Warn2("invalid %s=%q: must be positive, using default", name, v)
-		return def
-	}
-	return n
-}
-
 // BaseConnTrack provides common fields and locking for all connection types
 type BaseConnTrack struct {
 	FlowId    uuid.UUID
--- a/client/firewall/uspfilter/conntrack/defaults_desktop.go
+++ b/client/firewall/uspfilter/conntrack/defaults_desktop.go
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-//go:build !ios && !android
-
-package conntrack
-
-// Default per-tracker entry caps on desktop/server platforms. These mirror
-// typical Linux netfilter nf_conntrack_max territory with ample headroom.
-const (
-	DefaultMaxTCPEntries  = 65536
-	DefaultMaxUDPEntries  = 16384
-	DefaultMaxICMPEntries = 2048
-)
--- a/client/firewall/uspfilter/conntrack/defaults_mobile.go
+++ b/client/firewall/uspfilter/conntrack/defaults_mobile.go
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-//go:build ios || android
-
-package conntrack
-
-// Default per-tracker entry caps on mobile platforms. iOS network extensions
-// are capped at ~50 MB; Android runs under aggressive memory pressure. These
-// values keep conntrack footprint well under 5 MB worst case (TCPConnTrack
-// is ~200 B plus map overhead).
-const (
-	DefaultMaxTCPEntries  = 4096
-	DefaultMaxUDPEntries  = 2048
-	DefaultMaxICMPEntries = 512
-)
--- a/client/firewall/uspfilter/conntrack/icmp.go
+++ b/client/firewall/uspfilter/conntrack/icmp.go
@@ -50,9 +50,6 @@ type ICMPConnTrack struct {
 	ICMPCode uint8
 }

-// EnvICMPMaxEntries caps the ICMP conntrack table size.
-const EnvICMPMaxEntries = "NB_CONNTRACK_ICMP_MAX"
-
 // ICMPTracker manages ICMP connection states
 type ICMPTracker struct {
 	logger        *nblog.Logger
@@ -61,7 +58,6 @@ type ICMPTracker struct {
 	cleanupTicker *time.Ticker
 	tickerCancel  context.CancelFunc
 	mutex         sync.RWMutex
-	maxEntries    int
 	flowLogger    nftypes.FlowLogger
 }

@@ -175,7 +171,6 @@ func NewICMPTracker(timeout time.Duration, logger *nblog.Logger, flowLogger nfty
 		timeout:       timeout,
 		cleanupTicker: time.NewTicker(ICMPCleanupInterval),
 		tickerCancel:  cancel,
-		maxEntries:    envInt(logger, EnvICMPMaxEntries, DefaultMaxICMPEntries),
 		flowLogger:    flowLogger,
 	}

@@ -262,9 +257,7 @@ func (t *ICMPTracker) track(

 	// non echo requests don't need tracking
 	if typ != uint8(layers.ICMPv4TypeEchoRequest) {
-		if t.logger.Enabled(nblog.LevelTrace) {
-			t.logger.Trace3("New %s ICMP connection %s - %s", direction, key, icmpInfo)
-		}
+		t.logger.Trace3("New %s ICMP connection %s - %s", direction, key, icmpInfo)
 		t.sendStartEvent(direction, srcIP, dstIP, typ, code, ruleId, size)
 		return
 	}
@@ -283,15 +276,10 @@ func (t *ICMPTracker) track(
 	conn.UpdateCounters(direction, size)

 	t.mutex.Lock()
-	if t.maxEntries > 0 && len(t.connections) >= t.maxEntries {
-		t.evictOneLocked()
-	}
 	t.connections[key] = conn
 	t.mutex.Unlock()

-	if t.logger.Enabled(nblog.LevelTrace) {
-		t.logger.Trace3("New %s ICMP connection %s - %s", direction, key, icmpInfo)
-	}
+	t.logger.Trace3("New %s ICMP connection %s - %s", direction, key, icmpInfo)
 	t.sendEvent(nftypes.TypeStart, conn, ruleId)
 }

@@ -335,34 +323,6 @@ func (t *ICMPTracker) cleanupRoutine(ctx context.Context) {
 	}
 }

-// evictOneLocked removes one entry to make room. Caller must hold t.mutex.
-// Bounded sample scan: picks the oldest among up to evictSampleSize entries.
-func (t *ICMPTracker) evictOneLocked() {
-	var candKey ICMPConnKey
-	var candSeen int64
-	haveCand := false
-	sampled := 0
-
-	for k, c := range t.connections {
-		seen := c.lastSeen.Load()
-		if !haveCand || seen < candSeen {
-			candKey = k
-			candSeen = seen
-			haveCand = true
-		}
-		sampled++
-		if sampled >= evictSampleSize {
-			break
-		}
-	}
-	if haveCand {
-		if evicted := t.connections[candKey]; evicted != nil {
-			t.sendEvent(nftypes.TypeEnd, evicted, nil)
-		}
-		delete(t.connections, candKey)
-	}
-}
-
 func (t *ICMPTracker) cleanup() {
 	t.mutex.Lock()
 	defer t.mutex.Unlock()
@@ -371,10 +331,8 @@ func (t *ICMPTracker) cleanup() {
 		if conn.timeoutExceeded(t.timeout) {
 			delete(t.connections, key)

-			if t.logger.Enabled(nblog.LevelTrace) {
-				t.logger.Trace5("Removed ICMP connection %s (timeout) [in: %d Pkts/%d B out: %d Pkts/%d B]",
-					key, conn.PacketsRx.Load(), conn.BytesRx.Load(), conn.PacketsTx.Load(), conn.BytesTx.Load())
-			}
+			t.logger.Trace5("Removed ICMP connection %s (timeout) [in: %d Pkts/%d B out: %d Pkts/%d B]",
+				key, conn.PacketsRx.Load(), conn.BytesRx.Load(), conn.PacketsTx.Load(), conn.BytesTx.Load())
 			t.sendEvent(nftypes.TypeEnd, conn, nil)
 		}
 	}
--- a/client/firewall/uspfilter/conntrack/tcp.go
+++ b/client/firewall/uspfilter/conntrack/tcp.go
@@ -38,27 +38,6 @@ const (
 	TCPHandshakeTimeout = 60 * time.Second
 	// TCPCleanupInterval is how often we check for stale connections
 	TCPCleanupInterval = 5 * time.Minute
-	// FinWaitTimeout bounds FIN_WAIT_1 / FIN_WAIT_2 / CLOSING states.
-	// Matches Linux netfilter nf_conntrack_tcp_timeout_fin_wait.
-	FinWaitTimeout = 60 * time.Second
-	// CloseWaitTimeout bounds CLOSE_WAIT. Matches Linux default; apps
-	// holding CloseWait longer than this should bump the env var.
-	CloseWaitTimeout = 60 * time.Second
-	// LastAckTimeout bounds LAST_ACK. Matches Linux default.
-	LastAckTimeout = 30 * time.Second
-)
-
-// Env vars to override per-state teardown timeouts. Values parsed by
-// time.ParseDuration (e.g. "120s", "2m"). Invalid values fall back to the
-// defaults above with a warning.
-const (
-	EnvTCPFinWaitTimeout   = "NB_CONNTRACK_TCP_FIN_WAIT_TIMEOUT"
-	EnvTCPCloseWaitTimeout = "NB_CONNTRACK_TCP_CLOSE_WAIT_TIMEOUT"
-	EnvTCPLastAckTimeout   = "NB_CONNTRACK_TCP_LAST_ACK_TIMEOUT"
-
-	// EnvTCPMaxEntries caps the TCP conntrack table size. Oldest entries
-	// (tombstones first) are evicted when the cap is reached.
-	EnvTCPMaxEntries = "NB_CONNTRACK_TCP_MAX"
 )

 // TCPState represents the state of a TCP connection
@@ -154,18 +133,14 @@ func (t *TCPConnTrack) SetTombstone() {

 // TCPTracker manages TCP connection states
 type TCPTracker struct {
-	logger           *nblog.Logger
-	connections      map[ConnKey]*TCPConnTrack
-	mutex            sync.RWMutex
-	cleanupTicker    *time.Ticker
-	tickerCancel     context.CancelFunc
-	timeout          time.Duration
-	waitTimeout      time.Duration
-	finWaitTimeout   time.Duration
-	closeWaitTimeout time.Duration
-	lastAckTimeout   time.Duration
-	maxEntries       int
-	flowLogger       nftypes.FlowLogger
+	logger        *nblog.Logger
+	connections   map[ConnKey]*TCPConnTrack
+	mutex         sync.RWMutex
+	cleanupTicker *time.Ticker
+	tickerCancel  context.CancelFunc
+	timeout       time.Duration
+	waitTimeout   time.Duration
+	flowLogger    nftypes.FlowLogger
 }

 // NewTCPTracker creates a new TCP connection tracker
@@ -180,17 +155,13 @@ func NewTCPTracker(timeout time.Duration, logger *nblog.Logger, flowLogger nftyp
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())

 	tracker := &TCPTracker{
-		logger:           logger,
-		connections:      make(map[ConnKey]*TCPConnTrack),
-		cleanupTicker:    time.NewTicker(TCPCleanupInterval),
-		tickerCancel:     cancel,
-		timeout:          timeout,
-		waitTimeout:      waitTimeout,
-		finWaitTimeout:   envDuration(logger, EnvTCPFinWaitTimeout, FinWaitTimeout),
-		closeWaitTimeout: envDuration(logger, EnvTCPCloseWaitTimeout, CloseWaitTimeout),
-		lastAckTimeout:   envDuration(logger, EnvTCPLastAckTimeout, LastAckTimeout),
-		maxEntries:       envInt(logger, EnvTCPMaxEntries, DefaultMaxTCPEntries),
-		flowLogger:       flowLogger,
+		logger:        logger,
+		connections:   make(map[ConnKey]*TCPConnTrack),
+		cleanupTicker: time.NewTicker(TCPCleanupInterval),
+		tickerCancel:  cancel,
+		timeout:       timeout,
+		waitTimeout:   waitTimeout,
+		flowLogger:    flowLogger,
 	}

 	go tracker.cleanupRoutine(ctx)
@@ -238,12 +209,6 @@ func (t *TCPTracker) track(srcIP, dstIP netip.Addr, srcPort, dstPort uint16, fla
 	if exists || flags&TCPSyn == 0 {
 		return
 	}
-	// Reject illegal SYN combinations (SYN+FIN, SYN+RST, …) so they don't
-	// create spurious conntrack entries. Not mandated by RFC 9293 but a
-	// common hardening (Linux netfilter/nftables rejects these too).
-	if !isValidFlagCombination(flags) {
-		return
-	}

 	conn := &TCPConnTrack{
 		BaseConnTrack: BaseConnTrack{
@@ -260,65 +225,20 @@ func (t *TCPTracker) track(srcIP, dstIP netip.Addr, srcPort, dstPort uint16, fla
 	conn.state.Store(int32(TCPStateNew))
 	conn.DNATOrigPort.Store(uint32(origPort))

-	if t.logger.Enabled(nblog.LevelTrace) {
-		if origPort != 0 {
-			t.logger.Trace4("New %s TCP connection: %s (port DNAT %d -> %d)", direction, key, origPort, dstPort)
-		} else {
-			t.logger.Trace2("New %s TCP connection: %s", direction, key)
-		}
+	if origPort != 0 {
+		t.logger.Trace4("New %s TCP connection: %s (port DNAT %d -> %d)", direction, key, origPort, dstPort)
+	} else {
+		t.logger.Trace2("New %s TCP connection: %s", direction, key)
 	}
 	t.updateState(key, conn, flags, direction, size)

 	t.mutex.Lock()
-	if t.maxEntries > 0 && len(t.connections) >= t.maxEntries {
-		t.evictOneLocked()
-	}
 	t.connections[key] = conn
 	t.mutex.Unlock()

 	t.sendEvent(nftypes.TypeStart, conn, ruleID)
 }

-// evictOneLocked removes one entry to make room. Caller must hold t.mutex.
-// Bounded scan: samples up to evictSampleSize pseudo-random entries (Go map
-// iteration order is randomized), preferring a tombstone. If no tombstone
-// found in the sample, evicts the oldest among the sampled entries. O(1)
-// worst case — cheap enough to run on every insert at cap during abuse.
-func (t *TCPTracker) evictOneLocked() {
-	var candKey ConnKey
-	var candSeen int64
-	haveCand := false
-	sampled := 0
-
-	for k, c := range t.connections {
-		if c.IsTombstone() {
-			delete(t.connections, k)
-			return
-		}
-		seen := c.lastSeen.Load()
-		if !haveCand || seen < candSeen {
-			candKey = k
-			candSeen = seen
-			haveCand = true
-		}
-		sampled++
-		if sampled >= evictSampleSize {
-			break
-		}
-	}
-	if haveCand {
-		if evicted := t.connections[candKey]; evicted != nil {
-			// TypeEnd is already emitted at the state transition to
-			// TimeWait and when a connection is tombstoned. Only emit
-			// here when we're reaping a still-active flow.
-			if evicted.GetState() != TCPStateTimeWait && !evicted.IsTombstone() {
-				t.sendEvent(nftypes.TypeEnd, evicted, nil)
-			}
-		}
-		delete(t.connections, candKey)
-	}
-}
-
 // IsValidInbound checks if an inbound TCP packet matches a tracked connection
 func (t *TCPTracker) IsValidInbound(srcIP, dstIP netip.Addr, srcPort, dstPort uint16, flags uint8, size int) bool {
 	key := ConnKey{
@@ -336,19 +256,12 @@ func (t *TCPTracker) IsValidInbound(srcIP, dstIP netip.Addr, srcPort, dstPort ui
 		return false
 	}

-	// Reject illegal flag combinations regardless of state. These never belong
-	// to a legitimate flow and must not advance or tear down state.
-	if !isValidFlagCombination(flags) {
-		if t.logger.Enabled(nblog.LevelWarn) {
-			t.logger.Warn3("TCP illegal flag combination %x for connection %s (state %s)", flags, key, conn.GetState())
-		}
-		return false
-	}
-
 	currentState := conn.GetState()
 	if !t.isValidStateForFlags(currentState, flags) {
-		if t.logger.Enabled(nblog.LevelWarn) {
-			t.logger.Warn3("TCP state %s is not valid with flags %x for connection %s", currentState, flags, key)
+		t.logger.Warn3("TCP state %s is not valid with flags %x for connection %s", currentState, flags, key)
+		// allow all flags for established for now
+		if currentState == TCPStateEstablished {
+			return true
 		}
 		return false
 	}
@@ -357,208 +270,116 @@ func (t *TCPTracker) IsValidInbound(srcIP, dstIP netip.Addr, srcPort, dstPort ui
 	return true
 }

-// updateState updates the TCP connection state based on flags.
+// updateState updates the TCP connection state based on flags
 func (t *TCPTracker) updateState(key ConnKey, conn *TCPConnTrack, flags uint8, packetDir nftypes.Direction, size int) {
-	conn.UpdateCounters(packetDir, size)
-
-	// Malformed flag combinations must not refresh lastSeen or drive state,
-	// otherwise spoofed packets keep a dead flow alive past its timeout.
-	if !isValidFlagCombination(flags) {
-		return
-	}
-
 	conn.UpdateLastSeen()
+	conn.UpdateCounters(packetDir, size)

 	currentState := conn.GetState()

 	if flags&TCPRst != 0 {
-		// Hardening beyond RFC 9293 §3.10.7.4: without sequence tracking we
-		// cannot apply the RFC 5961 in-window RST check, so we conservatively
-		// reject RSTs that the spec would accept (TIME-WAIT with in-window
-		// SEQ, SynSent from same direction as own SYN, etc.).
-		t.handleRst(key, conn, currentState, packetDir)
-		return
-	}
-
-	newState := nextState(currentState, conn.Direction, packetDir, flags)
-	if newState == 0 || !conn.CompareAndSwapState(currentState, newState) {
-		return
-	}
-	t.onTransition(key, conn, currentState, newState, packetDir)
-}
-
-// handleRst processes a RST segment. Late RSTs in TimeWait and spoofed RSTs
-// from the SYN direction are ignored; otherwise the flow is tombstoned.
-func (t *TCPTracker) handleRst(key ConnKey, conn *TCPConnTrack, currentState TCPState, packetDir nftypes.Direction) {
-	// TimeWait exists to absorb late segments; don't let a late RST
-	// tombstone the entry and break same-4-tuple reuse.
-	if currentState == TCPStateTimeWait {
-		return
-	}
-	// A RST from the same direction as the SYN cannot be a legitimate
-	// response and must not tear down a half-open connection.
-	if currentState == TCPStateSynSent && packetDir == conn.Direction {
-		return
-	}
-	if !conn.CompareAndSwapState(currentState, TCPStateClosed) {
-		return
-	}
-	conn.SetTombstone()
-	if t.logger.Enabled(nblog.LevelTrace) {
-		t.logger.Trace6("TCP connection reset: %s (dir: %s) [in: %d Pkts/%d B, out: %d Pkts/%d B]",
-			key, packetDir, conn.PacketsRx.Load(), conn.BytesRx.Load(), conn.PacketsTx.Load(), conn.BytesTx.Load())
-	}
-	t.sendEvent(nftypes.TypeEnd, conn, nil)
-}
-
-// stateTransition describes one state's transition logic. It receives the
-// packet's flags plus whether the packet direction matches the connection's
-// origin direction (same=true means same side as the SYN initiator). Return 0
-// for no transition.
-type stateTransition func(flags uint8, connDir nftypes.Direction, same bool) TCPState
-
-// stateTable maps each state to its transition function. Centralized here so
-// nextState stays trivial and each rule is easy to read in isolation.
-var stateTable = map[TCPState]stateTransition{
-	TCPStateNew:         transNew,
-	TCPStateSynSent:     transSynSent,
-	TCPStateSynReceived: transSynReceived,
-	TCPStateEstablished: transEstablished,
-	TCPStateFinWait1:    transFinWait1,
-	TCPStateFinWait2:    transFinWait2,
-	TCPStateClosing:     transClosing,
-	TCPStateCloseWait:   transCloseWait,
-	TCPStateLastAck:     transLastAck,
-}
-
-// nextState returns the target TCP state for the given current state and
-// packet, or 0 if the packet does not trigger a transition.
-func nextState(currentState TCPState, connDir, packetDir nftypes.Direction, flags uint8) TCPState {
-	fn, ok := stateTable[currentState]
-	if !ok {
-		return 0
-	}
-	return fn(flags, connDir, packetDir == connDir)
-}
-
-func transNew(flags uint8, connDir nftypes.Direction, _ bool) TCPState {
-	if flags&TCPSyn != 0 && flags&TCPAck == 0 {
-		if connDir == nftypes.Egress {
-			return TCPStateSynSent
+		if conn.CompareAndSwapState(currentState, TCPStateClosed) {
+			conn.SetTombstone()
+			t.logger.Trace6("TCP connection reset: %s (dir: %s) [in: %d Pkts/%d B, out: %d Pkts/%d B]",
+				key, packetDir, conn.PacketsRx.Load(), conn.BytesRx.Load(), conn.PacketsTx.Load(), conn.BytesTx.Load())
+			t.sendEvent(nftypes.TypeEnd, conn, nil)
 		}
-		return TCPStateSynReceived
+		return
 	}
-	return 0
-}

-func transSynSent(flags uint8, _ nftypes.Direction, same bool) TCPState {
-	if flags&TCPSyn != 0 && flags&TCPAck != 0 {
-		if same {
-			return TCPStateSynReceived // simultaneous open
+	var newState TCPState
+	switch currentState {
+	case TCPStateNew:
+		if flags&TCPSyn != 0 && flags&TCPAck == 0 {
+			if conn.Direction == nftypes.Egress {
+				newState = TCPStateSynSent
+			} else {
+				newState = TCPStateSynReceived
+			}
 		}
-		return TCPStateEstablished
-	}
-	return 0
-}

-func transSynReceived(flags uint8, _ nftypes.Direction, same bool) TCPState {
-	if flags&TCPAck != 0 && flags&TCPSyn == 0 && same {
-		return TCPStateEstablished
-	}
-	return 0
-}
+	case TCPStateSynSent:
+		if flags&TCPSyn != 0 && flags&TCPAck != 0 {
+			if packetDir != conn.Direction {
+				newState = TCPStateEstablished
+			} else {
+				// Simultaneous open
+				newState = TCPStateSynReceived
+			}
+		}

-func transEstablished(flags uint8, _ nftypes.Direction, same bool) TCPState {
-	if flags&TCPFin == 0 {
-		return 0
-	}
-	if same {
-		return TCPStateFinWait1
-	}
-	return TCPStateCloseWait
-}
+	case TCPStateSynReceived:
+		if flags&TCPAck != 0 && flags&TCPSyn == 0 {
+			if packetDir == conn.Direction {
+				newState = TCPStateEstablished
+			}
+		}

-// transFinWait1 handles the active-close peer response. A FIN carrying our
-// ACK piggybacked goes straight to TIME-WAIT (RFC 9293 §3.10.7.4, FIN-WAIT-1:
-// "if our FIN has been ACKed... enter the TIME-WAIT state"); a lone FIN moves
-// to CLOSING; a pure ACK of our FIN moves to FIN-WAIT-2.
-func transFinWait1(flags uint8, _ nftypes.Direction, same bool) TCPState {
-	if same {
-		return 0
-	}
-	if flags&TCPFin != 0 && flags&TCPAck != 0 {
-		return TCPStateTimeWait
-	}
-	switch {
-	case flags&TCPFin != 0:
-		return TCPStateClosing
-	case flags&TCPAck != 0:
-		return TCPStateFinWait2
-	}
-	return 0
-}
+	case TCPStateEstablished:
+		if flags&TCPFin != 0 {
+			if packetDir == conn.Direction {
+				newState = TCPStateFinWait1
+			} else {
+				newState = TCPStateCloseWait
+			}
+		}

-// transFinWait2 ignores own-side FIN retransmits; only the peer's FIN advances.
-func transFinWait2(flags uint8, _ nftypes.Direction, same bool) TCPState {
-	if flags&TCPFin != 0 && !same {
-		return TCPStateTimeWait
-	}
-	return 0
-}
+	case TCPStateFinWait1:
+		if packetDir != conn.Direction {
+			switch {
+			case flags&TCPFin != 0 && flags&TCPAck != 0:
+				newState = TCPStateClosing
+			case flags&TCPFin != 0:
+				newState = TCPStateClosing
+			case flags&TCPAck != 0:
+				newState = TCPStateFinWait2
+			}
+		}

-// transClosing completes a simultaneous close on the peer's ACK.
-func transClosing(flags uint8, _ nftypes.Direction, same bool) TCPState {
-	if flags&TCPAck != 0 && !same {
-		return TCPStateTimeWait
-	}
-	return 0
-}
+	case TCPStateFinWait2:
+		if flags&TCPFin != 0 {
+			newState = TCPStateTimeWait
+		}

-// transCloseWait only advances to LastAck when WE send FIN, ignoring peer retransmits.
-func transCloseWait(flags uint8, _ nftypes.Direction, same bool) TCPState {
-	if flags&TCPFin != 0 && same {
-		return TCPStateLastAck
-	}
-	return 0
-}
+	case TCPStateClosing:
+		if flags&TCPAck != 0 {
+			newState = TCPStateTimeWait
+		}

-// transLastAck closes the flow only on the peer's ACK (not our own ACK retransmits).
-func transLastAck(flags uint8, _ nftypes.Direction, same bool) TCPState {
-	if flags&TCPAck != 0 && !same {
-		return TCPStateClosed
-	}
-	return 0
-}
+	case TCPStateCloseWait:
+		if flags&TCPFin != 0 {
+			newState = TCPStateLastAck
+		}

-// onTransition handles logging and flow-event emission after a successful
-// state transition. TimeWait and Closed are terminal for flow accounting.
-func (t *TCPTracker) onTransition(key ConnKey, conn *TCPConnTrack, from, to TCPState, packetDir nftypes.Direction) {
-	traceOn := t.logger.Enabled(nblog.LevelTrace)
-	if traceOn {
-		t.logger.Trace4("TCP connection %s transitioned from %s to %s (dir: %s)", key, from, to, packetDir)
+	case TCPStateLastAck:
+		if flags&TCPAck != 0 {
+			newState = TCPStateClosed
+		}
 	}

-	switch to {
-	case TCPStateTimeWait:
-		if traceOn {
+	if newState != 0 && conn.CompareAndSwapState(currentState, newState) {
+		t.logger.Trace4("TCP connection %s transitioned from %s to %s (dir: %s)", key, currentState, newState, packetDir)
+
+		switch newState {
+		case TCPStateTimeWait:
 			t.logger.Trace5("TCP connection %s completed [in: %d Pkts/%d B, out: %d Pkts/%d B]",
 				key, conn.PacketsRx.Load(), conn.BytesRx.Load(), conn.PacketsTx.Load(), conn.BytesTx.Load())
-		}
-		t.sendEvent(nftypes.TypeEnd, conn, nil)
-	case TCPStateClosed:
-		conn.SetTombstone()
-		if traceOn {
+			t.sendEvent(nftypes.TypeEnd, conn, nil)
+
+		case TCPStateClosed:
+			conn.SetTombstone()
 			t.logger.Trace5("TCP connection %s closed gracefully [in: %d Pkts/%d, B out: %d Pkts/%d B]",
 				key, conn.PacketsRx.Load(), conn.BytesRx.Load(), conn.PacketsTx.Load(), conn.BytesTx.Load())
+			t.sendEvent(nftypes.TypeEnd, conn, nil)
 		}
-		t.sendEvent(nftypes.TypeEnd, conn, nil)
 	}
 }

-// isValidStateForFlags checks if the TCP flags are valid for the current
-// connection state. Caller must have already verified the flag combination is
-// legal via isValidFlagCombination.
+// isValidStateForFlags checks if the TCP flags are valid for the current connection state
 func (t *TCPTracker) isValidStateForFlags(state TCPState, flags uint8) bool {
+	if !isValidFlagCombination(flags) {
+		return false
+	}
 	if flags&TCPRst != 0 {
 		if state == TCPStateSynSent {
 			return flags&TCPAck != 0
@@ -628,24 +449,15 @@ func (t *TCPTracker) cleanup() {
 			timeout = t.waitTimeout
 		case TCPStateEstablished:
 			timeout = t.timeout
-		case TCPStateFinWait1, TCPStateFinWait2, TCPStateClosing:
-			timeout = t.finWaitTimeout
-		case TCPStateCloseWait:
-			timeout = t.closeWaitTimeout
-		case TCPStateLastAck:
-			timeout = t.lastAckTimeout
 		default:
-			// SynSent / SynReceived / New
 			timeout = TCPHandshakeTimeout
 		}

 		if conn.timeoutExceeded(timeout) {
 			delete(t.connections, key)

-			if t.logger.Enabled(nblog.LevelTrace) {
-				t.logger.Trace6("Cleaned up timed-out TCP connection %s (%s) [in: %d Pkts/%d, B out: %d Pkts/%d B]",
-					key, conn.GetState(), conn.PacketsRx.Load(), conn.BytesRx.Load(), conn.PacketsTx.Load(), conn.BytesTx.Load())
-			}
+			t.logger.Trace6("Cleaned up timed-out TCP connection %s (%s) [in: %d Pkts/%d, B out: %d Pkts/%d B]",
+				key, conn.GetState(), conn.PacketsRx.Load(), conn.BytesRx.Load(), conn.PacketsTx.Load(), conn.BytesTx.Load())

 			// event already handled by state change
 			if currentState != TCPStateTimeWait {
--- a/client/firewall/uspfilter/conntrack/tcp_rst_bugs_test.go
+++ b/client/firewall/uspfilter/conntrack/tcp_rst_bugs_test.go
@@ -1,100 +0,0 @@
-package conntrack
-
-import (
-	"net/netip"
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
-)
-
-// RST hygiene tests: the tracker currently closes the flow on any RST that
-// matches the 4-tuple, regardless of direction or state. These tests cover
-// the minimum checks we want (no SEQ tracking).
-
-func TestTCPRstInSynSentWrongDirection(t *testing.T) {
-	tracker := NewTCPTracker(DefaultTCPTimeout, logger, flowLogger)
-	defer tracker.Close()
-
-	srcIP := netip.MustParseAddr("100.64.0.1")
-	dstIP := netip.MustParseAddr("100.64.0.2")
-	srcPort := uint16(12345)
-	dstPort := uint16(80)
-	key := ConnKey{SrcIP: srcIP, DstIP: dstIP, SrcPort: srcPort, DstPort: dstPort}
-
-	tracker.TrackOutbound(srcIP, dstIP, srcPort, dstPort, TCPSyn, 0)
-	conn := tracker.connections[key]
-	require.Equal(t, TCPStateSynSent, conn.GetState())
-
-	// A RST arriving in the same direction as the SYN (i.e. TrackOutbound)
-	// cannot be a legitimate response. It must not close the connection.
-	tracker.TrackOutbound(srcIP, dstIP, srcPort, dstPort, TCPRst|TCPAck, 0)
-	require.Equal(t, TCPStateSynSent, conn.GetState(),
-		"RST in same direction as SYN must not close connection")
-	require.False(t, conn.IsTombstone())
-}
-
-func TestTCPRstInTimeWaitIgnored(t *testing.T) {
-	tracker := NewTCPTracker(DefaultTCPTimeout, logger, flowLogger)
-	defer tracker.Close()
-
-	srcIP := netip.MustParseAddr("100.64.0.1")
-	dstIP := netip.MustParseAddr("100.64.0.2")
-	srcPort := uint16(12345)
-	dstPort := uint16(80)
-	key := ConnKey{SrcIP: srcIP, DstIP: dstIP, SrcPort: srcPort, DstPort: dstPort}
-
-	// Drive to TIME-WAIT via active close.
-	establishConnection(t, tracker, srcIP, dstIP, srcPort, dstPort)
-	tracker.TrackOutbound(srcIP, dstIP, srcPort, dstPort, TCPFin|TCPAck, 0)
-	require.True(t, tracker.IsValidInbound(dstIP, srcIP, dstPort, srcPort, TCPAck, 0))
-	require.True(t, tracker.IsValidInbound(dstIP, srcIP, dstPort, srcPort, TCPFin|TCPAck, 0))
-	tracker.TrackOutbound(srcIP, dstIP, srcPort, dstPort, TCPAck, 0)
-
-	conn := tracker.connections[key]
-	require.Equal(t, TCPStateTimeWait, conn.GetState())
-	require.False(t, conn.IsTombstone(), "TIME-WAIT must not be tombstoned")
-
-	// Late RST during TIME-WAIT must not tombstone the entry (TIME-WAIT
-	// exists to absorb late segments).
-	tracker.IsValidInbound(dstIP, srcIP, dstPort, srcPort, TCPRst, 0)
-	require.Equal(t, TCPStateTimeWait, conn.GetState(),
-		"RST in TIME-WAIT must not transition state")
-	require.False(t, conn.IsTombstone(),
-		"RST in TIME-WAIT must not tombstone the entry")
-}
-
-func TestTCPIllegalFlagCombos(t *testing.T) {
-	tracker := NewTCPTracker(DefaultTCPTimeout, logger, flowLogger)
-	defer tracker.Close()
-
-	srcIP := netip.MustParseAddr("100.64.0.1")
-	dstIP := netip.MustParseAddr("100.64.0.2")
-	srcPort := uint16(12345)
-	dstPort := uint16(80)
-	key := ConnKey{SrcIP: srcIP, DstIP: dstIP, SrcPort: srcPort, DstPort: dstPort}
-
-	establishConnection(t, tracker, srcIP, dstIP, srcPort, dstPort)
-	conn := tracker.connections[key]
-
-	// Illegal combos must be rejected and must not change state.
-	combos := []struct {
-		name  string
-		flags uint8
-	}{
-		{"SYN+RST", TCPSyn | TCPRst},
-		{"FIN+RST", TCPFin | TCPRst},
-		{"SYN+FIN", TCPSyn | TCPFin},
-		{"SYN+FIN+RST", TCPSyn | TCPFin | TCPRst},
-	}
-
-	for _, c := range combos {
-		t.Run(c.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			before := conn.GetState()
-			valid := tracker.IsValidInbound(dstIP, srcIP, dstPort, srcPort, c.flags, 0)
-			require.False(t, valid, "illegal flag combo must be rejected: %s", c.name)
-			require.Equal(t, before, conn.GetState(),
-				"illegal flag combo must not change state")
-			require.False(t, conn.IsTombstone())
-		})
-	}
-}
--- a/client/firewall/uspfilter/conntrack/tcp_state_bugs_test.go
+++ b/client/firewall/uspfilter/conntrack/tcp_state_bugs_test.go
@@ -1,235 +0,0 @@
-package conntrack
-
-import (
-	"net/netip"
-	"testing"
-	"time"
-
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
-)
-
-// These tests exercise cases where the TCP state machine currently advances
-// on retransmitted or wrong-direction segments and tears the flow down
-// prematurely. They are expected to fail until the direction checks are added.
-
-func TestTCPCloseWaitRetransmittedPeerFIN(t *testing.T) {
-	tracker := NewTCPTracker(DefaultTCPTimeout, logger, flowLogger)
-	defer tracker.Close()
-
-	srcIP := netip.MustParseAddr("100.64.0.1")
-	dstIP := netip.MustParseAddr("100.64.0.2")
-	srcPort := uint16(12345)
-	dstPort := uint16(80)
-	key := ConnKey{SrcIP: srcIP, DstIP: dstIP, SrcPort: srcPort, DstPort: dstPort}
-
-	establishConnection(t, tracker, srcIP, dstIP, srcPort, dstPort)
-
-	// Peer sends FIN -> CloseWait (our app has not yet closed).
-	valid := tracker.IsValidInbound(dstIP, srcIP, dstPort, srcPort, TCPFin|TCPAck, 0)
-	require.True(t, valid)
-	conn := tracker.connections[key]
-	require.Equal(t, TCPStateCloseWait, conn.GetState())
-
-	// Peer retransmits their FIN (ACK may have been delayed). We have NOT
-	// sent our FIN yet, so state must remain CloseWait.
-	valid = tracker.IsValidInbound(dstIP, srcIP, dstPort, srcPort, TCPFin|TCPAck, 0)
-	require.True(t, valid, "retransmitted peer FIN must still be accepted")
-	require.Equal(t, TCPStateCloseWait, conn.GetState(),
-		"retransmitted peer FIN must not advance CloseWait to LastAck")
-
-	// Our app finally closes -> LastAck.
-	tracker.TrackOutbound(srcIP, dstIP, srcPort, dstPort, TCPFin|TCPAck, 0)
-	require.Equal(t, TCPStateLastAck, conn.GetState())
-
-	// Peer ACK closes.
-	valid = tracker.IsValidInbound(dstIP, srcIP, dstPort, srcPort, TCPAck, 0)
-	require.True(t, valid)
-	require.Equal(t, TCPStateClosed, conn.GetState())
-}
-
-func TestTCPFinWait2RetransmittedOwnFIN(t *testing.T) {
-	tracker := NewTCPTracker(DefaultTCPTimeout, logger, flowLogger)
-	defer tracker.Close()
-
-	srcIP := netip.MustParseAddr("100.64.0.1")
-	dstIP := netip.MustParseAddr("100.64.0.2")
-	srcPort := uint16(12345)
-	dstPort := uint16(80)
-	key := ConnKey{SrcIP: srcIP, DstIP: dstIP, SrcPort: srcPort, DstPort: dstPort}
-
-	establishConnection(t, tracker, srcIP, dstIP, srcPort, dstPort)
-
-	// We initiate close.
-	tracker.TrackOutbound(srcIP, dstIP, srcPort, dstPort, TCPFin|TCPAck, 0)
-	valid := tracker.IsValidInbound(dstIP, srcIP, dstPort, srcPort, TCPAck, 0)
-	require.True(t, valid)
-	conn := tracker.connections[key]
-	require.Equal(t, TCPStateFinWait2, conn.GetState())
-
-	// Stray retransmit of our own FIN (same direction as originator) must
-	// NOT advance FinWait2 to TimeWait; only the peer's FIN should.
-	tracker.TrackOutbound(srcIP, dstIP, srcPort, dstPort, TCPFin|TCPAck, 0)
-	require.Equal(t, TCPStateFinWait2, conn.GetState(),
-		"own FIN retransmit must not advance FinWait2 to TimeWait")
-
-	// Peer FIN -> TimeWait.
-	valid = tracker.IsValidInbound(dstIP, srcIP, dstPort, srcPort, TCPFin|TCPAck, 0)
-	require.True(t, valid)
-	require.Equal(t, TCPStateTimeWait, conn.GetState())
-}
-
-func TestTCPLastAckDirectionCheck(t *testing.T) {
-	tracker := NewTCPTracker(DefaultTCPTimeout, logger, flowLogger)
-	defer tracker.Close()
-
-	srcIP := netip.MustParseAddr("100.64.0.1")
-	dstIP := netip.MustParseAddr("100.64.0.2")
-	srcPort := uint16(12345)
-	dstPort := uint16(80)
-	key := ConnKey{SrcIP: srcIP, DstIP: dstIP, SrcPort: srcPort, DstPort: dstPort}
-
-	establishConnection(t, tracker, srcIP, dstIP, srcPort, dstPort)
-
-	// Drive to LastAck: peer FIN -> CloseWait, our FIN -> LastAck.
-	require.True(t, tracker.IsValidInbound(dstIP, srcIP, dstPort, srcPort, TCPFin|TCPAck, 0))
-	tracker.TrackOutbound(srcIP, dstIP, srcPort, dstPort, TCPFin|TCPAck, 0)
-	conn := tracker.connections[key]
-	require.Equal(t, TCPStateLastAck, conn.GetState())
-
-	// Our own ACK retransmit (same direction as originator) must NOT close.
-	tracker.TrackOutbound(srcIP, dstIP, srcPort, dstPort, TCPAck, 0)
-	require.Equal(t, TCPStateLastAck, conn.GetState(),
-		"own ACK retransmit in LastAck must not transition to Closed")
-
-	// Peer's ACK -> Closed.
-	require.True(t, tracker.IsValidInbound(dstIP, srcIP, dstPort, srcPort, TCPAck, 0))
-	require.Equal(t, TCPStateClosed, conn.GetState())
-}
-
-func TestTCPFinWait1OwnAckDoesNotAdvance(t *testing.T) {
-	tracker := NewTCPTracker(DefaultTCPTimeout, logger, flowLogger)
-	defer tracker.Close()
-
-	srcIP := netip.MustParseAddr("100.64.0.1")
-	dstIP := netip.MustParseAddr("100.64.0.2")
-	srcPort := uint16(12345)
-	dstPort := uint16(80)
-	key := ConnKey{SrcIP: srcIP, DstIP: dstIP, SrcPort: srcPort, DstPort: dstPort}
-
-	establishConnection(t, tracker, srcIP, dstIP, srcPort, dstPort)
-
-	tracker.TrackOutbound(srcIP, dstIP, srcPort, dstPort, TCPFin|TCPAck, 0)
-	conn := tracker.connections[key]
-	require.Equal(t, TCPStateFinWait1, conn.GetState())
-
-	// Our own ACK retransmit (same direction as originator) must not advance.
-	tracker.TrackOutbound(srcIP, dstIP, srcPort, dstPort, TCPAck, 0)
-	require.Equal(t, TCPStateFinWait1, conn.GetState(),
-		"own ACK in FinWait1 must not advance to FinWait2")
-}
-
-func TestTCPPerStateTeardownTimeouts(t *testing.T) {
-	// Verify cleanup reaps entries in each teardown state at the configured
-	// per-state timeout, not at the single handshake timeout.
-	t.Setenv(EnvTCPFinWaitTimeout, "50ms")
-	t.Setenv(EnvTCPCloseWaitTimeout, "80ms")
-	t.Setenv(EnvTCPLastAckTimeout, "30ms")
-
-	dstIP := netip.MustParseAddr("100.64.0.2")
-	dstPort := uint16(80)
-
-	// Drives a connection to the target state, forces its lastSeen well
-	// beyond the configured timeout, runs cleanup, and asserts reaping.
-	cases := []struct {
-		name string
-		// drive takes a fresh tracker and returns the conn key after
-		// transitioning the flow into the intended teardown state.
-		drive func(t *testing.T, tr *TCPTracker, srcIP netip.Addr, srcPort uint16) (ConnKey, TCPState)
-	}{
-		{
-			name: "FinWait1",
-			drive: func(t *testing.T, tr *TCPTracker, srcIP netip.Addr, srcPort uint16) (ConnKey, TCPState) {
-				establishConnection(t, tr, srcIP, dstIP, srcPort, dstPort)
-				tr.TrackOutbound(srcIP, dstIP, srcPort, dstPort, TCPFin|TCPAck, 0) // → FinWait1
-				return ConnKey{SrcIP: srcIP, DstIP: dstIP, SrcPort: srcPort, DstPort: dstPort}, TCPStateFinWait1
-			},
-		},
-		{
-			name: "FinWait2",
-			drive: func(t *testing.T, tr *TCPTracker, srcIP netip.Addr, srcPort uint16) (ConnKey, TCPState) {
-				establishConnection(t, tr, srcIP, dstIP, srcPort, dstPort)
-				tr.TrackOutbound(srcIP, dstIP, srcPort, dstPort, TCPFin|TCPAck, 0)              // FinWait1
-				require.True(t, tr.IsValidInbound(dstIP, srcIP, dstPort, srcPort, TCPAck, 0))   // → FinWait2
-				return ConnKey{SrcIP: srcIP, DstIP: dstIP, SrcPort: srcPort, DstPort: dstPort}, TCPStateFinWait2
-			},
-		},
-		{
-			name: "CloseWait",
-			drive: func(t *testing.T, tr *TCPTracker, srcIP netip.Addr, srcPort uint16) (ConnKey, TCPState) {
-				establishConnection(t, tr, srcIP, dstIP, srcPort, dstPort)
-				require.True(t, tr.IsValidInbound(dstIP, srcIP, dstPort, srcPort, TCPFin|TCPAck, 0)) // → CloseWait
-				return ConnKey{SrcIP: srcIP, DstIP: dstIP, SrcPort: srcPort, DstPort: dstPort}, TCPStateCloseWait
-			},
-		},
-		{
-			name: "LastAck",
-			drive: func(t *testing.T, tr *TCPTracker, srcIP netip.Addr, srcPort uint16) (ConnKey, TCPState) {
-				establishConnection(t, tr, srcIP, dstIP, srcPort, dstPort)
-				require.True(t, tr.IsValidInbound(dstIP, srcIP, dstPort, srcPort, TCPFin|TCPAck, 0)) // CloseWait
-				tr.TrackOutbound(srcIP, dstIP, srcPort, dstPort, TCPFin|TCPAck, 0)                   // → LastAck
-				return ConnKey{SrcIP: srcIP, DstIP: dstIP, SrcPort: srcPort, DstPort: dstPort}, TCPStateLastAck
-			},
-		},
-	}
-
-	// Use a unique source port per subtest so nothing aliases.
-	port := uint16(12345)
-	for _, c := range cases {
-		t.Run(c.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			tracker := NewTCPTracker(DefaultTCPTimeout, logger, flowLogger)
-			defer tracker.Close()
-
-			require.Equal(t, 50*time.Millisecond, tracker.finWaitTimeout)
-			require.Equal(t, 80*time.Millisecond, tracker.closeWaitTimeout)
-			require.Equal(t, 30*time.Millisecond, tracker.lastAckTimeout)
-
-			srcIP := netip.MustParseAddr("100.64.0.1")
-			port++
-			key, wantState := c.drive(t, tracker, srcIP, port)
-			conn := tracker.connections[key]
-			require.NotNil(t, conn)
-			require.Equal(t, wantState, conn.GetState())
-
-			// Age the entry past the largest per-state timeout.
-			conn.lastSeen.Store(time.Now().Add(-500 * time.Millisecond).UnixNano())
-			tracker.cleanup()
-			_, exists := tracker.connections[key]
-			require.False(t, exists, "%s entry should be reaped", c.name)
-		})
-	}
-}
-
-func TestTCPEstablishedPSHACKInFinStates(t *testing.T) {
-	// Verifies FIN|PSH|ACK and bare ACK keepalives are not dropped in FIN
-	// teardown states, which some stacks emit during close.
-	tracker := NewTCPTracker(DefaultTCPTimeout, logger, flowLogger)
-	defer tracker.Close()
-
-	srcIP := netip.MustParseAddr("100.64.0.1")
-	dstIP := netip.MustParseAddr("100.64.0.2")
-	srcPort := uint16(12345)
-	dstPort := uint16(80)
-
-	establishConnection(t, tracker, srcIP, dstIP, srcPort, dstPort)
-
-	// Peer FIN -> CloseWait.
-	require.True(t, tracker.IsValidInbound(dstIP, srcIP, dstPort, srcPort, TCPFin|TCPAck, 0))
-
-	// Peer pushes trailing data + FIN|PSH|ACK (legal).
-	require.True(t, tracker.IsValidInbound(dstIP, srcIP, dstPort, srcPort, TCPFin|TCPPush|TCPAck, 100),
-		"FIN|PSH|ACK in CloseWait must be accepted")
-
-	// Bare ACK keepalive from peer in CloseWait must be accepted.
-	require.True(t, tracker.IsValidInbound(dstIP, srcIP, dstPort, srcPort, TCPAck, 0),
-		"bare ACK in CloseWait must be accepted")
-}
--- a/client/firewall/uspfilter/conntrack/udp.go
+++ b/client/firewall/uspfilter/conntrack/udp.go
@@ -17,9 +17,6 @@ const (
 	DefaultUDPTimeout = 30 * time.Second
 	// UDPCleanupInterval is how often we check for stale connections
 	UDPCleanupInterval = 15 * time.Second
-
-	// EnvUDPMaxEntries caps the UDP conntrack table size.
-	EnvUDPMaxEntries = "NB_CONNTRACK_UDP_MAX"
 )

 // UDPConnTrack represents a UDP connection state
@@ -37,7 +34,6 @@ type UDPTracker struct {
 	cleanupTicker *time.Ticker
 	tickerCancel  context.CancelFunc
 	mutex         sync.RWMutex
-	maxEntries    int
 	flowLogger    nftypes.FlowLogger
 }

@@ -55,7 +51,6 @@ func NewUDPTracker(timeout time.Duration, logger *nblog.Logger, flowLogger nftyp
 		timeout:       timeout,
 		cleanupTicker: time.NewTicker(UDPCleanupInterval),
 		tickerCancel:  cancel,
-		maxEntries:    envInt(logger, EnvUDPMaxEntries, DefaultMaxUDPEntries),
 		flowLogger:    flowLogger,
 	}

@@ -122,18 +117,13 @@ func (t *UDPTracker) track(srcIP netip.Addr, dstIP netip.Addr, srcPort uint16, d
 	conn.UpdateCounters(direction, size)

 	t.mutex.Lock()
-	if t.maxEntries > 0 && len(t.connections) >= t.maxEntries {
-		t.evictOneLocked()
-	}
 	t.connections[key] = conn
 	t.mutex.Unlock()

-	if t.logger.Enabled(nblog.LevelTrace) {
-		if origPort != 0 {
-			t.logger.Trace4("New %s UDP connection: %s (port DNAT %d -> %d)", direction, key, origPort, dstPort)
-		} else {
-			t.logger.Trace2("New %s UDP connection: %s", direction, key)
-		}
+	if origPort != 0 {
+		t.logger.Trace4("New %s UDP connection: %s (port DNAT %d -> %d)", direction, key, origPort, dstPort)
+	} else {
+		t.logger.Trace2("New %s UDP connection: %s", direction, key)
 	}
 	t.sendEvent(nftypes.TypeStart, conn, ruleID)
 }
@@ -161,34 +151,6 @@ func (t *UDPTracker) IsValidInbound(srcIP netip.Addr, dstIP netip.Addr, srcPort
 	return true
 }

-// evictOneLocked removes one entry to make room. Caller must hold t.mutex.
-// Bounded sample: picks the oldest among up to evictSampleSize entries.
-func (t *UDPTracker) evictOneLocked() {
-	var candKey ConnKey
-	var candSeen int64
-	haveCand := false
-	sampled := 0
-
-	for k, c := range t.connections {
-		seen := c.lastSeen.Load()
-		if !haveCand || seen < candSeen {
-			candKey = k
-			candSeen = seen
-			haveCand = true
-		}
-		sampled++
-		if sampled >= evictSampleSize {
-			break
-		}
-	}
-	if haveCand {
-		if evicted := t.connections[candKey]; evicted != nil {
-			t.sendEvent(nftypes.TypeEnd, evicted, nil)
-		}
-		delete(t.connections, candKey)
-	}
-}
-
 // cleanupRoutine periodically removes stale connections
 func (t *UDPTracker) cleanupRoutine(ctx context.Context) {
 	defer t.cleanupTicker.Stop()
@@ -211,10 +173,8 @@ func (t *UDPTracker) cleanup() {
 		if conn.timeoutExceeded(t.timeout) {
 			delete(t.connections, key)

-			if t.logger.Enabled(nblog.LevelTrace) {
-				t.logger.Trace5("Removed UDP connection %s (timeout) [in: %d Pkts/%d B, out: %d Pkts/%d B]",
-					key, conn.PacketsRx.Load(), conn.BytesRx.Load(), conn.PacketsTx.Load(), conn.BytesTx.Load())
-			}
+			t.logger.Trace5("Removed UDP connection %s (timeout) [in: %d Pkts/%d B, out: %d Pkts/%d B]",
+				key, conn.PacketsRx.Load(), conn.BytesRx.Load(), conn.PacketsTx.Load(), conn.BytesTx.Load())
 			t.sendEvent(nftypes.TypeEnd, conn, nil)
 		}
 	}
--- a/client/firewall/uspfilter/filter.go
+++ b/client/firewall/uspfilter/filter.go
@@ -787,9 +787,7 @@ func (m *Manager) filterOutbound(packetData []byte, size int) bool {

 	srcIP, dstIP := m.extractIPs(d)
 	if !srcIP.IsValid() {
-		if m.logger.Enabled(nblog.LevelError) {
-			m.logger.Error1("Unknown network layer: %v", d.decoded[0])
-		}
+		m.logger.Error1("Unknown network layer: %v", d.decoded[0])
 		return false
 	}

@@ -903,9 +901,7 @@ func (m *Manager) clampTCPMSS(packetData []byte, d *decoder) bool {
 		return false
 	}

-	if m.logger.Enabled(nblog.LevelTrace) {
-		m.logger.Trace2("Clamped TCP MSS from %d to %d", currentMSS, mssClampValue)
-	}
+	m.logger.Trace2("Clamped TCP MSS from %d to %d", currentMSS, mssClampValue)
 	return true
 }

@@ -1048,13 +1044,11 @@ func (m *Manager) filterInbound(packetData []byte, size int) bool {

 	// TODO: pass fragments of routed packets to forwarder
 	if fragment {
-		if m.logger.Enabled(nblog.LevelTrace) {
-			if d.decoded[0] == layers.LayerTypeIPv4 {
-				m.logger.Trace4("packet is a fragment: src=%v dst=%v id=%v flags=%v",
-					srcIP, dstIP, d.ip4.Id, d.ip4.Flags)
-			} else {
-				m.logger.Trace2("packet is an IPv6 fragment: src=%v dst=%v", srcIP, dstIP)
-			}
+		if d.decoded[0] == layers.LayerTypeIPv4 {
+			m.logger.Trace4("packet is a fragment: src=%v dst=%v id=%v flags=%v",
+				srcIP, dstIP, d.ip4.Id, d.ip4.Flags)
+		} else {
+			m.logger.Trace2("packet is an IPv6 fragment: src=%v dst=%v", srcIP, dstIP)
 		}
 		return false
 	}
@@ -1097,10 +1091,8 @@ func (m *Manager) handleLocalTraffic(d *decoder, srcIP, dstIP netip.Addr, packet
 		pnum := getProtocolFromPacket(d)
 		srcPort, dstPort := getPortsFromPacket(d)

-		if m.logger.Enabled(nblog.LevelTrace) {
-			m.logger.Trace6("Dropping local packet (ACL denied): rule_id=%s proto=%v src=%s:%d dst=%s:%d",
-				ruleID, pnum, srcIP, srcPort, dstIP, dstPort)
-		}
+		m.logger.Trace6("Dropping local packet (ACL denied): rule_id=%s proto=%v src=%s:%d dst=%s:%d",
+			ruleID, pnum, srcIP, srcPort, dstIP, dstPort)

 		m.flowLogger.StoreEvent(nftypes.EventFields{
 			FlowID:     uuid.New(),
@@ -1150,10 +1142,8 @@ func (m *Manager) handleForwardedLocalTraffic(packetData []byte) bool {
 func (m *Manager) handleRoutedTraffic(d *decoder, srcIP, dstIP netip.Addr, packetData []byte, size int) bool {
 	// Drop if routing is disabled
 	if !m.routingEnabled.Load() {
-		if m.logger.Enabled(nblog.LevelTrace) {
-			m.logger.Trace2("Dropping routed packet (routing disabled): src=%s dst=%s",
-				srcIP, dstIP)
-		}
+		m.logger.Trace2("Dropping routed packet (routing disabled): src=%s dst=%s",
+			srcIP, dstIP)
 		return true
 	}

@@ -1170,10 +1160,8 @@ func (m *Manager) handleRoutedTraffic(d *decoder, srcIP, dstIP netip.Addr, packe
 	if !pass {
 		proto := getProtocolFromPacket(d)

-		if m.logger.Enabled(nblog.LevelTrace) {
-			m.logger.Trace6("Dropping routed packet (ACL denied): rule_id=%s proto=%v src=%s:%d dst=%s:%d",
-				ruleID, proto, srcIP, srcPort, dstIP, dstPort)
-		}
+		m.logger.Trace6("Dropping routed packet (ACL denied): rule_id=%s proto=%v src=%s:%d dst=%s:%d",
+			ruleID, proto, srcIP, srcPort, dstIP, dstPort)

 		m.flowLogger.StoreEvent(nftypes.EventFields{
 			FlowID:     uuid.New(),
@@ -1299,9 +1287,7 @@ func getPortsFromPacket(d *decoder) (srcPort, dstPort uint16) {
 // It returns true, true if the packet is a fragment and valid.
 func (m *Manager) isValidPacket(d *decoder, packetData []byte) (bool, bool) {
 	if err := d.decodePacket(packetData); err != nil {
-		if m.logger.Enabled(nblog.LevelTrace) {
-			m.logger.Trace1("couldn't decode packet, err: %s", err)
-		}
+		m.logger.Trace1("couldn't decode packet, err: %s", err)
 		return false, false
 	}

--- a/client/firewall/uspfilter/forwarder/icmp.go
+++ b/client/firewall/uspfilter/forwarder/icmp.go
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ import (
 	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/tcpip/header"
 	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/tcpip/stack"

-	nblog "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/firewall/uspfilter/log"
 	nftypes "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/netflow/types"
 )

@@ -98,10 +97,8 @@ func (f *Forwarder) forwardICMPPacket(id stack.TransportEndpointID, payload []by
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("write ICMP packet: %w", err)
 	}

-	if f.logger.Enabled(nblog.LevelTrace) {
-		f.logger.Trace3("forwarder: Forwarded ICMP packet %v type %v code %v",
-			epID(id), icmpType, icmpCode)
-	}
+	f.logger.Trace3("forwarder: Forwarded ICMP packet %v type %v code %v",
+		epID(id), icmpType, icmpCode)

 	return conn, nil
 }
@@ -124,14 +121,12 @@ func (f *Forwarder) handleICMPViaSocket(flowID uuid.UUID, id stack.TransportEndp
 	txBytes := f.handleEchoResponse(conn, id, v6)
 	rtt := time.Since(sendTime).Round(10 * time.Microsecond)

-	if f.logger.Enabled(nblog.LevelTrace) {
-		proto := "ICMP"
-		if v6 {
-			proto = "ICMPv6"
-		}
-		f.logger.Trace5("forwarder: Forwarded %s echo reply %v type %v code %v (rtt=%v, raw socket)",
-			proto, epID(id), icmpType, icmpCode, rtt)
+	proto := "ICMP"
+	if v6 {
+		proto = "ICMPv6"
 	}
+	f.logger.Trace5("forwarder: Forwarded %s echo reply %v type %v code %v (rtt=%v, raw socket)",
+		proto, epID(id), icmpType, icmpCode, rtt)

 	f.sendICMPEvent(nftypes.TypeEnd, flowID, id, icmpType, icmpCode, uint64(rxBytes), uint64(txBytes))
 }
@@ -229,17 +224,13 @@ func (f *Forwarder) handleICMPViaPing(flowID uuid.UUID, id stack.TransportEndpoi
 	}
 	rtt := time.Since(pingStart).Round(10 * time.Microsecond)

-	if f.logger.Enabled(nblog.LevelTrace) {
-		f.logger.Trace3("forwarder: Forwarded ICMP echo request %v type %v code %v",
-			epID(id), icmpType, icmpCode)
-	}
+	f.logger.Trace3("forwarder: Forwarded ICMP echo request %v type %v code %v",
+		epID(id), icmpType, icmpCode)

 	txBytes := f.synthesizeEchoReply(id, icmpData)

-	if f.logger.Enabled(nblog.LevelTrace) {
-		f.logger.Trace4("forwarder: Forwarded ICMP echo reply %v type %v code %v (rtt=%v, ping binary)",
-			epID(id), icmpType, icmpCode, rtt)
-	}
+	f.logger.Trace4("forwarder: Forwarded ICMP echo reply %v type %v code %v (rtt=%v, ping binary)",
+		epID(id), icmpType, icmpCode, rtt)

 	f.sendICMPEvent(nftypes.TypeEnd, flowID, id, icmpType, icmpCode, uint64(rxBytes), uint64(txBytes))
 }
--- a/client/firewall/uspfilter/forwarder/tcp.go
+++ b/client/firewall/uspfilter/forwarder/tcp.go
@@ -1,8 +1,11 @@
 package forwarder

 import (
+	"context"
+	"io"
 	"net"
 	"strconv"
+	"sync"

 	"github.com/google/uuid"

@@ -12,9 +15,7 @@ import (
 	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/tcpip/transport/tcp"
 	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/waiter"

-	nblog "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/firewall/uspfilter/log"
 	nftypes "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/netflow/types"
-	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/util/netrelay"
 )

 // handleTCP is called by the TCP forwarder for new connections.
@@ -36,9 +37,7 @@ func (f *Forwarder) handleTCP(r *tcp.ForwarderRequest) {
 	outConn, err := (&net.Dialer{}).DialContext(f.ctx, "tcp", dialAddr)
 	if err != nil {
 		r.Complete(true)
-		if f.logger.Enabled(nblog.LevelTrace) {
-			f.logger.Trace2("forwarder: dial error for %v: %v", epID(id), err)
-		}
+		f.logger.Trace2("forwarder: dial error for %v: %v", epID(id), err)
 		return
 	}

@@ -61,22 +60,64 @@ func (f *Forwarder) handleTCP(r *tcp.ForwarderRequest) {
 	inConn := gonet.NewTCPConn(&wq, ep)

 	success = true
-	if f.logger.Enabled(nblog.LevelTrace) {
-		f.logger.Trace1("forwarder: established TCP connection %v", epID(id))
-	}
+	f.logger.Trace1("forwarder: established TCP connection %v", epID(id))

 	go f.proxyTCP(id, inConn, outConn, ep, flowID)
 }

 func (f *Forwarder) proxyTCP(id stack.TransportEndpointID, inConn *gonet.TCPConn, outConn net.Conn, ep tcpip.Endpoint, flowID uuid.UUID) {
-	// netrelay.Relay copies bidirectionally with proper half-close propagation
-	// and fully closes both conns before returning.
-	bytesFromInToOut, bytesFromOutToIn := netrelay.Relay(f.ctx, inConn, outConn, netrelay.Options{
-		Logger: f.logger,
-	})

-	// Close the netstack endpoint after both conns are drained.
-	ep.Close()
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(f.ctx)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	go func() {
+		<-ctx.Done()
+		// Close connections and endpoint.
+		if err := inConn.Close(); err != nil && !isClosedError(err) {
+			f.logger.Debug1("forwarder: inConn close error: %v", err)
+		}
+		if err := outConn.Close(); err != nil && !isClosedError(err) {
+			f.logger.Debug1("forwarder: outConn close error: %v", err)
+		}
+
+		ep.Close()
+	}()
+
+	var wg sync.WaitGroup
+	wg.Add(2)
+
+	var (
+		bytesFromInToOut int64 // bytes from client to server (tx for client)
+		bytesFromOutToIn int64 // bytes from server to client (rx for client)
+		errInToOut       error
+		errOutToIn       error
+	)
+
+	go func() {
+		bytesFromInToOut, errInToOut = io.Copy(outConn, inConn)
+		cancel()
+		wg.Done()
+	}()
+
+	go func() {
+
+		bytesFromOutToIn, errOutToIn = io.Copy(inConn, outConn)
+		cancel()
+		wg.Done()
+	}()
+
+	wg.Wait()
+
+	if errInToOut != nil {
+		if !isClosedError(errInToOut) {
+			f.logger.Error2("proxyTCP: copy error (in → out) for %s: %v", epID(id), errInToOut)
+		}
+	}
+	if errOutToIn != nil {
+		if !isClosedError(errOutToIn) {
+			f.logger.Error2("proxyTCP: copy error (out → in) for %s: %v", epID(id), errOutToIn)
+		}
+	}

 	var rxPackets, txPackets uint64
 	if tcpStats, ok := ep.Stats().(*tcp.Stats); ok {
@@ -85,9 +126,7 @@ func (f *Forwarder) proxyTCP(id stack.TransportEndpointID, inConn *gonet.TCPConn
 		txPackets = tcpStats.SegmentsReceived.Value()
 	}

-	if f.logger.Enabled(nblog.LevelTrace) {
-		f.logger.Trace5("forwarder: Removed TCP connection %s [in: %d Pkts/%d B, out: %d Pkts/%d B]", epID(id), rxPackets, bytesFromOutToIn, txPackets, bytesFromInToOut)
-	}
+	f.logger.Trace5("forwarder: Removed TCP connection %s [in: %d Pkts/%d B, out: %d Pkts/%d B]", epID(id), rxPackets, bytesFromOutToIn, txPackets, bytesFromInToOut)

 	f.sendTCPEvent(nftypes.TypeEnd, flowID, id, uint64(bytesFromOutToIn), uint64(bytesFromInToOut), rxPackets, txPackets)
 }
--- a/client/firewall/uspfilter/forwarder/udp.go
+++ b/client/firewall/uspfilter/forwarder/udp.go
@@ -125,9 +125,7 @@ func (f *udpForwarder) cleanup() {
 				delete(f.conns, idle.id)
 				f.Unlock()

-				if f.logger.Enabled(nblog.LevelTrace) {
-					f.logger.Trace1("forwarder: cleaned up idle UDP connection %v", epID(idle.id))
-				}
+				f.logger.Trace1("forwarder: cleaned up idle UDP connection %v", epID(idle.id))
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -146,9 +144,7 @@ func (f *Forwarder) handleUDP(r *udp.ForwarderRequest) bool {
 	_, exists := f.udpForwarder.conns[id]
 	f.udpForwarder.RUnlock()
 	if exists {
-		if f.logger.Enabled(nblog.LevelTrace) {
-			f.logger.Trace1("forwarder: existing UDP connection for %v", epID(id))
-		}
+		f.logger.Trace1("forwarder: existing UDP connection for %v", epID(id))
 		return true
 	}

@@ -210,9 +206,7 @@ func (f *Forwarder) handleUDP(r *udp.ForwarderRequest) bool {
 	f.udpForwarder.Unlock()

 	success = true
-	if f.logger.Enabled(nblog.LevelTrace) {
-		f.logger.Trace1("forwarder: established UDP connection %v", epID(id))
-	}
+	f.logger.Trace1("forwarder: established UDP connection %v", epID(id))

 	go f.proxyUDP(connCtx, pConn, id, ep)
 	return true
@@ -271,9 +265,7 @@ func (f *Forwarder) proxyUDP(ctx context.Context, pConn *udpPacketConn, id stack
 		txPackets = udpStats.PacketsReceived.Value()
 	}

-	if f.logger.Enabled(nblog.LevelTrace) {
-		f.logger.Trace5("forwarder: Removed UDP connection %s [in: %d Pkts/%d B, out: %d Pkts/%d B]", epID(id), rxPackets, rxBytes, txPackets, txBytes)
-	}
+	f.logger.Trace5("forwarder: Removed UDP connection %s [in: %d Pkts/%d B, out: %d Pkts/%d B]", epID(id), rxPackets, rxBytes, txPackets, txBytes)

 	f.udpForwarder.Lock()
 	delete(f.udpForwarder.conns, id)
--- a/client/firewall/uspfilter/log/log.go
+++ b/client/firewall/uspfilter/log/log.go
@@ -53,17 +53,16 @@ var levelStrings = map[Level]string{
 }

 type logMessage struct {
-	level    Level
-	argCount uint8
-	format   string
-	arg1     any
-	arg2     any
-	arg3     any
-	arg4     any
-	arg5     any
-	arg6     any
-	arg7     any
-	arg8     any
+	level  Level
+	format string
+	arg1   any
+	arg2   any
+	arg3   any
+	arg4   any
+	arg5   any
+	arg6   any
+	arg7   any
+	arg8   any
 }

 // Logger is a high-performance, non-blocking logger
@@ -108,13 +107,6 @@ func (l *Logger) SetLevel(level Level) {
 	log.Debugf("Set uspfilter logger loglevel to %v", levelStrings[level])
 }

-// Enabled reports whether the given level is currently logged. Callers on the
-// hot path should guard log sites with this to avoid boxing arguments into
-// any when the level is off.
-func (l *Logger) Enabled(level Level) bool {
-	return l.level.Load() >= uint32(level)
-}
-
 func (l *Logger) Error(format string) {
 	if l.level.Load() >= uint32(LevelError) {
 		select {
@@ -163,7 +155,7 @@ func (l *Logger) Trace(format string) {
 func (l *Logger) Error1(format string, arg1 any) {
 	if l.level.Load() >= uint32(LevelError) {
 		select {
-		case l.msgChannel <- logMessage{level: LevelError, argCount: 1, format: format, arg1: arg1}:
+		case l.msgChannel <- logMessage{level: LevelError, format: format, arg1: arg1}:
 		default:
 		}
 	}
@@ -172,16 +164,7 @@ func (l *Logger) Error1(format string, arg1 any) {
 func (l *Logger) Error2(format string, arg1, arg2 any) {
 	if l.level.Load() >= uint32(LevelError) {
 		select {
-		case l.msgChannel <- logMessage{level: LevelError, argCount: 2, format: format, arg1: arg1, arg2: arg2}:
-		default:
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-func (l *Logger) Warn2(format string, arg1, arg2 any) {
-	if l.level.Load() >= uint32(LevelWarn) {
-		select {
-		case l.msgChannel <- logMessage{level: LevelWarn, argCount: 2, format: format, arg1: arg1, arg2: arg2}:
+		case l.msgChannel <- logMessage{level: LevelError, format: format, arg1: arg1, arg2: arg2}:
 		default:
 		}
 	}
@@ -190,7 +173,7 @@ func (l *Logger) Warn2(format string, arg1, arg2 any) {
 func (l *Logger) Warn3(format string, arg1, arg2, arg3 any) {
 	if l.level.Load() >= uint32(LevelWarn) {
 		select {
-		case l.msgChannel <- logMessage{level: LevelWarn, argCount: 3, format: format, arg1: arg1, arg2: arg2, arg3: arg3}:
+		case l.msgChannel <- logMessage{level: LevelWarn, format: format, arg1: arg1, arg2: arg2, arg3: arg3}:
 		default:
 		}
 	}
@@ -199,7 +182,7 @@ func (l *Logger) Warn3(format string, arg1, arg2, arg3 any) {
 func (l *Logger) Warn4(format string, arg1, arg2, arg3, arg4 any) {
 	if l.level.Load() >= uint32(LevelWarn) {
 		select {
-		case l.msgChannel <- logMessage{level: LevelWarn, argCount: 4, format: format, arg1: arg1, arg2: arg2, arg3: arg3, arg4: arg4}:
+		case l.msgChannel <- logMessage{level: LevelWarn, format: format, arg1: arg1, arg2: arg2, arg3: arg3, arg4: arg4}:
 		default:
 		}
 	}
@@ -208,7 +191,7 @@ func (l *Logger) Warn4(format string, arg1, arg2, arg3, arg4 any) {
 func (l *Logger) Debug1(format string, arg1 any) {
 	if l.level.Load() >= uint32(LevelDebug) {
 		select {
-		case l.msgChannel <- logMessage{level: LevelDebug, argCount: 1, format: format, arg1: arg1}:
+		case l.msgChannel <- logMessage{level: LevelDebug, format: format, arg1: arg1}:
 		default:
 		}
 	}
@@ -217,7 +200,7 @@ func (l *Logger) Debug1(format string, arg1 any) {
 func (l *Logger) Debug2(format string, arg1, arg2 any) {
 	if l.level.Load() >= uint32(LevelDebug) {
 		select {
-		case l.msgChannel <- logMessage{level: LevelDebug, argCount: 2, format: format, arg1: arg1, arg2: arg2}:
+		case l.msgChannel <- logMessage{level: LevelDebug, format: format, arg1: arg1, arg2: arg2}:
 		default:
 		}
 	}
@@ -226,59 +209,16 @@ func (l *Logger) Debug2(format string, arg1, arg2 any) {
 func (l *Logger) Debug3(format string, arg1, arg2, arg3 any) {
 	if l.level.Load() >= uint32(LevelDebug) {
 		select {
-		case l.msgChannel <- logMessage{level: LevelDebug, argCount: 3, format: format, arg1: arg1, arg2: arg2, arg3: arg3}:
+		case l.msgChannel <- logMessage{level: LevelDebug, format: format, arg1: arg1, arg2: arg2, arg3: arg3}:
 		default:
 		}
 	}
 }

-// Debugf is the variadic shape. Dispatches to Debug/Debug1/Debug2/Debug3
-// to avoid allocating an args slice on the fast path when the arg count is
-// known (0-3). Args beyond 3 land on the general variadic path; callers on
-// the hot path should prefer DebugN for known counts.
-func (l *Logger) Debugf(format string, args ...any) {
-	if l.level.Load() < uint32(LevelDebug) {
-		return
-	}
-	switch len(args) {
-	case 0:
-		l.Debug(format)
-	case 1:
-		l.Debug1(format, args[0])
-	case 2:
-		l.Debug2(format, args[0], args[1])
-	case 3:
-		l.Debug3(format, args[0], args[1], args[2])
-	default:
-		l.sendVariadic(LevelDebug, format, args)
-	}
-}
-
-// sendVariadic packs a slice of arguments into a logMessage and non-blocking
-// enqueues it. Used for arg counts beyond the fixed-arity fast paths. Args
-// beyond the 8-arg slot limit are dropped so callers don't produce silently
-// empty log lines via uint8 wraparound in argCount.
-func (l *Logger) sendVariadic(level Level, format string, args []any) {
-	const maxArgs = 8
-	n := len(args)
-	if n > maxArgs {
-		n = maxArgs
-	}
-	msg := logMessage{level: level, argCount: uint8(n), format: format}
-	slots := [maxArgs]*any{&msg.arg1, &msg.arg2, &msg.arg3, &msg.arg4, &msg.arg5, &msg.arg6, &msg.arg7, &msg.arg8}
-	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
-		*slots[i] = args[i]
-	}
-	select {
-	case l.msgChannel <- msg:
-	default:
-	}
-}
-
 func (l *Logger) Trace1(format string, arg1 any) {
 	if l.level.Load() >= uint32(LevelTrace) {
 		select {
-		case l.msgChannel <- logMessage{level: LevelTrace, argCount: 1, format: format, arg1: arg1}:
+		case l.msgChannel <- logMessage{level: LevelTrace, format: format, arg1: arg1}:
 		default:
 		}
 	}
@@ -287,7 +227,7 @@ func (l *Logger) Trace1(format string, arg1 any) {
 func (l *Logger) Trace2(format string, arg1, arg2 any) {
 	if l.level.Load() >= uint32(LevelTrace) {
 		select {
-		case l.msgChannel <- logMessage{level: LevelTrace, argCount: 2, format: format, arg1: arg1, arg2: arg2}:
+		case l.msgChannel <- logMessage{level: LevelTrace, format: format, arg1: arg1, arg2: arg2}:
 		default:
 		}
 	}
@@ -296,7 +236,7 @@ func (l *Logger) Trace2(format string, arg1, arg2 any) {
 func (l *Logger) Trace3(format string, arg1, arg2, arg3 any) {
 	if l.level.Load() >= uint32(LevelTrace) {
 		select {
-		case l.msgChannel <- logMessage{level: LevelTrace, argCount: 3, format: format, arg1: arg1, arg2: arg2, arg3: arg3}:
+		case l.msgChannel <- logMessage{level: LevelTrace, format: format, arg1: arg1, arg2: arg2, arg3: arg3}:
 		default:
 		}
 	}
@@ -305,7 +245,7 @@ func (l *Logger) Trace3(format string, arg1, arg2, arg3 any) {
 func (l *Logger) Trace4(format string, arg1, arg2, arg3, arg4 any) {
 	if l.level.Load() >= uint32(LevelTrace) {
 		select {
-		case l.msgChannel <- logMessage{level: LevelTrace, argCount: 4, format: format, arg1: arg1, arg2: arg2, arg3: arg3, arg4: arg4}:
+		case l.msgChannel <- logMessage{level: LevelTrace, format: format, arg1: arg1, arg2: arg2, arg3: arg3, arg4: arg4}:
 		default:
 		}
 	}
@@ -314,7 +254,7 @@ func (l *Logger) Trace4(format string, arg1, arg2, arg3, arg4 any) {
 func (l *Logger) Trace5(format string, arg1, arg2, arg3, arg4, arg5 any) {
 	if l.level.Load() >= uint32(LevelTrace) {
 		select {
-		case l.msgChannel <- logMessage{level: LevelTrace, argCount: 5, format: format, arg1: arg1, arg2: arg2, arg3: arg3, arg4: arg4, arg5: arg5}:
+		case l.msgChannel <- logMessage{level: LevelTrace, format: format, arg1: arg1, arg2: arg2, arg3: arg3, arg4: arg4, arg5: arg5}:
 		default:
 		}
 	}
@@ -323,7 +263,7 @@ func (l *Logger) Trace5(format string, arg1, arg2, arg3, arg4, arg5 any) {
 func (l *Logger) Trace6(format string, arg1, arg2, arg3, arg4, arg5, arg6 any) {
 	if l.level.Load() >= uint32(LevelTrace) {
 		select {
-		case l.msgChannel <- logMessage{level: LevelTrace, argCount: 6, format: format, arg1: arg1, arg2: arg2, arg3: arg3, arg4: arg4, arg5: arg5, arg6: arg6}:
+		case l.msgChannel <- logMessage{level: LevelTrace, format: format, arg1: arg1, arg2: arg2, arg3: arg3, arg4: arg4, arg5: arg5, arg6: arg6}:
 		default:
 		}
 	}
@@ -333,7 +273,7 @@ func (l *Logger) Trace6(format string, arg1, arg2, arg3, arg4, arg5, arg6 any) {
 func (l *Logger) Trace8(format string, arg1, arg2, arg3, arg4, arg5, arg6, arg7, arg8 any) {
 	if l.level.Load() >= uint32(LevelTrace) {
 		select {
-		case l.msgChannel <- logMessage{level: LevelTrace, argCount: 8, format: format, arg1: arg1, arg2: arg2, arg3: arg3, arg4: arg4, arg5: arg5, arg6: arg6, arg7: arg7, arg8: arg8}:
+		case l.msgChannel <- logMessage{level: LevelTrace, format: format, arg1: arg1, arg2: arg2, arg3: arg3, arg4: arg4, arg5: arg5, arg6: arg6, arg7: arg7, arg8: arg8}:
 		default:
 		}
 	}
@@ -346,8 +286,35 @@ func (l *Logger) formatMessage(buf *[]byte, msg logMessage) {
 	*buf = append(*buf, levelStrings[msg.level]...)
 	*buf = append(*buf, ' ')

+	// Count non-nil arguments for switch
+	argCount := 0
+	if msg.arg1 != nil {
+		argCount++
+		if msg.arg2 != nil {
+			argCount++
+			if msg.arg3 != nil {
+				argCount++
+				if msg.arg4 != nil {
+					argCount++
+					if msg.arg5 != nil {
+						argCount++
+						if msg.arg6 != nil {
+							argCount++
+							if msg.arg7 != nil {
+								argCount++
+								if msg.arg8 != nil {
+									argCount++
+								}
+							}
+						}
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
 	var formatted string
-	switch msg.argCount {
+	switch argCount {
 	case 0:
 		formatted = msg.format
 	case 1:
--- a/client/firewall/uspfilter/nat.go
+++ b/client/firewall/uspfilter/nat.go
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/google/gopacket/layers"

 	firewall "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/firewall/manager"
-	nblog "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/firewall/uspfilter/log"
 )

 var (
@@ -263,15 +262,11 @@ func (m *Manager) translateOutboundDNAT(packetData []byte, d *decoder) bool {
 	}

 	if err := m.rewritePacketIP(packetData, d, translatedIP, false); err != nil {
-		if m.logger.Enabled(nblog.LevelError) {
-			m.logger.Error1("failed to rewrite packet destination: %v", err)
-		}
+		m.logger.Error1("failed to rewrite packet destination: %v", err)
 		return false
 	}

-	if m.logger.Enabled(nblog.LevelTrace) {
-		m.logger.Trace2("DNAT: %s -> %s", dstIP, translatedIP)
-	}
+	m.logger.Trace2("DNAT: %s -> %s", dstIP, translatedIP)
 	return true
 }

@@ -288,15 +283,11 @@ func (m *Manager) translateInboundReverse(packetData []byte, d *decoder) bool {
 	}

 	if err := m.rewritePacketIP(packetData, d, originalIP, true); err != nil {
-		if m.logger.Enabled(nblog.LevelError) {
-			m.logger.Error1("failed to rewrite packet source: %v", err)
-		}
+		m.logger.Error1("failed to rewrite packet source: %v", err)
 		return false
 	}

-	if m.logger.Enabled(nblog.LevelTrace) {
-		m.logger.Trace2("Reverse DNAT: %s -> %s", srcIP, originalIP)
-	}
+	m.logger.Trace2("Reverse DNAT: %s -> %s", srcIP, originalIP)
 	return true
 }

@@ -621,9 +612,7 @@ func (m *Manager) applyPortRule(packetData []byte, d *decoder, srcIP, dstIP neti
 		}

 		if err := rewriteFn(packetData, d, rule.targetPort, destinationPortOffset); err != nil {
-			if m.logger.Enabled(nblog.LevelError) {
-				m.logger.Error1("failed to rewrite port: %v", err)
-			}
+			m.logger.Error1("failed to rewrite port: %v", err)
 			return false
 		}
 		d.dnatOrigPort = rule.origPort
--- a/client/internal/auth/pkce_flow.go
+++ b/client/internal/auth/pkce_flow.go
@@ -360,13 +360,7 @@ func isRedirectURLPortUsed(redirectURL string, excludedRanges []excludedPortRang
 		return true
 	}

-	// FreeBSD 15 disables connecting to INADDR_ANY (0.0.0.0) as a localhost
-	// alias by default, ensure explicit ip for localhost.
-	host := parsedURL.Hostname()
-	if host == "" {
-		host = "127.0.0.1"
-	}
-	addr := net.JoinHostPort(host, port)
+	addr := fmt.Sprintf(":%s", port)
 	conn, err := net.DialTimeout("tcp", addr, 3*time.Second)
 	if err != nil {
 		return false
--- a/client/internal/connect.go
+++ b/client/internal/connect.go
@@ -116,6 +116,7 @@ func (c *ConnectClient) RunOniOS(
 	fileDescriptor int32,
 	networkChangeListener listener.NetworkChangeListener,
 	dnsManager dns.IosDnsManager,
+	dnsAddresses []netip.AddrPort,
 	stateFilePath string,
 ) error {
 	// Set GC percent to 5% to reduce memory usage as iOS only allows 50MB of memory for the extension.
@@ -125,6 +126,7 @@ func (c *ConnectClient) RunOniOS(
 		FileDescriptor:        fileDescriptor,
 		NetworkChangeListener: networkChangeListener,
 		DnsManager:            dnsManager,
+		HostDNSAddresses:      dnsAddresses,
 		StateFilePath:         stateFilePath,
 	}
 	return c.run(mobileDependency, nil, "")
--- a/client/internal/debug/debug.go
+++ b/client/internal/debug/debug.go
@@ -45,11 +45,8 @@ netbird.out: Most recent, anonymized stdout log file of the NetBird client.
 routes.txt: Detailed system routing table in tabular format including destination, gateway, interface, metrics, and protocol information, if --system-info flag was provided.
 interfaces.txt: Anonymized network interface information, if --system-info flag was provided.
 ip_rules.txt: Detailed IP routing rules in tabular format including priority, source, destination, interfaces, table, and action information (Linux only), if --system-info flag was provided.
-iptables.txt: Anonymized iptables (IPv4) rules with packet counters, if --system-info flag was provided.
-ip6tables.txt: Anonymized ip6tables (IPv6) rules with packet counters, if --system-info flag was provided.
-ipset.txt: Anonymized ipset list output, if --system-info flag was provided.
-nftables.txt: Anonymized nftables rules with packet counters across all families (ip, ip6, inet, etc.), if --system-info flag was provided.
-sysctls.txt: Forwarding, reverse-path filter, source-validation, and conntrack accounting sysctl values that the NetBird client may read or modify, if --system-info flag was provided (Linux only).
+iptables.txt: Anonymized iptables rules with packet counters, if --system-info flag was provided.
+nftables.txt: Anonymized nftables rules with packet counters, if --system-info flag was provided.
 resolv.conf: DNS resolver configuration from /etc/resolv.conf (Unix systems only), if --system-info flag was provided.
 scutil_dns.txt: DNS configuration from scutil --dns (macOS only), if --system-info flag was provided.
 resolved_domains.txt: Anonymized resolved domain IP addresses from the status recorder.
@@ -168,33 +165,22 @@ The config.txt file contains anonymized configuration information of the NetBird
 Other non-sensitive configuration options are included without anonymization.

 Firewall Rules (Linux only)
-The bundle includes the following firewall-related files:
+The bundle includes two separate firewall rule files:

 iptables.txt:
- IPv4 iptables ruleset with packet counters using 'iptables-save' and 'iptables -v -n -L'
+- Complete iptables ruleset with packet counters using 'iptables -v -n -L'
 - Includes all tables (filter, nat, mangle, raw, security)
 - Shows packet and byte counters for each rule
 - All IP addresses are anonymized
 - Chain names, table names, and other non-sensitive information remain unchanged

-ip6tables.txt:
- IPv6 ip6tables ruleset with packet counters using 'ip6tables-save' and 'ip6tables -v -n -L'
- Same table coverage and anonymization as iptables.txt
- Omitted when ip6tables is not installed or no IPv6 rules are present
-
-ipset.txt:
- Output of 'ipset list' (family-agnostic)
- IP addresses are anonymized; set names and types remain unchanged
-
 nftables.txt:
- Complete nftables ruleset across all families (ip, ip6, inet, arp, bridge, netdev) via 'nft -a list ruleset'
+- Complete nftables ruleset obtained via 'nft -a list ruleset'
 - Includes rule handle numbers and packet counters
- All IP addresses are anonymized; chain/table names remain unchanged
-
-sysctls.txt:
- Forwarding (IPv4 + IPv6, global and per-interface), reverse-path filter, source-validation, conntrack accounting, and TCP-related sysctls that netbird may read or modify
- Per-interface keys are enumerated from /proc/sys/net/ipv{4,6}/conf
- Interface names anonymized when --anonymize is set
+- All tables, chains, and rules are included
+- Shows packet and byte counters for each rule
+- All IP addresses are anonymized
+- Chain names, table names, and other non-sensitive information remain unchanged

 IP Rules (Linux only)
 The ip_rules.txt file contains detailed IP routing rule information:
@@ -426,10 +412,6 @@ func (g *BundleGenerator) addSystemInfo() {
 		log.Errorf("failed to add firewall rules to debug bundle: %v", err)
 	}

-	if err := g.addSysctls(); err != nil {
-		log.Errorf("failed to add sysctls to debug bundle: %v", err)
-	}
-
 	if err := g.addDNSInfo(); err != nil {
 		log.Errorf("failed to add DNS info to debug bundle: %v", err)
 	}
--- a/client/internal/debug/debug_linux.go
+++ b/client/internal/debug/debug_linux.go
@@ -124,18 +124,15 @@ func getSystemdLogs(serviceName string) (string, error) {
 // addFirewallRules collects and adds firewall rules to the archive
 func (g *BundleGenerator) addFirewallRules() error {
 	log.Info("Collecting firewall rules")
-	g.addIPTablesRulesToBundle("iptables-save", "iptables", "iptables.txt")
-	g.addIPTablesRulesToBundle("ip6tables-save", "ip6tables", "ip6tables.txt")
-
-	ipsetOutput, err := collectIPSets()
+	iptablesRules, err := collectIPTablesRules()
 	if err != nil {
-		log.Warnf("Failed to collect ipset information: %v", err)
+		log.Warnf("Failed to collect iptables rules: %v", err)
 	} else {
 		if g.anonymize {
-			ipsetOutput = g.anonymizer.AnonymizeString(ipsetOutput)
+			iptablesRules = g.anonymizer.AnonymizeString(iptablesRules)
 		}
-		if err := g.addFileToZip(strings.NewReader(ipsetOutput), "ipset.txt"); err != nil {
-			log.Warnf("Failed to add ipset output to bundle: %v", err)
+		if err := g.addFileToZip(strings.NewReader(iptablesRules), "iptables.txt"); err != nil {
+			log.Warnf("Failed to add iptables rules to bundle: %v", err)
 		}
 	}

@@ -154,65 +151,44 @@ func (g *BundleGenerator) addFirewallRules() error {
 	return nil
 }

-// addIPTablesRulesToBundle collects iptables/ip6tables rules and writes them to the bundle.
-func (g *BundleGenerator) addIPTablesRulesToBundle(saveBin, listBin, filename string) {
-	rules, err := collectIPTablesRules(saveBin, listBin)
-	if err != nil {
-		log.Warnf("Failed to collect %s rules: %v", listBin, err)
-		return
-	}
-	if g.anonymize {
-		rules = g.anonymizer.AnonymizeString(rules)
-	}
-	if err := g.addFileToZip(strings.NewReader(rules), filename); err != nil {
-		log.Warnf("Failed to add %s rules to bundle: %v", listBin, err)
-	}
-}
-
-// collectIPTablesRules collects rules using both <saveBin> and verbose listing via <listBin>.
-// Returns an error when neither command produced any output (e.g. the binary is missing),
-// so the caller can skip writing an empty file.
-func collectIPTablesRules(saveBin, listBin string) (string, error) {
+// collectIPTablesRules collects rules using both iptables-save and verbose listing
+func collectIPTablesRules() (string, error) {
 	var builder strings.Builder
-	var collected bool
-	var firstErr error

-	saveOutput, err := runCommand(saveBin)
-	switch {
-	case err != nil:
-		firstErr = err
-		log.Warnf("Failed to collect %s output: %v", saveBin, err)
-	case strings.TrimSpace(saveOutput) == "":
-		log.Debugf("%s produced no output, skipping", saveBin)
-	default:
-		builder.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("=== %s output ===\n", saveBin))
+	saveOutput, err := collectIPTablesSave()
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Warnf("Failed to collect iptables rules using iptables-save: %v", err)
+	} else {
+		builder.WriteString("=== iptables-save output ===\n")
 		builder.WriteString(saveOutput)
 		builder.WriteString("\n")
-		collected = true
 	}

-	listHeader := fmt.Sprintf("=== %s -v -n -L output ===\n", listBin)
-	builder.WriteString(listHeader)
+	ipsetOutput, err := collectIPSets()
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Warnf("Failed to collect ipset information: %v", err)
+	} else {
+		builder.WriteString("=== ipset list output ===\n")
+		builder.WriteString(ipsetOutput)
+		builder.WriteString("\n")
+	}
+
+	builder.WriteString("=== iptables -v -n -L output ===\n")

 	tables := []string{"filter", "nat", "mangle", "raw", "security"}
+
 	for _, table := range tables {
-		stats, err := runCommand(listBin, "-v", "-n", "-L", "-t", table)
+		builder.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("*%s\n", table))
+
+		stats, err := getTableStatistics(table)
 		if err != nil {
-			if firstErr == nil {
-				firstErr = err
-			}
-			log.Warnf("Failed to get %s statistics for table %s: %v", listBin, table, err)
+			log.Warnf("Failed to get statistics for table %s: %v", table, err)
 			continue
 		}
-		builder.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("*%s\n", table))
 		builder.WriteString(stats)
 		builder.WriteString("\n")
-		collected = true
 	}

-	if !collected {
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("collect %s rules: %w", listBin, firstErr)
-	}
 	return builder.String(), nil
 }

@@ -238,15 +214,34 @@ func collectIPSets() (string, error) {
 	return ipsets, nil
 }

-// runCommand executes a command and returns its stdout, wrapping stderr in the error on failure.
-func runCommand(name string, args ...string) (string, error) {
-	cmd := exec.Command(name, args...)
+// collectIPTablesSave uses iptables-save to get rule definitions
+func collectIPTablesSave() (string, error) {
+	cmd := exec.Command("iptables-save")
 	var stdout, stderr bytes.Buffer
 	cmd.Stdout = &stdout
 	cmd.Stderr = &stderr

 	if err := cmd.Run(); err != nil {
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("execute %s: %w (stderr: %s)", name, err, stderr.String())
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("execute iptables-save: %w (stderr: %s)", err, stderr.String())
+	}
+
+	rules := stdout.String()
+	if strings.TrimSpace(rules) == "" {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("no iptables rules found")
+	}
+
+	return rules, nil
+}
+
+// getTableStatistics gets verbose statistics for an entire table using iptables command
+func getTableStatistics(table string) (string, error) {
+	cmd := exec.Command("iptables", "-v", "-n", "-L", "-t", table)
+	var stdout, stderr bytes.Buffer
+	cmd.Stdout = &stdout
+	cmd.Stderr = &stderr
+
+	if err := cmd.Run(); err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("execute iptables -v -n -L: %w (stderr: %s)", err, stderr.String())
 	}

 	return stdout.String(), nil
@@ -809,91 +804,3 @@ func formatSetKeyType(keyType nftables.SetDatatype) string {
 		return fmt.Sprintf("type-%v", keyType)
 	}
 }
-
-// addSysctls collects forwarding and netbird-managed sysctl values and writes them to the bundle.
-func (g *BundleGenerator) addSysctls() error {
-	log.Info("Collecting sysctls")
-	content := collectSysctls()
-	if g.anonymize {
-		content = g.anonymizer.AnonymizeString(content)
-	}
-	if err := g.addFileToZip(strings.NewReader(content), "sysctls.txt"); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("add sysctls to bundle: %w", err)
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
-// collectSysctls reads every sysctl that the netbird client may modify, plus
-// global IPv4/IPv6 forwarding, and returns a formatted dump grouped by topic.
-// Per-interface values are enumerated by listing /proc/sys/net/ipv{4,6}/conf.
-func collectSysctls() string {
-	var builder strings.Builder
-
-	writeSysctlGroup(&builder, "forwarding", []string{
-		"net.ipv4.ip_forward",
-		"net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding",
-		"net.ipv6.conf.default.forwarding",
-	})
-	writeSysctlGroup(&builder, "ipv4 per-interface forwarding", listInterfaceSysctls("ipv4", "forwarding"))
-	writeSysctlGroup(&builder, "ipv6 per-interface forwarding", listInterfaceSysctls("ipv6", "forwarding"))
-	writeSysctlGroup(&builder, "rp_filter", append(
-		[]string{"net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter", "net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter"},
-		listInterfaceSysctls("ipv4", "rp_filter")...,
-	))
-	writeSysctlGroup(&builder, "src_valid_mark", append(
-		[]string{"net.ipv4.conf.all.src_valid_mark", "net.ipv4.conf.default.src_valid_mark"},
-		listInterfaceSysctls("ipv4", "src_valid_mark")...,
-	))
-	writeSysctlGroup(&builder, "conntrack", []string{
-		"net.netfilter.nf_conntrack_acct",
-		"net.netfilter.nf_conntrack_tcp_loose",
-	})
-	writeSysctlGroup(&builder, "tcp", []string{
-		"net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse",
-	})
-
-	return builder.String()
-}
-
-func writeSysctlGroup(builder *strings.Builder, title string, keys []string) {
-	builder.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("=== %s ===\n", title))
-	for _, key := range keys {
-		value, err := readSysctl(key)
-		if err != nil {
-			builder.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("%s = <error: %v>\n", key, err))
-			continue
-		}
-		builder.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("%s = %s\n", key, value))
-	}
-	builder.WriteString("\n")
-}
-
-// listInterfaceSysctls returns net.ipvX.conf.<iface>.<leaf> keys for every
-// interface present in /proc/sys/net/ipvX/conf, skipping "all" and "default"
-// (callers add those explicitly so they appear first).
-func listInterfaceSysctls(family, leaf string) []string {
-	dir := fmt.Sprintf("/proc/sys/net/%s/conf", family)
-	entries, err := os.ReadDir(dir)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil
-	}
-	var keys []string
-	for _, e := range entries {
-		name := e.Name()
-		if name == "all" || name == "default" {
-			continue
-		}
-		keys = append(keys, fmt.Sprintf("net.%s.conf.%s.%s", family, name, leaf))
-	}
-	sort.Strings(keys)
-	return keys
-}
-
-func readSysctl(key string) (string, error) {
-	path := fmt.Sprintf("/proc/sys/%s", strings.ReplaceAll(key, ".", "/"))
-	value, err := os.ReadFile(path)
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", err
-	}
-	return strings.TrimSpace(string(value)), nil
-}
--- a/client/internal/debug/debug_nonlinux.go
+++ b/client/internal/debug/debug_nonlinux.go
@@ -17,8 +17,3 @@ func (g *BundleGenerator) addIPRules() error {
 	// IP rules are only supported on Linux
 	return nil
 }
-
-func (g *BundleGenerator) addSysctls() error {
-	// Sysctl collection is only supported on Linux
-	return nil
-}
--- a/client/internal/dns/host.go
+++ b/client/internal/dns/host.go
@@ -16,10 +16,6 @@ type hostManager interface {
 	restoreHostDNS() error
 	supportCustomPort() bool
 	string() string
-	// getOriginalNameservers returns the OS-side resolvers used as PriorityFallback
-	// upstreams: pre-takeover snapshots on desktop, the OS-pushed list on Android,
-	// hardcoded Quad9 on iOS, nil for noop / mock.
-	getOriginalNameservers() []netip.Addr
 }

 type SystemDNSSettings struct {
@@ -135,11 +131,3 @@ func (n noopHostConfigurator) supportCustomPort() bool {
 func (n noopHostConfigurator) string() string {
 	return "noop"
 }
-
-func (n noopHostConfigurator) getOriginalNameservers() []netip.Addr {
-	return nil
-}
-
-func (m *mockHostConfigurator) getOriginalNameservers() []netip.Addr {
-	return nil
-}
--- a/client/internal/dns/host_android.go
+++ b/client/internal/dns/host_android.go
@@ -1,20 +1,14 @@
 package dns

 import (
-	"net/netip"
-
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/statemanager"
 )

-// androidHostManager is a noop on the OS side (Android's VPN service handles
-// DNS for us) but tracks the OS-reported resolver list pushed via
-// OnUpdatedHostDNSServer so it can serve as the fallback nameserver source.
 type androidHostManager struct {
-	holder *hostsDNSHolder
 }

-func newHostManager(holder *hostsDNSHolder) (*androidHostManager, error) {
-	return &androidHostManager{holder: holder}, nil
+func newHostManager() (*androidHostManager, error) {
+	return &androidHostManager{}, nil
 }

 func (a androidHostManager) applyDNSConfig(HostDNSConfig, *statemanager.Manager) error {
@@ -32,12 +26,3 @@ func (a androidHostManager) supportCustomPort() bool {
 func (a androidHostManager) string() string {
 	return "none"
 }
-
-func (a androidHostManager) getOriginalNameservers() []netip.Addr {
-	hosts := a.holder.get()
-	out := make([]netip.Addr, 0, len(hosts))
-	for ap := range hosts {
-		out = append(out, ap.Addr())
-	}
-	return out
-}
--- a/client/internal/dns/host_ios.go
+++ b/client/internal/dns/host_ios.go
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ package dns
 import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
-	"net/netip"

 	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"

@@ -21,14 +20,6 @@ func newHostManager(dnsManager IosDnsManager) (*iosHostManager, error) {
 	}, nil
 }

-func (a iosHostManager) getOriginalNameservers() []netip.Addr {
-	// Quad9 v4+v6: 9.9.9.9, 2620:fe::fe.
-	return []netip.Addr{
-		netip.AddrFrom4([4]byte{9, 9, 9, 9}),
-		netip.AddrFrom16([16]byte{0x26, 0x20, 0x00, 0xfe, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0xfe}),
-	}
-}
-
 func (a iosHostManager) applyDNSConfig(config HostDNSConfig, _ *statemanager.Manager) error {
 	jsonData, err := json.Marshal(config)
 	if err != nil {
--- a/client/internal/dns/host_windows.go
+++ b/client/internal/dns/host_windows.go
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ import (
 	"io"
 	"net/netip"
 	"os/exec"
-	"slices"
 	"strings"
 	"syscall"
 	"time"
@@ -45,11 +44,9 @@ const (

 	nrptMaxDomainsPerRule = 50

-	interfaceConfigPath           = `SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\Tcpip\Parameters\Interfaces`
-	interfaceConfigPathV6         = `SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\Tcpip6\Parameters\Interfaces`
-	interfaceConfigNameServerKey  = "NameServer"
-	interfaceConfigDhcpNameSrvKey = "DhcpNameServer"
-	interfaceConfigSearchListKey  = "SearchList"
+	interfaceConfigPath          = `SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\Tcpip\Parameters\Interfaces`
+	interfaceConfigNameServerKey = "NameServer"
+	interfaceConfigSearchListKey = "SearchList"

 	// Network interface DNS registration settings
 	disableDynamicUpdateKey           = "DisableDynamicUpdate"
@@ -70,11 +67,10 @@ const (
 )

 type registryConfigurator struct {
-	guid            string
-	routingAll      bool
-	gpo             bool
-	nrptEntryCount  int
-	origNameservers []netip.Addr
+	guid           string
+	routingAll     bool
+	gpo            bool
+	nrptEntryCount int
 }

 func newHostManager(wgInterface WGIface) (*registryConfigurator, error) {
@@ -98,17 +94,6 @@ func newHostManager(wgInterface WGIface) (*registryConfigurator, error) {
 		gpo:  useGPO,
 	}

-	origNameservers, err := configurator.captureOriginalNameservers()
-	switch {
-	case err != nil:
-		log.Warnf("capture original nameservers from non-WG adapters: %v", err)
-	case len(origNameservers) == 0:
-		log.Warnf("no original nameservers captured from non-WG adapters; DNS fallback will be empty")
-	default:
-		log.Debugf("captured %d original nameservers from non-WG adapters: %v", len(origNameservers), origNameservers)
-	}
-	configurator.origNameservers = origNameservers
-
 	if err := configurator.configureInterface(); err != nil {
 		log.Errorf("failed to configure interface settings: %v", err)
 	}
@@ -116,98 +101,6 @@ func newHostManager(wgInterface WGIface) (*registryConfigurator, error) {
 	return configurator, nil
 }

-// captureOriginalNameservers reads DNS addresses from every Tcpip(6) interface
-// registry key except the WG adapter. v4 and v6 servers live in separate
-// hives (Tcpip vs Tcpip6) keyed by the same interface GUID.
-func (r *registryConfigurator) captureOriginalNameservers() ([]netip.Addr, error) {
-	seen := make(map[netip.Addr]struct{})
-	var out []netip.Addr
-	var merr *multierror.Error
-	for _, root := range []string{interfaceConfigPath, interfaceConfigPathV6} {
-		addrs, err := r.captureFromTcpipRoot(root)
-		if err != nil {
-			merr = multierror.Append(merr, fmt.Errorf("%s: %w", root, err))
-			continue
-		}
-		for _, addr := range addrs {
-			if _, dup := seen[addr]; dup {
-				continue
-			}
-			seen[addr] = struct{}{}
-			out = append(out, addr)
-		}
-	}
-	return out, nberrors.FormatErrorOrNil(merr)
-}
-
-func (r *registryConfigurator) captureFromTcpipRoot(rootPath string) ([]netip.Addr, error) {
-	root, err := registry.OpenKey(registry.LOCAL_MACHINE, rootPath, registry.READ)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("open key: %w", err)
-	}
-	defer closer(root)
-
-	guids, err := root.ReadSubKeyNames(-1)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("read subkeys: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	var out []netip.Addr
-	for _, guid := range guids {
-		if strings.EqualFold(guid, r.guid) {
-			continue
-		}
-		out = append(out, readInterfaceNameservers(rootPath, guid)...)
-	}
-	return out, nil
-}
-
-func readInterfaceNameservers(rootPath, guid string) []netip.Addr {
-	keyPath := rootPath + "\\" + guid
-	k, err := registry.OpenKey(registry.LOCAL_MACHINE, keyPath, registry.QUERY_VALUE)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil
-	}
-	defer closer(k)
-
-	// Static NameServer wins over DhcpNameServer for actual resolution.
-	for _, name := range []string{interfaceConfigNameServerKey, interfaceConfigDhcpNameSrvKey} {
-		raw, _, err := k.GetStringValue(name)
-		if err != nil || raw == "" {
-			continue
-		}
-		if out := parseRegistryNameservers(raw); len(out) > 0 {
-			return out
-		}
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
-func parseRegistryNameservers(raw string) []netip.Addr {
-	var out []netip.Addr
-	for _, field := range strings.FieldsFunc(raw, func(r rune) bool { return r == ',' || r == ' ' || r == '\t' }) {
-		addr, err := netip.ParseAddr(strings.TrimSpace(field))
-		if err != nil {
-			continue
-		}
-		addr = addr.Unmap()
-		if !addr.IsValid() || addr.IsUnspecified() {
-			continue
-		}
-		// Drop unzoned link-local: not routable without a scope id. If
-		// the user wrote "fe80::1%eth0" ParseAddr preserves the zone.
-		if addr.IsLinkLocalUnicast() && addr.Zone() == "" {
-			continue
-		}
-		out = append(out, addr)
-	}
-	return out
-}
-
-func (r *registryConfigurator) getOriginalNameservers() []netip.Addr {
-	return slices.Clone(r.origNameservers)
-}
-
 func (r *registryConfigurator) supportCustomPort() bool {
 	return false
 }
--- a/client/internal/dns/hosts_dns_holder.go
+++ b/client/internal/dns/hosts_dns_holder.go
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@ func (h *hostsDNSHolder) set(list []netip.AddrPort) {
 	h.mutex.Unlock()
 }

-//nolint:unused
 func (h *hostsDNSHolder) get() map[netip.AddrPort]struct{} {
 	h.mutex.RLock()
 	l := h.unprotectedDNSList
--- a/client/internal/dns/local/local.go
+++ b/client/internal/dns/local/local.go
@@ -76,6 +76,8 @@ func (d *Resolver) ID() types.HandlerID {
 	return "local-resolver"
 }

+func (d *Resolver) ProbeAvailability(context.Context) {}
+
 // ServeDNS handles a DNS request
 func (d *Resolver) ServeDNS(w dns.ResponseWriter, r *dns.Msg) {
 	logger := log.WithFields(log.Fields{
--- a/client/internal/dns/mock_server.go
+++ b/client/internal/dns/mock_server.go
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ import (

 	dnsconfig "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/dns/config"
 	nbdns "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/dns"
-	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/route"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/management/domain"
 )

@@ -71,6 +70,10 @@ func (m *MockServer) SearchDomains() []string {
 	return make([]string, 0)
 }

+// ProbeAvailability mocks implementation of ProbeAvailability from the Server interface
+func (m *MockServer) ProbeAvailability() {
+}
+
 func (m *MockServer) UpdateServerConfig(domains dnsconfig.ServerDomains) error {
 	if m.UpdateServerConfigFunc != nil {
 		return m.UpdateServerConfigFunc(domains)
@@ -82,8 +85,8 @@ func (m *MockServer) PopulateManagementDomain(mgmtURL *url.URL) error {
 	return nil
 }

-// SetRouteSources mock implementation of SetRouteSources from Server interface
-func (m *MockServer) SetRouteSources(selected, active func() route.HAMap) {
+// SetRouteChecker mock implementation of SetRouteChecker from Server interface
+func (m *MockServer) SetRouteChecker(func(netip.Addr) bool) {
 	// Mock implementation - no-op
 }

--- a/client/internal/dns/network_manager_unix.go
+++ b/client/internal/dns/network_manager_unix.go
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"net/netip"
-	"slices"
 	"strings"
 	"time"

@@ -33,15 +32,6 @@ const (
 	networkManagerDbusDeviceGetAppliedConnectionMethod                              = networkManagerDbusDeviceInterface + ".GetAppliedConnection"
 	networkManagerDbusDeviceReapplyMethod                                           = networkManagerDbusDeviceInterface + ".Reapply"
 	networkManagerDbusDeviceDeleteMethod                                            = networkManagerDbusDeviceInterface + ".Delete"
-	networkManagerDbusDeviceIp4ConfigProperty                                       = networkManagerDbusDeviceInterface + ".Ip4Config"
-	networkManagerDbusDeviceIp6ConfigProperty                                       = networkManagerDbusDeviceInterface + ".Ip6Config"
-	networkManagerDbusDeviceIfaceProperty                                           = networkManagerDbusDeviceInterface + ".Interface"
-	networkManagerDbusGetDevicesMethod                                              = networkManagerDest + ".GetDevices"
-	networkManagerDbusIp4ConfigInterface                                            = "org.freedesktop.NetworkManager.IP4Config"
-	networkManagerDbusIp6ConfigInterface                                            = "org.freedesktop.NetworkManager.IP6Config"
-	networkManagerDbusIp4ConfigNameserverDataProperty                               = networkManagerDbusIp4ConfigInterface + ".NameserverData"
-	networkManagerDbusIp4ConfigNameserversProperty                                  = networkManagerDbusIp4ConfigInterface + ".Nameservers"
-	networkManagerDbusIp6ConfigNameserversProperty                                  = networkManagerDbusIp6ConfigInterface + ".Nameservers"
 	networkManagerDbusDefaultBehaviorFlag              networkManagerConfigBehavior = 0
 	networkManagerDbusIPv4Key                                                       = "ipv4"
 	networkManagerDbusIPv6Key                                                       = "ipv6"
@@ -61,10 +51,9 @@ var supportedNetworkManagerVersionConstraints = []string{
 }

 type networkManagerDbusConfigurator struct {
-	dbusLinkObject  dbus.ObjectPath
-	routingAll      bool
-	ifaceName       string
-	origNameservers []netip.Addr
+	dbusLinkObject dbus.ObjectPath
+	routingAll     bool
+	ifaceName      string
 }

 // the types below are based on dbus specification, each field is mapped to a dbus type
@@ -103,200 +92,10 @@ func newNetworkManagerDbusConfigurator(wgInterface string) (*networkManagerDbusC

 	log.Debugf("got network manager dbus Link Object: %s from net interface %s", s, wgInterface)

-	c := &networkManagerDbusConfigurator{
+	return &networkManagerDbusConfigurator{
 		dbusLinkObject: dbus.ObjectPath(s),
 		ifaceName:      wgInterface,
-	}
-
-	origNameservers, err := c.captureOriginalNameservers()
-	switch {
-	case err != nil:
-		log.Warnf("capture original nameservers from NetworkManager: %v", err)
-	case len(origNameservers) == 0:
-		log.Warnf("no original nameservers captured from non-WG NetworkManager devices; DNS fallback will be empty")
-	default:
-		log.Debugf("captured %d original nameservers from non-WG NetworkManager devices: %v", len(origNameservers), origNameservers)
-	}
-	c.origNameservers = origNameservers
-	return c, nil
-}
-
-// captureOriginalNameservers reads DNS servers from every NM device's
-// IP4Config / IP6Config except our WG device.
-func (n *networkManagerDbusConfigurator) captureOriginalNameservers() ([]netip.Addr, error) {
-	devices, err := networkManagerListDevices()
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("list devices: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	seen := make(map[netip.Addr]struct{})
-	var out []netip.Addr
-	for _, dev := range devices {
-		if dev == n.dbusLinkObject {
-			continue
-		}
-		ifaceName := readNetworkManagerDeviceInterface(dev)
-		for _, addr := range readNetworkManagerDeviceDNS(dev) {
-			addr = addr.Unmap()
-			if !addr.IsValid() || addr.IsUnspecified() {
-				continue
-			}
-			// IP6Config.Nameservers is a byte slice without zone info;
-			// reattach the device's interface name so a captured fe80::…
-			// stays routable.
-			if addr.IsLinkLocalUnicast() && ifaceName != "" {
-				addr = addr.WithZone(ifaceName)
-			}
-			if _, dup := seen[addr]; dup {
-				continue
-			}
-			seen[addr] = struct{}{}
-			out = append(out, addr)
-		}
-	}
-	return out, nil
-}
-
-func readNetworkManagerDeviceInterface(devicePath dbus.ObjectPath) string {
-	obj, closeConn, err := getDbusObject(networkManagerDest, devicePath)
-	if err != nil {
-		return ""
-	}
-	defer closeConn()
-	v, err := obj.GetProperty(networkManagerDbusDeviceIfaceProperty)
-	if err != nil {
-		return ""
-	}
-	s, _ := v.Value().(string)
-	return s
-}
-
-func networkManagerListDevices() ([]dbus.ObjectPath, error) {
-	obj, closeConn, err := getDbusObject(networkManagerDest, networkManagerDbusObjectNode)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("dbus NetworkManager: %w", err)
-	}
-	defer closeConn()
-	var devs []dbus.ObjectPath
-	if err := obj.Call(networkManagerDbusGetDevicesMethod, dbusDefaultFlag).Store(&devs); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	return devs, nil
-}
-
-func readNetworkManagerDeviceDNS(devicePath dbus.ObjectPath) []netip.Addr {
-	obj, closeConn, err := getDbusObject(networkManagerDest, devicePath)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil
-	}
-	defer closeConn()
-
-	var out []netip.Addr
-	if path := readNetworkManagerConfigPath(obj, networkManagerDbusDeviceIp4ConfigProperty); path != "" {
-		out = append(out, readIPv4ConfigDNS(path)...)
-	}
-	if path := readNetworkManagerConfigPath(obj, networkManagerDbusDeviceIp6ConfigProperty); path != "" {
-		out = append(out, readIPv6ConfigDNS(path)...)
-	}
-	return out
-}
-
-func readNetworkManagerConfigPath(obj dbus.BusObject, property string) dbus.ObjectPath {
-	v, err := obj.GetProperty(property)
-	if err != nil {
-		return ""
-	}
-	path, ok := v.Value().(dbus.ObjectPath)
-	if !ok || path == "/" {
-		return ""
-	}
-	return path
-}
-
-func readIPv4ConfigDNS(path dbus.ObjectPath) []netip.Addr {
-	obj, closeConn, err := getDbusObject(networkManagerDest, path)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil
-	}
-	defer closeConn()
-
-	// NameserverData (NM 1.13+) carries strings; older NMs only expose the
-	// legacy uint32 Nameservers property.
-	if out := readIPv4NameserverData(obj); len(out) > 0 {
-		return out
-	}
-	return readIPv4LegacyNameservers(obj)
-}
-
-func readIPv4NameserverData(obj dbus.BusObject) []netip.Addr {
-	v, err := obj.GetProperty(networkManagerDbusIp4ConfigNameserverDataProperty)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil
-	}
-	entries, ok := v.Value().([]map[string]dbus.Variant)
-	if !ok {
-		return nil
-	}
-	var out []netip.Addr
-	for _, entry := range entries {
-		addrVar, ok := entry["address"]
-		if !ok {
-			continue
-		}
-		s, ok := addrVar.Value().(string)
-		if !ok {
-			continue
-		}
-		if a, err := netip.ParseAddr(s); err == nil {
-			out = append(out, a)
-		}
-	}
-	return out
-}
-
-func readIPv4LegacyNameservers(obj dbus.BusObject) []netip.Addr {
-	v, err := obj.GetProperty(networkManagerDbusIp4ConfigNameserversProperty)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil
-	}
-	raw, ok := v.Value().([]uint32)
-	if !ok {
-		return nil
-	}
-	out := make([]netip.Addr, 0, len(raw))
-	for _, n := range raw {
-		var b [4]byte
-		binary.LittleEndian.PutUint32(b[:], n)
-		out = append(out, netip.AddrFrom4(b))
-	}
-	return out
-}
-
-func readIPv6ConfigDNS(path dbus.ObjectPath) []netip.Addr {
-	obj, closeConn, err := getDbusObject(networkManagerDest, path)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil
-	}
-	defer closeConn()
-	v, err := obj.GetProperty(networkManagerDbusIp6ConfigNameserversProperty)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil
-	}
-	raw, ok := v.Value().([][]byte)
-	if !ok {
-		return nil
-	}
-	out := make([]netip.Addr, 0, len(raw))
-	for _, b := range raw {
-		if a, ok := netip.AddrFromSlice(b); ok {
-			out = append(out, a)
-		}
-	}
-	return out
-}
-
-func (n *networkManagerDbusConfigurator) getOriginalNameservers() []netip.Addr {
-	return slices.Clone(n.origNameservers)
+	}, nil
 }

 func (n *networkManagerDbusConfigurator) supportCustomPort() bool {
--- a/client/internal/dns/server.go
+++ b/client/internal/dns/server.go
--- a/client/internal/dns/server_android.go
+++ b/client/internal/dns/server_android.go
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 package dns

 func (s *DefaultServer) initialize() (manager hostManager, err error) {
-	return newHostManager(s.hostsDNSHolder)
+	return newHostManager()
 }
--- a/client/internal/dns/server_test.go
+++ b/client/internal/dns/server_test.go
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"net"
 	"net/netip"
 	"os"
-	"runtime"
+	"strings"
 	"testing"
 	"time"

@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ import (
 	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/mock"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 	"golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/tun/netstack"
 	"golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/wgctrl/wgtypes"

@@ -32,10 +31,8 @@ import (
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/peer"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/statemanager"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/stdnet"
-	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/proto"
 	nbdns "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/dns"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/formatter"
-	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/route"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/management/domain"
 )

@@ -104,17 +101,16 @@ func init() {
 	formatter.SetTextFormatter(log.StandardLogger())
 }

-func generateDummyHandler(d string, servers []nbdns.NameServer) *upstreamResolverBase {
+func generateDummyHandler(domain string, servers []nbdns.NameServer) *upstreamResolverBase {
 	var srvs []netip.AddrPort
 	for _, srv := range servers {
 		srvs = append(srvs, srv.AddrPort())
 	}
-	u := &upstreamResolverBase{
-		domain: domain.Domain(d),
-		cancel: func() {},
+	return &upstreamResolverBase{
+		domain:          domain,
+		upstreamServers: srvs,
+		cancel:          func() {},
 	}
-	u.addRace(srvs)
-	return u
 }

 func TestUpdateDNSServer(t *testing.T) {
@@ -657,8 +653,74 @@ func TestDNSServerStartStop(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }

+func TestDNSServerUpstreamDeactivateCallback(t *testing.T) {
+	hostManager := &mockHostConfigurator{}
+	server := DefaultServer{
+		ctx:           context.Background(),
+		service:       NewServiceViaMemory(&mocWGIface{}),
+		localResolver: local.NewResolver(),
+		handlerChain:  NewHandlerChain(),
+		hostManager:   hostManager,
+		currentConfig: HostDNSConfig{
+			Domains: []DomainConfig{
+				{false, "domain0", false},
+				{false, "domain1", false},
+				{false, "domain2", false},
+			},
+		},
+		statusRecorder: peer.NewRecorder("mgm"),
+	}
+
+	var domainsUpdate string
+	hostManager.applyDNSConfigFunc = func(config HostDNSConfig, statemanager *statemanager.Manager) error {
+		domains := []string{}
+		for _, item := range config.Domains {
+			if item.Disabled {
+				continue
+			}
+			domains = append(domains, item.Domain)
+		}
+		domainsUpdate = strings.Join(domains, ",")
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	deactivate, reactivate := server.upstreamCallbacks(&nbdns.NameServerGroup{
+		Domains: []string{"domain1"},
+		NameServers: []nbdns.NameServer{
+			{IP: netip.MustParseAddr("8.8.0.0"), NSType: nbdns.UDPNameServerType, Port: 53},
+		},
+	}, nil, 0)
+
+	deactivate(nil)
+	expected := "domain0,domain2"
+	domains := []string{}
+	for _, item := range server.currentConfig.Domains {
+		if item.Disabled {
+			continue
+		}
+		domains = append(domains, item.Domain)
+	}
+	got := strings.Join(domains, ",")
+	if expected != got {
+		t.Errorf("expected domains list: %q, got %q", expected, got)
+	}
+
+	reactivate()
+	expected = "domain0,domain1,domain2"
+	domains = []string{}
+	for _, item := range server.currentConfig.Domains {
+		if item.Disabled {
+			continue
+		}
+		domains = append(domains, item.Domain)
+	}
+	got = strings.Join(domains, ",")
+	if expected != got {
+		t.Errorf("expected domains list: %q, got %q", expected, domainsUpdate)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestDNSPermanent_updateHostDNS_emptyUpstream(t *testing.T) {
-	skipUnlessAndroid(t)
 	wgIFace, err := createWgInterfaceWithBind(t)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal("failed to initialize wg interface")
@@ -686,7 +748,6 @@ func TestDNSPermanent_updateHostDNS_emptyUpstream(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestDNSPermanent_updateUpstream(t *testing.T) {
-	skipUnlessAndroid(t)
 	wgIFace, err := createWgInterfaceWithBind(t)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal("failed to initialize wg interface")
@@ -780,7 +841,6 @@ func TestDNSPermanent_updateUpstream(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestDNSPermanent_matchOnly(t *testing.T) {
-	skipUnlessAndroid(t)
 	wgIFace, err := createWgInterfaceWithBind(t)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal("failed to initialize wg interface")
@@ -853,18 +913,6 @@ func TestDNSPermanent_matchOnly(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }

-// skipUnlessAndroid marks tests that exercise the mobile-permanent DNS path,
-// which only matches a real production setup on android (NewDefaultServerPermanentUpstream
-// + androidHostManager). On non-android the desktop host manager replaces it
-// during Initialize and the assertion stops making sense. Skipped here until we
-// have an android CI runner.
-func skipUnlessAndroid(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Helper()
-	if runtime.GOOS != "android" {
-		t.Skip("requires android runner; mobile-permanent path doesn't match production on this OS")
-	}
-}
-
 func createWgInterfaceWithBind(t *testing.T) (*iface.WGIface, error) {
 	t.Helper()
 	ov := os.Getenv("NB_WG_KERNEL_DISABLED")
@@ -1017,6 +1065,7 @@ type mockHandler struct {

 func (m *mockHandler) ServeDNS(dns.ResponseWriter, *dns.Msg) {}
 func (m *mockHandler) Stop()                                 {}
+func (m *mockHandler) ProbeAvailability(context.Context)     {}
 func (m *mockHandler) ID() types.HandlerID                   { return types.HandlerID(m.Id) }

 type mockService struct{}
@@ -2036,598 +2085,6 @@ func TestLocalResolverPriorityConstants(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, "local.example.com", localMuxUpdates[0].domain)
 }

-// TestBuildUpstreamHandler_MergesGroupsPerDomain verifies that multiple
-// admin-defined nameserver groups targeting the same domain collapse into a
-// single handler with each group preserved as a sequential inner list.
-func TestBuildUpstreamHandler_MergesGroupsPerDomain(t *testing.T) {
-	wgInterface := &mocWGIface{}
-	service := NewServiceViaMemory(wgInterface)
-	server := &DefaultServer{
-		ctx:           context.Background(),
-		wgInterface:   wgInterface,
-		service:       service,
-		localResolver: local.NewResolver(),
-		handlerChain:  NewHandlerChain(),
-		hostManager:   &noopHostConfigurator{},
-		dnsMuxMap:     make(registeredHandlerMap),
-	}
-
-	groups := []*nbdns.NameServerGroup{
-		{
-			NameServers: []nbdns.NameServer{
-				{IP: netip.MustParseAddr("192.0.2.1"), NSType: nbdns.UDPNameServerType, Port: 53},
-			},
-			Domains: []string{"example.com"},
-		},
-		{
-			NameServers: []nbdns.NameServer{
-				{IP: netip.MustParseAddr("192.0.2.2"), NSType: nbdns.UDPNameServerType, Port: 53},
-				{IP: netip.MustParseAddr("192.0.2.3"), NSType: nbdns.UDPNameServerType, Port: 53},
-			},
-			Domains: []string{"example.com"},
-		},
-	}
-
-	muxUpdates, err := server.buildUpstreamHandlerUpdate(groups)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.Len(t, muxUpdates, 1, "same-domain groups should merge into one handler")
-	assert.Equal(t, "example.com", muxUpdates[0].domain)
-	assert.Equal(t, PriorityUpstream, muxUpdates[0].priority)
-
-	handler := muxUpdates[0].handler.(*upstreamResolver)
-	require.Len(t, handler.upstreamServers, 2, "handler should have two groups")
-	assert.Equal(t, upstreamRace{netip.MustParseAddrPort("192.0.2.1:53")}, handler.upstreamServers[0])
-	assert.Equal(t, upstreamRace{
-		netip.MustParseAddrPort("192.0.2.2:53"),
-		netip.MustParseAddrPort("192.0.2.3:53"),
-	}, handler.upstreamServers[1])
-}
-
-// TestEvaluateNSGroupHealth covers the records-only verdict. The gate
-// (overlay route selected-but-no-active-peer) is intentionally NOT an
-// input to the evaluator anymore: the verdict drives the Enabled flag,
-// which must always reflect what we actually observed. Gate-aware event
-// suppression is tested separately in the projection test.
-//
-// Matrix per upstream: {no record, fresh Ok, fresh Fail, stale Fail,
-// stale Ok, Ok newer than Fail, Fail newer than Ok}.
-// Group verdict: any fresh-working → Healthy; any fresh-broken with no
-// fresh-working → Unhealthy; otherwise Undecided.
-func TestEvaluateNSGroupHealth(t *testing.T) {
-	now := time.Now()
-	a := netip.MustParseAddrPort("192.0.2.1:53")
-	b := netip.MustParseAddrPort("192.0.2.2:53")
-
-	recentOk := UpstreamHealth{LastOk: now.Add(-2 * time.Second)}
-	recentFail := UpstreamHealth{LastFail: now.Add(-1 * time.Second), LastErr: "timeout"}
-	staleOk := UpstreamHealth{LastOk: now.Add(-10 * time.Minute)}
-	staleFail := UpstreamHealth{LastFail: now.Add(-10 * time.Minute), LastErr: "timeout"}
-	okThenFail := UpstreamHealth{
-		LastOk:   now.Add(-10 * time.Second),
-		LastFail: now.Add(-1 * time.Second),
-		LastErr:  "timeout",
-	}
-	failThenOk := UpstreamHealth{
-		LastOk:   now.Add(-1 * time.Second),
-		LastFail: now.Add(-10 * time.Second),
-		LastErr:  "timeout",
-	}
-
-	tests := []struct {
-		name         string
-		health       map[netip.AddrPort]UpstreamHealth
-		servers      []netip.AddrPort
-		wantVerdict  nsGroupVerdict
-		wantErrSubst string
-	}{
-		{
-			name:        "no record, undecided",
-			servers:     []netip.AddrPort{a},
-			wantVerdict: nsVerdictUndecided,
-		},
-		{
-			name:        "fresh success, healthy",
-			health:      map[netip.AddrPort]UpstreamHealth{a: recentOk},
-			servers:     []netip.AddrPort{a},
-			wantVerdict: nsVerdictHealthy,
-		},
-		{
-			name:         "fresh failure, unhealthy",
-			health:       map[netip.AddrPort]UpstreamHealth{a: recentFail},
-			servers:      []netip.AddrPort{a},
-			wantVerdict:  nsVerdictUnhealthy,
-			wantErrSubst: "timeout",
-		},
-		{
-			name:        "only stale success, undecided",
-			health:      map[netip.AddrPort]UpstreamHealth{a: staleOk},
-			servers:     []netip.AddrPort{a},
-			wantVerdict: nsVerdictUndecided,
-		},
-		{
-			name:        "only stale failure, undecided",
-			health:      map[netip.AddrPort]UpstreamHealth{a: staleFail},
-			servers:     []netip.AddrPort{a},
-			wantVerdict: nsVerdictUndecided,
-		},
-		{
-			name:         "both fresh, fail newer, unhealthy",
-			health:       map[netip.AddrPort]UpstreamHealth{a: okThenFail},
-			servers:      []netip.AddrPort{a},
-			wantVerdict:  nsVerdictUnhealthy,
-			wantErrSubst: "timeout",
-		},
-		{
-			name:        "both fresh, ok newer, healthy",
-			health:      map[netip.AddrPort]UpstreamHealth{a: failThenOk},
-			servers:     []netip.AddrPort{a},
-			wantVerdict: nsVerdictHealthy,
-		},
-		{
-			name: "two upstreams, one success wins",
-			health: map[netip.AddrPort]UpstreamHealth{
-				a: recentFail,
-				b: recentOk,
-			},
-			servers:     []netip.AddrPort{a, b},
-			wantVerdict: nsVerdictHealthy,
-		},
-		{
-			name: "two upstreams, one fail one unseen, unhealthy",
-			health: map[netip.AddrPort]UpstreamHealth{
-				a: recentFail,
-			},
-			servers:      []netip.AddrPort{a, b},
-			wantVerdict:  nsVerdictUnhealthy,
-			wantErrSubst: "timeout",
-		},
-		{
-			name: "two upstreams, all recent failures, unhealthy",
-			health: map[netip.AddrPort]UpstreamHealth{
-				a: {LastFail: now.Add(-5 * time.Second), LastErr: "timeout"},
-				b: {LastFail: now.Add(-1 * time.Second), LastErr: "SERVFAIL"},
-			},
-			servers:      []netip.AddrPort{a, b},
-			wantVerdict:  nsVerdictUnhealthy,
-			wantErrSubst: "SERVFAIL",
-		},
-	}
-
-	for _, tc := range tests {
-		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			verdict, err := evaluateNSGroupHealth(tc.health, tc.servers, now)
-			assert.Equal(t, tc.wantVerdict, verdict, "verdict mismatch")
-			if tc.wantErrSubst != "" {
-				require.Error(t, err)
-				assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), tc.wantErrSubst)
-			} else {
-				assert.NoError(t, err)
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
-
-// healthStubHandler is a minimal dnsMuxMap entry that exposes a fixed
-// UpstreamHealth snapshot, letting tests drive recomputeNSGroupStates
-// without spinning up real handlers.
-type healthStubHandler struct {
-	health map[netip.AddrPort]UpstreamHealth
-}
-
-func (h *healthStubHandler) ServeDNS(dns.ResponseWriter, *dns.Msg) {}
-func (h *healthStubHandler) Stop()                                 {}
-func (h *healthStubHandler) ID() types.HandlerID                   { return "health-stub" }
-func (h *healthStubHandler) UpstreamHealth() map[netip.AddrPort]UpstreamHealth {
-	return h.health
-}
-
-// TestProjection_SteadyStateIsSilent guards against duplicate events:
-// while a group stays Unhealthy tick after tick, only the first
-// Unhealthy transition may emit. Same for staying Healthy.
-func TestProjection_SteadyStateIsSilent(t *testing.T) {
-	fx := newProjTestFixture(t)
-
-	fx.setHealth(UpstreamHealth{LastFail: time.Now(), LastErr: "timeout"})
-	fx.tick()
-	fx.expectEvent("unreachable", "first fail emits warning")
-
-	fx.setHealth(UpstreamHealth{LastFail: time.Now(), LastErr: "timeout"})
-	fx.tick()
-	fx.tick()
-	fx.expectNoEvent("staying unhealthy must not re-emit")
-
-	fx.setHealth(UpstreamHealth{LastOk: time.Now()})
-	fx.tick()
-	fx.expectEvent("recovered", "recovery on transition")
-
-	fx.tick()
-	fx.tick()
-	fx.expectNoEvent("staying healthy must not re-emit")
-}
-
-// projTestFixture is the common setup for the projection tests: a
-// single-upstream group whose route classification the test can flip by
-// assigning to selected/active. Callers drive failures/successes by
-// mutating stub.health and calling refreshHealth.
-type projTestFixture struct {
-	t        *testing.T
-	recorder *peer.Status
-	events   <-chan *proto.SystemEvent
-	server   *DefaultServer
-	stub     *healthStubHandler
-	group    *nbdns.NameServerGroup
-	srv      netip.AddrPort
-	selected route.HAMap
-	active   route.HAMap
-}
-
-func newProjTestFixture(t *testing.T) *projTestFixture {
-	t.Helper()
-	recorder := peer.NewRecorder("mgm")
-	sub := recorder.SubscribeToEvents()
-	t.Cleanup(func() { recorder.UnsubscribeFromEvents(sub) })
-
-	srv := netip.MustParseAddrPort("100.64.0.1:53")
-	fx := &projTestFixture{
-		t:        t,
-		recorder: recorder,
-		events:   sub.Events(),
-		stub:     &healthStubHandler{health: map[netip.AddrPort]UpstreamHealth{}},
-		srv:      srv,
-		group: &nbdns.NameServerGroup{
-			Domains:     []string{"example.com"},
-			NameServers: []nbdns.NameServer{{IP: srv.Addr(), NSType: nbdns.UDPNameServerType, Port: int(srv.Port())}},
-		},
-	}
-	fx.server = &DefaultServer{
-		ctx:              context.Background(),
-		wgInterface:      &mocWGIface{},
-		statusRecorder:   recorder,
-		dnsMuxMap:        make(registeredHandlerMap),
-		selectedRoutes:   func() route.HAMap { return fx.selected },
-		activeRoutes:     func() route.HAMap { return fx.active },
-		warningDelayBase: defaultWarningDelayBase,
-	}
-	fx.server.dnsMuxMap["example.com"] = handlerWrapper{domain: "example.com", handler: fx.stub, priority: PriorityUpstream}
-
-	fx.server.mux.Lock()
-	fx.server.updateNSGroupStates([]*nbdns.NameServerGroup{fx.group})
-	fx.server.mux.Unlock()
-	return fx
-}
-
-func (f *projTestFixture) setHealth(h UpstreamHealth) {
-	f.stub.health = map[netip.AddrPort]UpstreamHealth{f.srv: h}
-}
-
-func (f *projTestFixture) tick() []peer.NSGroupState {
-	f.server.refreshHealth()
-	return f.recorder.GetDNSStates()
-}
-
-func (f *projTestFixture) expectNoEvent(why string) {
-	f.t.Helper()
-	select {
-	case evt := <-f.events:
-		f.t.Fatalf("unexpected event (%s): %+v", why, evt)
-	case <-time.After(100 * time.Millisecond):
-	}
-}
-
-func (f *projTestFixture) expectEvent(substr, why string) *proto.SystemEvent {
-	f.t.Helper()
-	select {
-	case evt := <-f.events:
-		assert.Contains(f.t, evt.Message, substr, why)
-		return evt
-	case <-time.After(time.Second):
-		f.t.Fatalf("expected event (%s) with %q", why, substr)
-		return nil
-	}
-}
-
-var overlayNetForTest = netip.MustParsePrefix("100.64.0.0/16")
-var overlayMapForTest = route.HAMap{"overlay": {{Network: overlayNetForTest}}}
-
-// TestProjection_PublicFailEmitsImmediately covers rule 1: an upstream
-// that is not inside any selected route (public DNS) fires the warning
-// on the first Unhealthy tick, no grace period.
-func TestProjection_PublicFailEmitsImmediately(t *testing.T) {
-	fx := newProjTestFixture(t)
-
-	fx.setHealth(UpstreamHealth{LastFail: time.Now(), LastErr: "timeout"})
-	states := fx.tick()
-	require.Len(t, states, 1)
-	assert.False(t, states[0].Enabled)
-	fx.expectEvent("unreachable", "public DNS failure")
-}
-
-// TestProjection_OverlayConnectedFailEmitsImmediately covers rule 2:
-// the upstream is inside a selected route AND the route has a Connected
-// peer. Tunnel is up, failure is real, emit immediately.
-func TestProjection_OverlayConnectedFailEmitsImmediately(t *testing.T) {
-	fx := newProjTestFixture(t)
-	fx.selected = overlayMapForTest
-	fx.active = overlayMapForTest
-
-	fx.setHealth(UpstreamHealth{LastFail: time.Now(), LastErr: "timeout"})
-	states := fx.tick()
-	require.Len(t, states, 1)
-	assert.False(t, states[0].Enabled)
-	fx.expectEvent("unreachable", "overlay + connected failure")
-}
-
-// TestProjection_OverlayNotConnectedDelaysWarning covers rule 3: the
-// upstream is routed but no peer is Connected (Connecting/Idle/missing).
-// First tick: Unhealthy display, no warning. After the grace window
-// elapses with no recovery, the warning fires.
-func TestProjection_OverlayNotConnectedDelaysWarning(t *testing.T) {
-	grace := 50 * time.Millisecond
-	fx := newProjTestFixture(t)
-	fx.server.warningDelayBase = grace
-	fx.selected = overlayMapForTest
-	// active stays nil: routed but not connected.
-
-	fx.setHealth(UpstreamHealth{LastFail: time.Now(), LastErr: "timeout"})
-	states := fx.tick()
-	require.Len(t, states, 1)
-	assert.False(t, states[0].Enabled, "display must reflect failure even during grace window")
-	fx.expectNoEvent("first fail tick within grace window")
-
-	time.Sleep(grace + 10*time.Millisecond)
-	fx.setHealth(UpstreamHealth{LastFail: time.Now(), LastErr: "timeout"})
-	fx.tick()
-	fx.expectEvent("unreachable", "warning after grace window")
-}
-
-// TestProjection_OverlayAddrNoRouteDelaysWarning covers an upstream
-// whose address is inside the WireGuard overlay range but is not
-// covered by any selected route (peer-to-peer DNS without an explicit
-// route). Until a peer reports Connected for that address, startup
-// failures must be held just like the routed case.
-func TestProjection_OverlayAddrNoRouteDelaysWarning(t *testing.T) {
-	recorder := peer.NewRecorder("mgm")
-	sub := recorder.SubscribeToEvents()
-	t.Cleanup(func() { recorder.UnsubscribeFromEvents(sub) })
-
-	overlayPeer := netip.MustParseAddrPort("100.66.100.5:53")
-	server := &DefaultServer{
-		ctx:              context.Background(),
-		wgInterface:      &mocWGIface{},
-		statusRecorder:   recorder,
-		dnsMuxMap:        make(registeredHandlerMap),
-		selectedRoutes:   func() route.HAMap { return nil },
-		activeRoutes:     func() route.HAMap { return nil },
-		warningDelayBase: 50 * time.Millisecond,
-	}
-	group := &nbdns.NameServerGroup{
-		Domains:     []string{"example.com"},
-		NameServers: []nbdns.NameServer{{IP: overlayPeer.Addr(), NSType: nbdns.UDPNameServerType, Port: int(overlayPeer.Port())}},
-	}
-	stub := &healthStubHandler{health: map[netip.AddrPort]UpstreamHealth{
-		overlayPeer: {LastFail: time.Now(), LastErr: "timeout"},
-	}}
-	server.dnsMuxMap["example.com"] = handlerWrapper{domain: "example.com", handler: stub, priority: PriorityUpstream}
-
-	server.mux.Lock()
-	server.updateNSGroupStates([]*nbdns.NameServerGroup{group})
-	server.mux.Unlock()
-	server.refreshHealth()
-
-	select {
-	case evt := <-sub.Events():
-		t.Fatalf("unexpected event during grace window: %+v", evt)
-	case <-time.After(100 * time.Millisecond):
-	}
-
-	time.Sleep(60 * time.Millisecond)
-	stub.health = map[netip.AddrPort]UpstreamHealth{overlayPeer: {LastFail: time.Now(), LastErr: "timeout"}}
-	server.refreshHealth()
-
-	select {
-	case evt := <-sub.Events():
-		assert.Contains(t, evt.Message, "unreachable")
-	case <-time.After(time.Second):
-		t.Fatal("expected warning after grace window")
-	}
-}
-
-// TestProjection_StopClearsHealthState verifies that Stop wipes the
-// per-group projection state so a subsequent Start doesn't inherit
-// sticky flags (notably everHealthy) that would bypass the grace
-// window during the next peer handshake.
-func TestProjection_StopClearsHealthState(t *testing.T) {
-	wgIface := &mocWGIface{}
-	server := &DefaultServer{
-		ctx:               context.Background(),
-		wgInterface:       wgIface,
-		service:           NewServiceViaMemory(wgIface),
-		hostManager:       &noopHostConfigurator{},
-		extraDomains:      map[domain.Domain]int{},
-		dnsMuxMap:         make(registeredHandlerMap),
-		statusRecorder:    peer.NewRecorder("mgm"),
-		selectedRoutes:    func() route.HAMap { return nil },
-		activeRoutes:      func() route.HAMap { return nil },
-		warningDelayBase:  defaultWarningDelayBase,
-		currentConfigHash: ^uint64(0),
-	}
-	server.ctx, server.ctxCancel = context.WithCancel(context.Background())
-
-	srv := netip.MustParseAddrPort("8.8.8.8:53")
-	group := &nbdns.NameServerGroup{
-		Domains:     []string{"example.com"},
-		NameServers: []nbdns.NameServer{{IP: srv.Addr(), NSType: nbdns.UDPNameServerType, Port: int(srv.Port())}},
-	}
-	stub := &healthStubHandler{health: map[netip.AddrPort]UpstreamHealth{srv: {LastOk: time.Now()}}}
-	server.dnsMuxMap["example.com"] = handlerWrapper{domain: "example.com", handler: stub, priority: PriorityUpstream}
-
-	server.mux.Lock()
-	server.updateNSGroupStates([]*nbdns.NameServerGroup{group})
-	server.mux.Unlock()
-	server.refreshHealth()
-
-	server.healthProjectMu.Lock()
-	p, ok := server.nsGroupProj[generateGroupKey(group)]
-	server.healthProjectMu.Unlock()
-	require.True(t, ok, "projection state should exist after tick")
-	require.True(t, p.everHealthy, "tick with success must set everHealthy")
-
-	server.Stop()
-
-	server.healthProjectMu.Lock()
-	cleared := server.nsGroupProj == nil
-	server.healthProjectMu.Unlock()
-	assert.True(t, cleared, "Stop must clear nsGroupProj")
-}
-
-// TestProjection_OverlayRecoversDuringGrace covers the happy path of
-// rule 3: startup failures while the peer is handshaking, then the peer
-// comes up and a query succeeds before the grace window elapses. No
-// warning should ever have fired, and no recovery either.
-func TestProjection_OverlayRecoversDuringGrace(t *testing.T) {
-	fx := newProjTestFixture(t)
-	fx.server.warningDelayBase = 200 * time.Millisecond
-	fx.selected = overlayMapForTest
-
-	fx.setHealth(UpstreamHealth{LastFail: time.Now(), LastErr: "timeout"})
-	fx.tick()
-	fx.expectNoEvent("fail within grace, warning suppressed")
-
-	fx.active = overlayMapForTest
-	fx.setHealth(UpstreamHealth{LastOk: time.Now()})
-	states := fx.tick()
-	require.Len(t, states, 1)
-	assert.True(t, states[0].Enabled)
-	fx.expectNoEvent("recovery without prior warning must not emit")
-}
-
-// TestProjection_RecoveryOnlyAfterWarning enforces the invariant the
-// whole design leans on: recovery events only appear when a warning
-// event was actually emitted for the current streak. A Healthy verdict
-// without a prior warning is silent, so the user never sees "recovered"
-// out of thin air.
-func TestProjection_RecoveryOnlyAfterWarning(t *testing.T) {
-	fx := newProjTestFixture(t)
-
-	fx.setHealth(UpstreamHealth{LastOk: time.Now()})
-	states := fx.tick()
-	require.Len(t, states, 1)
-	assert.True(t, states[0].Enabled)
-	fx.expectNoEvent("first healthy tick should not recover anything")
-
-	fx.setHealth(UpstreamHealth{LastFail: time.Now(), LastErr: "timeout"})
-	fx.tick()
-	fx.expectEvent("unreachable", "public fail emits immediately")
-
-	fx.setHealth(UpstreamHealth{LastOk: time.Now()})
-	fx.tick()
-	fx.expectEvent("recovered", "recovery follows real warning")
-
-	fx.setHealth(UpstreamHealth{LastFail: time.Now(), LastErr: "timeout"})
-	fx.tick()
-	fx.expectEvent("unreachable", "second cycle warning")
-
-	fx.setHealth(UpstreamHealth{LastOk: time.Now()})
-	fx.tick()
-	fx.expectEvent("recovered", "second cycle recovery")
-}
-
-// TestProjection_EverHealthyOverridesDelay covers rule 4: once a group
-// has ever been Healthy, subsequent failures skip the grace window even
-// if classification says "routed + not connected". The system has
-// proved it can work, so any new failure is real.
-func TestProjection_EverHealthyOverridesDelay(t *testing.T) {
-	fx := newProjTestFixture(t)
-	// Large base so any emission must come from the everHealthy bypass, not elapsed time.
-	fx.server.warningDelayBase = time.Hour
-	fx.selected = overlayMapForTest
-	fx.active = overlayMapForTest
-
-	// Establish "ever healthy".
-	fx.setHealth(UpstreamHealth{LastOk: time.Now()})
-	fx.tick()
-	fx.expectNoEvent("first healthy tick")
-
-	// Peer drops. Query fails. Routed + not connected → normally grace,
-	// but everHealthy flag bypasses it.
-	fx.active = nil
-	fx.setHealth(UpstreamHealth{LastFail: time.Now(), LastErr: "timeout"})
-	fx.tick()
-	fx.expectEvent("unreachable", "failure after ever-healthy must be immediate")
-}
-
-// TestProjection_ReconnectBlipEmitsPair covers the explicit tradeoff
-// from the design discussion: once a group has been healthy, a brief
-// reconnect that produces a failing tick will fire warning + recovery.
-// This is by design: user-visible blips are accurate signal, not noise.
-func TestProjection_ReconnectBlipEmitsPair(t *testing.T) {
-	fx := newProjTestFixture(t)
-	fx.selected = overlayMapForTest
-	fx.active = overlayMapForTest
-
-	fx.setHealth(UpstreamHealth{LastOk: time.Now()})
-	fx.tick()
-
-	fx.setHealth(UpstreamHealth{LastFail: time.Now(), LastErr: "timeout"})
-	fx.tick()
-	fx.expectEvent("unreachable", "blip warning")
-
-	fx.setHealth(UpstreamHealth{LastOk: time.Now()})
-	fx.tick()
-	fx.expectEvent("recovered", "blip recovery")
-}
-
-// TestProjection_MixedGroupEmitsImmediately covers the multi-upstream
-// rule: a group with at least one public upstream is in the "immediate"
-// category regardless of the other upstreams' routing, because the
-// public one has no peer-startup excuse. Prevents public-DNS failures
-// from being hidden behind a routed sibling.
-func TestProjection_MixedGroupEmitsImmediately(t *testing.T) {
-	recorder := peer.NewRecorder("mgm")
-	sub := recorder.SubscribeToEvents()
-	t.Cleanup(func() { recorder.UnsubscribeFromEvents(sub) })
-	events := sub.Events()
-
-	public := netip.MustParseAddrPort("8.8.8.8:53")
-	overlay := netip.MustParseAddrPort("100.64.0.1:53")
-	overlayMap := route.HAMap{"overlay": {{Network: netip.MustParsePrefix("100.64.0.0/16")}}}
-
-	server := &DefaultServer{
-		ctx:              context.Background(),
-		statusRecorder:   recorder,
-		dnsMuxMap:        make(registeredHandlerMap),
-		selectedRoutes:   func() route.HAMap { return overlayMap },
-		activeRoutes:     func() route.HAMap { return nil },
-		warningDelayBase: time.Hour,
-	}
-	group := &nbdns.NameServerGroup{
-		Domains: []string{"example.com"},
-		NameServers: []nbdns.NameServer{
-			{IP: public.Addr(), NSType: nbdns.UDPNameServerType, Port: int(public.Port())},
-			{IP: overlay.Addr(), NSType: nbdns.UDPNameServerType, Port: int(overlay.Port())},
-		},
-	}
-	stub := &healthStubHandler{
-		health: map[netip.AddrPort]UpstreamHealth{
-			public:  {LastFail: time.Now(), LastErr: "servfail"},
-			overlay: {LastFail: time.Now(), LastErr: "timeout"},
-		},
-	}
-	server.dnsMuxMap["example.com"] = handlerWrapper{domain: "example.com", handler: stub, priority: PriorityUpstream}
-
-	server.mux.Lock()
-	server.updateNSGroupStates([]*nbdns.NameServerGroup{group})
-	server.mux.Unlock()
-	server.refreshHealth()
-
-	select {
-	case evt := <-events:
-		assert.Contains(t, evt.Message, "unreachable")
-	case <-time.After(time.Second):
-		t.Fatal("expected immediate warning because group contains a public upstream")
-	}
-}
-
 func TestDNSLoopPrevention(t *testing.T) {
 	wgInterface := &mocWGIface{}
 	service := NewServiceViaMemory(wgInterface)
@@ -2726,18 +2183,17 @@ func TestDNSLoopPrevention(t *testing.T) {

 			if tt.expectedHandlers > 0 {
 				handler := muxUpdates[0].handler.(*upstreamResolver)
-				flat := handler.flatUpstreams()
-				assert.Len(t, flat, len(tt.expectedServers))
+				assert.Len(t, handler.upstreamServers, len(tt.expectedServers))

 				if tt.shouldFilterOwnIP {
-					for _, upstream := range flat {
+					for _, upstream := range handler.upstreamServers {
 						assert.NotEqual(t, dnsServerIP, upstream.Addr())
 					}
 				}

 				for _, expected := range tt.expectedServers {
 					found := false
-					for _, upstream := range flat {
+					for _, upstream := range handler.upstreamServers {
 						if upstream.Addr() == expected {
 							found = true
 							break
--- a/client/internal/dns/systemd_linux.go
+++ b/client/internal/dns/systemd_linux.go
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"net"
 	"net/netip"
-	"slices"
 	"time"

 	"github.com/godbus/dbus/v5"
@@ -41,17 +40,10 @@ const (
 )

 type systemdDbusConfigurator struct {
-	dbusLinkObject  dbus.ObjectPath
-	ifaceName       string
-	wgIndex         int
-	origNameservers []netip.Addr
+	dbusLinkObject dbus.ObjectPath
+	ifaceName      string
 }

-const (
-	systemdDbusLinkDNSProperty          = systemdDbusLinkInterface + ".DNS"
-	systemdDbusLinkDefaultRouteProperty = systemdDbusLinkInterface + ".DefaultRoute"
-)
-
 // the types below are based on dbus specification, each field is mapped to a dbus type
 // see https://dbus.freedesktop.org/doc/dbus-specification.html#basic-types for more details on dbus types
 // see https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/org.freedesktop.resolve1.html on resolve1 input types
@@ -87,145 +79,10 @@ func newSystemdDbusConfigurator(wgInterface string) (*systemdDbusConfigurator, e

 	log.Debugf("got dbus Link interface: %s from net interface %s and index %d", s, iface.Name, iface.Index)

-	c := &systemdDbusConfigurator{
+	return &systemdDbusConfigurator{
 		dbusLinkObject: dbus.ObjectPath(s),
 		ifaceName:      wgInterface,
-		wgIndex:        iface.Index,
-	}
-
-	origNameservers, err := c.captureOriginalNameservers()
-	switch {
-	case err != nil:
-		log.Warnf("capture original nameservers from systemd-resolved: %v", err)
-	case len(origNameservers) == 0:
-		log.Warnf("no original nameservers captured from systemd-resolved default-route links; DNS fallback will be empty")
-	default:
-		log.Debugf("captured %d original nameservers from systemd-resolved default-route links: %v", len(origNameservers), origNameservers)
-	}
-	c.origNameservers = origNameservers
-	return c, nil
-}
-
-// captureOriginalNameservers reads per-link DNS from systemd-resolved for
-// every default-route link except our own WG link. Non-default-route links
-// (VPNs, docker bridges) are skipped because their upstreams wouldn't
-// actually serve host queries.
-func (s *systemdDbusConfigurator) captureOriginalNameservers() ([]netip.Addr, error) {
-	ifaces, err := net.Interfaces()
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("list interfaces: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	seen := make(map[netip.Addr]struct{})
-	var out []netip.Addr
-	for _, iface := range ifaces {
-		if !s.isCandidateLink(iface) {
-			continue
-		}
-		linkPath, err := getSystemdLinkPath(iface.Index)
-		if err != nil || !isSystemdLinkDefaultRoute(linkPath) {
-			continue
-		}
-		for _, addr := range readSystemdLinkDNS(linkPath) {
-			addr = normalizeSystemdAddr(addr, iface.Name)
-			if !addr.IsValid() {
-				continue
-			}
-			if _, dup := seen[addr]; dup {
-				continue
-			}
-			seen[addr] = struct{}{}
-			out = append(out, addr)
-		}
-	}
-	return out, nil
-}
-
-func (s *systemdDbusConfigurator) isCandidateLink(iface net.Interface) bool {
-	if iface.Index == s.wgIndex {
-		return false
-	}
-	if iface.Flags&net.FlagLoopback != 0 || iface.Flags&net.FlagUp == 0 {
-		return false
-	}
-	return true
-}
-
-// normalizeSystemdAddr unmaps v4-mapped-v6, drops unspecified, and reattaches
-// the link's iface name as zone for link-local v6 (Link.DNS strips it).
-// Returns the zero Addr to signal "skip this entry".
-func normalizeSystemdAddr(addr netip.Addr, ifaceName string) netip.Addr {
-	addr = addr.Unmap()
-	if !addr.IsValid() || addr.IsUnspecified() {
-		return netip.Addr{}
-	}
-	if addr.IsLinkLocalUnicast() {
-		return addr.WithZone(ifaceName)
-	}
-	return addr
-}
-
-func getSystemdLinkPath(ifIndex int) (dbus.ObjectPath, error) {
-	obj, closeConn, err := getDbusObject(systemdResolvedDest, systemdDbusObjectNode)
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("dbus resolve1: %w", err)
-	}
-	defer closeConn()
-	var p string
-	if err := obj.Call(systemdDbusGetLinkMethod, dbusDefaultFlag, int32(ifIndex)).Store(&p); err != nil {
-		return "", err
-	}
-	return dbus.ObjectPath(p), nil
-}
-
-func isSystemdLinkDefaultRoute(linkPath dbus.ObjectPath) bool {
-	obj, closeConn, err := getDbusObject(systemdResolvedDest, linkPath)
-	if err != nil {
-		return false
-	}
-	defer closeConn()
-	v, err := obj.GetProperty(systemdDbusLinkDefaultRouteProperty)
-	if err != nil {
-		return false
-	}
-	b, ok := v.Value().(bool)
-	return ok && b
-}
-
-func readSystemdLinkDNS(linkPath dbus.ObjectPath) []netip.Addr {
-	obj, closeConn, err := getDbusObject(systemdResolvedDest, linkPath)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil
-	}
-	defer closeConn()
-	v, err := obj.GetProperty(systemdDbusLinkDNSProperty)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil
-	}
-	entries, ok := v.Value().([][]any)
-	if !ok {
-		return nil
-	}
-	var out []netip.Addr
-	for _, entry := range entries {
-		if len(entry) < 2 {
-			continue
-		}
-		raw, ok := entry[1].([]byte)
-		if !ok {
-			continue
-		}
-		addr, ok := netip.AddrFromSlice(raw)
-		if !ok {
-			continue
-		}
-		out = append(out, addr)
-	}
-	return out
-}
-
-func (s *systemdDbusConfigurator) getOriginalNameservers() []netip.Addr {
-	return slices.Clone(s.origNameservers)
+	}, nil
 }

 func (s *systemdDbusConfigurator) supportCustomPort() bool {
--- a/client/internal/dns/upstream.go
+++ b/client/internal/dns/upstream.go
@@ -1,32 +1,3 @@
-// Package dns implements the client-side DNS stack: listener/service on the
-// peer's tunnel address, handler chain that routes questions by domain and
-// priority, and upstream resolvers that forward what remains to configured
-// nameservers.
-//
-// # Upstream resolution and the race model
-//
-// When two or more nameserver groups target the same domain, DefaultServer
-// merges them into one upstream handler whose state is:
-//
-//	upstreamResolverBase
-//	  └── upstreamServers []upstreamRace   // one entry per source NS group
-//	        └── []netip.AddrPort           // primary, fallback, ...
-//
-// Each source nameserver group contributes one upstreamRace. Within a race
-// upstreams are tried in order: the next is used only on failure (timeout,
-// SERVFAIL, REFUSED, no response). NXDOMAIN is a valid answer and stops
-// the walk. When more than one race exists, ServeDNS fans out one
-// goroutine per race and returns the first valid answer, cancelling the
-// rest. A handler with a single race skips the fan-out.
-//
-// # Health projection
-//
-// Query outcomes are recorded per-upstream in UpstreamHealth. The server
-// periodically merges these snapshots across handlers and projects them
-// into peer.NSGroupState. There is no active probing: a group is marked
-// unhealthy only when every seen upstream has a recent failure and none
-// has a recent success. Healthy→unhealthy fires a single
-// SystemEvent_WARNING; steady-state refreshes do not duplicate it.
 package dns

 import (
@@ -40,8 +11,11 @@ import (
 	"slices"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
+	"sync/atomic"
 	"time"

+	"github.com/cenkalti/backoff/v4"
+	"github.com/hashicorp/go-multierror"
 	"github.com/miekg/dns"
 	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/tun/netstack"
@@ -51,33 +25,11 @@ import (
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/dns/resutil"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/dns/types"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/peer"
-	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/route"
-	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/management/domain"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/proto"
 )

 var currentMTU uint16 = iface.DefaultMTU

-// nonRetryableEDECodes lists EDE info codes (RFC 8914) for which a SERVFAIL
-// from one upstream means another upstream would return the same answer:
-// DNSSEC validation outcomes and policy-based blocks. Transient errors
-// (network, cached, not ready) are not included.
-var nonRetryableEDECodes = map[uint16]struct{}{
-	dns.ExtendedErrorCodeUnsupportedDNSKEYAlgorithm: {},
-	dns.ExtendedErrorCodeUnsupportedDSDigestType:    {},
-	dns.ExtendedErrorCodeDNSSECIndeterminate:        {},
-	dns.ExtendedErrorCodeDNSBogus:                   {},
-	dns.ExtendedErrorCodeSignatureExpired:           {},
-	dns.ExtendedErrorCodeSignatureNotYetValid:       {},
-	dns.ExtendedErrorCodeDNSKEYMissing:              {},
-	dns.ExtendedErrorCodeRRSIGsMissing:              {},
-	dns.ExtendedErrorCodeNoZoneKeyBitSet:            {},
-	dns.ExtendedErrorCodeNSECMissing:                {},
-	dns.ExtendedErrorCodeBlocked:                    {},
-	dns.ExtendedErrorCodeCensored:                   {},
-	dns.ExtendedErrorCodeFiltered:                   {},
-	dns.ExtendedErrorCodeProhibited:                 {},
-}
-
 // privateClientIface is the subset of the WireGuard interface needed by GetClientPrivate.
 type privateClientIface interface {
 	Name() string
@@ -94,18 +46,16 @@ const (
 	// Set longer than UpstreamTimeout to ensure context timeout takes precedence
 	ClientTimeout = 5 * time.Second

+	reactivatePeriod = 30 * time.Second
+	probeTimeout     = 2 * time.Second
+
 	// ipv6HeaderSize + udpHeaderSize, used to derive the maximum DNS UDP
 	// payload from the tunnel MTU.
 	ipUDPHeaderSize = 60 + 8
-
-	// raceMaxTotalTimeout caps the combined time spent walking all upstreams
-	// within one race, so a slow primary can't eat the whole race budget.
-	raceMaxTotalTimeout = 5 * time.Second
-	// raceMinPerUpstreamTimeout is the floor applied when dividing
-	// raceMaxTotalTimeout across upstreams within a race.
-	raceMinPerUpstreamTimeout = 2 * time.Second
 )

+const testRecord = "com."
+
 const (
 	protoUDP = "udp"
 	protoTCP = "tcp"
@@ -113,69 +63,6 @@ const (

 type dnsProtocolKey struct{}

-type upstreamProtocolKey struct{}
-
-// upstreamProtocolResult holds the protocol used for the upstream exchange.
-// Stored as a pointer in context so the exchange function can set it.
-type upstreamProtocolResult struct {
-	protocol string
-}
-
-type upstreamClient interface {
-	exchange(ctx context.Context, upstream string, r *dns.Msg) (*dns.Msg, time.Duration, error)
-}
-
-type UpstreamResolver interface {
-	serveDNS(r *dns.Msg) (*dns.Msg, time.Duration, error)
-	upstreamExchange(upstream string, r *dns.Msg) (*dns.Msg, time.Duration, error)
-}
-
-// upstreamRace is an ordered list of upstreams derived from one configured
-// nameserver group. Order matters: the first upstream is tried first, the
-// second only on failure, and so on. Multiple upstreamRace values coexist
-// inside one resolver when overlapping nameserver groups target the same
-// domain; those races run in parallel and the first valid answer wins.
-type upstreamRace []netip.AddrPort
-
-// UpstreamHealth is the last query-path outcome for a single upstream,
-// consumed by nameserver-group status projection.
-type UpstreamHealth struct {
-	LastOk   time.Time
-	LastFail time.Time
-	LastErr  string
-}
-
-type upstreamResolverBase struct {
-	ctx             context.Context
-	cancel          context.CancelFunc
-	upstreamClient  upstreamClient
-	upstreamServers []upstreamRace
-	domain          domain.Domain
-	upstreamTimeout time.Duration
-
-	healthMu sync.RWMutex
-	health   map[netip.AddrPort]*UpstreamHealth
-
-	statusRecorder *peer.Status
-	// selectedRoutes returns the current set of client routes the admin
-	// has enabled. Called lazily from the query hot path when an upstream
-	// might need a tunnel-bound client (iOS) and from health projection.
-	selectedRoutes func() route.HAMap
-}
-
-type upstreamFailure struct {
-	upstream netip.AddrPort
-	reason   string
-}
-
-type raceResult struct {
-	msg      *dns.Msg
-	upstream netip.AddrPort
-	protocol string
-	ede      string
-	failures []upstreamFailure
-}
-
 // contextWithDNSProtocol stores the inbound DNS protocol ("udp" or "tcp") in context.
 func contextWithDNSProtocol(ctx context.Context, network string) context.Context {
 	return context.WithValue(ctx, dnsProtocolKey{}, network)
@@ -192,8 +79,16 @@ func dnsProtocolFromContext(ctx context.Context) string {
 	return ""
 }

-// contextWithUpstreamProtocolResult stores a mutable result holder in the context.
-func contextWithUpstreamProtocolResult(ctx context.Context) (context.Context, *upstreamProtocolResult) {
+type upstreamProtocolKey struct{}
+
+// upstreamProtocolResult holds the protocol used for the upstream exchange.
+// Stored as a pointer in context so the exchange function can set it.
+type upstreamProtocolResult struct {
+	protocol string
+}
+
+// contextWithupstreamProtocolResult stores a mutable result holder in the context.
+func contextWithupstreamProtocolResult(ctx context.Context) (context.Context, *upstreamProtocolResult) {
 	r := &upstreamProtocolResult{}
 	return context.WithValue(ctx, upstreamProtocolKey{}, r), r
 }
@@ -208,37 +103,67 @@ func setUpstreamProtocol(ctx context.Context, protocol string) {
 	}
 }

-func newUpstreamResolverBase(ctx context.Context, statusRecorder *peer.Status, d domain.Domain) *upstreamResolverBase {
+type upstreamClient interface {
+	exchange(ctx context.Context, upstream string, r *dns.Msg) (*dns.Msg, time.Duration, error)
+}
+
+type UpstreamResolver interface {
+	serveDNS(r *dns.Msg) (*dns.Msg, time.Duration, error)
+	upstreamExchange(upstream string, r *dns.Msg) (*dns.Msg, time.Duration, error)
+}
+
+type upstreamResolverBase struct {
+	ctx              context.Context
+	cancel           context.CancelFunc
+	upstreamClient   upstreamClient
+	upstreamServers  []netip.AddrPort
+	domain           string
+	disabled         bool
+	successCount     atomic.Int32
+	mutex            sync.Mutex
+	reactivatePeriod time.Duration
+	upstreamTimeout  time.Duration
+	wg               sync.WaitGroup
+
+	deactivate     func(error)
+	reactivate     func()
+	statusRecorder *peer.Status
+	routeMatch     func(netip.Addr) bool
+}
+
+type upstreamFailure struct {
+	upstream netip.AddrPort
+	reason   string
+}
+
+func newUpstreamResolverBase(ctx context.Context, statusRecorder *peer.Status, domain string) *upstreamResolverBase {
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(ctx)

 	return &upstreamResolverBase{
-		ctx:             ctx,
-		cancel:          cancel,
-		domain:          d,
-		upstreamTimeout: UpstreamTimeout,
-		statusRecorder:  statusRecorder,
+		ctx:              ctx,
+		cancel:           cancel,
+		domain:           domain,
+		upstreamTimeout:  UpstreamTimeout,
+		reactivatePeriod: reactivatePeriod,
+		statusRecorder:   statusRecorder,
 	}
 }

 // String returns a string representation of the upstream resolver
 func (u *upstreamResolverBase) String() string {
-	return fmt.Sprintf("Upstream %s", u.flatUpstreams())
+	return fmt.Sprintf("Upstream %s", u.upstreamServers)
 }

-// ID returns the unique handler ID. Race groupings and within-race
-// ordering are both part of the identity: [[A,B]] and [[A],[B]] query
-// the same servers but with different semantics (serial fallback vs
-// parallel race), so their handlers must not collide.
+// ID returns the unique handler ID
 func (u *upstreamResolverBase) ID() types.HandlerID {
+	servers := slices.Clone(u.upstreamServers)
+	slices.SortFunc(servers, func(a, b netip.AddrPort) int { return a.Compare(b) })
+
 	hash := sha256.New()
-	hash.Write([]byte(u.domain.PunycodeString() + ":"))
-	for _, race := range u.upstreamServers {
-		hash.Write([]byte("["))
-		for _, s := range race {
-			hash.Write([]byte(s.String()))
-			hash.Write([]byte("|"))
-		}
-		hash.Write([]byte("]"))
+	hash.Write([]byte(u.domain + ":"))
+	for _, s := range servers {
+		hash.Write([]byte(s.String()))
+		hash.Write([]byte("|"))
 	}
 	return types.HandlerID("upstream-" + hex.EncodeToString(hash.Sum(nil)[:8]))
 }
@@ -248,31 +173,13 @@ func (u *upstreamResolverBase) MatchSubdomains() bool {
 }

 func (u *upstreamResolverBase) Stop() {
-	log.Debugf("stopping serving DNS for upstreams %s", u.flatUpstreams())
+	log.Debugf("stopping serving DNS for upstreams %s", u.upstreamServers)
 	u.cancel()
-}

-// flatUpstreams is for logging and ID hashing only, not for dispatch.
-func (u *upstreamResolverBase) flatUpstreams() []netip.AddrPort {
-	var out []netip.AddrPort
-	for _, g := range u.upstreamServers {
-		out = append(out, g...)
-	}
-	return out
-}
+	u.mutex.Lock()
+	u.wg.Wait()
+	u.mutex.Unlock()

-// setSelectedRoutes swaps the accessor used to classify overlay-routed
-// upstreams. Called when route sources are wired after the handler was
-// built (permanent / iOS constructors).
-func (u *upstreamResolverBase) setSelectedRoutes(selected func() route.HAMap) {
-	u.selectedRoutes = selected
-}
-
-func (u *upstreamResolverBase) addRace(servers []netip.AddrPort) {
-	if len(servers) == 0 {
-		return
-	}
-	u.upstreamServers = append(u.upstreamServers, slices.Clone(servers))
 }

 // ServeDNS handles a DNS request
@@ -314,226 +221,59 @@ func (u *upstreamResolverBase) prepareRequest(r *dns.Msg) {
 }

 func (u *upstreamResolverBase) tryUpstreamServers(ctx context.Context, w dns.ResponseWriter, r *dns.Msg, logger *log.Entry) (bool, []upstreamFailure) {
-	groups := u.upstreamServers
-	switch len(groups) {
-	case 0:
-		return false, nil
-	case 1:
-		return u.tryOnlyRace(ctx, w, r, groups[0], logger)
-	default:
-		return u.raceAll(ctx, w, r, groups, logger)
-	}
-}
-
-func (u *upstreamResolverBase) tryOnlyRace(ctx context.Context, w dns.ResponseWriter, r *dns.Msg, group upstreamRace, logger *log.Entry) (bool, []upstreamFailure) {
-	res := u.tryRace(ctx, r, group)
-	if res.msg == nil {
-		return false, res.failures
-	}
-	if res.ede != "" {
-		resutil.SetMeta(w, "ede", res.ede)
-	}
-	u.writeSuccessResponse(w, res.msg, res.upstream, r.Question[0].Name, res.protocol, logger)
-	return true, res.failures
-}
-
-// raceAll runs one worker per group in parallel, taking the first valid
-// answer and cancelling the rest.
-func (u *upstreamResolverBase) raceAll(ctx context.Context, w dns.ResponseWriter, r *dns.Msg, groups []upstreamRace, logger *log.Entry) (bool, []upstreamFailure) {
-	raceCtx, cancel := context.WithCancel(ctx)
-	defer cancel()
-
-	// Buffer sized to len(groups) so workers never block on send, even
-	// after the coordinator has returned.
-	results := make(chan raceResult, len(groups))
-	for _, g := range groups {
-		// tryRace clones the request per attempt, so workers never share
-		// a *dns.Msg and concurrent EDNS0 mutations can't race.
-		go func(g upstreamRace) {
-			results <- u.tryRace(raceCtx, r, g)
-		}(g)
+	timeout := u.upstreamTimeout
+	if len(u.upstreamServers) > 1 {
+		maxTotal := 5 * time.Second
+		minPerUpstream := 2 * time.Second
+		scaledTimeout := maxTotal / time.Duration(len(u.upstreamServers))
+		if scaledTimeout > minPerUpstream {
+			timeout = scaledTimeout
+		} else {
+			timeout = minPerUpstream
+		}
 	}

 	var failures []upstreamFailure
-	for range groups {
-		select {
-		case res := <-results:
-			failures = append(failures, res.failures...)
-			if res.msg != nil {
-				if res.ede != "" {
-					resutil.SetMeta(w, "ede", res.ede)
-				}
-				u.writeSuccessResponse(w, res.msg, res.upstream, r.Question[0].Name, res.protocol, logger)
-				return true, failures
-			}
-		case <-ctx.Done():
-			return false, failures
+	for _, upstream := range u.upstreamServers {
+		if failure := u.queryUpstream(ctx, w, r, upstream, timeout, logger); failure != nil {
+			failures = append(failures, *failure)
+		} else {
+			return true, failures
 		}
 	}
 	return false, failures
 }

-func (u *upstreamResolverBase) tryRace(ctx context.Context, r *dns.Msg, group upstreamRace) raceResult {
-	timeout := u.upstreamTimeout
-	if len(group) > 1 {
-		// Cap the whole walk at raceMaxTotalTimeout: per-upstream timeouts
-		// still honor raceMinPerUpstreamTimeout as a floor for correctness
-		// on slow links, but the outer context ensures the combined walk
-		// cannot exceed the cap regardless of group size.
-		timeout = max(raceMaxTotalTimeout/time.Duration(len(group)), raceMinPerUpstreamTimeout)
-		var cancel context.CancelFunc
-		ctx, cancel = context.WithTimeout(ctx, raceMaxTotalTimeout)
+// queryUpstream queries a single upstream server. Returns nil on success, or failure info to try next upstream.
+func (u *upstreamResolverBase) queryUpstream(parentCtx context.Context, w dns.ResponseWriter, r *dns.Msg, upstream netip.AddrPort, timeout time.Duration, logger *log.Entry) *upstreamFailure {
+	var rm *dns.Msg
+	var t time.Duration
+	var err error
+
+	var startTime time.Time
+	var upstreamProto *upstreamProtocolResult
+	func() {
+		ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(parentCtx, timeout)
 		defer cancel()
-	}
-
-	var failures []upstreamFailure
-	for _, upstream := range group {
-		if ctx.Err() != nil {
-			return raceResult{failures: failures}
-		}
-		// Clone the request per attempt: the exchange path mutates EDNS0
-		// options in-place, so reusing the same *dns.Msg across sequential
-		// upstreams would carry those mutations (e.g. a reduced UDP size)
-		// into the next attempt.
-		res, failure := u.queryUpstream(ctx, r.Copy(), upstream, timeout)
-		if failure != nil {
-			failures = append(failures, *failure)
-			continue
-		}
-		res.failures = failures
-		return res
-	}
-	return raceResult{failures: failures}
-}
-
-func (u *upstreamResolverBase) queryUpstream(parentCtx context.Context, r *dns.Msg, upstream netip.AddrPort, timeout time.Duration) (raceResult, *upstreamFailure) {
-	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(parentCtx, timeout)
-	defer cancel()
-	ctx, upstreamProto := contextWithUpstreamProtocolResult(ctx)
-
-	// Advertise EDNS0 so the upstream may include Extended DNS Errors
-	// (RFC 8914) in failure responses; we use those to short-circuit
-	// failover for definitive answers like DNSSEC validation failures.
-	// The caller already passed a per-attempt copy, so we can mutate r
-	// directly; hadEdns reflects the original client request's state and
-	// controls whether we strip the OPT from the response.
-	hadEdns := r.IsEdns0() != nil
-	if !hadEdns {
-		r.SetEdns0(upstreamUDPSize(), false)
-	}
-
-	startTime := time.Now()
-	rm, _, err := u.upstreamClient.exchange(ctx, upstream.String(), r)
+		ctx, upstreamProto = contextWithupstreamProtocolResult(ctx)
+		startTime = time.Now()
+		rm, t, err = u.upstreamClient.exchange(ctx, upstream.String(), r)
+	}()

 	if err != nil {
-		// A parent cancellation (e.g., another race won and the coordinator
-		// cancelled the losers) is not an upstream failure. Check both the
-		// error chain and the parent context: a transport may surface the
-		// cancellation as a read/deadline error rather than context.Canceled.
-		if errors.Is(err, context.Canceled) || errors.Is(parentCtx.Err(), context.Canceled) {
-			return raceResult{}, &upstreamFailure{upstream: upstream, reason: "canceled"}
-		}
-		failure := u.handleUpstreamError(err, upstream, startTime)
-		u.markUpstreamFail(upstream, failure.reason)
-		return raceResult{}, failure
+		return u.handleUpstreamError(err, upstream, startTime)
 	}

 	if rm == nil || !rm.Response {
-		u.markUpstreamFail(upstream, "no response")
-		return raceResult{}, &upstreamFailure{upstream: upstream, reason: "no response"}
-	}
-
-	proto := ""
-	if upstreamProto != nil {
-		proto = upstreamProto.protocol
+		return &upstreamFailure{upstream: upstream, reason: "no response"}
 	}

 	if rm.Rcode == dns.RcodeServerFailure || rm.Rcode == dns.RcodeRefused {
-		if code, ok := nonRetryableEDE(rm); ok {
-			if !hadEdns {
-				stripOPT(rm)
-			}
-			u.markUpstreamOk(upstream)
-			return raceResult{msg: rm, upstream: upstream, protocol: proto, ede: edeName(code)}, nil
-		}
-		reason := dns.RcodeToString[rm.Rcode]
-		u.markUpstreamFail(upstream, reason)
-		return raceResult{}, &upstreamFailure{upstream: upstream, reason: reason}
+		return &upstreamFailure{upstream: upstream, reason: dns.RcodeToString[rm.Rcode]}
 	}

-	if !hadEdns {
-		stripOPT(rm)
-	}
-
-	u.markUpstreamOk(upstream)
-	return raceResult{msg: rm, upstream: upstream, protocol: proto}, nil
-}
-
-// healthEntry returns the mutable health record for addr, lazily creating
-// the map and the entry. Caller must hold u.healthMu.
-func (u *upstreamResolverBase) healthEntry(addr netip.AddrPort) *UpstreamHealth {
-	if u.health == nil {
-		u.health = make(map[netip.AddrPort]*UpstreamHealth)
-	}
-	h := u.health[addr]
-	if h == nil {
-		h = &UpstreamHealth{}
-		u.health[addr] = h
-	}
-	return h
-}
-
-func (u *upstreamResolverBase) markUpstreamOk(addr netip.AddrPort) {
-	u.healthMu.Lock()
-	defer u.healthMu.Unlock()
-	h := u.healthEntry(addr)
-	h.LastOk = time.Now()
-	h.LastFail = time.Time{}
-	h.LastErr = ""
-}
-
-func (u *upstreamResolverBase) markUpstreamFail(addr netip.AddrPort, reason string) {
-	u.healthMu.Lock()
-	defer u.healthMu.Unlock()
-	h := u.healthEntry(addr)
-	h.LastFail = time.Now()
-	h.LastErr = reason
-}
-
-// UpstreamHealth returns a snapshot of per-upstream query outcomes.
-func (u *upstreamResolverBase) UpstreamHealth() map[netip.AddrPort]UpstreamHealth {
-	u.healthMu.RLock()
-	defer u.healthMu.RUnlock()
-	out := make(map[netip.AddrPort]UpstreamHealth, len(u.health))
-	for k, v := range u.health {
-		out[k] = *v
-	}
-	return out
-}
-
-// upstreamUDPSize returns the EDNS0 UDP buffer size we advertise to upstreams,
-// derived from the tunnel MTU and bounded against underflow.
-func upstreamUDPSize() uint16 {
-	if currentMTU > ipUDPHeaderSize {
-		return currentMTU - ipUDPHeaderSize
-	}
-	return dns.MinMsgSize
-}
-
-// stripOPT removes any OPT pseudo-RRs from the response's Extra section so
-// the response complies with RFC 6891 when the client did not advertise EDNS0.
-func stripOPT(rm *dns.Msg) {
-	if len(rm.Extra) == 0 {
-		return
-	}
-	out := rm.Extra[:0]
-	for _, rr := range rm.Extra {
-		if _, ok := rr.(*dns.OPT); ok {
-			continue
-		}
-		out = append(out, rr)
-	}
-	rm.Extra = out
+	u.writeSuccessResponse(w, rm, upstream, r.Question[0].Name, t, upstreamProto, logger)
+	return nil
 }

 func (u *upstreamResolverBase) handleUpstreamError(err error, upstream netip.AddrPort, startTime time.Time) *upstreamFailure {
@@ -549,23 +289,12 @@ func (u *upstreamResolverBase) handleUpstreamError(err error, upstream netip.Add
 	return &upstreamFailure{upstream: upstream, reason: reason}
 }

-func (u *upstreamResolverBase) debugUpstreamTimeout(upstream netip.AddrPort) string {
-	if u.statusRecorder == nil {
-		return ""
-	}
+func (u *upstreamResolverBase) writeSuccessResponse(w dns.ResponseWriter, rm *dns.Msg, upstream netip.AddrPort, domain string, t time.Duration, upstreamProto *upstreamProtocolResult, logger *log.Entry) bool {
+	u.successCount.Add(1)

-	peerInfo := findPeerForIP(upstream.Addr(), u.statusRecorder)
-	if peerInfo == nil {
-		return ""
-	}
-
-	return fmt.Sprintf("(routes through NetBird peer %s)", FormatPeerStatus(peerInfo))
-}
-
-func (u *upstreamResolverBase) writeSuccessResponse(w dns.ResponseWriter, rm *dns.Msg, upstream netip.AddrPort, domain string, proto string, logger *log.Entry) {
 	resutil.SetMeta(w, "upstream", upstream.String())
-	if proto != "" {
-		resutil.SetMeta(w, "upstream_protocol", proto)
+	if upstreamProto != nil && upstreamProto.protocol != "" {
+		resutil.SetMeta(w, "upstream_protocol", upstreamProto.protocol)
 	}

 	// Clear Zero bit from external responses to prevent upstream servers from
@@ -574,11 +303,14 @@ func (u *upstreamResolverBase) writeSuccessResponse(w dns.ResponseWriter, rm *dn

 	if err := w.WriteMsg(rm); err != nil {
 		logger.Errorf("failed to write DNS response for question domain=%s: %s", domain, err)
+		return true
 	}
+
+	return true
 }

 func (u *upstreamResolverBase) logUpstreamFailures(domain string, failures []upstreamFailure, succeeded bool, logger *log.Entry) {
-	totalUpstreams := len(u.flatUpstreams())
+	totalUpstreams := len(u.upstreamServers)
 	failedCount := len(failures)
 	failureSummary := formatFailures(failures)

@@ -605,32 +337,117 @@ func formatFailures(failures []upstreamFailure) string {
 	return strings.Join(parts, ", ")
 }

-// nonRetryableEDE returns the first non-retryable EDE code carried in the
-// response, if any.
-func nonRetryableEDE(rm *dns.Msg) (uint16, bool) {
-	opt := rm.IsEdns0()
-	if opt == nil {
-		return 0, false
+// ProbeAvailability tests all upstream servers simultaneously and
+// disables the resolver if none work
+func (u *upstreamResolverBase) ProbeAvailability(ctx context.Context) {
+	u.mutex.Lock()
+	defer u.mutex.Unlock()
+
+	// avoid probe if upstreams could resolve at least one query
+	if u.successCount.Load() > 0 {
+		return
 	}
-	for _, o := range opt.Option {
-		ede, ok := o.(*dns.EDNS0_EDE)
-		if !ok {
-			continue
-		}
-		if _, ok := nonRetryableEDECodes[ede.InfoCode]; ok {
-			return ede.InfoCode, true
-		}
+
+	var success bool
+	var mu sync.Mutex
+	var wg sync.WaitGroup
+
+	var errs *multierror.Error
+	for _, upstream := range u.upstreamServers {
+		wg.Add(1)
+		go func(upstream netip.AddrPort) {
+			defer wg.Done()
+			err := u.testNameserver(u.ctx, ctx, upstream, 500*time.Millisecond)
+			if err != nil {
+				mu.Lock()
+				errs = multierror.Append(errs, err)
+				mu.Unlock()
+				log.Warnf("probing upstream nameserver %s: %s", upstream, err)
+				return
+			}
+
+			mu.Lock()
+			success = true
+			mu.Unlock()
+		}(upstream)
+	}
+
+	wg.Wait()
+
+	select {
+	case <-ctx.Done():
+		return
+	case <-u.ctx.Done():
+		return
+	default:
+	}
+
+	// didn't find a working upstream server, let's disable and try later
+	if !success {
+		u.disable(errs.ErrorOrNil())
+
+		if u.statusRecorder == nil {
+			return
+		}
+
+		u.statusRecorder.PublishEvent(
+			proto.SystemEvent_WARNING,
+			proto.SystemEvent_DNS,
+			"All upstream servers failed (probe failed)",
+			"Unable to reach one or more DNS servers. This might affect your ability to connect to some services.",
+			map[string]string{"upstreams": u.upstreamServersString()},
+		)
 	}
-	return 0, false
 }

-// edeName returns a human-readable name for an EDE code, falling back to
-// the numeric code when unknown.
-func edeName(code uint16) string {
-	if name, ok := dns.ExtendedErrorCodeToString[code]; ok {
-		return name
+// waitUntilResponse retries, in an exponential interval, querying the upstream servers until it gets a positive response
+func (u *upstreamResolverBase) waitUntilResponse() {
+	exponentialBackOff := &backoff.ExponentialBackOff{
+		InitialInterval:     500 * time.Millisecond,
+		RandomizationFactor: 0.5,
+		Multiplier:          1.1,
+		MaxInterval:         u.reactivatePeriod,
+		MaxElapsedTime:      0,
+		Stop:                backoff.Stop,
+		Clock:               backoff.SystemClock,
 	}
-	return fmt.Sprintf("EDE %d", code)
+
+	operation := func() error {
+		select {
+		case <-u.ctx.Done():
+			return backoff.Permanent(fmt.Errorf("exiting upstream retry loop for upstreams %s: parent context has been canceled", u.upstreamServersString()))
+		default:
+		}
+
+		for _, upstream := range u.upstreamServers {
+			if err := u.testNameserver(u.ctx, nil, upstream, probeTimeout); err != nil {
+				log.Tracef("upstream check for %s: %s", upstream, err)
+			} else {
+				// at least one upstream server is available, stop probing
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+
+		log.Tracef("checking connectivity with upstreams %s failed. Retrying in %s", u.upstreamServersString(), exponentialBackOff.NextBackOff())
+		return fmt.Errorf("upstream check call error")
+	}
+
+	err := backoff.Retry(operation, backoff.WithContext(exponentialBackOff, u.ctx))
+	if err != nil {
+		if errors.Is(err, context.Canceled) {
+			log.Debugf("upstream retry loop exited for upstreams %s", u.upstreamServersString())
+		} else {
+			log.Warnf("upstream retry loop exited for upstreams %s: %v", u.upstreamServersString(), err)
+		}
+		return
+	}
+
+	log.Infof("upstreams %s are responsive again. Adding them back to system", u.upstreamServersString())
+	u.successCount.Add(1)
+	u.reactivate()
+	u.mutex.Lock()
+	u.disabled = false
+	u.mutex.Unlock()
 }

 // isTimeout returns true if the given error is a network timeout error.
@@ -644,6 +461,45 @@ func isTimeout(err error) bool {
 	return false
 }

+func (u *upstreamResolverBase) disable(err error) {
+	if u.disabled {
+		return
+	}
+
+	log.Warnf("Upstream resolving is Disabled for %v", reactivatePeriod)
+	u.successCount.Store(0)
+	u.deactivate(err)
+	u.disabled = true
+	u.wg.Add(1)
+	go func() {
+		defer u.wg.Done()
+		u.waitUntilResponse()
+	}()
+}
+
+func (u *upstreamResolverBase) upstreamServersString() string {
+	var servers []string
+	for _, server := range u.upstreamServers {
+		servers = append(servers, server.String())
+	}
+	return strings.Join(servers, ", ")
+}
+
+func (u *upstreamResolverBase) testNameserver(baseCtx context.Context, externalCtx context.Context, server netip.AddrPort, timeout time.Duration) error {
+	mergedCtx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(baseCtx, timeout)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	if externalCtx != nil {
+		stop2 := context.AfterFunc(externalCtx, cancel)
+		defer stop2()
+	}
+
+	r := new(dns.Msg).SetQuestion(testRecord, dns.TypeSOA)
+
+	_, _, err := u.upstreamClient.exchange(mergedCtx, server.String(), r)
+	return err
+}
+
 // clientUDPMaxSize returns the maximum UDP response size the client accepts.
 func clientUDPMaxSize(r *dns.Msg) int {
 	if opt := r.IsEdns0(); opt != nil {
@@ -655,10 +511,13 @@ func clientUDPMaxSize(r *dns.Msg) int {
 // ExchangeWithFallback exchanges a DNS message with the upstream server.
 // It first tries to use UDP, and if it is truncated, it falls back to TCP.
 // If the inbound request came over TCP (via context), it skips the UDP attempt.
+// If the passed context is nil, this will use Exchange instead of ExchangeContext.
 func ExchangeWithFallback(ctx context.Context, client *dns.Client, r *dns.Msg, upstream string) (*dns.Msg, time.Duration, error) {
 	// If the request came in over TCP, go straight to TCP upstream.
 	if dnsProtocolFromContext(ctx) == protoTCP {
-		rm, t, err := toTCPClient(client).ExchangeContext(ctx, r, upstream)
+		tcpClient := *client
+		tcpClient.Net = protoTCP
+		rm, t, err := tcpClient.ExchangeContext(ctx, r, upstream)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, t, fmt.Errorf("with tcp: %w", err)
 		}
@@ -678,7 +537,18 @@ func ExchangeWithFallback(ctx context.Context, client *dns.Client, r *dns.Msg, u
 		opt.SetUDPSize(maxUDPPayload)
 	}

-	rm, t, err := client.ExchangeContext(ctx, r, upstream)
+	var (
+		rm  *dns.Msg
+		t   time.Duration
+		err error
+	)
+
+	if ctx == nil {
+		rm, t, err = client.Exchange(r, upstream)
+	} else {
+		rm, t, err = client.ExchangeContext(ctx, r, upstream)
+	}
+
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, t, fmt.Errorf("with udp: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -692,7 +562,15 @@ func ExchangeWithFallback(ctx context.Context, client *dns.Client, r *dns.Msg, u
 	// data than the client's buffer, we could truncate locally and skip
 	// the TCP retry.

-	rm, t, err = toTCPClient(client).ExchangeContext(ctx, r, upstream)
+	tcpClient := *client
+	tcpClient.Net = protoTCP
+
+	if ctx == nil {
+		rm, t, err = tcpClient.Exchange(r, upstream)
+	} else {
+		rm, t, err = tcpClient.ExchangeContext(ctx, r, upstream)
+	}
+
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, t, fmt.Errorf("with tcp: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -706,25 +584,6 @@ func ExchangeWithFallback(ctx context.Context, client *dns.Client, r *dns.Msg, u
 	return rm, t, nil
 }

-// toTCPClient returns a copy of c configured for TCP. If c's Dialer has a
-// *net.UDPAddr bound as LocalAddr (iOS does this to keep the source IP on
-// the tunnel interface), it is converted to the equivalent *net.TCPAddr
-// so net.Dialer doesn't reject the TCP dial with "mismatched local
-// address type".
-func toTCPClient(c *dns.Client) *dns.Client {
-	tcp := *c
-	tcp.Net = protoTCP
-	if tcp.Dialer == nil {
-		return &tcp
-	}
-	d := *tcp.Dialer
-	if ua, ok := d.LocalAddr.(*net.UDPAddr); ok {
-		d.LocalAddr = &net.TCPAddr{IP: ua.IP, Port: ua.Port, Zone: ua.Zone}
-	}
-	tcp.Dialer = &d
-	return &tcp
-}
-
 // ExchangeWithNetstack performs a DNS exchange using netstack for dialing.
 // This is needed when netstack is enabled to reach peer IPs through the tunnel.
 func ExchangeWithNetstack(ctx context.Context, nsNet *netstack.Net, r *dns.Msg, upstream string) (*dns.Msg, error) {
@@ -866,36 +725,15 @@ func findPeerForIP(ip netip.Addr, statusRecorder *peer.Status) *peer.State {
 	return bestMatch
 }

-// haMapRouteCount returns the total number of routes across all HA
-// groups in the map. route.HAMap is keyed by HAUniqueID with slices of
-// routes per key, so len(hm) is the number of HA groups, not routes.
-func haMapRouteCount(hm route.HAMap) int {
-	total := 0
-	for _, routes := range hm {
-		total += len(routes)
+func (u *upstreamResolverBase) debugUpstreamTimeout(upstream netip.AddrPort) string {
+	if u.statusRecorder == nil {
+		return ""
 	}
-	return total
-}

-// haMapContains checks whether ip is covered by any concrete prefix in
-// the HA map. haveDynamic is reported separately: dynamic (domain-based)
-// routes carry a placeholder Network that can't be prefix-checked, so we
-// can't know at this point whether ip is reached through one. Callers
-// decide how to interpret the unknown: health projection treats it as
-// "possibly routed" to avoid emitting false-positive warnings during
-// startup, while iOS dial selection requires a concrete match before
-// binding to the tunnel.
-func haMapContains(hm route.HAMap, ip netip.Addr) (matched, haveDynamic bool) {
-	for _, routes := range hm {
-		for _, r := range routes {
-			if r.IsDynamic() {
-				haveDynamic = true
-				continue
-			}
-			if r.Network.Contains(ip) {
-				return true, haveDynamic
-			}
-		}
+	peerInfo := findPeerForIP(upstream.Addr(), u.statusRecorder)
+	if peerInfo == nil {
+		return ""
 	}
-	return false, haveDynamic
+
+	return fmt.Sprintf("(routes through NetBird peer %s)", FormatPeerStatus(peerInfo))
 }
--- a/client/internal/dns/upstream_android.go
+++ b/client/internal/dns/upstream_android.go
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ import (

 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/peer"
 	nbnet "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/net"
-	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/management/domain"
 )

 type upstreamResolver struct {
@@ -27,9 +26,9 @@ func newUpstreamResolver(
 	_ WGIface,
 	statusRecorder *peer.Status,
 	hostsDNSHolder *hostsDNSHolder,
-	d domain.Domain,
+	domain string,
 ) (*upstreamResolver, error) {
-	upstreamResolverBase := newUpstreamResolverBase(ctx, statusRecorder, d)
+	upstreamResolverBase := newUpstreamResolverBase(ctx, statusRecorder, domain)
 	c := &upstreamResolver{
 		upstreamResolverBase: upstreamResolverBase,
 		hostsDNSHolder:       hostsDNSHolder,
--- a/client/internal/dns/upstream_general.go
+++ b/client/internal/dns/upstream_general.go
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ import (
 	"golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/tun/netstack"

 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/peer"
-	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/management/domain"
 )

 type upstreamResolver struct {
@@ -25,9 +24,9 @@ func newUpstreamResolver(
 	wgIface WGIface,
 	statusRecorder *peer.Status,
 	_ *hostsDNSHolder,
-	d domain.Domain,
+	domain string,
 ) (*upstreamResolver, error) {
-	upstreamResolverBase := newUpstreamResolverBase(ctx, statusRecorder, d)
+	upstreamResolverBase := newUpstreamResolverBase(ctx, statusRecorder, domain)
 	nonIOS := &upstreamResolver{
 		upstreamResolverBase: upstreamResolverBase,
 		nsNet:                wgIface.GetNet(),
--- a/client/internal/dns/upstream_ios.go
+++ b/client/internal/dns/upstream_ios.go
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ import (
 	"golang.org/x/sys/unix"

 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/peer"
-	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/management/domain"
 )

 type upstreamResolverIOS struct {
@@ -28,9 +27,9 @@ func newUpstreamResolver(
 	wgIface WGIface,
 	statusRecorder *peer.Status,
 	_ *hostsDNSHolder,
-	d domain.Domain,
+	domain string,
 ) (*upstreamResolverIOS, error) {
-	upstreamResolverBase := newUpstreamResolverBase(ctx, statusRecorder, d)
+	upstreamResolverBase := newUpstreamResolverBase(ctx, statusRecorder, domain)

 	ios := &upstreamResolverIOS{
 		upstreamResolverBase: upstreamResolverBase,
@@ -63,16 +62,9 @@ func (u *upstreamResolverIOS) exchange(ctx context.Context, upstream string, r *
 		upstreamIP = upstreamIP.Unmap()
 	}
 	addr := u.wgIface.Address()
-	var routed bool
-	if u.selectedRoutes != nil {
-		// Only a concrete prefix match binds to the tunnel: dialing
-		// through a private client for an upstream we can't prove is
-		// routed would break public resolvers.
-		routed, _ = haMapContains(u.selectedRoutes(), upstreamIP)
-	}
 	needsPrivate := addr.Network.Contains(upstreamIP) ||
 		addr.IPv6Net.Contains(upstreamIP) ||
-		routed
+		(u.routeMatch != nil && u.routeMatch(upstreamIP))
 	if needsPrivate {
 		log.Debugf("using private client to query %s via upstream %s", r.Question[0].Name, upstream)
 		client, err = GetClientPrivate(u.wgIface, upstreamIP, timeout)
@@ -81,7 +73,8 @@ func (u *upstreamResolverIOS) exchange(ctx context.Context, upstream string, r *
 		}
 	}

-	return ExchangeWithFallback(ctx, client, r, upstream)
+	// Cannot use client.ExchangeContext because it overwrites our Dialer
+	return ExchangeWithFallback(nil, client, r, upstream)
 }

 // GetClientPrivate returns a new DNS client bound to the local IP of the Netbird interface.
--- a/client/internal/dns/upstream_test.go
+++ b/client/internal/dns/upstream_test.go
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ import (
 	"net"
 	"net/netip"
 	"strings"
-	"sync/atomic"
 	"testing"
 	"time"

@@ -74,7 +73,7 @@ func TestUpstreamResolver_ServeDNS(t *testing.T) {
 					servers = append(servers, netip.AddrPortFrom(addrPort.Addr().Unmap(), addrPort.Port()))
 				}
 			}
-			resolver.addRace(servers)
+			resolver.upstreamServers = servers
 			resolver.upstreamTimeout = testCase.timeout
 			if testCase.cancelCTX {
 				cancel()
@@ -133,10 +132,20 @@ func (m *mockNetstackProvider) GetInterfaceGUIDString() (string, error) {
 	return "", nil
 }

+type mockUpstreamResolver struct {
+	r   *dns.Msg
+	rtt time.Duration
+	err error
+}
+
+// exchange mock implementation of exchange from upstreamResolver
+func (c mockUpstreamResolver) exchange(_ context.Context, _ string, _ *dns.Msg) (*dns.Msg, time.Duration, error) {
+	return c.r, c.rtt, c.err
+}
+
 type mockUpstreamResponse struct {
-	msg   *dns.Msg
-	err   error
-	delay time.Duration
+	msg *dns.Msg
+	err error
 }

 type mockUpstreamResolverPerServer struct {
@@ -144,19 +153,63 @@ type mockUpstreamResolverPerServer struct {
 	rtt       time.Duration
 }

-func (c mockUpstreamResolverPerServer) exchange(ctx context.Context, upstream string, _ *dns.Msg) (*dns.Msg, time.Duration, error) {
-	r, ok := c.responses[upstream]
-	if !ok {
-		return nil, c.rtt, fmt.Errorf("no mock response for %s", upstream)
+func (c mockUpstreamResolverPerServer) exchange(_ context.Context, upstream string, _ *dns.Msg) (*dns.Msg, time.Duration, error) {
+	if r, ok := c.responses[upstream]; ok {
+		return r.msg, c.rtt, r.err
 	}
-	if r.delay > 0 {
-		select {
-		case <-time.After(r.delay):
-		case <-ctx.Done():
-			return nil, c.rtt, ctx.Err()
-		}
+	return nil, c.rtt, fmt.Errorf("no mock response for %s", upstream)
+}
+
+func TestUpstreamResolver_DeactivationReactivation(t *testing.T) {
+	mockClient := &mockUpstreamResolver{
+		err: dns.ErrTime,
+		r:   new(dns.Msg),
+		rtt: time.Millisecond,
+	}
+
+	resolver := &upstreamResolverBase{
+		ctx:              context.TODO(),
+		upstreamClient:   mockClient,
+		upstreamTimeout:  UpstreamTimeout,
+		reactivatePeriod: time.Microsecond * 100,
+	}
+	addrPort, _ := netip.ParseAddrPort("0.0.0.0:1") // Use valid port for parsing, test will still fail on connection
+	resolver.upstreamServers = []netip.AddrPort{netip.AddrPortFrom(addrPort.Addr().Unmap(), addrPort.Port())}
+
+	failed := false
+	resolver.deactivate = func(error) {
+		failed = true
+		// After deactivation, make the mock client work again
+		mockClient.err = nil
+	}
+
+	reactivated := false
+	resolver.reactivate = func() {
+		reactivated = true
+	}
+
+	resolver.ProbeAvailability(context.TODO())
+
+	if !failed {
+		t.Errorf("expected that resolving was deactivated")
+		return
+	}
+
+	if !resolver.disabled {
+		t.Errorf("resolver should be Disabled")
+		return
+	}
+
+	time.Sleep(time.Millisecond * 200)
+
+	if !reactivated {
+		t.Errorf("expected that resolving was reactivated")
+		return
+	}
+
+	if resolver.disabled {
+		t.Errorf("should be enabled")
 	}
-	return r.msg, c.rtt, r.err
 }

 func TestUpstreamResolver_Failover(t *testing.T) {
@@ -286,9 +339,9 @@ func TestUpstreamResolver_Failover(t *testing.T) {
 			resolver := &upstreamResolverBase{
 				ctx:             ctx,
 				upstreamClient:  trackingClient,
+				upstreamServers: []netip.AddrPort{upstream1, upstream2},
 				upstreamTimeout: UpstreamTimeout,
 			}
-			resolver.addRace([]netip.AddrPort{upstream1, upstream2})

 			var responseMSG *dns.Msg
 			responseWriter := &test.MockResponseWriter{
@@ -368,9 +421,9 @@ func TestUpstreamResolver_SingleUpstreamFailure(t *testing.T) {
 	resolver := &upstreamResolverBase{
 		ctx:             ctx,
 		upstreamClient:  mockClient,
+		upstreamServers: []netip.AddrPort{upstream},
 		upstreamTimeout: UpstreamTimeout,
 	}
-	resolver.addRace([]netip.AddrPort{upstream})

 	var responseMSG *dns.Msg
 	responseWriter := &test.MockResponseWriter{
@@ -387,136 +440,6 @@ func TestUpstreamResolver_SingleUpstreamFailure(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, dns.RcodeServerFailure, responseMSG.Rcode, "single upstream SERVFAIL should return SERVFAIL")
 }

-// TestUpstreamResolver_RaceAcrossGroups covers two nameserver groups
-// configured for the same domain, with one broken group. The merge+race
-// path should answer as fast as the working group and not pay the timeout
-// of the broken one on every query.
-func TestUpstreamResolver_RaceAcrossGroups(t *testing.T) {
-	broken := netip.MustParseAddrPort("192.0.2.1:53")
-	working := netip.MustParseAddrPort("192.0.2.2:53")
-	successAnswer := "192.0.2.100"
-	timeoutErr := &net.OpError{Op: "read", Err: fmt.Errorf("i/o timeout")}
-
-	mockClient := &mockUpstreamResolverPerServer{
-		responses: map[string]mockUpstreamResponse{
-			// Force the broken upstream to only unblock via timeout /
-			// cancellation so the assertion below can't pass if races
-			// were run serially.
-			broken.String():  {err: timeoutErr, delay: 500 * time.Millisecond},
-			working.String(): {msg: buildMockResponse(dns.RcodeSuccess, successAnswer)},
-		},
-		rtt: time.Millisecond,
-	}
-
-	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
-	defer cancel()
-
-	resolver := &upstreamResolverBase{
-		ctx:             ctx,
-		upstreamClient:  mockClient,
-		upstreamTimeout: 250 * time.Millisecond,
-	}
-	resolver.addRace([]netip.AddrPort{broken})
-	resolver.addRace([]netip.AddrPort{working})
-
-	var responseMSG *dns.Msg
-	responseWriter := &test.MockResponseWriter{
-		WriteMsgFunc: func(m *dns.Msg) error {
-			responseMSG = m
-			return nil
-		},
-	}
-
-	inputMSG := new(dns.Msg).SetQuestion("example.com.", dns.TypeA)
-	start := time.Now()
-	resolver.ServeDNS(responseWriter, inputMSG)
-	elapsed := time.Since(start)
-
-	require.NotNil(t, responseMSG, "should write a response")
-	assert.Equal(t, dns.RcodeSuccess, responseMSG.Rcode)
-	require.NotEmpty(t, responseMSG.Answer)
-	assert.Contains(t, responseMSG.Answer[0].String(), successAnswer)
-	// Working group answers in a single RTT; the broken group's
-	// timeout (100ms) must not block the response.
-	assert.Less(t, elapsed, 100*time.Millisecond, "race must not wait for broken group's timeout")
-}
-
-// TestUpstreamResolver_AllGroupsFail checks that when every group fails the
-// resolver returns SERVFAIL rather than leaking a partial response.
-func TestUpstreamResolver_AllGroupsFail(t *testing.T) {
-	a := netip.MustParseAddrPort("192.0.2.1:53")
-	b := netip.MustParseAddrPort("192.0.2.2:53")
-
-	mockClient := &mockUpstreamResolverPerServer{
-		responses: map[string]mockUpstreamResponse{
-			a.String(): {msg: buildMockResponse(dns.RcodeServerFailure, "")},
-			b.String(): {msg: buildMockResponse(dns.RcodeServerFailure, "")},
-		},
-		rtt: time.Millisecond,
-	}
-
-	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
-	defer cancel()
-
-	resolver := &upstreamResolverBase{
-		ctx:             ctx,
-		upstreamClient:  mockClient,
-		upstreamTimeout: UpstreamTimeout,
-	}
-	resolver.addRace([]netip.AddrPort{a})
-	resolver.addRace([]netip.AddrPort{b})
-
-	var responseMSG *dns.Msg
-	responseWriter := &test.MockResponseWriter{
-		WriteMsgFunc: func(m *dns.Msg) error {
-			responseMSG = m
-			return nil
-		},
-	}
-
-	resolver.ServeDNS(responseWriter, new(dns.Msg).SetQuestion("example.com.", dns.TypeA))
-	require.NotNil(t, responseMSG)
-	assert.Equal(t, dns.RcodeServerFailure, responseMSG.Rcode)
-}
-
-// TestUpstreamResolver_HealthTracking verifies that query-path results are
-// recorded into per-upstream health, which is what projects back to
-// NSGroupState for status reporting.
-func TestUpstreamResolver_HealthTracking(t *testing.T) {
-	ok := netip.MustParseAddrPort("192.0.2.10:53")
-	bad := netip.MustParseAddrPort("192.0.2.11:53")
-
-	mockClient := &mockUpstreamResolverPerServer{
-		responses: map[string]mockUpstreamResponse{
-			ok.String():  {msg: buildMockResponse(dns.RcodeSuccess, "192.0.2.100")},
-			bad.String(): {msg: buildMockResponse(dns.RcodeServerFailure, "")},
-		},
-		rtt: time.Millisecond,
-	}
-
-	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
-	defer cancel()
-
-	resolver := &upstreamResolverBase{
-		ctx:             ctx,
-		upstreamClient:  mockClient,
-		upstreamTimeout: UpstreamTimeout,
-	}
-	resolver.addRace([]netip.AddrPort{ok, bad})
-
-	responseWriter := &test.MockResponseWriter{WriteMsgFunc: func(m *dns.Msg) error { return nil }}
-	resolver.ServeDNS(responseWriter, new(dns.Msg).SetQuestion("example.com.", dns.TypeA))
-
-	health := resolver.UpstreamHealth()
-	require.Contains(t, health, ok)
-	assert.False(t, health[ok].LastOk.IsZero(), "ok upstream should have LastOk set")
-	assert.Empty(t, health[ok].LastErr)
-
-	// bad upstream was never tried because ok answered first; its health
-	// should remain unset.
-	assert.NotContains(t, health, bad, "sibling upstream should not be queried when primary answers")
-}
-
 func TestFormatFailures(t *testing.T) {
 	testCases := []struct {
 		name     string
@@ -742,10 +665,10 @@ func TestExchangeWithFallback_EDNS0Capped(t *testing.T) {
 	// Verify that a client EDNS0 larger than our MTU-derived limit gets
 	// capped in the outgoing request so the upstream doesn't send a
 	// response larger than our read buffer.
-	var receivedUDPSize atomic.Uint32
+	var receivedUDPSize uint16
 	udpHandler := dns.HandlerFunc(func(w dns.ResponseWriter, r *dns.Msg) {
 		if opt := r.IsEdns0(); opt != nil {
-			receivedUDPSize.Store(uint32(opt.UDPSize()))
+			receivedUDPSize = opt.UDPSize()
 		}
 		m := new(dns.Msg)
 		m.SetReply(r)
@@ -776,7 +699,7 @@ func TestExchangeWithFallback_EDNS0Capped(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NotNil(t, rm)

 	expectedMax := uint16(currentMTU - ipUDPHeaderSize)
-	assert.Equal(t, expectedMax, uint16(receivedUDPSize.Load()),
+	assert.Equal(t, expectedMax, receivedUDPSize,
 		"upstream should see capped EDNS0, not the client's 4096")
 }

@@ -847,132 +770,3 @@ func TestExchangeWithFallback_TCPTruncatesToClientSize(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Less(t, len(rm2.Answer), 20, "small EDNS0 client should get fewer records")
 	assert.True(t, rm2.Truncated, "response should be truncated for small buffer client")
 }
-
-func msgWithEDE(rcode int, codes ...uint16) *dns.Msg {
-	m := new(dns.Msg)
-	m.Response = true
-	m.Rcode = rcode
-	if len(codes) == 0 {
-		return m
-	}
-	opt := &dns.OPT{Hdr: dns.RR_Header{Name: ".", Rrtype: dns.TypeOPT}}
-	opt.SetUDPSize(dns.MinMsgSize)
-	for _, c := range codes {
-		opt.Option = append(opt.Option, &dns.EDNS0_EDE{InfoCode: c})
-	}
-	m.Extra = append(m.Extra, opt)
-	return m
-}
-
-func TestNonRetryableEDE(t *testing.T) {
-	tests := []struct {
-		name     string
-		msg      *dns.Msg
-		wantOK   bool
-		wantCode uint16
-	}{
-		{name: "no edns0", msg: msgWithEDE(dns.RcodeServerFailure)},
-		{
-			name: "opt without ede",
-			msg: func() *dns.Msg {
-				m := msgWithEDE(dns.RcodeServerFailure)
-				opt := &dns.OPT{Hdr: dns.RR_Header{Name: ".", Rrtype: dns.TypeOPT}}
-				opt.Option = append(opt.Option, &dns.EDNS0_NSID{Code: dns.EDNS0NSID})
-				m.Extra = []dns.RR{opt}
-				return m
-			}(),
-		},
-		{name: "ede dnsbogus", msg: msgWithEDE(dns.RcodeServerFailure, dns.ExtendedErrorCodeDNSBogus), wantOK: true, wantCode: dns.ExtendedErrorCodeDNSBogus},
-		{name: "ede signature expired", msg: msgWithEDE(dns.RcodeServerFailure, dns.ExtendedErrorCodeSignatureExpired), wantOK: true, wantCode: dns.ExtendedErrorCodeSignatureExpired},
-		{name: "ede blocked", msg: msgWithEDE(dns.RcodeServerFailure, dns.ExtendedErrorCodeBlocked), wantOK: true, wantCode: dns.ExtendedErrorCodeBlocked},
-		{name: "ede prohibited", msg: msgWithEDE(dns.RcodeRefused, dns.ExtendedErrorCodeProhibited), wantOK: true, wantCode: dns.ExtendedErrorCodeProhibited},
-		{name: "ede cached error retryable", msg: msgWithEDE(dns.RcodeServerFailure, dns.ExtendedErrorCodeCachedError)},
-		{name: "ede network error retryable", msg: msgWithEDE(dns.RcodeServerFailure, dns.ExtendedErrorCodeNetworkError)},
-		{name: "ede not ready retryable", msg: msgWithEDE(dns.RcodeServerFailure, dns.ExtendedErrorCodeNotReady)},
-		{
-			name:     "first non-retryable wins",
-			msg:      msgWithEDE(dns.RcodeServerFailure, dns.ExtendedErrorCodeNetworkError, dns.ExtendedErrorCodeDNSBogus),
-			wantOK:   true,
-			wantCode: dns.ExtendedErrorCodeDNSBogus,
-		},
-	}
-	for _, tc := range tests {
-		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			code, ok := nonRetryableEDE(tc.msg)
-			assert.Equal(t, tc.wantOK, ok, "ok should match")
-			if tc.wantOK {
-				assert.Equal(t, tc.wantCode, code, "code should match")
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
-
-func TestEDEName(t *testing.T) {
-	assert.Equal(t, "DNSSEC Bogus", edeName(dns.ExtendedErrorCodeDNSBogus))
-	assert.Equal(t, "Signature Expired", edeName(dns.ExtendedErrorCodeSignatureExpired))
-	assert.Equal(t, "EDE 9999", edeName(9999), "unknown code falls back to numeric")
-}
-
-func TestStripOPT(t *testing.T) {
-	rm := &dns.Msg{
-		Extra: []dns.RR{
-			&dns.OPT{Hdr: dns.RR_Header{Name: ".", Rrtype: dns.TypeOPT}},
-			&dns.A{Hdr: dns.RR_Header{Name: "x.", Rrtype: dns.TypeA}, A: net.IPv4(1, 2, 3, 4)},
-		},
-	}
-	stripOPT(rm)
-	assert.Len(t, rm.Extra, 1, "OPT should be removed, A kept")
-	_, isOPT := rm.Extra[0].(*dns.OPT)
-	assert.False(t, isOPT, "remaining record must not be OPT")
-}
-
-func TestUpstreamResolver_NonRetryableEDEShortCircuits(t *testing.T) {
-	upstream1 := netip.MustParseAddrPort("192.0.2.1:53")
-	upstream2 := netip.MustParseAddrPort("192.0.2.2:53")
-
-	servfailWithEDE := msgWithEDE(dns.RcodeServerFailure, dns.ExtendedErrorCodeDNSBogus)
-	successResp := buildMockResponse(dns.RcodeSuccess, "192.0.2.100")
-
-	var queried []string
-	tracking := &trackingMockClient{
-		inner: &mockUpstreamResolverPerServer{
-			responses: map[string]mockUpstreamResponse{
-				upstream1.String(): {msg: servfailWithEDE},
-				upstream2.String(): {msg: successResp},
-			},
-			rtt: time.Millisecond,
-		},
-		queriedUpstreams: &queried,
-	}
-
-	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
-	defer cancel()
-
-	resolver := &upstreamResolverBase{
-		ctx:             ctx,
-		upstreamClient:  tracking,
-		upstreamServers: []upstreamRace{{upstream1, upstream2}},
-		upstreamTimeout: UpstreamTimeout,
-	}
-
-	var written *dns.Msg
-	w := &test.MockResponseWriter{
-		WriteMsgFunc: func(m *dns.Msg) error {
-			written = m
-			return nil
-		},
-	}
-
-	// Client query without EDNS0 must not see an OPT in the response.
-	q := new(dns.Msg).SetQuestion("example.com.", dns.TypeA)
-	resolver.ServeDNS(w, q)
-
-	require.NotNil(t, written, "response must be written")
-	assert.Equal(t, dns.RcodeServerFailure, written.Rcode, "SERVFAIL must propagate")
-	assert.Len(t, queried, 1, "only first upstream should be queried")
-	assert.Equal(t, upstream1.String(), queried[0])
-	for _, rr := range written.Extra {
-		_, isOPT := rr.(*dns.OPT)
-		assert.False(t, isOPT, "synthetic OPT must not leak to a non-EDNS0 client")
-	}
-}
--- a/client/internal/engine.go
+++ b/client/internal/engine.go
@@ -512,7 +512,16 @@ func (e *Engine) Start(netbirdConfig *mgmProto.NetbirdConfig, mgmtURL *url.URL)

 	e.routeManager.SetRouteChangeListener(e.mobileDep.NetworkChangeListener)

-	e.dnsServer.SetRouteSources(e.routeManager.GetSelectedClientRoutes, e.routeManager.GetActiveClientRoutes)
+	e.dnsServer.SetRouteChecker(func(ip netip.Addr) bool {
+		for _, routes := range e.routeManager.GetSelectedClientRoutes() {
+			for _, r := range routes {
+				if r.Network.Contains(ip) {
+					return true
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return false
+	})

 	if err = e.wgInterfaceCreate(); err != nil {
 		log.Errorf("failed creating tunnel interface %s: [%s]", e.config.WgIfaceName, err.Error())
@@ -1377,6 +1386,9 @@ func (e *Engine) updateNetworkMap(networkMap *mgmProto.NetworkMap) error {

 	e.networkSerial = serial

+	// Test received (upstream) servers for availability right away instead of upon usage.
+	// If no server of a server group responds this will disable the respective handler and retry later.
+	go e.dnsServer.ProbeAvailability()
 	return nil
 }

@@ -1920,7 +1932,7 @@ func (e *Engine) newDnsServer(dnsConfig *nbdns.Config) (dns.Server, error) {
 		return dnsServer, nil

 	case "ios":
-		dnsServer := dns.NewDefaultServerIos(e.ctx, e.wgInterface, e.mobileDep.DnsManager, e.statusRecorder, e.config.DisableDNS)
+		dnsServer := dns.NewDefaultServerIos(e.ctx, e.wgInterface, e.mobileDep.DnsManager, e.mobileDep.HostDNSAddresses, e.statusRecorder, e.config.DisableDNS)
 		return dnsServer, nil

 	default:
--- a/client/internal/routemanager/manager.go
+++ b/client/internal/routemanager/manager.go
@@ -53,7 +53,6 @@ type Manager interface {
 	GetRouteSelector() *routeselector.RouteSelector
 	GetClientRoutes() route.HAMap
 	GetSelectedClientRoutes() route.HAMap
-	GetActiveClientRoutes() route.HAMap
 	GetClientRoutesWithNetID() map[route.NetID][]*route.Route
 	SetRouteChangeListener(listener listener.NetworkChangeListener)
 	InitialRouteRange() []string
@@ -486,39 +485,6 @@ func (m *DefaultManager) GetSelectedClientRoutes() route.HAMap {
 	return m.routeSelector.FilterSelectedExitNodes(maps.Clone(m.clientRoutes))
 }

-// GetActiveClientRoutes returns the subset of selected client routes
-// that are currently reachable: the route's peer is Connected and is
-// the one actively carrying the route (not just an HA sibling).
-func (m *DefaultManager) GetActiveClientRoutes() route.HAMap {
-	m.mux.Lock()
-	selected := m.routeSelector.FilterSelectedExitNodes(maps.Clone(m.clientRoutes))
-	recorder := m.statusRecorder
-	m.mux.Unlock()
-
-	if recorder == nil {
-		return selected
-	}
-
-	out := make(route.HAMap, len(selected))
-	for id, routes := range selected {
-		for _, r := range routes {
-			st, err := recorder.GetPeer(r.Peer)
-			if err != nil {
-				continue
-			}
-			if st.ConnStatus != peer.StatusConnected {
-				continue
-			}
-			if _, hasRoute := st.GetRoutes()[r.Network.String()]; !hasRoute {
-				continue
-			}
-			out[id] = routes
-			break
-		}
-	}
-	return out
-}
-
 // GetClientRoutesWithNetID returns the current routes from the route map, but the keys consist of the network ID only
 func (m *DefaultManager) GetClientRoutesWithNetID() map[route.NetID][]*route.Route {
 	m.mux.Lock()
@@ -738,10 +704,7 @@ func (m *DefaultManager) collectExitNodeInfo(clientRoutes route.HAMap) exitNodeI
 }

 func (m *DefaultManager) isExitNodeRoute(routes []*route.Route) bool {
-	if len(routes) == 0 {
-		return false
-	}
-	return route.IsV4DefaultRoute(routes[0].Network) || route.IsV6DefaultRoute(routes[0].Network)
+	return len(routes) > 0 && routes[0].Network.String() == vars.ExitNodeCIDR
 }

 func (m *DefaultManager) categorizeUserSelection(netID route.NetID, info *exitNodeInfo) {
--- a/client/internal/routemanager/mock.go
+++ b/client/internal/routemanager/mock.go
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ type MockManager struct {
 	GetRouteSelectorFunc         func() *routeselector.RouteSelector
 	GetClientRoutesFunc          func() route.HAMap
 	GetSelectedClientRoutesFunc  func() route.HAMap
-	GetActiveClientRoutesFunc    func() route.HAMap
 	GetClientRoutesWithNetIDFunc func() map[route.NetID][]*route.Route
 	StopFunc                     func(manager *statemanager.Manager)
 }
@@ -79,14 +78,6 @@ func (m *MockManager) GetSelectedClientRoutes() route.HAMap {
 	return nil
 }

-// GetActiveClientRoutes mock implementation of GetActiveClientRoutes from the Manager interface
-func (m *MockManager) GetActiveClientRoutes() route.HAMap {
-	if m.GetActiveClientRoutesFunc != nil {
-		return m.GetActiveClientRoutesFunc()
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
 // GetClientRoutesWithNetID mock implementation of GetClientRoutesWithNetID from Manager interface
 func (m *MockManager) GetClientRoutesWithNetID() map[route.NetID][]*route.Route {
 	if m.GetClientRoutesWithNetIDFunc != nil {
--- a/client/internal/routeselector/routeselector.go
+++ b/client/internal/routeselector/routeselector.go
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
 	"slices"
-	"strings"
 	"sync"

 	"github.com/hashicorp/go-multierror"
@@ -13,6 +12,10 @@ import (
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/route"
 )

+const (
+	exitNodeCIDR = "0.0.0.0/0"
+)
+
 type RouteSelector struct {
 	mu               sync.RWMutex
 	deselectedRoutes map[route.NetID]struct{}
@@ -121,7 +124,13 @@ func (rs *RouteSelector) IsSelected(routeID route.NetID) bool {
 	rs.mu.RLock()
 	defer rs.mu.RUnlock()

-	return rs.isSelectedLocked(routeID)
+	if rs.deselectAll {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	_, deselected := rs.deselectedRoutes[routeID]
+	isSelected := !deselected
+	return isSelected
 }

 // FilterSelected removes unselected routes from the provided map.
@@ -135,22 +144,23 @@ func (rs *RouteSelector) FilterSelected(routes route.HAMap) route.HAMap {

 	filtered := route.HAMap{}
 	for id, rt := range routes {
-		if !rs.isDeselectedLocked(id.NetID()) {
+		netID := id.NetID()
+		_, deselected := rs.deselectedRoutes[netID]
+		if !deselected {
 			filtered[id] = rt
 		}
 	}
 	return filtered
 }

-// HasUserSelectionForRoute returns true if the user has explicitly selected or deselected this route.
-// Intended for exit-node code paths: a v6 exit-node pair (e.g. "MyExit-v6") with no explicit state of
-// its own inherits its v4 base's state, so legacy persisted selections that predate v6 pairing
-// transparently apply to the synthesized v6 entry.
+// HasUserSelectionForRoute returns true if the user has explicitly selected or deselected this specific route
 func (rs *RouteSelector) HasUserSelectionForRoute(routeID route.NetID) bool {
 	rs.mu.RLock()
 	defer rs.mu.RUnlock()

-	return rs.hasUserSelectionForRouteLocked(rs.effectiveNetID(routeID))
+	_, selected := rs.selectedRoutes[routeID]
+	_, deselected := rs.deselectedRoutes[routeID]
+	return selected || deselected
 }

 func (rs *RouteSelector) FilterSelectedExitNodes(routes route.HAMap) route.HAMap {
@@ -164,7 +174,7 @@ func (rs *RouteSelector) FilterSelectedExitNodes(routes route.HAMap) route.HAMap
 	filtered := make(route.HAMap, len(routes))
 	for id, rt := range routes {
 		netID := id.NetID()
-		if rs.isDeselectedLocked(netID) {
+		if rs.isDeselected(netID) {
 			continue
 		}

@@ -179,48 +189,13 @@ func (rs *RouteSelector) FilterSelectedExitNodes(routes route.HAMap) route.HAMap
 	return filtered
 }

-// effectiveNetID returns the v4 base for a "-v6" exit pair entry that has no explicit
-// state of its own, so selections made on the v4 entry govern the v6 entry automatically.
-// Only call this from exit-node-specific code paths: applying it to a non-exit "-v6" route
-// would make it inherit unrelated v4 state. Must be called with rs.mu held.
-func (rs *RouteSelector) effectiveNetID(id route.NetID) route.NetID {
-	name := string(id)
-	if !strings.HasSuffix(name, route.V6ExitSuffix) {
-		return id
-	}
-	if _, ok := rs.selectedRoutes[id]; ok {
-		return id
-	}
-	if _, ok := rs.deselectedRoutes[id]; ok {
-		return id
-	}
-	return route.NetID(strings.TrimSuffix(name, route.V6ExitSuffix))
-}
-
-func (rs *RouteSelector) isSelectedLocked(routeID route.NetID) bool {
-	if rs.deselectAll {
-		return false
-	}
-	_, deselected := rs.deselectedRoutes[routeID]
-	return !deselected
-}
-
-func (rs *RouteSelector) isDeselectedLocked(netID route.NetID) bool {
-	if rs.deselectAll {
-		return true
-	}
+func (rs *RouteSelector) isDeselected(netID route.NetID) bool {
 	_, deselected := rs.deselectedRoutes[netID]
-	return deselected
-}
-
-func (rs *RouteSelector) hasUserSelectionForRouteLocked(routeID route.NetID) bool {
-	_, selected := rs.selectedRoutes[routeID]
-	_, deselected := rs.deselectedRoutes[routeID]
-	return selected || deselected
+	return deselected || rs.deselectAll
 }

 func isExitNode(rt []*route.Route) bool {
-	return len(rt) > 0 && (route.IsV4DefaultRoute(rt[0].Network) || route.IsV6DefaultRoute(rt[0].Network))
+	return len(rt) > 0 && rt[0].Network.String() == exitNodeCIDR
 }

 func (rs *RouteSelector) applyExitNodeFilter(
@@ -229,23 +204,26 @@ func (rs *RouteSelector) applyExitNodeFilter(
 	rt []*route.Route,
 	out route.HAMap,
 ) {
-	// Exit-node path: apply the v4/v6 pair mirror so a deselect on the v4 base also
-	// drops the synthesized v6 entry that lacks its own explicit state.
-	effective := rs.effectiveNetID(netID)
-	if rs.hasUserSelectionForRouteLocked(effective) {
-		if rs.isSelectedLocked(effective) {
+
+	if rs.hasUserSelections() {
+		// user made explicit selects/deselects
+		if rs.IsSelected(netID) {
 			out[id] = rt
 		}
 		return
 	}

-	// no explicit selection for this route: defer to management's SkipAutoApply flag
+	// no explicit selections: only include routes marked !SkipAutoApply (=AutoApply)
 	sel := collectSelected(rt)
 	if len(sel) > 0 {
 		out[id] = sel
 	}
 }

+func (rs *RouteSelector) hasUserSelections() bool {
+	return len(rs.selectedRoutes) > 0 || len(rs.deselectedRoutes) > 0
+}
+
 func collectSelected(rt []*route.Route) []*route.Route {
 	var sel []*route.Route
 	for _, r := range rt {
--- a/client/internal/routeselector/routeselector_test.go
+++ b/client/internal/routeselector/routeselector_test.go
@@ -330,137 +330,6 @@ func TestRouteSelector_FilterSelectedExitNodes(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Len(t, filtered, 0) // No routes should be selected
 }

-// TestRouteSelector_V6ExitPairInherits covers the v4/v6 exit-node pair selection
-// mirror. The mirror is scoped to exit-node code paths: HasUserSelectionForRoute
-// and FilterSelectedExitNodes resolve a "-v6" entry without explicit state to its
-// v4 base, so legacy persisted selections that predate v6 pairing transparently
-// apply to the synthesized v6 entry. General lookups (IsSelected, FilterSelected)
-// stay literal so unrelated routes named "*-v6" don't inherit unrelated state.
-func TestRouteSelector_V6ExitPairInherits(t *testing.T) {
-	all := []route.NetID{"exit1", "exit1-v6", "exit2", "exit2-v6", "corp", "corp-v6"}
-
-	t.Run("HasUserSelectionForRoute mirrors deselected v4 base", func(t *testing.T) {
-		rs := routeselector.NewRouteSelector()
-		require.NoError(t, rs.DeselectRoutes([]route.NetID{"exit1"}, all))
-
-		assert.True(t, rs.HasUserSelectionForRoute("exit1-v6"), "v6 pair sees v4 base's user selection")
-
-		// unrelated v6 with no v4 base touched is unaffected
-		assert.False(t, rs.HasUserSelectionForRoute("exit2-v6"))
-	})
-
-	t.Run("IsSelected stays literal for non-exit lookups", func(t *testing.T) {
-		rs := routeselector.NewRouteSelector()
-		require.NoError(t, rs.DeselectRoutes([]route.NetID{"corp"}, all))
-
-		// A non-exit route literally named "corp-v6" must not inherit "corp"'s state
-		// via the mirror; the mirror only applies in exit-node code paths.
-		assert.False(t, rs.IsSelected("corp"))
-		assert.True(t, rs.IsSelected("corp-v6"), "non-exit *-v6 routes must not inherit unrelated v4 state")
-	})
-
-	t.Run("explicit v6 state overrides v4 base in filter", func(t *testing.T) {
-		rs := routeselector.NewRouteSelector()
-		require.NoError(t, rs.DeselectRoutes([]route.NetID{"exit1"}, all))
-		require.NoError(t, rs.SelectRoutes([]route.NetID{"exit1-v6"}, true, all))
-
-		v4Route := &route.Route{NetID: "exit1", Network: netip.MustParsePrefix("0.0.0.0/0")}
-		v6Route := &route.Route{NetID: "exit1-v6", Network: netip.MustParsePrefix("::/0")}
-		routes := route.HAMap{
-			"exit1|0.0.0.0/0": {v4Route},
-			"exit1-v6|::/0":   {v6Route},
-		}
-
-		filtered := rs.FilterSelectedExitNodes(routes)
-		assert.NotContains(t, filtered, route.HAUniqueID("exit1|0.0.0.0/0"))
-		assert.Contains(t, filtered, route.HAUniqueID("exit1-v6|::/0"), "explicit v6 select wins over v4 base")
-	})
-
-	t.Run("non-v6-suffix routes unaffected", func(t *testing.T) {
-		rs := routeselector.NewRouteSelector()
-		require.NoError(t, rs.DeselectRoutes([]route.NetID{"exit1"}, all))
-
-		// A route literally named "exit1-something" must not pair-resolve.
-		assert.False(t, rs.HasUserSelectionForRoute("exit1-something"))
-	})
-
-	t.Run("filter v6 paired with deselected v4 base", func(t *testing.T) {
-		rs := routeselector.NewRouteSelector()
-		require.NoError(t, rs.DeselectRoutes([]route.NetID{"exit1"}, all))
-
-		v4Route := &route.Route{NetID: "exit1", Network: netip.MustParsePrefix("0.0.0.0/0")}
-		v6Route := &route.Route{NetID: "exit1-v6", Network: netip.MustParsePrefix("::/0")}
-		routes := route.HAMap{
-			"exit1|0.0.0.0/0": {v4Route},
-			"exit1-v6|::/0":   {v6Route},
-		}
-
-		filtered := rs.FilterSelectedExitNodes(routes)
-		assert.Empty(t, filtered, "deselecting v4 base must also drop the v6 pair")
-	})
-
-	t.Run("non-exit *-v6 routes pass through FilterSelectedExitNodes", func(t *testing.T) {
-		rs := routeselector.NewRouteSelector()
-		require.NoError(t, rs.DeselectRoutes([]route.NetID{"corp"}, all))
-
-		// A non-default-route entry named "corp-v6" is not an exit node and
-		// must not be skipped because its v4 base "corp" is deselected.
-		corpV6 := &route.Route{NetID: "corp-v6", Network: netip.MustParsePrefix("10.0.0.0/8")}
-		routes := route.HAMap{
-			"corp-v6|10.0.0.0/8": {corpV6},
-		}
-
-		filtered := rs.FilterSelectedExitNodes(routes)
-		assert.Contains(t, filtered, route.HAUniqueID("corp-v6|10.0.0.0/8"),
-			"non-exit *-v6 routes must not inherit unrelated v4 state in FilterSelectedExitNodes")
-	})
-}
-
-// TestRouteSelector_SkipAutoApplyPerRoute verifies that management's
-// SkipAutoApply flag governs each untouched route independently, even when
-// the user has explicit selections on other routes.
-func TestRouteSelector_SkipAutoApplyPerRoute(t *testing.T) {
-	autoApplied := &route.Route{
-		NetID:         "Auto",
-		Network:       netip.MustParsePrefix("0.0.0.0/0"),
-		SkipAutoApply: false,
-	}
-	skipApply := &route.Route{
-		NetID:         "Skip",
-		Network:       netip.MustParsePrefix("0.0.0.0/0"),
-		SkipAutoApply: true,
-	}
-	routes := route.HAMap{
-		"Auto|0.0.0.0/0": {autoApplied},
-		"Skip|0.0.0.0/0": {skipApply},
-	}
-
-	rs := routeselector.NewRouteSelector()
-	// User makes an unrelated explicit selection elsewhere.
-	require.NoError(t, rs.DeselectRoutes([]route.NetID{"Unrelated"}, []route.NetID{"Auto", "Skip", "Unrelated"}))
-
-	filtered := rs.FilterSelectedExitNodes(routes)
-	assert.Contains(t, filtered, route.HAUniqueID("Auto|0.0.0.0/0"), "AutoApply route should be included")
-	assert.NotContains(t, filtered, route.HAUniqueID("Skip|0.0.0.0/0"), "SkipAutoApply route should be excluded without explicit user selection")
-}
-
-// TestRouteSelector_V6ExitIsExitNode verifies that ::/0 routes are recognized
-// as exit nodes by the selector's filter path.
-func TestRouteSelector_V6ExitIsExitNode(t *testing.T) {
-	v6Exit := &route.Route{
-		NetID:         "V6Only",
-		Network:       netip.MustParsePrefix("::/0"),
-		SkipAutoApply: true,
-	}
-	routes := route.HAMap{
-		"V6Only|::/0": {v6Exit},
-	}
-
-	rs := routeselector.NewRouteSelector()
-	filtered := rs.FilterSelectedExitNodes(routes)
-	assert.Empty(t, filtered, "::/0 should be treated as an exit node and respect SkipAutoApply")
-}
-
 func TestRouteSelector_NewRoutesBehavior(t *testing.T) {
 	initialRoutes := []route.NetID{"route1", "route2", "route3"}
 	newRoutes := []route.NetID{"route1", "route2", "route3", "route4", "route5"}
--- a/client/internal/sleep/detector_darwin.go
+++ b/client/internal/sleep/detector_darwin.go
@@ -188,9 +188,7 @@ func (d *Detector) triggerCallback(event EventType, cb func(event EventType), do
 	}

 	doneChan := make(chan struct{})
-	// macOS forces sleep ~30s after kIOMessageSystemWillSleep, so block long
-	// enough for teardown to finish while staying under that deadline.
-	timeout := time.NewTimer(20 * time.Second)
+	timeout := time.NewTimer(500 * time.Millisecond)
 	defer timeout.Stop()

 	go func() {
--- a/client/ios/NetBirdSDK/client.go
+++ b/client/ios/NetBirdSDK/client.go
@@ -162,7 +162,11 @@ func (c *Client) Run(fd int32, interfaceName string, envList *EnvList) error {
 	cfg.WgIface = interfaceName

 	c.connectClient = internal.NewConnectClient(ctx, cfg, c.recorder)
-	return c.connectClient.RunOniOS(fd, c.networkChangeListener, c.dnsManager, c.stateFile)
+	hostDNS := []netip.AddrPort{
+		netip.MustParseAddrPort("9.9.9.9:53"),
+		netip.MustParseAddrPort("149.112.112.112:53"),
+	}
+	return c.connectClient.RunOniOS(fd, c.networkChangeListener, c.dnsManager, hostDNS, c.stateFile)
 }

 // Stop the internal client and free the resources
--- a/client/server/login_overrides_test.go
+++ b/client/server/login_overrides_test.go
@@ -1,93 +0,0 @@
-package server
-
-import (
-	"path/filepath"
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
-
-	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/profilemanager"
-)
-
-func TestPersistLoginOverrides(t *testing.T) {
-	strPtr := func(s string) *string { return &s }
-
-	tests := []struct {
-		name           string
-		initialMgmtURL string
-		initialPSK     string
-		newMgmtURL     string
-		newPSK         *string
-		wantMgmtURL    string
-		wantPSK        string
-	}{
-		{
-			name:           "persist new management URL",
-			initialMgmtURL: "https://old.example.com:33073",
-			newMgmtURL:     "https://new.example.com:33073",
-			wantMgmtURL:    "https://new.example.com:33073",
-		},
-		{
-			name:           "persist new pre-shared key",
-			initialMgmtURL: "https://existing.example.com:33073",
-			initialPSK:     "old-key",
-			newPSK:         strPtr("new-key"),
-			wantMgmtURL:    "https://existing.example.com:33073",
-			wantPSK:        "new-key",
-		},
-		{
-			name:           "persist both",
-			initialMgmtURL: "https://old.example.com:33073",
-			initialPSK:     "old-key",
-			newMgmtURL:     "https://new.example.com:33073",
-			newPSK:         strPtr("new-key"),
-			wantMgmtURL:    "https://new.example.com:33073",
-			wantPSK:        "new-key",
-		},
-		{
-			name:           "no inputs preserves existing",
-			initialMgmtURL: "https://existing.example.com:33073",
-			initialPSK:     "existing-key",
-			wantMgmtURL:    "https://existing.example.com:33073",
-			wantPSK:        "existing-key",
-		},
-		{
-			name:           "empty PSK pointer is ignored",
-			initialMgmtURL: "https://existing.example.com:33073",
-			initialPSK:     "existing-key",
-			newPSK:         strPtr(""),
-			wantMgmtURL:    "https://existing.example.com:33073",
-			wantPSK:        "existing-key",
-		},
-	}
-
-	for _, tt := range tests {
-		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			origDefault := profilemanager.DefaultConfigPath
-			t.Cleanup(func() { profilemanager.DefaultConfigPath = origDefault })
-
-			dir := t.TempDir()
-			profilemanager.DefaultConfigPath = filepath.Join(dir, "default.json")
-
-			seed := profilemanager.ConfigInput{
-				ConfigPath:    profilemanager.DefaultConfigPath,
-				ManagementURL: tt.initialMgmtURL,
-			}
-			if tt.initialPSK != "" {
-				seed.PreSharedKey = strPtr(tt.initialPSK)
-			}
-			_, err := profilemanager.UpdateOrCreateConfig(seed)
-			require.NoError(t, err, "seed config")
-
-			activeProf := &profilemanager.ActiveProfileState{Name: "default"}
-			err = persistLoginOverrides(activeProf, tt.newMgmtURL, tt.newPSK)
-			require.NoError(t, err, "persistLoginOverrides")
-
-			cfg, err := profilemanager.ReadConfig(profilemanager.DefaultConfigPath)
-			require.NoError(t, err, "read back config")
-
-			require.Equal(t, tt.wantMgmtURL, cfg.ManagementURL.String(), "management URL")
-			require.Equal(t, tt.wantPSK, cfg.PreSharedKey, "pre-shared key")
-		})
-	}
-}
--- a/client/server/server.go
+++ b/client/server/server.go
@@ -490,11 +490,6 @@ func (s *Server) Login(callerCtx context.Context, msg *proto.LoginRequest) (*pro

 	s.mutex.Unlock()

-	if err := persistLoginOverrides(activeProf, msg.ManagementUrl, msg.OptionalPreSharedKey); err != nil {
-		log.Errorf("failed to persist login overrides: %v", err)
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("persist login overrides: %w", err)
-	}
-
 	config, _, err := s.getConfig(activeProf)
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Errorf("failed to get active profile config: %v", err)
@@ -969,7 +964,7 @@ func (s *Server) handleActiveProfileLogout(ctx context.Context) (*proto.LogoutRe
 	return &proto.LogoutResponse{}, nil
 }

-// getConfig reads config file and returns Config and whether the config file already existed. Errors out if it does not exist
+// GetConfig reads config file and returns Config and whether the config file already existed. Errors out if it does not exist
 func (s *Server) getConfig(activeProf *profilemanager.ActiveProfileState) (*profilemanager.Config, bool, error) {
 	cfgPath, err := activeProf.FilePath()
 	if err != nil {
@@ -1771,29 +1766,3 @@ func sendTerminalNotification() error {

 	return wallCmd.Wait()
 }
-
-// persistLoginOverrides writes management URL and pre-shared key from a LoginRequest to the
-// active profile config so that subsequent reads pick them up. Empty/nil values are ignored.
-func persistLoginOverrides(activeProf *profilemanager.ActiveProfileState, managementURL string, preSharedKey *string) error {
-	if preSharedKey != nil && *preSharedKey == "" {
-		preSharedKey = nil
-	}
-	if managementURL == "" && preSharedKey == nil {
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	cfgPath, err := activeProf.FilePath()
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("active profile file path: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	input := profilemanager.ConfigInput{
-		ConfigPath:    cfgPath,
-		ManagementURL: managementURL,
-		PreSharedKey:  preSharedKey,
-	}
-	if _, err := profilemanager.UpdateOrCreateConfig(input); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("update config: %w", err)
-	}
-	return nil
-}
--- a/client/ssh/client/client.go
+++ b/client/ssh/client/client.go
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@ import (
 	nbssh "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/ssh"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/ssh/detection"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/util"
-	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/util/netrelay"
 )

 const (
@@ -537,7 +536,7 @@ func (c *Client) LocalPortForward(ctx context.Context, localAddr, remoteAddr str
 				continue
 			}

-			go c.handleLocalForward(ctx, localConn, remoteAddr)
+			go c.handleLocalForward(localConn, remoteAddr)
 		}
 	}()

@@ -549,7 +548,7 @@ func (c *Client) LocalPortForward(ctx context.Context, localAddr, remoteAddr str
 }

 // handleLocalForward handles a single local port forwarding connection
-func (c *Client) handleLocalForward(ctx context.Context, localConn net.Conn, remoteAddr string) {
+func (c *Client) handleLocalForward(localConn net.Conn, remoteAddr string) {
 	defer func() {
 		if err := localConn.Close(); err != nil {
 			log.Debugf("local port forwarding: close local connection: %v", err)
@@ -572,7 +571,7 @@ func (c *Client) handleLocalForward(ctx context.Context, localConn net.Conn, rem
 		}
 	}()

-	netrelay.Relay(ctx, localConn, channel, netrelay.Options{Logger: log.NewEntry(log.StandardLogger())})
+	nbssh.BidirectionalCopy(log.NewEntry(log.StandardLogger()), localConn, channel)
 }

 // RemotePortForward sets up remote port forwarding, binding on remote and forwarding to localAddr
@@ -654,19 +653,16 @@ func (c *Client) handleRemoteForwardChannels(ctx context.Context, localAddr stri
 		select {
 		case <-ctx.Done():
 			return
-		case newChan, ok := <-channelRequests:
-			if !ok {
-				return
-			}
+		case newChan := <-channelRequests:
 			if newChan != nil {
-				go c.handleRemoteForwardChannel(ctx, newChan, localAddr)
+				go c.handleRemoteForwardChannel(newChan, localAddr)
 			}
 		}
 	}
 }

 // handleRemoteForwardChannel handles a single forwarded-tcpip channel
-func (c *Client) handleRemoteForwardChannel(ctx context.Context, newChan ssh.NewChannel, localAddr string) {
+func (c *Client) handleRemoteForwardChannel(newChan ssh.NewChannel, localAddr string) {
 	channel, reqs, err := newChan.Accept()
 	if err != nil {
 		return
@@ -679,14 +675,8 @@ func (c *Client) handleRemoteForwardChannel(ctx context.Context, newChan ssh.New

 	go ssh.DiscardRequests(reqs)

-	// Bound the dial so a black-holed localAddr can't pin the accepted SSH
-	// channel open indefinitely; the relay itself runs under the outer ctx.
-	dialCtx, cancelDial := context.WithTimeout(ctx, 10*time.Second)
-	var dialer net.Dialer
-	localConn, err := dialer.DialContext(dialCtx, "tcp", localAddr)
-	cancelDial()
+	localConn, err := net.Dial("tcp", localAddr)
 	if err != nil {
-		log.Debugf("remote port forwarding: dial %s: %v", localAddr, err)
 		return
 	}
 	defer func() {
@@ -695,7 +685,7 @@ func (c *Client) handleRemoteForwardChannel(ctx context.Context, newChan ssh.New
 		}
 	}()

-	netrelay.Relay(ctx, localConn, channel, netrelay.Options{Logger: log.NewEntry(log.StandardLogger())})
+	nbssh.BidirectionalCopy(log.NewEntry(log.StandardLogger()), localConn, channel)
 }

 // tcpipForwardMsg represents the structure for tcpip-forward requests
--- a/client/ssh/common.go
+++ b/client/ssh/common.go
@@ -194,3 +194,63 @@ func buildAddressList(hostname string, remote net.Addr) []string {
 	return addresses
 }

+// BidirectionalCopy copies data bidirectionally between two io.ReadWriter connections.
+// It waits for both directions to complete before returning.
+// The caller is responsible for closing the connections.
+func BidirectionalCopy(logger *log.Entry, rw1, rw2 io.ReadWriter) {
+	done := make(chan struct{}, 2)
+
+	go func() {
+		if _, err := io.Copy(rw2, rw1); err != nil && !isExpectedCopyError(err) {
+			logger.Debugf("copy error (1->2): %v", err)
+		}
+		done <- struct{}{}
+	}()
+
+	go func() {
+		if _, err := io.Copy(rw1, rw2); err != nil && !isExpectedCopyError(err) {
+			logger.Debugf("copy error (2->1): %v", err)
+		}
+		done <- struct{}{}
+	}()
+
+	<-done
+	<-done
+}
+
+func isExpectedCopyError(err error) bool {
+	return errors.Is(err, io.EOF) || errors.Is(err, context.Canceled)
+}
+
+// BidirectionalCopyWithContext copies data bidirectionally between two io.ReadWriteCloser connections.
+// It waits for both directions to complete or for context cancellation before returning.
+// Both connections are closed when the function returns.
+func BidirectionalCopyWithContext(logger *log.Entry, ctx context.Context, conn1, conn2 io.ReadWriteCloser) {
+	done := make(chan struct{}, 2)
+
+	go func() {
+		if _, err := io.Copy(conn2, conn1); err != nil && !isExpectedCopyError(err) {
+			logger.Debugf("copy error (1->2): %v", err)
+		}
+		done <- struct{}{}
+	}()
+
+	go func() {
+		if _, err := io.Copy(conn1, conn2); err != nil && !isExpectedCopyError(err) {
+			logger.Debugf("copy error (2->1): %v", err)
+		}
+		done <- struct{}{}
+	}()
+
+	select {
+	case <-ctx.Done():
+	case <-done:
+		select {
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+		case <-done:
+		}
+	}
+
+	_ = conn1.Close()
+	_ = conn2.Close()
+}
--- a/client/ssh/config/manager.go
+++ b/client/ssh/config/manager.go
@@ -229,35 +229,18 @@ func (m *Manager) buildHostPatterns(peer PeerSSHInfo) []string {

 func (m *Manager) writeSSHConfig(sshConfig string) error {
 	sshConfigPath := filepath.Join(m.sshConfigDir, m.sshConfigFile)
+	sshConfigPathTmp := sshConfigPath + ".tmp"

 	if err := os.MkdirAll(m.sshConfigDir, 0755); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("create SSH config directory %s: %w", m.sshConfigDir, err)
 	}

-	tmp, err := os.CreateTemp(m.sshConfigDir, m.sshConfigFile+".*.tmp")
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("create temp SSH config: %w", err)
-	}
-	tmpPath := tmp.Name()
-	defer func() {
-		if err := os.Remove(tmpPath); err != nil && !os.IsNotExist(err) {
-			log.Debugf("remove temp SSH config %s: %v", tmpPath, err)
-		}
-	}()
-	if err := tmp.Close(); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("close temp SSH config %s: %w", tmpPath, err)
+	if err := writeFileWithTimeout(sshConfigPathTmp, []byte(sshConfig), 0644); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("write SSH config file %s: %w", sshConfigPath, err)
 	}

-	if err := writeFileWithTimeout(tmpPath, []byte(sshConfig), 0644); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("write SSH config file %s: %w", tmpPath, err)
-	}
-
-	if err := os.Chmod(tmpPath, 0644); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("chmod SSH config file %s: %w", tmpPath, err)
-	}
-
-	if err := os.Rename(tmpPath, sshConfigPath); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("rename SSH config %s -> %s: %w", tmpPath, sshConfigPath, err)
+	if err := os.Rename(sshConfigPathTmp, sshConfigPath); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("rename ssh config %s -> %s: %w", sshConfigPathTmp, sshConfigPath, err)
 	}

 	log.Infof("Created NetBird SSH client config: %s", sshConfigPath)
--- a/client/ssh/proxy/proxy.go
+++ b/client/ssh/proxy/proxy.go
@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/proto"
 	nbssh "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/ssh"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/ssh/detection"
-	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/util/netrelay"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/version"
 )

@@ -353,7 +352,7 @@ func (p *SSHProxy) directTCPIPHandler(_ *ssh.Server, _ *cryptossh.ServerConn, ne
 	}
 	go cryptossh.DiscardRequests(clientReqs)

-	netrelay.Relay(sshCtx, clientChan, backendChan, netrelay.Options{Logger: log.NewEntry(log.StandardLogger())})
+	nbssh.BidirectionalCopyWithContext(log.NewEntry(log.StandardLogger()), sshCtx, clientChan, backendChan)
 }

 func (p *SSHProxy) sftpSubsystemHandler(s ssh.Session, jwtToken string) {
@@ -592,7 +591,7 @@ func (p *SSHProxy) handleForwardedChannel(sshCtx ssh.Context, sshConn *cryptossh
 	}
 	go cryptossh.DiscardRequests(clientReqs)

-	netrelay.Relay(sshCtx, clientChan, backendChan, netrelay.Options{Logger: log.NewEntry(log.StandardLogger())})
+	nbssh.BidirectionalCopyWithContext(log.NewEntry(log.StandardLogger()), sshCtx, clientChan, backendChan)
 }

 func (p *SSHProxy) dialBackend(ctx context.Context, addr, user, jwtToken string) (*cryptossh.Client, error) {
--- a/client/ssh/server/port_forwarding.go
+++ b/client/ssh/server/port_forwarding.go
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ import (
 	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	cryptossh "golang.org/x/crypto/ssh"

-	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/util/netrelay"
+	nbssh "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/ssh"
 )

 const privilegedPortThreshold = 1024
@@ -357,7 +357,7 @@ func (s *Server) handleRemoteForwardConnection(ctx ssh.Context, conn net.Conn, h
 		return
 	}

-	netrelay.Relay(ctx, conn, channel, netrelay.Options{Logger: logger})
+	nbssh.BidirectionalCopyWithContext(logger, ctx, conn, channel)
 }

 // openForwardChannel creates an SSH forwarded-tcpip channel
--- a/client/ssh/server/server.go
+++ b/client/ssh/server/server.go
@@ -8,9 +8,9 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"net"
+	"strconv"
 	"net/netip"
 	"slices"
-	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
 	"time"
@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/ssh/detection"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/auth"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/auth/jwt"
-	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/util/netrelay"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/version"
 )

@@ -54,10 +53,6 @@ const (
 	DefaultJWTMaxTokenAge = 10 * 60
 )

-// directTCPIPDialTimeout bounds how long relayDirectTCPIP waits on a dial to
-// the forwarded destination before rejecting the SSH channel.
-const directTCPIPDialTimeout = 30 * time.Second
-
 var (
 	ErrPrivilegedUserDisabled = errors.New(msgPrivilegedUserDisabled)
 	ErrUserNotFound           = errors.New("user not found")
@@ -938,29 +933,5 @@ func (s *Server) directTCPIPHandler(srv *ssh.Server, conn *cryptossh.ServerConn,
 	s.addConnectionPortForward(ctx.User(), ctx.RemoteAddr(), forwardAddr)
 	logger.Infof("local port forwarding: %s", hostPort)

-	s.relayDirectTCPIP(ctx, newChan, payload.Host, int(payload.Port), logger)
-}
-
-// relayDirectTCPIP is a netrelay-based replacement for gliderlabs'
-// DirectTCPIPHandler. The upstream handler closes both sides on the first
-// EOF; netrelay.Relay propagates CloseWrite so each direction drains on its
-// own terms.
-func (s *Server) relayDirectTCPIP(ctx ssh.Context, newChan cryptossh.NewChannel, host string, port int, logger *log.Entry) {
-	dest := net.JoinHostPort(host, strconv.Itoa(port))
-
-	dialer := net.Dialer{Timeout: directTCPIPDialTimeout}
-	dconn, err := dialer.DialContext(ctx, "tcp", dest)
-	if err != nil {
-		_ = newChan.Reject(cryptossh.ConnectionFailed, err.Error())
-		return
-	}
-
-	ch, reqs, err := newChan.Accept()
-	if err != nil {
-		_ = dconn.Close()
-		return
-	}
-	go cryptossh.DiscardRequests(reqs)
-
-	netrelay.Relay(ctx, dconn, ch, netrelay.Options{Logger: logger})
+	ssh.DirectTCPIPHandler(srv, conn, newChan, ctx)
 }
--- a/client/ui/network.go
+++ b/client/ui/network.go
@@ -193,15 +193,7 @@ func getOverlappingNetworks(routes []*proto.Network) []*proto.Network {
 }

 func isDefaultRoute(routeRange string) bool {
-	// routeRange is the merged display string from the daemon, e.g. "0.0.0.0/0",
-	// "::/0", or "0.0.0.0/0, ::/0" when a v4 exit node has a paired v6 entry.
-	for _, part := range strings.Split(routeRange, ",") {
-		switch strings.TrimSpace(part) {
-		case "0.0.0.0/0", "::/0":
-			return true
-		}
-	}
-	return false
+	return routeRange == "0.0.0.0/0" || routeRange == "::/0"
 }

 func getExitNodeNetworks(routes []*proto.Network) []*proto.Network {
--- a/go.mod
+++ b/go.mod
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/lrh3321/ipset-go v0.0.0-20250619021614-54a0a98ace81
 	github.com/mdlayher/socket v0.5.1
 	github.com/mdp/qrterminal/v3 v3.2.1
-	github.com/miekg/dns v1.1.72
+	github.com/miekg/dns v1.1.59
 	github.com/mitchellh/hashstructure/v2 v2.0.2
 	github.com/netbirdio/management-integrations/integrations v0.0.0-20260416123949-2355d972be42
 	github.com/netbirdio/signal-dispatcher/dispatcher v0.0.0-20250805121659-6b4ac470ca45
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ require (
 	filippo.io/edwards25519 v1.1.1 // indirect
 	github.com/AppsFlyer/go-sundheit v0.6.0 // indirect
 	github.com/Azure/go-ansiterm v0.0.0-20230124172434-306776ec8161 // indirect
-	github.com/Azure/go-ntlmssp v0.1.0 // indirect
+	github.com/Azure/go-ntlmssp v0.1.1 // indirect
 	github.com/BurntSushi/toml v1.5.0 // indirect
 	github.com/Masterminds/goutils v1.1.1 // indirect
 	github.com/Masterminds/semver/v3 v3.3.0 // indirect
@@ -341,8 +341,8 @@ replace github.com/cloudflare/circl => codeberg.org/cunicu/circl v0.0.0-20230801

 replace github.com/pion/ice/v4 => github.com/netbirdio/ice/v4 v4.0.0-20250908184934-6202be846b51

-replace github.com/dexidp/dex => github.com/netbirdio/dex v0.244.1-0.20260512110716-8d70ad8647c1
+replace github.com/dexidp/dex => github.com/netbirdio/dex v0.244.1-0.20260415145816-a0c6b40ff9f2

-replace github.com/dexidp/dex/api/v2 => github.com/netbirdio/dex/api/v2 v2.0.0-20260512110716-8d70ad8647c1
+replace github.com/dexidp/dex/api/v2 => github.com/netbirdio/dex/api/v2 v2.0.0-20260415145816-a0c6b40ff9f2

 replace github.com/mailru/easyjson => github.com/netbirdio/easyjson v0.9.0
--- a/go.sum
+++ b/go.sum
@@ -25,8 +25,8 @@ github.com/AppsFlyer/go-sundheit v0.6.0 h1:d2hBvCjBSb2lUsEWGfPigr4MCOt04sxB+Rppl
 github.com/AppsFlyer/go-sundheit v0.6.0/go.mod h1:LDdBHD6tQBtmHsdW+i1GwdTt6Wqc0qazf5ZEJVTbTME=
 github.com/Azure/go-ansiterm v0.0.0-20230124172434-306776ec8161 h1:L/gRVlceqvL25UVaW/CKtUDjefjrs0SPonmDGUVOYP0=
 github.com/Azure/go-ansiterm v0.0.0-20230124172434-306776ec8161/go.mod h1:xomTg63KZ2rFqZQzSB4Vz2SUXa1BpHTVz9L5PTmPC4E=
-github.com/Azure/go-ntlmssp v0.1.0 h1:DjFo6YtWzNqNvQdrwEyr/e4nhU3vRiwenz5QX7sFz+A=
-github.com/Azure/go-ntlmssp v0.1.0/go.mod h1:NYqdhxd/8aAct/s4qSYZEerdPuH1liG2/X9DiVTbhpk=
+github.com/Azure/go-ntlmssp v0.1.1 h1:l+FM/EEMb0U9QZE7mKNEDw5Mu3mFiaa2GKOoTSsNDPw=
+github.com/Azure/go-ntlmssp v0.1.1/go.mod h1:NYqdhxd/8aAct/s4qSYZEerdPuH1liG2/X9DiVTbhpk=
 github.com/BurntSushi/toml v1.5.0 h1:W5quZX/G/csjUnuI8SUYlsHs9M38FC7znL0lIO+DvMg=
 github.com/BurntSushi/toml v1.5.0/go.mod h1:ukJfTF/6rtPPRCnwkur4qwRxa8vTRFBF0uk2lLoLwho=
 github.com/Masterminds/goutils v1.1.1 h1:5nUrii3FMTL5diU80unEVvNevw1nH4+ZV4DSLVJLSYI=
@@ -455,8 +455,8 @@ github.com/mdp/qrterminal/v3 v3.2.1 h1:6+yQjiiOsSuXT5n9/m60E54vdgFsw0zhADHhHLrFe
 github.com/mdp/qrterminal/v3 v3.2.1/go.mod h1:jOTmXvnBsMy5xqLniO0R++Jmjs2sTm9dFSuQ5kpz/SU=
 github.com/mholt/acmez/v2 v2.0.1 h1:3/3N0u1pLjMK4sNEAFSI+bcvzbPhRpY383sy1kLHJ6k=
 github.com/mholt/acmez/v2 v2.0.1/go.mod h1:fX4c9r5jYwMyMsC+7tkYRxHibkOTgta5DIFGoe67e1U=
-github.com/miekg/dns v1.1.72 h1:vhmr+TF2A3tuoGNkLDFK9zi36F2LS+hKTRW0Uf8kbzI=
-github.com/miekg/dns v1.1.72/go.mod h1:+EuEPhdHOsfk6Wk5TT2CzssZdqkmFhf8r+aVyDEToIs=
+github.com/miekg/dns v1.1.59 h1:C9EXc/UToRwKLhK5wKU/I4QVsBUc8kE6MkHBkeypWZs=
+github.com/miekg/dns v1.1.59/go.mod h1:nZpewl5p6IvctfgrckopVx2OlSEHPRO/U4SYkRklrEk=
 github.com/mikioh/ipaddr v0.0.0-20190404000644-d465c8ab6721 h1:RlZweED6sbSArvlE924+mUcZuXKLBHA35U7LN621Bws=
 github.com/mikioh/ipaddr v0.0.0-20190404000644-d465c8ab6721/go.mod h1:Ickgr2WtCLZ2MDGd4Gr0geeCH5HybhRJbonOgQpvSxc=
 github.com/mitchellh/copystructure v1.2.0 h1:vpKXTN4ewci03Vljg/q9QvCGUDttBOGBIa15WveJJGw=
@@ -485,10 +485,10 @@ github.com/morikuni/aec v1.0.0 h1:nP9CBfwrvYnBRgY6qfDQkygYDmYwOilePFkwzv4dU8A=
 github.com/morikuni/aec v1.0.0/go.mod h1:BbKIizmSmc5MMPqRYbxO4ZU0S0+P200+tUnFx7PXmsc=
 github.com/munnerz/goautoneg v0.0.0-20191010083416-a7dc8b61c822 h1:C3w9PqII01/Oq1c1nUAm88MOHcQC9l5mIlSMApZMrHA=
 github.com/munnerz/goautoneg v0.0.0-20191010083416-a7dc8b61c822/go.mod h1:+n7T8mK8HuQTcFwEeznm/DIxMOiR9yIdICNftLE1DvQ=
-github.com/netbirdio/dex v0.244.1-0.20260512110716-8d70ad8647c1 h1:4TaYr9O4xX0D2kszeOLclTiCbA3eHq3xWV+9ILJbIYs=
-github.com/netbirdio/dex v0.244.1-0.20260512110716-8d70ad8647c1/go.mod h1:IHH+H8vK2GfqtIt5u/5OdPh18yk0oDHuj2vz5+Goetg=
-github.com/netbirdio/dex/api/v2 v2.0.0-20260512110716-8d70ad8647c1 h1:neE7z+FPUkldl3faK/Jt+hJK2L+1XfQ1W33TQhU9m88=
-github.com/netbirdio/dex/api/v2 v2.0.0-20260512110716-8d70ad8647c1/go.mod h1:awuTyT29CYALpEyET0S307EgNlPWrc7fFKRAyhsO45M=
+github.com/netbirdio/dex v0.244.1-0.20260415145816-a0c6b40ff9f2 h1:AP7OM/JnTogod3rVcLsMuilSG94kWQCr3z6R4rfVXnc=
+github.com/netbirdio/dex v0.244.1-0.20260415145816-a0c6b40ff9f2/go.mod h1:+trSlzHNmdJGvz0oLEyyiuaPstUeD7YO6B3Fx9nyziY=
+github.com/netbirdio/dex/api/v2 v2.0.0-20260415145816-a0c6b40ff9f2 h1:HEEGJPsVw7/p7SEL3HWP4vaInxHo8OJSEaOkHpUAk+M=
+github.com/netbirdio/dex/api/v2 v2.0.0-20260415145816-a0c6b40ff9f2/go.mod h1:awuTyT29CYALpEyET0S307EgNlPWrc7fFKRAyhsO45M=
 github.com/netbirdio/easyjson v0.9.0 h1:6Nw2lghSVuy8RSkAYDhDv1thBVEmfVbKZnV7T7Z6Aus=
 github.com/netbirdio/easyjson v0.9.0/go.mod h1:1+xMtQp2MRNVL/V1bOzuP3aP8VNwRW55fQUto+XFtTU=
 github.com/netbirdio/ice/v4 v4.0.0-20250908184934-6202be846b51 h1:Ov4qdafATOgGMB1wbSuh+0aAHcwz9hdvB6VZjh1mVMI=
--- a/management/internals/modules/peers/ephemeral/manager/ephemeral.go
+++ b/management/internals/modules/peers/ephemeral/manager/ephemeral.go
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/internals/modules/peers/ephemeral"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/server/activity"
 	nbpeer "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/server/peer"
-	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/server/telemetry"

 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/server/store"
 )
@@ -48,11 +47,6 @@ type EphemeralManager struct {

 	lifeTime      time.Duration
 	cleanupWindow time.Duration
-
-	// metrics is nil-safe; methods on telemetry.EphemeralPeersMetrics
-	// no-op when the receiver is nil so deployments without an app
-	// metrics provider work unchanged.
-	metrics *telemetry.EphemeralPeersMetrics
 }

 // NewEphemeralManager instantiate new EphemeralManager
@@ -66,15 +60,6 @@ func NewEphemeralManager(store store.Store, peersManager peers.Manager) *Ephemer
 	}
 }

-// SetMetrics attaches a metrics collector. Safe to call once before
-// LoadInitialPeers; later attachment is fine but earlier loads won't be
-// reflected in the gauge. Pass nil to detach.
-func (e *EphemeralManager) SetMetrics(m *telemetry.EphemeralPeersMetrics) {
-	e.peersLock.Lock()
-	e.metrics = m
-	e.peersLock.Unlock()
-}
-
 // LoadInitialPeers load from the database the ephemeral type of peers and schedule a cleanup procedure to the head
 // of the linked list (to the most deprecated peer). At the end of cleanup it schedules the next cleanup to the new
 // head.
@@ -112,9 +97,7 @@ func (e *EphemeralManager) OnPeerConnected(ctx context.Context, peer *nbpeer.Pee
 	e.peersLock.Lock()
 	defer e.peersLock.Unlock()

-	if e.removePeer(peer.ID) {
-		e.metrics.DecPending(1)
-	}
+	e.removePeer(peer.ID)

 	// stop the unnecessary timer
 	if e.headPeer == nil && e.timer != nil {
@@ -140,7 +123,6 @@ func (e *EphemeralManager) OnPeerDisconnected(ctx context.Context, peer *nbpeer.
 	}

 	e.addPeer(peer.AccountID, peer.ID, e.newDeadLine())
-	e.metrics.IncPending()
 	if e.timer == nil {
 		delay := e.headPeer.deadline.Sub(timeNow()) + e.cleanupWindow
 		if delay < 0 {
@@ -163,7 +145,6 @@ func (e *EphemeralManager) loadEphemeralPeers(ctx context.Context) {
 	for _, p := range peers {
 		e.addPeer(p.AccountID, p.ID, t)
 	}
-	e.metrics.AddPending(int64(len(peers)))

 	log.WithContext(ctx).Debugf("loaded ephemeral peer(s): %d", len(peers))
 }
@@ -200,15 +181,6 @@ func (e *EphemeralManager) cleanup(ctx context.Context) {

 	e.peersLock.Unlock()

-	// Drop the gauge by the number of entries we just took off the list,
-	// regardless of whether the subsequent DeletePeers call succeeds. The
-	// list invariant is what the gauge tracks; failed delete batches are
-	// counted separately via CountCleanupError so we can still see them.
-	if len(deletePeers) > 0 {
-		e.metrics.CountCleanupRun()
-		e.metrics.DecPending(int64(len(deletePeers)))
-	}
-
 	peerIDsPerAccount := make(map[string][]string)
 	for id, p := range deletePeers {
 		peerIDsPerAccount[p.accountID] = append(peerIDsPerAccount[p.accountID], id)
@@ -219,10 +191,7 @@ func (e *EphemeralManager) cleanup(ctx context.Context) {
 		err := e.peersManager.DeletePeers(ctx, accountID, peerIDs, activity.SystemInitiator, true)
 		if err != nil {
 			log.WithContext(ctx).Errorf("failed to delete ephemeral peers: %s", err)
-			e.metrics.CountCleanupError()
-			continue
 		}
-		e.metrics.CountPeersCleaned(int64(len(peerIDs)))
 	}
 }

@@ -242,12 +211,9 @@ func (e *EphemeralManager) addPeer(accountID string, peerID string, deadline tim
 	e.tailPeer = ep
 }

-// removePeer drops the entry from the linked list. Returns true if a
-// matching entry was found and removed so callers can keep the pending
-// metric gauge in sync.
-func (e *EphemeralManager) removePeer(id string) bool {
+func (e *EphemeralManager) removePeer(id string) {
 	if e.headPeer == nil {
-		return false
+		return
 	}

 	if e.headPeer.id == id {
@@ -255,7 +221,7 @@ func (e *EphemeralManager) removePeer(id string) bool {
 		if e.tailPeer.id == id {
 			e.tailPeer = nil
 		}
-		return true
+		return
 	}

 	for p := e.headPeer; p.next != nil; p = p.next {
@@ -265,10 +231,9 @@ func (e *EphemeralManager) removePeer(id string) bool {
 				e.tailPeer = p
 			}
 			p.next = p.next.next
-			return true
+			return
 		}
 	}
-	return false
 }

 func (e *EphemeralManager) isPeerOnList(id string) bool {
--- a/management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/domain/manager/manager.go
+++ b/management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/domain/manager/manager.go
@@ -31,7 +31,6 @@ type store interface {

 type proxyManager interface {
 	GetActiveClusterAddresses(ctx context.Context) ([]string, error)
-	GetActiveClusterAddressesForAccount(ctx context.Context, accountID string) ([]string, error)
 	ClusterSupportsCustomPorts(ctx context.Context, clusterAddr string) *bool
 	ClusterRequireSubdomain(ctx context.Context, clusterAddr string) *bool
 	ClusterSupportsCrowdSec(ctx context.Context, clusterAddr string) *bool
@@ -72,8 +71,8 @@ func (m Manager) GetDomains(ctx context.Context, accountID, userID string) ([]*d
 	var ret []*domain.Domain

 	// Add connected proxy clusters as free domains.
-	// For BYOP accounts, only their own cluster is returned; otherwise shared clusters.
-	allowList, err := m.getClusterAllowList(ctx, accountID)
+	// The cluster address itself is the free domain base (e.g., "eu.proxy.netbird.io").
+	allowList, err := m.proxyManager.GetActiveClusterAddresses(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
 		log.WithContext(ctx).Errorf("failed to get active proxy cluster addresses: %v", err)
 		return nil, err
@@ -127,8 +126,8 @@ func (m Manager) CreateDomain(ctx context.Context, accountID, userID, domainName
 		return nil, status.NewPermissionDeniedError()
 	}

-	// Verify the target cluster is in the available clusters for this account
-	allowList, err := m.getClusterAllowList(ctx, accountID)
+	// Verify the target cluster is in the available clusters
+	allowList, err := m.proxyManager.GetActiveClusterAddresses(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to get active proxy cluster addresses: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -274,7 +273,7 @@ func (m Manager) GetClusterDomains() []string {
 // For free domains (those ending with a known cluster suffix), the cluster is extracted from the domain.
 // For custom domains, the cluster is determined by checking the registered custom domain's target cluster.
 func (m Manager) DeriveClusterFromDomain(ctx context.Context, accountID, domain string) (string, error) {
-	allowList, err := m.getClusterAllowList(ctx, accountID)
+	allowList, err := m.proxyManager.GetActiveClusterAddresses(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to get active proxy cluster addresses: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -299,34 +298,6 @@ func (m Manager) DeriveClusterFromDomain(ctx context.Context, accountID, domain
 	return "", fmt.Errorf("domain %s does not match any available proxy cluster", domain)
 }

-func (m Manager) getClusterAllowList(ctx context.Context, accountID string) ([]string, error) {
-	byopAddresses, err := m.proxyManager.GetActiveClusterAddressesForAccount(ctx, accountID)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("get BYOP cluster addresses: %w", err)
-	}
-	publicAddresses, err := m.proxyManager.GetActiveClusterAddresses(ctx)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("get public cluster addresses: %w", err)
-	}
-	seen := make(map[string]struct{}, len(byopAddresses)+len(publicAddresses))
-	merged := make([]string, 0, len(byopAddresses)+len(publicAddresses))
-	for _, addr := range byopAddresses {
-		if _, ok := seen[addr]; ok {
-			continue
-		}
-		seen[addr] = struct{}{}
-		merged = append(merged, addr)
-	}
-	for _, addr := range publicAddresses {
-		if _, ok := seen[addr]; ok {
-			continue
-		}
-		seen[addr] = struct{}{}
-		merged = append(merged, addr)
-	}
-	return merged, nil
-}
-
 func extractClusterFromCustomDomains(serviceDomain string, customDomains []*domain.Domain) (string, bool) {
 	bestCluster := ""
 	bestLen := -1
--- a/management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/domain/manager/manager_test.go
+++ b/management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/domain/manager/manager_test.go
@@ -1,154 +0,0 @@
-package manager
-
-import (
-	"context"
-	"errors"
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
-)
-
-type mockProxyManager struct {
-	getActiveClusterAddressesFunc          func(ctx context.Context) ([]string, error)
-	getActiveClusterAddressesForAccountFunc func(ctx context.Context, accountID string) ([]string, error)
-}
-
-func (m *mockProxyManager) GetActiveClusterAddresses(ctx context.Context) ([]string, error) {
-	if m.getActiveClusterAddressesFunc != nil {
-		return m.getActiveClusterAddressesFunc(ctx)
-	}
-	return nil, nil
-}
-
-func (m *mockProxyManager) GetActiveClusterAddressesForAccount(ctx context.Context, accountID string) ([]string, error) {
-	if m.getActiveClusterAddressesForAccountFunc != nil {
-		return m.getActiveClusterAddressesForAccountFunc(ctx, accountID)
-	}
-	return nil, nil
-}
-
-func (m *mockProxyManager) ClusterSupportsCustomPorts(_ context.Context, _ string) *bool {
-	return nil
-}
-
-func (m *mockProxyManager) ClusterRequireSubdomain(_ context.Context, _ string) *bool {
-	return nil
-}
-
-func (m *mockProxyManager) ClusterSupportsCrowdSec(_ context.Context, _ string) *bool {
-	return nil
-}
-
-func TestGetClusterAllowList_BYOPMergedWithPublic(t *testing.T) {
-	pm := &mockProxyManager{
-		getActiveClusterAddressesForAccountFunc: func(_ context.Context, accID string) ([]string, error) {
-			assert.Equal(t, "acc-123", accID)
-			return []string{"byop.example.com"}, nil
-		},
-		getActiveClusterAddressesFunc: func(_ context.Context) ([]string, error) {
-			return []string{"eu.proxy.netbird.io"}, nil
-		},
-	}
-
-	mgr := Manager{proxyManager: pm}
-	result, err := mgr.getClusterAllowList(context.Background(), "acc-123")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, []string{"byop.example.com", "eu.proxy.netbird.io"}, result)
-}
-
-func TestGetClusterAllowList_DeduplicatesBYOPAndPublic(t *testing.T) {
-	pm := &mockProxyManager{
-		getActiveClusterAddressesForAccountFunc: func(_ context.Context, _ string) ([]string, error) {
-			return []string{"shared.example.com", "byop.example.com"}, nil
-		},
-		getActiveClusterAddressesFunc: func(_ context.Context) ([]string, error) {
-			return []string{"shared.example.com", "eu.proxy.netbird.io"}, nil
-		},
-	}
-
-	mgr := Manager{proxyManager: pm}
-	result, err := mgr.getClusterAllowList(context.Background(), "acc-123")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, []string{"shared.example.com", "byop.example.com", "eu.proxy.netbird.io"}, result)
-}
-
-func TestGetClusterAllowList_NoBYOP_FallbackToShared(t *testing.T) {
-	pm := &mockProxyManager{
-		getActiveClusterAddressesForAccountFunc: func(_ context.Context, _ string) ([]string, error) {
-			return nil, nil
-		},
-		getActiveClusterAddressesFunc: func(_ context.Context) ([]string, error) {
-			return []string{"eu.proxy.netbird.io", "us.proxy.netbird.io"}, nil
-		},
-	}
-
-	mgr := Manager{proxyManager: pm}
-	result, err := mgr.getClusterAllowList(context.Background(), "acc-123")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, []string{"eu.proxy.netbird.io", "us.proxy.netbird.io"}, result)
-}
-
-func TestGetClusterAllowList_BYOPError_ReturnsError(t *testing.T) {
-	pm := &mockProxyManager{
-		getActiveClusterAddressesForAccountFunc: func(_ context.Context, _ string) ([]string, error) {
-			return nil, errors.New("db error")
-		},
-	}
-
-	mgr := Manager{proxyManager: pm}
-	result, err := mgr.getClusterAllowList(context.Background(), "acc-123")
-	require.Error(t, err)
-	assert.Nil(t, result)
-	assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "BYOP cluster addresses")
-}
-
-func TestGetClusterAllowList_PublicError_ReturnsError(t *testing.T) {
-	pm := &mockProxyManager{
-		getActiveClusterAddressesForAccountFunc: func(_ context.Context, _ string) ([]string, error) {
-			return []string{"byop.example.com"}, nil
-		},
-		getActiveClusterAddressesFunc: func(_ context.Context) ([]string, error) {
-			return nil, errors.New("db error")
-		},
-	}
-
-	mgr := Manager{proxyManager: pm}
-	result, err := mgr.getClusterAllowList(context.Background(), "acc-123")
-	require.Error(t, err)
-	assert.Nil(t, result)
-	assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "public cluster addresses")
-}
-
-func TestGetClusterAllowList_BYOPEmptySlice_FallbackToShared(t *testing.T) {
-	pm := &mockProxyManager{
-		getActiveClusterAddressesForAccountFunc: func(_ context.Context, _ string) ([]string, error) {
-			return []string{}, nil
-		},
-		getActiveClusterAddressesFunc: func(_ context.Context) ([]string, error) {
-			return []string{"eu.proxy.netbird.io"}, nil
-		},
-	}
-
-	mgr := Manager{proxyManager: pm}
-	result, err := mgr.getClusterAllowList(context.Background(), "acc-123")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, []string{"eu.proxy.netbird.io"}, result)
-}
-
-func TestGetClusterAllowList_PublicEmpty_BYOPOnly(t *testing.T) {
-	pm := &mockProxyManager{
-		getActiveClusterAddressesForAccountFunc: func(_ context.Context, _ string) ([]string, error) {
-			return []string{"byop.example.com"}, nil
-		},
-		getActiveClusterAddressesFunc: func(_ context.Context) ([]string, error) {
-			return nil, nil
-		},
-	}
-
-	mgr := Manager{proxyManager: pm}
-	result, err := mgr.getClusterAllowList(context.Background(), "acc-123")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, []string{"byop.example.com"}, result)
-}
-
--- a/management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/proxy/manager.go
+++ b/management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/proxy/manager.go
@@ -11,19 +11,15 @@ import (

 // Manager defines the interface for proxy operations
 type Manager interface {
-	Connect(ctx context.Context, proxyID, sessionID, clusterAddress, ipAddress string, accountID *string, capabilities *Capabilities) (*Proxy, error)
+	Connect(ctx context.Context, proxyID, sessionID, clusterAddress, ipAddress string, capabilities *Capabilities) (*Proxy, error)
 	Disconnect(ctx context.Context, proxyID, sessionID string) error
 	Heartbeat(ctx context.Context, p *Proxy) error
 	GetActiveClusterAddresses(ctx context.Context) ([]string, error)
-	GetActiveClusterAddressesForAccount(ctx context.Context, accountID string) ([]string, error)
+	GetActiveClusters(ctx context.Context) ([]Cluster, error)
 	ClusterSupportsCustomPorts(ctx context.Context, clusterAddr string) *bool
 	ClusterRequireSubdomain(ctx context.Context, clusterAddr string) *bool
 	ClusterSupportsCrowdSec(ctx context.Context, clusterAddr string) *bool
 	CleanupStale(ctx context.Context, inactivityDuration time.Duration) error
-	GetAccountProxy(ctx context.Context, accountID string) (*Proxy, error)
-	CountAccountProxies(ctx context.Context, accountID string) (int64, error)
-	IsClusterAddressAvailable(ctx context.Context, clusterAddress, accountID string) (bool, error)
-	DeleteAccountCluster(ctx context.Context, clusterAddress, accountID string) error
 }

 // OIDCValidationConfig contains the OIDC configuration needed for token validation.
--- a/management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/proxy/manager/manager.go
+++ b/management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/proxy/manager/manager.go
@@ -16,16 +16,11 @@ type store interface {
 	DisconnectProxy(ctx context.Context, proxyID, sessionID string) error
 	UpdateProxyHeartbeat(ctx context.Context, p *proxy.Proxy) error
 	GetActiveProxyClusterAddresses(ctx context.Context) ([]string, error)
-	GetActiveProxyClusterAddressesForAccount(ctx context.Context, accountID string) ([]string, error)
-	GetProxyClusters(ctx context.Context, accountID string) ([]proxy.Cluster, error)
+	GetActiveProxyClusters(ctx context.Context) ([]proxy.Cluster, error)
 	GetClusterSupportsCustomPorts(ctx context.Context, clusterAddr string) *bool
 	GetClusterRequireSubdomain(ctx context.Context, clusterAddr string) *bool
 	GetClusterSupportsCrowdSec(ctx context.Context, clusterAddr string) *bool
 	CleanupStaleProxies(ctx context.Context, inactivityDuration time.Duration) error
-	GetProxyByAccountID(ctx context.Context, accountID string) (*proxy.Proxy, error)
-	CountProxiesByAccountID(ctx context.Context, accountID string) (int64, error)
-	IsClusterAddressConflicting(ctx context.Context, clusterAddress, accountID string) (bool, error)
-	DeleteAccountCluster(ctx context.Context, clusterAddress, accountID string) error
 }

 // Manager handles all proxy operations
@@ -49,7 +44,7 @@ func NewManager(store store, meter metric.Meter) (*Manager, error) {

 // Connect registers a new proxy connection in the database.
 // capabilities may be nil for old proxies that do not report them.
-func (m *Manager) Connect(ctx context.Context, proxyID, sessionID, clusterAddress, ipAddress string, accountID *string, capabilities *proxy.Capabilities) (*proxy.Proxy, error) {
+func (m Manager) Connect(ctx context.Context, proxyID, sessionID, clusterAddress, ipAddress string, capabilities *proxy.Capabilities) (*proxy.Proxy, error) {
 	now := time.Now()
 	var caps proxy.Capabilities
 	if capabilities != nil {
@@ -60,10 +55,9 @@ func (m *Manager) Connect(ctx context.Context, proxyID, sessionID, clusterAddres
 		SessionID:      sessionID,
 		ClusterAddress: clusterAddress,
 		IPAddress:      ipAddress,
-		AccountID:      accountID,
 		LastSeen:       now,
 		ConnectedAt:    &now,
-		Status:         proxy.StatusConnected,
+		Status:         "connected",
 		Capabilities:   caps,
 	}

@@ -83,7 +77,7 @@ func (m *Manager) Connect(ctx context.Context, proxyID, sessionID, clusterAddres
 }

 // Disconnect marks a proxy as disconnected in the database.
-func (m *Manager) Disconnect(ctx context.Context, proxyID, sessionID string) error {
+func (m Manager) Disconnect(ctx context.Context, proxyID, sessionID string) error {
 	if err := m.store.DisconnectProxy(ctx, proxyID, sessionID); err != nil {
 		log.WithContext(ctx).Errorf("failed to disconnect proxy %s session %s: %v", proxyID, sessionID, err)
 		return err
@@ -98,7 +92,7 @@ func (m *Manager) Disconnect(ctx context.Context, proxyID, sessionID string) err
 }

 // Heartbeat updates the proxy's last seen timestamp.
-func (m *Manager) Heartbeat(ctx context.Context, p *proxy.Proxy) error {
+func (m Manager) Heartbeat(ctx context.Context, p *proxy.Proxy) error {
 	if err := m.store.UpdateProxyHeartbeat(ctx, p); err != nil {
 		log.WithContext(ctx).Debugf("failed to update proxy %s heartbeat: %v", p.ID, err)
 		return err
@@ -110,7 +104,7 @@ func (m *Manager) Heartbeat(ctx context.Context, p *proxy.Proxy) error {
 }

 // GetActiveClusterAddresses returns all unique cluster addresses for active proxies
-func (m *Manager) GetActiveClusterAddresses(ctx context.Context) ([]string, error) {
+func (m Manager) GetActiveClusterAddresses(ctx context.Context) ([]string, error) {
 	addresses, err := m.store.GetActiveProxyClusterAddresses(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
 		log.WithContext(ctx).Errorf("failed to get active proxy cluster addresses: %v", err)
@@ -119,6 +113,16 @@ func (m *Manager) GetActiveClusterAddresses(ctx context.Context) ([]string, erro
 	return addresses, nil
 }

+// GetActiveClusters returns all active proxy clusters with their connected proxy count.
+func (m Manager) GetActiveClusters(ctx context.Context) ([]proxy.Cluster, error) {
+	clusters, err := m.store.GetActiveProxyClusters(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.WithContext(ctx).Errorf("failed to get active proxy clusters: %v", err)
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return clusters, nil
+}
+
 // ClusterSupportsCustomPorts returns whether any active proxy in the cluster
 // supports custom ports. Returns nil when no proxy has reported capabilities.
 func (m Manager) ClusterSupportsCustomPorts(ctx context.Context, clusterAddr string) *bool {
@@ -138,44 +142,10 @@ func (m Manager) ClusterSupportsCrowdSec(ctx context.Context, clusterAddr string
 }

 // CleanupStale removes proxies that haven't sent heartbeat in the specified duration
-func (m *Manager) CleanupStale(ctx context.Context, inactivityDuration time.Duration) error {
+func (m Manager) CleanupStale(ctx context.Context, inactivityDuration time.Duration) error {
 	if err := m.store.CleanupStaleProxies(ctx, inactivityDuration); err != nil {
 		log.WithContext(ctx).Errorf("failed to cleanup stale proxies: %v", err)
 		return err
 	}
 	return nil
 }
-
-func (m *Manager) GetActiveClusterAddressesForAccount(ctx context.Context, accountID string) ([]string, error) {
-	addresses, err := m.store.GetActiveProxyClusterAddressesForAccount(ctx, accountID)
-	if err != nil {
-		log.WithContext(ctx).Errorf("failed to get active proxy cluster addresses for account %s: %v", accountID, err)
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	return addresses, nil
-}
-
-func (m *Manager) GetAccountProxy(ctx context.Context, accountID string) (*proxy.Proxy, error) {
-	return m.store.GetProxyByAccountID(ctx, accountID)
-}
-
-func (m *Manager) CountAccountProxies(ctx context.Context, accountID string) (int64, error) {
-	return m.store.CountProxiesByAccountID(ctx, accountID)
-}
-
-func (m *Manager) IsClusterAddressAvailable(ctx context.Context, clusterAddress, accountID string) (bool, error) {
-	conflicting, err := m.store.IsClusterAddressConflicting(ctx, clusterAddress, accountID)
-	if err != nil {
-		return false, err
-	}
-	return !conflicting, nil
-}
-
-func (m *Manager) DeleteAccountCluster(ctx context.Context, clusterAddress, accountID string) error {
-	if err := m.store.DeleteAccountCluster(ctx, clusterAddress, accountID); err != nil {
-		log.WithContext(ctx).Errorf("failed to delete cluster %s for account %s: %v", clusterAddress, accountID, err)
-		return err
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
--- a/management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/proxy/manager/manager_test.go
+++ b/management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/proxy/manager/manager_test.go
@@ -1,337 +0,0 @@
-package manager
-
-import (
-	"context"
-	"errors"
-	"fmt"
-	"testing"
-	"time"
-
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
-	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric/noop"
-
-	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/proxy"
-)
-
-type mockStore struct {
-	saveProxyFunc                              func(ctx context.Context, p *proxy.Proxy) error
-	disconnectProxyFunc                        func(ctx context.Context, proxyID, sessionID string) error
-	updateProxyHeartbeatFunc                   func(ctx context.Context, p *proxy.Proxy) error
-	getActiveProxyClusterAddressesFunc         func(ctx context.Context) ([]string, error)
-	getActiveProxyClusterAddressesForAccFunc   func(ctx context.Context, accountID string) ([]string, error)
-	cleanupStaleProxiesFunc                    func(ctx context.Context, d time.Duration) error
-	getProxyByAccountIDFunc                    func(ctx context.Context, accountID string) (*proxy.Proxy, error)
-	countProxiesByAccountIDFunc                func(ctx context.Context, accountID string) (int64, error)
-	isClusterAddressConflictingFunc            func(ctx context.Context, clusterAddress, accountID string) (bool, error)
-	deleteAccountClusterFunc                   func(ctx context.Context, clusterAddress, accountID string) error
-}
-
-func (m *mockStore) SaveProxy(ctx context.Context, p *proxy.Proxy) error {
-	if m.saveProxyFunc != nil {
-		return m.saveProxyFunc(ctx, p)
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-func (m *mockStore) DisconnectProxy(ctx context.Context, proxyID, sessionID string) error {
-	if m.disconnectProxyFunc != nil {
-		return m.disconnectProxyFunc(ctx, proxyID, sessionID)
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-func (m *mockStore) UpdateProxyHeartbeat(ctx context.Context, p *proxy.Proxy) error {
-	if m.updateProxyHeartbeatFunc != nil {
-		return m.updateProxyHeartbeatFunc(ctx, p)
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-func (m *mockStore) GetActiveProxyClusterAddresses(ctx context.Context) ([]string, error) {
-	if m.getActiveProxyClusterAddressesFunc != nil {
-		return m.getActiveProxyClusterAddressesFunc(ctx)
-	}
-	return nil, nil
-}
-func (m *mockStore) GetActiveProxyClusterAddressesForAccount(ctx context.Context, accountID string) ([]string, error) {
-	if m.getActiveProxyClusterAddressesForAccFunc != nil {
-		return m.getActiveProxyClusterAddressesForAccFunc(ctx, accountID)
-	}
-	return nil, nil
-}
-func (m *mockStore) GetProxyClusters(_ context.Context, _ string) ([]proxy.Cluster, error) {
-	return nil, nil
-}
-func (m *mockStore) CleanupStaleProxies(ctx context.Context, d time.Duration) error {
-	if m.cleanupStaleProxiesFunc != nil {
-		return m.cleanupStaleProxiesFunc(ctx, d)
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-func (m *mockStore) GetProxyByAccountID(ctx context.Context, accountID string) (*proxy.Proxy, error) {
-	if m.getProxyByAccountIDFunc != nil {
-		return m.getProxyByAccountIDFunc(ctx, accountID)
-	}
-	return nil, fmt.Errorf("proxy not found for account %s", accountID)
-}
-func (m *mockStore) CountProxiesByAccountID(ctx context.Context, accountID string) (int64, error) {
-	if m.countProxiesByAccountIDFunc != nil {
-		return m.countProxiesByAccountIDFunc(ctx, accountID)
-	}
-	return 0, nil
-}
-func (m *mockStore) IsClusterAddressConflicting(ctx context.Context, clusterAddress, accountID string) (bool, error) {
-	if m.isClusterAddressConflictingFunc != nil {
-		return m.isClusterAddressConflictingFunc(ctx, clusterAddress, accountID)
-	}
-	return false, nil
-}
-func (m *mockStore) DeleteAccountCluster(ctx context.Context, clusterAddress, accountID string) error {
-	if m.deleteAccountClusterFunc != nil {
-		return m.deleteAccountClusterFunc(ctx, clusterAddress, accountID)
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-func (m *mockStore) GetClusterSupportsCustomPorts(_ context.Context, _ string) *bool {
-	return nil
-}
-func (m *mockStore) GetClusterRequireSubdomain(_ context.Context, _ string) *bool {
-	return nil
-}
-func (m *mockStore) GetClusterSupportsCrowdSec(_ context.Context, _ string) *bool {
-	return nil
-}
-
-func newTestManager(s store) *Manager {
-	meter := noop.NewMeterProvider().Meter("test")
-	m, err := NewManager(s, meter)
-	if err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-	return m
-}
-
-func TestConnect_WithAccountID(t *testing.T) {
-	accountID := "acc-123"
-
-	var savedProxy *proxy.Proxy
-	s := &mockStore{
-		saveProxyFunc: func(_ context.Context, p *proxy.Proxy) error {
-			savedProxy = p
-			return nil
-		},
-	}
-
-	mgr := newTestManager(s)
-	_, err := mgr.Connect(context.Background(), "proxy-1", "session-1", "cluster.example.com", "10.0.0.1", &accountID, nil)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	require.NotNil(t, savedProxy)
-	assert.Equal(t, "proxy-1", savedProxy.ID)
-	assert.Equal(t, "session-1", savedProxy.SessionID)
-	assert.Equal(t, "cluster.example.com", savedProxy.ClusterAddress)
-	assert.Equal(t, "10.0.0.1", savedProxy.IPAddress)
-	assert.Equal(t, &accountID, savedProxy.AccountID)
-	assert.Equal(t, proxy.StatusConnected, savedProxy.Status)
-	assert.NotNil(t, savedProxy.ConnectedAt)
-}
-
-func TestConnect_WithoutAccountID(t *testing.T) {
-	var savedProxy *proxy.Proxy
-	s := &mockStore{
-		saveProxyFunc: func(_ context.Context, p *proxy.Proxy) error {
-			savedProxy = p
-			return nil
-		},
-	}
-
-	mgr := newTestManager(s)
-	_, err := mgr.Connect(context.Background(), "proxy-1", "session-1", "eu.proxy.netbird.io", "10.0.0.1", nil, nil)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	require.NotNil(t, savedProxy)
-	assert.Nil(t, savedProxy.AccountID)
-	assert.Equal(t, proxy.StatusConnected, savedProxy.Status)
-}
-
-func TestConnect_StoreError(t *testing.T) {
-	s := &mockStore{
-		saveProxyFunc: func(_ context.Context, _ *proxy.Proxy) error {
-			return errors.New("db error")
-		},
-	}
-
-	mgr := newTestManager(s)
-	_, err := mgr.Connect(context.Background(), "proxy-1", "session-1", "cluster.example.com", "10.0.0.1", nil, nil)
-	assert.Error(t, err)
-}
-
-func TestIsClusterAddressAvailable(t *testing.T) {
-	tests := []struct {
-		name        string
-		conflicting bool
-		storeErr    error
-		wantResult  bool
-		wantErr     bool
-	}{
-		{
-			name:        "available - no conflict",
-			conflicting: false,
-			wantResult:  true,
-		},
-		{
-			name:        "not available - conflict exists",
-			conflicting: true,
-			wantResult:  false,
-		},
-		{
-			name:     "store error",
-			storeErr: errors.New("db error"),
-			wantErr:  true,
-		},
-	}
-
-	for _, tt := range tests {
-		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			s := &mockStore{
-				isClusterAddressConflictingFunc: func(_ context.Context, _, _ string) (bool, error) {
-					return tt.conflicting, tt.storeErr
-				},
-			}
-
-			mgr := newTestManager(s)
-			result, err := mgr.IsClusterAddressAvailable(context.Background(), "cluster.example.com", "acc-123")
-			if tt.wantErr {
-				assert.Error(t, err)
-				return
-			}
-			require.NoError(t, err)
-			assert.Equal(t, tt.wantResult, result)
-		})
-	}
-}
-
-func TestCountAccountProxies(t *testing.T) {
-	tests := []struct {
-		name      string
-		count     int64
-		storeErr  error
-		wantCount int64
-		wantErr   bool
-	}{
-		{
-			name:      "no proxies",
-			count:     0,
-			wantCount: 0,
-		},
-		{
-			name:      "one proxy",
-			count:     1,
-			wantCount: 1,
-		},
-		{
-			name:     "store error",
-			storeErr: errors.New("db error"),
-			wantErr:  true,
-		},
-	}
-
-	for _, tt := range tests {
-		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			s := &mockStore{
-				countProxiesByAccountIDFunc: func(_ context.Context, _ string) (int64, error) {
-					return tt.count, tt.storeErr
-				},
-			}
-
-			mgr := newTestManager(s)
-			count, err := mgr.CountAccountProxies(context.Background(), "acc-123")
-			if tt.wantErr {
-				assert.Error(t, err)
-				return
-			}
-			require.NoError(t, err)
-			assert.Equal(t, tt.wantCount, count)
-		})
-	}
-}
-
-func TestGetAccountProxy(t *testing.T) {
-	accountID := "acc-123"
-
-	t.Run("found", func(t *testing.T) {
-		expected := &proxy.Proxy{
-			ID:             "proxy-1",
-			ClusterAddress: "byop.example.com",
-			AccountID:      &accountID,
-			Status:         proxy.StatusConnected,
-		}
-		s := &mockStore{
-			getProxyByAccountIDFunc: func(_ context.Context, accID string) (*proxy.Proxy, error) {
-				assert.Equal(t, accountID, accID)
-				return expected, nil
-			},
-		}
-
-		mgr := newTestManager(s)
-		p, err := mgr.GetAccountProxy(context.Background(), accountID)
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-		assert.Equal(t, expected, p)
-	})
-
-	t.Run("not found", func(t *testing.T) {
-		s := &mockStore{
-			getProxyByAccountIDFunc: func(_ context.Context, _ string) (*proxy.Proxy, error) {
-				return nil, errors.New("not found")
-			},
-		}
-
-		mgr := newTestManager(s)
-		_, err := mgr.GetAccountProxy(context.Background(), accountID)
-		assert.Error(t, err)
-	})
-}
-
-func TestDeleteAccountCluster(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Run("success", func(t *testing.T) {
-		var deletedCluster, deletedAccount string
-		s := &mockStore{
-			deleteAccountClusterFunc: func(_ context.Context, clusterAddress, accountID string) error {
-				deletedCluster = clusterAddress
-				deletedAccount = accountID
-				return nil
-			},
-		}
-
-		mgr := newTestManager(s)
-		err := mgr.DeleteAccountCluster(context.Background(), "cluster.example.com", "acc-123")
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-		assert.Equal(t, "cluster.example.com", deletedCluster)
-		assert.Equal(t, "acc-123", deletedAccount)
-	})
-
-	t.Run("store error", func(t *testing.T) {
-		s := &mockStore{
-			deleteAccountClusterFunc: func(_ context.Context, _, _ string) error {
-				return errors.New("db error")
-			},
-		}
-
-		mgr := newTestManager(s)
-		err := mgr.DeleteAccountCluster(context.Background(), "cluster.example.com", "acc-123")
-		assert.Error(t, err)
-	})
-}
-
-func TestGetActiveClusterAddressesForAccount(t *testing.T) {
-	expected := []string{"byop.example.com"}
-	s := &mockStore{
-		getActiveProxyClusterAddressesForAccFunc: func(_ context.Context, accID string) ([]string, error) {
-			assert.Equal(t, "acc-123", accID)
-			return expected, nil
-		},
-	}
-
-	mgr := newTestManager(s)
-	result, err := mgr.GetActiveClusterAddressesForAccount(context.Background(), "acc-123")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, expected, result)
-}
--- a/management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/proxy/manager_mock.go
+++ b/management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/proxy/manager_mock.go
@@ -93,18 +93,18 @@ func (mr *MockManagerMockRecorder) ClusterSupportsCrowdSec(ctx, clusterAddr inte
 }

 // Connect mocks base method.
-func (m *MockManager) Connect(ctx context.Context, proxyID, sessionID, clusterAddress, ipAddress string, accountID *string, capabilities *Capabilities) (*Proxy, error) {
+func (m *MockManager) Connect(ctx context.Context, proxyID, sessionID, clusterAddress, ipAddress string, capabilities *Capabilities) (*Proxy, error) {
 	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
-	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "Connect", ctx, proxyID, sessionID, clusterAddress, ipAddress, accountID, capabilities)
+	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "Connect", ctx, proxyID, sessionID, clusterAddress, ipAddress, capabilities)
 	ret0, _ := ret[0].(*Proxy)
 	ret1, _ := ret[1].(error)
 	return ret0, ret1
 }

 // Connect indicates an expected call of Connect.
-func (mr *MockManagerMockRecorder) Connect(ctx, proxyID, sessionID, clusterAddress, ipAddress, accountID, capabilities interface{}) *gomock.Call {
+func (mr *MockManagerMockRecorder) Connect(ctx, proxyID, sessionID, clusterAddress, ipAddress, capabilities interface{}) *gomock.Call {
 	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
-	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "Connect", reflect.TypeOf((*MockManager)(nil).Connect), ctx, proxyID, sessionID, clusterAddress, ipAddress, accountID, capabilities)
+	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "Connect", reflect.TypeOf((*MockManager)(nil).Connect), ctx, proxyID, sessionID, clusterAddress, ipAddress, capabilities)
 }

 // Disconnect mocks base method.
@@ -136,17 +136,19 @@ func (mr *MockManagerMockRecorder) GetActiveClusterAddresses(ctx interface{}) *g
 	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "GetActiveClusterAddresses", reflect.TypeOf((*MockManager)(nil).GetActiveClusterAddresses), ctx)
 }

-func (m *MockManager) GetActiveClusterAddressesForAccount(ctx context.Context, accountID string) ([]string, error) {
+// GetActiveClusters mocks base method.
+func (m *MockManager) GetActiveClusters(ctx context.Context) ([]Cluster, error) {
 	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
-	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "GetActiveClusterAddressesForAccount", ctx, accountID)
-	ret0, _ := ret[0].([]string)
+	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "GetActiveClusters", ctx)
+	ret0, _ := ret[0].([]Cluster)
 	ret1, _ := ret[1].(error)
 	return ret0, ret1
 }

-func (mr *MockManagerMockRecorder) GetActiveClusterAddressesForAccount(ctx, accountID interface{}) *gomock.Call {
+// GetActiveClusters indicates an expected call of GetActiveClusters.
+func (mr *MockManagerMockRecorder) GetActiveClusters(ctx interface{}) *gomock.Call {
 	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
-	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "GetActiveClusterAddressesForAccount", reflect.TypeOf((*MockManager)(nil).GetActiveClusterAddressesForAccount), ctx, accountID)
+	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "GetActiveClusters", reflect.TypeOf((*MockManager)(nil).GetActiveClusters), ctx)
 }

 // Heartbeat mocks base method.
@@ -163,65 +165,6 @@ func (mr *MockManagerMockRecorder) Heartbeat(ctx, p interface{}) *gomock.Call {
 	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "Heartbeat", reflect.TypeOf((*MockManager)(nil).Heartbeat), ctx, p)
 }

-// GetAccountProxy mocks base method.
-func (m *MockManager) GetAccountProxy(ctx context.Context, accountID string) (*Proxy, error) {
-	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
-	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "GetAccountProxy", ctx, accountID)
-	ret0, _ := ret[0].(*Proxy)
-	ret1, _ := ret[1].(error)
-	return ret0, ret1
-}
-
-// GetAccountProxy indicates an expected call of GetAccountProxy.
-func (mr *MockManagerMockRecorder) GetAccountProxy(ctx, accountID interface{}) *gomock.Call {
-	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
-	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "GetAccountProxy", reflect.TypeOf((*MockManager)(nil).GetAccountProxy), ctx, accountID)
-}
-
-// CountAccountProxies mocks base method.
-func (m *MockManager) CountAccountProxies(ctx context.Context, accountID string) (int64, error) {
-	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
-	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "CountAccountProxies", ctx, accountID)
-	ret0, _ := ret[0].(int64)
-	ret1, _ := ret[1].(error)
-	return ret0, ret1
-}
-
-// CountAccountProxies indicates an expected call of CountAccountProxies.
-func (mr *MockManagerMockRecorder) CountAccountProxies(ctx, accountID interface{}) *gomock.Call {
-	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
-	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "CountAccountProxies", reflect.TypeOf((*MockManager)(nil).CountAccountProxies), ctx, accountID)
-}
-
-// IsClusterAddressAvailable mocks base method.
-func (m *MockManager) IsClusterAddressAvailable(ctx context.Context, clusterAddress, accountID string) (bool, error) {
-	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
-	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "IsClusterAddressAvailable", ctx, clusterAddress, accountID)
-	ret0, _ := ret[0].(bool)
-	ret1, _ := ret[1].(error)
-	return ret0, ret1
-}
-
-// IsClusterAddressAvailable indicates an expected call of IsClusterAddressAvailable.
-func (mr *MockManagerMockRecorder) IsClusterAddressAvailable(ctx, clusterAddress, accountID interface{}) *gomock.Call {
-	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
-	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "IsClusterAddressAvailable", reflect.TypeOf((*MockManager)(nil).IsClusterAddressAvailable), ctx, clusterAddress, accountID)
-}
-
-// DeleteAccountCluster mocks base method.
-func (m *MockManager) DeleteAccountCluster(ctx context.Context, clusterAddress, accountID string) error {
-	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
-	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "DeleteAccountCluster", ctx, clusterAddress, accountID)
-	ret0, _ := ret[0].(error)
-	return ret0
-}
-
-// DeleteAccountCluster indicates an expected call of DeleteAccountCluster.
-func (mr *MockManagerMockRecorder) DeleteAccountCluster(ctx, clusterAddress, accountID interface{}) *gomock.Call {
-	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
-	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "DeleteAccountCluster", reflect.TypeOf((*MockManager)(nil).DeleteAccountCluster), ctx, clusterAddress, accountID)
-}
-
 // MockController is a mock of Controller interface.
 type MockController struct {
 	ctrl     *gomock.Controller
--- a/management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/proxy/proxy.go
+++ b/management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/proxy/proxy.go
@@ -1,13 +1,6 @@
 package proxy

-import (
-	"time"
-)
-
-const (
-	StatusConnected    = "connected"
-	StatusDisconnected = "disconnected"
-)
+import "time"

 // Capabilities describes what a proxy can handle, as reported via gRPC.
 // Nil fields mean the proxy never reported this capability.
@@ -28,7 +21,6 @@ type Proxy struct {
 	SessionID      string    `gorm:"type:varchar(36)"`
 	ClusterAddress string    `gorm:"type:varchar(255);not null;index:idx_proxy_cluster_status"`
 	IPAddress      string    `gorm:"type:varchar(45)"`
-	AccountID      *string   `gorm:"type:varchar(255);index:idx_proxy_account_id"`
 	LastSeen       time.Time `gorm:"not null;index:idx_proxy_last_seen"`
 	ConnectedAt    *time.Time
 	DisconnectedAt *time.Time
@@ -42,35 +34,8 @@ func (Proxy) TableName() string {
 	return "proxies"
 }

-// ClusterType is the source of a proxy cluster.
-type ClusterType string
-
-const (
-	// ClusterTypeAccount is a cluster operated by the account itself (BYOP) —
-	// at least one proxy row in the cluster carries a non-NULL account_id.
-	ClusterTypeAccount ClusterType = "account"
-	// ClusterTypeShared is a cluster operated by NetBird and shared across
-	// accounts — all proxy rows in the cluster have account_id IS NULL.
-	ClusterTypeShared ClusterType = "shared"
-)
-
 // Cluster represents a group of proxy nodes serving the same address.
-//
-// Online and ConnectedProxies derive from the same 2-min active window
-// the rest of the module uses, but Cluster rows are not gated on it —
-// the cluster listing surfaces offline clusters too so operators can
-// see and clean them up. The 1-hour heartbeat reaper still bounds the
-// table eventually.
 type Cluster struct {
-	ID               string
 	Address          string
-	Type             ClusterType
-	Online           bool
 	ConnectedProxies int
-	// Capability flags. *bool because nil means "no proxy reported a
-	// capability for this cluster" — the dashboard renders these as
-	// unknown rather than false.
-	SupportsCustomPorts *bool
-	RequireSubdomain    *bool
-	SupportsCrowdSec    *bool
 }
--- a/management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/proxytoken/handler.go
+++ b/management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/proxytoken/handler.go
@@ -1,195 +0,0 @@
-package proxytoken
-
-import (
-	"encoding/json"
-	"net/http"
-	"time"
-
-	"github.com/gorilla/mux"
-
-	nbcontext "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/server/context"
-	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/server/permissions"
-	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/server/permissions/modules"
-	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/server/permissions/operations"
-	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/server/store"
-	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/server/types"
-	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/management/http/api"
-	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/management/http/util"
-	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/management/status"
-)
-
-type handler struct {
-	store              store.Store
-	permissionsManager permissions.Manager
-}
-
-func RegisterEndpoints(s store.Store, permissionsManager permissions.Manager, router *mux.Router) {
-	h := &handler{store: s, permissionsManager: permissionsManager}
-	router.HandleFunc("/reverse-proxies/proxy-tokens", h.listTokens).Methods("GET", "OPTIONS")
-	router.HandleFunc("/reverse-proxies/proxy-tokens", h.createToken).Methods("POST", "OPTIONS")
-	router.HandleFunc("/reverse-proxies/proxy-tokens/{tokenId}", h.revokeToken).Methods("DELETE", "OPTIONS")
-}
-
-func (h *handler) createToken(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-	userAuth, err := nbcontext.GetUserAuthFromContext(r.Context())
-	if err != nil {
-		util.WriteError(r.Context(), err, w)
-		return
-	}
-
-	ok, err := h.permissionsManager.ValidateUserPermissions(r.Context(), userAuth.AccountId, userAuth.UserId, modules.Services, operations.Create)
-	if err != nil {
-		util.WriteErrorResponse("failed to validate permissions", http.StatusInternalServerError, w)
-		return
-	}
-	if !ok {
-		util.WriteErrorResponse("permission denied", http.StatusForbidden, w)
-		return
-	}
-
-	var req api.ProxyTokenRequest
-	if err := json.NewDecoder(r.Body).Decode(&req); err != nil {
-		util.WriteErrorResponse("couldn't parse JSON request", http.StatusBadRequest, w)
-		return
-	}
-
-	if req.Name == "" || len(req.Name) > 255 {
-		util.WriteErrorResponse("name is required and must be at most 255 characters", http.StatusBadRequest, w)
-		return
-	}
-
-	var expiresIn time.Duration
-	if req.ExpiresIn != nil {
-		if *req.ExpiresIn < 0 {
-			util.WriteErrorResponse("expires_in must be non-negative", http.StatusBadRequest, w)
-			return
-		}
-		if *req.ExpiresIn > 0 {
-			expiresIn = time.Duration(*req.ExpiresIn) * time.Second
-		}
-	}
-
-	accountID := userAuth.AccountId
-	generated, err := types.CreateNewProxyAccessToken(req.Name, expiresIn, &accountID, userAuth.UserId)
-	if err != nil {
-		util.WriteErrorResponse("failed to generate token", http.StatusInternalServerError, w)
-		return
-	}
-
-	if err := h.store.SaveProxyAccessToken(r.Context(), &generated.ProxyAccessToken); err != nil {
-		util.WriteErrorResponse("failed to save token", http.StatusInternalServerError, w)
-		return
-	}
-
-	resp := toProxyTokenCreatedResponse(generated)
-	util.WriteJSONObject(r.Context(), w, resp)
-}
-
-func (h *handler) listTokens(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-	userAuth, err := nbcontext.GetUserAuthFromContext(r.Context())
-	if err != nil {
-		util.WriteError(r.Context(), err, w)
-		return
-	}
-
-	ok, err := h.permissionsManager.ValidateUserPermissions(r.Context(), userAuth.AccountId, userAuth.UserId, modules.Services, operations.Read)
-	if err != nil {
-		util.WriteErrorResponse("failed to validate permissions", http.StatusInternalServerError, w)
-		return
-	}
-	if !ok {
-		util.WriteErrorResponse("permission denied", http.StatusForbidden, w)
-		return
-	}
-
-	tokens, err := h.store.GetProxyAccessTokensByAccountID(r.Context(), store.LockingStrengthNone, userAuth.AccountId)
-	if err != nil {
-		util.WriteErrorResponse("failed to list tokens", http.StatusInternalServerError, w)
-		return
-	}
-
-	resp := make([]api.ProxyToken, 0, len(tokens))
-	for _, token := range tokens {
-		resp = append(resp, toProxyTokenResponse(token))
-	}
-
-	util.WriteJSONObject(r.Context(), w, resp)
-}
-
-func (h *handler) revokeToken(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-	userAuth, err := nbcontext.GetUserAuthFromContext(r.Context())
-	if err != nil {
-		util.WriteError(r.Context(), err, w)
-		return
-	}
-
-	ok, err := h.permissionsManager.ValidateUserPermissions(r.Context(), userAuth.AccountId, userAuth.UserId, modules.Services, operations.Delete)
-	if err != nil {
-		util.WriteErrorResponse("failed to validate permissions", http.StatusInternalServerError, w)
-		return
-	}
-	if !ok {
-		util.WriteErrorResponse("permission denied", http.StatusForbidden, w)
-		return
-	}
-
-	tokenID := mux.Vars(r)["tokenId"]
-	if tokenID == "" {
-		util.WriteErrorResponse("token ID is required", http.StatusBadRequest, w)
-		return
-	}
-
-	token, err := h.store.GetProxyAccessTokenByID(r.Context(), store.LockingStrengthNone, tokenID)
-	if err != nil {
-		if s, ok := status.FromError(err); ok && s.ErrorType == status.NotFound {
-			util.WriteErrorResponse("token not found", http.StatusNotFound, w)
-		} else {
-			util.WriteErrorResponse("failed to retrieve token", http.StatusInternalServerError, w)
-		}
-		return
-	}
-
-	if token.AccountID == nil || *token.AccountID != userAuth.AccountId {
-		util.WriteErrorResponse("token not found", http.StatusNotFound, w)
-		return
-	}
-
-	if err := h.store.RevokeProxyAccessToken(r.Context(), tokenID); err != nil {
-		util.WriteErrorResponse("failed to revoke token", http.StatusInternalServerError, w)
-		return
-	}
-
-	util.WriteJSONObject(r.Context(), w, util.EmptyObject{})
-}
-
-func toProxyTokenResponse(token *types.ProxyAccessToken) api.ProxyToken {
-	resp := api.ProxyToken{
-		Id:      token.ID,
-		Name:    token.Name,
-		Revoked: token.Revoked,
-	}
-	if !token.CreatedAt.IsZero() {
-		resp.CreatedAt = token.CreatedAt
-	}
-	if token.ExpiresAt != nil {
-		resp.ExpiresAt = token.ExpiresAt
-	}
-	if token.LastUsed != nil {
-		resp.LastUsed = token.LastUsed
-	}
-	return resp
-}
-
-func toProxyTokenCreatedResponse(generated *types.ProxyAccessTokenGenerated) api.ProxyTokenCreated {
-	base := toProxyTokenResponse(&generated.ProxyAccessToken)
-	plainToken := string(generated.PlainToken)
-	return api.ProxyTokenCreated{
-		Id:         base.Id,
-		Name:       base.Name,
-		CreatedAt:  base.CreatedAt,
-		ExpiresAt:  base.ExpiresAt,
-		LastUsed:   base.LastUsed,
-		Revoked:    base.Revoked,
-		PlainToken: plainToken,
-	}
-}
--- a/management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/proxytoken/handler_test.go
+++ b/management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/proxytoken/handler_test.go
@@ -1,275 +0,0 @@
-package proxytoken
-
-import (
-	"bytes"
-	"context"
-	"encoding/json"
-	"net/http"
-	"net/http/httptest"
-	"testing"
-	"time"
-
-	"github.com/golang/mock/gomock"
-	"github.com/gorilla/mux"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
-
-	nbcontext "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/server/context"
-	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/server/permissions"
-	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/server/permissions/modules"
-	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/server/permissions/operations"
-	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/server/store"
-	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/server/types"
-	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/auth"
-	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/management/http/api"
-)
-
-func authContext(accountID, userID string) context.Context {
-	return nbcontext.SetUserAuthInContext(context.Background(), auth.UserAuth{
-		AccountId: accountID,
-		UserId:    userID,
-	})
-}
-
-func TestCreateToken_AccountScoped(t *testing.T) {
-	ctrl := gomock.NewController(t)
-	defer ctrl.Finish()
-
-	accountID := "acc-123"
-	var savedToken *types.ProxyAccessToken
-
-	mockStore := store.NewMockStore(ctrl)
-	mockStore.EXPECT().SaveProxyAccessToken(gomock.Any(), gomock.Any()).DoAndReturn(
-		func(_ context.Context, token *types.ProxyAccessToken) error {
-			savedToken = token
-			return nil
-		},
-	)
-
-	permsMgr := permissions.NewMockManager(ctrl)
-	permsMgr.EXPECT().ValidateUserPermissions(gomock.Any(), accountID, "user-1", modules.Services, operations.Create).Return(true, nil)
-
-	h := &handler{
-		store:              mockStore,
-		permissionsManager: permsMgr,
-	}
-
-	body := `{"name": "my-token"}`
-	req := httptest.NewRequest("POST", "/reverse-proxies/proxy-tokens", bytes.NewBufferString(body))
-	req = req.WithContext(authContext(accountID, "user-1"))
-	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
-
-	h.createToken(w, req)
-	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
-
-	var resp api.ProxyTokenCreated
-	require.NoError(t, json.NewDecoder(w.Body).Decode(&resp))
-
-	assert.NotEmpty(t, resp.PlainToken)
-	assert.Equal(t, "my-token", resp.Name)
-	assert.False(t, resp.Revoked)
-
-	require.NotNil(t, savedToken)
-	require.NotNil(t, savedToken.AccountID)
-	assert.Equal(t, accountID, *savedToken.AccountID)
-	assert.Equal(t, "user-1", savedToken.CreatedBy)
-}
-
-func TestCreateToken_WithExpiration(t *testing.T) {
-	ctrl := gomock.NewController(t)
-	defer ctrl.Finish()
-
-	var savedToken *types.ProxyAccessToken
-
-	mockStore := store.NewMockStore(ctrl)
-	mockStore.EXPECT().SaveProxyAccessToken(gomock.Any(), gomock.Any()).DoAndReturn(
-		func(_ context.Context, token *types.ProxyAccessToken) error {
-			savedToken = token
-			return nil
-		},
-	)
-
-	permsMgr := permissions.NewMockManager(ctrl)
-	permsMgr.EXPECT().ValidateUserPermissions(gomock.Any(), "acc-123", "user-1", modules.Services, operations.Create).Return(true, nil)
-
-	h := &handler{
-		store:              mockStore,
-		permissionsManager: permsMgr,
-	}
-
-	body := `{"name": "expiring-token", "expires_in": 3600}`
-	req := httptest.NewRequest("POST", "/reverse-proxies/proxy-tokens", bytes.NewBufferString(body))
-	req = req.WithContext(authContext("acc-123", "user-1"))
-	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
-
-	h.createToken(w, req)
-	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
-
-	require.NotNil(t, savedToken)
-	require.NotNil(t, savedToken.ExpiresAt)
-	assert.True(t, savedToken.ExpiresAt.After(time.Now()))
-}
-
-func TestCreateToken_EmptyName(t *testing.T) {
-	ctrl := gomock.NewController(t)
-	defer ctrl.Finish()
-
-	permsMgr := permissions.NewMockManager(ctrl)
-	permsMgr.EXPECT().ValidateUserPermissions(gomock.Any(), "acc-123", "user-1", modules.Services, operations.Create).Return(true, nil)
-
-	h := &handler{
-		permissionsManager: permsMgr,
-	}
-
-	body := `{"name": ""}`
-	req := httptest.NewRequest("POST", "/reverse-proxies/proxy-tokens", bytes.NewBufferString(body))
-	req = req.WithContext(authContext("acc-123", "user-1"))
-	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
-
-	h.createToken(w, req)
-	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusBadRequest, w.Code)
-}
-
-func TestCreateToken_PermissionDenied(t *testing.T) {
-	ctrl := gomock.NewController(t)
-	defer ctrl.Finish()
-
-	permsMgr := permissions.NewMockManager(ctrl)
-	permsMgr.EXPECT().ValidateUserPermissions(gomock.Any(), "acc-123", "user-1", modules.Services, operations.Create).Return(false, nil)
-
-	h := &handler{
-		permissionsManager: permsMgr,
-	}
-
-	body := `{"name": "test"}`
-	req := httptest.NewRequest("POST", "/reverse-proxies/proxy-tokens", bytes.NewBufferString(body))
-	req = req.WithContext(authContext("acc-123", "user-1"))
-	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
-
-	h.createToken(w, req)
-	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusForbidden, w.Code)
-}
-
-func TestListTokens(t *testing.T) {
-	ctrl := gomock.NewController(t)
-	defer ctrl.Finish()
-
-	accountID := "acc-123"
-	now := time.Now()
-
-	mockStore := store.NewMockStore(ctrl)
-	mockStore.EXPECT().GetProxyAccessTokensByAccountID(gomock.Any(), store.LockingStrengthNone, accountID).Return([]*types.ProxyAccessToken{
-		{ID: "tok-1", Name: "token-1", AccountID: &accountID, CreatedAt: now, Revoked: false},
-		{ID: "tok-2", Name: "token-2", AccountID: &accountID, CreatedAt: now, Revoked: true},
-	}, nil)
-
-	permsMgr := permissions.NewMockManager(ctrl)
-	permsMgr.EXPECT().ValidateUserPermissions(gomock.Any(), accountID, "user-1", modules.Services, operations.Read).Return(true, nil)
-
-	h := &handler{
-		store:              mockStore,
-		permissionsManager: permsMgr,
-	}
-
-	req := httptest.NewRequest("GET", "/reverse-proxies/proxy-tokens", nil)
-	req = req.WithContext(authContext(accountID, "user-1"))
-	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
-
-	h.listTokens(w, req)
-	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
-
-	var resp []api.ProxyToken
-	require.NoError(t, json.NewDecoder(w.Body).Decode(&resp))
-	require.Len(t, resp, 2)
-	assert.Equal(t, "tok-1", resp[0].Id)
-	assert.False(t, resp[0].Revoked)
-	assert.Equal(t, "tok-2", resp[1].Id)
-	assert.True(t, resp[1].Revoked)
-}
-
-func TestRevokeToken_Success(t *testing.T) {
-	ctrl := gomock.NewController(t)
-	defer ctrl.Finish()
-
-	accountID := "acc-123"
-
-	mockStore := store.NewMockStore(ctrl)
-	mockStore.EXPECT().GetProxyAccessTokenByID(gomock.Any(), store.LockingStrengthNone, "tok-1").Return(&types.ProxyAccessToken{
-		ID:        "tok-1",
-		Name:      "test-token",
-		AccountID: &accountID,
-	}, nil)
-	mockStore.EXPECT().RevokeProxyAccessToken(gomock.Any(), "tok-1").Return(nil)
-
-	permsMgr := permissions.NewMockManager(ctrl)
-	permsMgr.EXPECT().ValidateUserPermissions(gomock.Any(), accountID, "user-1", modules.Services, operations.Delete).Return(true, nil)
-
-	h := &handler{
-		store:              mockStore,
-		permissionsManager: permsMgr,
-	}
-
-	req := httptest.NewRequest("DELETE", "/reverse-proxies/proxy-tokens/tok-1", nil)
-	req = req.WithContext(authContext(accountID, "user-1"))
-	req = mux.SetURLVars(req, map[string]string{"tokenId": "tok-1"})
-	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
-
-	h.revokeToken(w, req)
-	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
-}
-
-func TestRevokeToken_WrongAccount(t *testing.T) {
-	ctrl := gomock.NewController(t)
-	defer ctrl.Finish()
-
-	otherAccount := "acc-other"
-
-	mockStore := store.NewMockStore(ctrl)
-	mockStore.EXPECT().GetProxyAccessTokenByID(gomock.Any(), store.LockingStrengthNone, "tok-1").Return(&types.ProxyAccessToken{
-		ID:        "tok-1",
-		AccountID: &otherAccount,
-	}, nil)
-
-	permsMgr := permissions.NewMockManager(ctrl)
-	permsMgr.EXPECT().ValidateUserPermissions(gomock.Any(), "acc-123", "user-1", modules.Services, operations.Delete).Return(true, nil)
-
-	h := &handler{
-		store:              mockStore,
-		permissionsManager: permsMgr,
-	}
-
-	req := httptest.NewRequest("DELETE", "/reverse-proxies/proxy-tokens/tok-1", nil)
-	req = req.WithContext(authContext("acc-123", "user-1"))
-	req = mux.SetURLVars(req, map[string]string{"tokenId": "tok-1"})
-	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
-
-	h.revokeToken(w, req)
-	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusNotFound, w.Code)
-}
-
-func TestRevokeToken_ManagementWideToken(t *testing.T) {
-	ctrl := gomock.NewController(t)
-	defer ctrl.Finish()
-
-	mockStore := store.NewMockStore(ctrl)
-	mockStore.EXPECT().GetProxyAccessTokenByID(gomock.Any(), store.LockingStrengthNone, "tok-1").Return(&types.ProxyAccessToken{
-		ID:        "tok-1",
-		AccountID: nil,
-	}, nil)
-
-	permsMgr := permissions.NewMockManager(ctrl)
-	permsMgr.EXPECT().ValidateUserPermissions(gomock.Any(), "acc-123", "user-1", modules.Services, operations.Delete).Return(true, nil)
-
-	h := &handler{
-		store:              mockStore,
-		permissionsManager: permsMgr,
-	}
-
-	req := httptest.NewRequest("DELETE", "/reverse-proxies/proxy-tokens/tok-1", nil)
-	req = req.WithContext(authContext("acc-123", "user-1"))
-	req = mux.SetURLVars(req, map[string]string{"tokenId": "tok-1"})
-	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
-
-	h.revokeToken(w, req)
-	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusNotFound, w.Code)
-}
--- a/management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/service/interface.go
+++ b/management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/service/interface.go
@@ -9,8 +9,7 @@ import (
 )

 type Manager interface {
-	GetClusters(ctx context.Context, accountID, userID string) ([]proxy.Cluster, error)
-	DeleteAccountCluster(ctx context.Context, accountID, userID, clusterAddress string) error
+	GetActiveClusters(ctx context.Context, accountID, userID string) ([]proxy.Cluster, error)
 	GetAllServices(ctx context.Context, accountID, userID string) ([]*Service, error)
 	GetService(ctx context.Context, accountID, userID, serviceID string) (*Service, error)
 	CreateService(ctx context.Context, accountID, userID string, service *Service) (*Service, error)
@@ -29,5 +28,4 @@ type Manager interface {
 	RenewServiceFromPeer(ctx context.Context, accountID, peerID, serviceID string) error
 	StopServiceFromPeer(ctx context.Context, accountID, peerID, serviceID string) error
 	StartExposeReaper(ctx context.Context)
-	GetServiceByDomain(ctx context.Context, domain string) (*Service, error)
 }
--- a/management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/service/interface_mock.go
+++ b/management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/service/interface_mock.go
@@ -65,20 +65,6 @@ func (mr *MockManagerMockRecorder) CreateServiceFromPeer(ctx, accountID, peerID,
 	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "CreateServiceFromPeer", reflect.TypeOf((*MockManager)(nil).CreateServiceFromPeer), ctx, accountID, peerID, req)
 }

-// DeleteAccountCluster mocks base method.
-func (m *MockManager) DeleteAccountCluster(ctx context.Context, accountID, userID, clusterAddress string) error {
-	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
-	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "DeleteAccountCluster", ctx, accountID, userID, clusterAddress)
-	ret0, _ := ret[0].(error)
-	return ret0
-}
-
-// DeleteAccountCluster indicates an expected call of DeleteAccountCluster.
-func (mr *MockManagerMockRecorder) DeleteAccountCluster(ctx, accountID, userID, clusterAddress interface{}) *gomock.Call {
-	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
-	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "DeleteAccountCluster", reflect.TypeOf((*MockManager)(nil).DeleteAccountCluster), ctx, accountID, userID, clusterAddress)
-}
-
 // DeleteAllServices mocks base method.
 func (m *MockManager) DeleteAllServices(ctx context.Context, accountID, userID string) error {
 	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
@@ -122,6 +108,21 @@ func (mr *MockManagerMockRecorder) GetAccountServices(ctx, accountID interface{}
 	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "GetAccountServices", reflect.TypeOf((*MockManager)(nil).GetAccountServices), ctx, accountID)
 }

+// GetActiveClusters mocks base method.
+func (m *MockManager) GetActiveClusters(ctx context.Context, accountID, userID string) ([]proxy.Cluster, error) {
+	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "GetActiveClusters", ctx, accountID, userID)
+	ret0, _ := ret[0].([]proxy.Cluster)
+	ret1, _ := ret[1].(error)
+	return ret0, ret1
+}
+
+// GetActiveClusters indicates an expected call of GetActiveClusters.
+func (mr *MockManagerMockRecorder) GetActiveClusters(ctx, accountID, userID interface{}) *gomock.Call {
+	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "GetActiveClusters", reflect.TypeOf((*MockManager)(nil).GetActiveClusters), ctx, accountID, userID)
+}
+
 // GetAllServices mocks base method.
 func (m *MockManager) GetAllServices(ctx context.Context, accountID, userID string) ([]*Service, error) {
 	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
@@ -137,21 +138,6 @@ func (mr *MockManagerMockRecorder) GetAllServices(ctx, accountID, userID interfa
 	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "GetAllServices", reflect.TypeOf((*MockManager)(nil).GetAllServices), ctx, accountID, userID)
 }

-// GetClusters mocks base method.
-func (m *MockManager) GetClusters(ctx context.Context, accountID, userID string) ([]proxy.Cluster, error) {
-	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
-	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "GetClusters", ctx, accountID, userID)
-	ret0, _ := ret[0].([]proxy.Cluster)
-	ret1, _ := ret[1].(error)
-	return ret0, ret1
-}
-
-// GetClusters indicates an expected call of GetClusters.
-func (mr *MockManagerMockRecorder) GetClusters(ctx, accountID, userID interface{}) *gomock.Call {
-	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
-	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "GetClusters", reflect.TypeOf((*MockManager)(nil).GetClusters), ctx, accountID, userID)
-}
-
 // GetGlobalServices mocks base method.
 func (m *MockManager) GetGlobalServices(ctx context.Context) ([]*Service, error) {
 	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
@@ -182,21 +168,6 @@ func (mr *MockManagerMockRecorder) GetService(ctx, accountID, userID, serviceID
 	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "GetService", reflect.TypeOf((*MockManager)(nil).GetService), ctx, accountID, userID, serviceID)
 }

-// GetServiceByDomain mocks base method.
-func (m *MockManager) GetServiceByDomain(ctx context.Context, domain string) (*Service, error) {
-	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
-	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "GetServiceByDomain", ctx, domain)
-	ret0, _ := ret[0].(*Service)
-	ret1, _ := ret[1].(error)
-	return ret0, ret1
-}
-
-// GetServiceByDomain indicates an expected call of GetServiceByDomain.
-func (mr *MockManagerMockRecorder) GetServiceByDomain(ctx, domain interface{}) *gomock.Call {
-	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
-	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "GetServiceByDomain", reflect.TypeOf((*MockManager)(nil).GetServiceByDomain), ctx, domain)
-}
-
 // GetServiceByID mocks base method.
 func (m *MockManager) GetServiceByID(ctx context.Context, accountID, serviceID string) (*Service, error) {
 	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
--- a/management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/service/manager/api.go
+++ b/management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/service/manager/api.go
@@ -35,7 +35,6 @@ func RegisterEndpoints(manager rpservice.Manager, domainManager domainmanager.Ma
 	accesslogsmanager.RegisterEndpoints(router, accessLogsManager)

 	router.HandleFunc("/reverse-proxies/clusters", h.getClusters).Methods("GET", "OPTIONS")
-	router.HandleFunc("/reverse-proxies/clusters/{clusterAddress}", h.deleteCluster).Methods("DELETE", "OPTIONS")
 	router.HandleFunc("/reverse-proxies/services", h.getAllServices).Methods("GET", "OPTIONS")
 	router.HandleFunc("/reverse-proxies/services", h.createService).Methods("POST", "OPTIONS")
 	router.HandleFunc("/reverse-proxies/services/{serviceId}", h.getService).Methods("GET", "OPTIONS")
@@ -187,7 +186,7 @@ func (h *handler) getClusters(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		return
 	}

-	clusters, err := h.manager.GetClusters(r.Context(), userAuth.AccountId, userAuth.UserId)
+	clusters, err := h.manager.GetActiveClusters(r.Context(), userAuth.AccountId, userAuth.UserId)
 	if err != nil {
 		util.WriteError(r.Context(), err, w)
 		return
@@ -196,37 +195,10 @@ func (h *handler) getClusters(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	apiClusters := make([]api.ProxyCluster, 0, len(clusters))
 	for _, c := range clusters {
 		apiClusters = append(apiClusters, api.ProxyCluster{
-			Id:                  c.ID,
-			Address:             c.Address,
-			Type:                api.ProxyClusterType(c.Type),
-			Online:              c.Online,
-			ConnectedProxies:    c.ConnectedProxies,
-			SupportsCustomPorts: c.SupportsCustomPorts,
-			RequireSubdomain:    c.RequireSubdomain,
-			SupportsCrowdsec:    c.SupportsCrowdSec,
+			Address:          c.Address,
+			ConnectedProxies: c.ConnectedProxies,
 		})
 	}

 	util.WriteJSONObject(r.Context(), w, apiClusters)
 }
-
-func (h *handler) deleteCluster(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-	userAuth, err := nbcontext.GetUserAuthFromContext(r.Context())
-	if err != nil {
-		util.WriteError(r.Context(), err, w)
-		return
-	}
-
-	clusterAddress := mux.Vars(r)["clusterAddress"]
-	if clusterAddress == "" {
-		util.WriteError(r.Context(), status.Errorf(status.InvalidArgument, "cluster address is required"), w)
-		return
-	}
-
-	if err := h.manager.DeleteAccountCluster(r.Context(), userAuth.AccountId, userAuth.UserId, clusterAddress); err != nil {
-		util.WriteError(r.Context(), err, w)
-		return
-	}
-
-	util.WriteJSONObject(r.Context(), w, util.EmptyObject{})
-}
--- a/management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/service/manager/manager.go
+++ b/management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/service/manager/manager.go
@@ -81,7 +81,6 @@ type ClusterDeriver interface {
 type CapabilityProvider interface {
 	ClusterSupportsCustomPorts(ctx context.Context, clusterAddr string) *bool
 	ClusterRequireSubdomain(ctx context.Context, clusterAddr string) *bool
-	ClusterSupportsCrowdSec(ctx context.Context, clusterAddr string) *bool
 }

 type Manager struct {
@@ -113,12 +112,8 @@ func (m *Manager) StartExposeReaper(ctx context.Context) {
 	m.exposeReaper.StartExposeReaper(ctx)
 }

-// GetClusters returns every proxy cluster visible to the account
-// (shared + its own BYOP), regardless of whether any proxy in the
-// cluster is currently heartbeating. Each cluster is enriched with the
-// capability flags reported by its active proxies so the dashboard can
-// render feature support without a second round-trip.
-func (m *Manager) GetClusters(ctx context.Context, accountID, userID string) ([]proxy.Cluster, error) {
+// GetActiveClusters returns all active proxy clusters with their connected proxy count.
+func (m *Manager) GetActiveClusters(ctx context.Context, accountID, userID string) ([]proxy.Cluster, error) {
 	ok, err := m.permissionsManager.ValidateUserPermissions(ctx, accountID, userID, modules.Services, operations.Read)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, status.NewPermissionValidationError(err)
@@ -127,32 +122,7 @@ func (m *Manager) GetClusters(ctx context.Context, accountID, userID string) ([]
 		return nil, status.NewPermissionDeniedError()
 	}

-	clusters, err := m.store.GetProxyClusters(ctx, accountID)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	for i := range clusters {
-		clusters[i].SupportsCustomPorts = m.capabilities.ClusterSupportsCustomPorts(ctx, clusters[i].Address)
-		clusters[i].RequireSubdomain = m.capabilities.ClusterRequireSubdomain(ctx, clusters[i].Address)
-		clusters[i].SupportsCrowdSec = m.capabilities.ClusterSupportsCrowdSec(ctx, clusters[i].Address)
-	}
-
-	return clusters, nil
-}
-
-// DeleteAccountCluster removes all proxy registrations for the given cluster address
-// owned by the account.
-func (m *Manager) DeleteAccountCluster(ctx context.Context, accountID, userID, clusterAddress string) error {
-	ok, err := m.permissionsManager.ValidateUserPermissions(ctx, accountID, userID, modules.Services, operations.Delete)
-	if err != nil {
-		return status.NewPermissionValidationError(err)
-	}
-	if !ok {
-		return status.NewPermissionDeniedError()
-	}
-
-	return m.store.DeleteAccountCluster(ctx, clusterAddress, accountID)
+	return m.store.GetActiveProxyClusters(ctx)
 }

 func (m *Manager) GetAllServices(ctx context.Context, accountID, userID string) ([]*service.Service, error) {
@@ -322,10 +292,6 @@ func (m *Manager) validateSubdomainRequirement(ctx context.Context, domain, clus
 func (m *Manager) persistNewService(ctx context.Context, accountID string, svc *service.Service) error {
 	customPorts := m.clusterCustomPorts(ctx, svc)

-	if err := validateTargetReferences(ctx, m.store, accountID, svc.Targets); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
 	return m.store.ExecuteInTransaction(ctx, func(transaction store.Store) error {
 		if svc.Domain != "" {
 			if err := m.checkDomainAvailable(ctx, transaction, svc.Domain, ""); err != nil {
@@ -341,6 +307,10 @@ func (m *Manager) persistNewService(ctx context.Context, accountID string, svc *
 			return err
 		}

+		if err := validateTargetReferences(ctx, transaction, accountID, svc.Targets); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
 		if err := transaction.CreateService(ctx, svc); err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("create service: %w", err)
 		}
@@ -451,10 +421,6 @@ func (m *Manager) assignPort(ctx context.Context, tx store.Store, cluster string
 func (m *Manager) persistNewEphemeralService(ctx context.Context, accountID, peerID string, svc *service.Service) error {
 	customPorts := m.clusterCustomPorts(ctx, svc)

-	if err := validateTargetReferences(ctx, m.store, accountID, svc.Targets); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
 	return m.store.ExecuteInTransaction(ctx, func(transaction store.Store) error {
 		if err := m.validateEphemeralPreconditions(ctx, transaction, accountID, peerID, svc); err != nil {
 			return err
@@ -468,6 +434,10 @@ func (m *Manager) persistNewEphemeralService(ctx context.Context, accountID, pee
 			return err
 		}

+		if err := validateTargetReferences(ctx, transaction, accountID, svc.Targets); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
 		if err := transaction.CreateService(ctx, svc); err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("create service: %w", err)
 		}
@@ -568,22 +538,10 @@ func (m *Manager) persistServiceUpdate(ctx context.Context, accountID string, se
 	svcForCaps.ProxyCluster = effectiveCluster
 	customPorts := m.clusterCustomPorts(ctx, &svcForCaps)

-	if err := validateTargetReferences(ctx, m.store, accountID, service.Targets); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	// Validate subdomain requirement *before* the transaction: the underlying
-	// capability lookup talks to the main DB pool, and SQLite's single-connection
-	// pool would self-deadlock if this ran while the tx already held the only
-	// connection.
-	if err := m.validateSubdomainRequirement(ctx, service.Domain, effectiveCluster); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
 	var updateInfo serviceUpdateInfo

 	err = m.store.ExecuteInTransaction(ctx, func(transaction store.Store) error {
-		return m.executeServiceUpdate(ctx, transaction, accountID, service, &updateInfo, customPorts, effectiveCluster)
+		return m.executeServiceUpdate(ctx, transaction, accountID, service, &updateInfo, customPorts)
 	})

 	return &updateInfo, err
@@ -613,7 +571,7 @@ func (m *Manager) resolveEffectiveCluster(ctx context.Context, accountID string,
 	return existing.ProxyCluster, nil
 }

-func (m *Manager) executeServiceUpdate(ctx context.Context, transaction store.Store, accountID string, service *service.Service, updateInfo *serviceUpdateInfo, customPorts *bool, effectiveCluster string) error {
+func (m *Manager) executeServiceUpdate(ctx context.Context, transaction store.Store, accountID string, service *service.Service, updateInfo *serviceUpdateInfo, customPorts *bool) error {
 	existingService, err := transaction.GetServiceByID(ctx, store.LockingStrengthUpdate, accountID, service.ID)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -631,13 +589,17 @@ func (m *Manager) executeServiceUpdate(ctx context.Context, transaction store.St
 	updateInfo.domainChanged = existingService.Domain != service.Domain

 	if updateInfo.domainChanged {
-		if err := m.handleDomainChange(ctx, transaction, service, effectiveCluster); err != nil {
+		if err := m.handleDomainChange(ctx, transaction, accountID, service); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 	} else {
 		service.ProxyCluster = existingService.ProxyCluster
 	}

+	if err := m.validateSubdomainRequirement(ctx, service.Domain, service.ProxyCluster); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
 	m.preserveExistingAuthSecrets(service, existingService)
 	if err := validateHeaderAuthValues(service.Auth.HeaderAuths); err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -652,6 +614,9 @@ func (m *Manager) executeServiceUpdate(ctx context.Context, transaction store.St
 	if err := m.checkPortConflict(ctx, transaction, service); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
+	if err := validateTargetReferences(ctx, transaction, accountID, service.Targets); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
 	if err := transaction.UpdateService(ctx, service); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("update service: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -659,18 +624,20 @@ func (m *Manager) executeServiceUpdate(ctx context.Context, transaction store.St
 	return nil
 }

-// handleDomainChange validates the new domain is free inside the transaction
-// and applies the pre-resolved cluster (computed outside the tx by
-// resolveEffectiveCluster). It must NOT call clusterDeriver here: that talks
-// to the main DB pool and would self-deadlock under SQLite (max_open_conns=1)
-// because the transaction already holds the only connection.
-func (m *Manager) handleDomainChange(ctx context.Context, transaction store.Store, svc *service.Service, effectiveCluster string) error {
+func (m *Manager) handleDomainChange(ctx context.Context, transaction store.Store, accountID string, svc *service.Service) error {
 	if err := m.checkDomainAvailable(ctx, transaction, svc.Domain, svc.ID); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	if effectiveCluster != "" {
-		svc.ProxyCluster = effectiveCluster
+
+	if m.clusterDeriver != nil {
+		newCluster, err := m.clusterDeriver.DeriveClusterFromDomain(ctx, accountID, svc.Domain)
+		if err != nil {
+			log.WithError(err).Warnf("could not derive cluster from domain %s", svc.Domain)
+		} else {
+			svc.ProxyCluster = newCluster
+		}
 	}
+
 	return nil
 }

@@ -1019,10 +986,6 @@ func (m *Manager) GetAccountServices(ctx context.Context, accountID string) ([]*
 	return services, nil
 }

-func (m *Manager) GetServiceByDomain(ctx context.Context, domain string) (*service.Service, error) {
-	return m.store.GetServiceByDomain(ctx, domain)
-}
-
 func (m *Manager) GetServiceIDByTargetID(ctx context.Context, accountID string, resourceID string) (string, error) {
 	target, err := m.store.GetServiceTargetByTargetID(ctx, store.LockingStrengthNone, accountID, resourceID)
 	if err != nil {
--- a/management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/service/manager/manager_test.go
+++ b/management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/service/manager/manager_test.go
@@ -434,7 +434,7 @@ func TestDeletePeerService_SourcePeerValidation(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Helper()
 		tokenStore := nbgrpc.NewOneTimeTokenStore(context.Background(), testCacheStore(t))
 		pkceStore := nbgrpc.NewPKCEVerifierStore(context.Background(), testCacheStore(t))
-		srv := nbgrpc.NewProxyServiceServer(nil, tokenStore, pkceStore, nbgrpc.ProxyOIDCConfig{}, nil, nil, nil, nil)
+		srv := nbgrpc.NewProxyServiceServer(nil, tokenStore, pkceStore, nbgrpc.ProxyOIDCConfig{}, nil, nil, nil)
 		return srv
 	}

@@ -714,7 +714,7 @@ func setupIntegrationTest(t *testing.T) (*Manager, store.Store) {

 	tokenStore := nbgrpc.NewOneTimeTokenStore(ctx, testCacheStore(t))
 	pkceStore := nbgrpc.NewPKCEVerifierStore(ctx, testCacheStore(t))
-	proxySrv := nbgrpc.NewProxyServiceServer(nil, tokenStore, pkceStore, nbgrpc.ProxyOIDCConfig{}, nil, nil, nil, nil)
+	proxySrv := nbgrpc.NewProxyServiceServer(nil, tokenStore, pkceStore, nbgrpc.ProxyOIDCConfig{}, nil, nil, nil)

 	proxyController, err := proxymanager.NewGRPCController(proxySrv, noop.NewMeterProvider().Meter(""))
 	require.NoError(t, err)
@@ -1138,7 +1138,7 @@ func TestDeleteService_DeletesTargets(t *testing.T) {

 	tokenStore := nbgrpc.NewOneTimeTokenStore(ctx, testCacheStore(t))
 	pkceStore := nbgrpc.NewPKCEVerifierStore(ctx, testCacheStore(t))
-	proxySrv := nbgrpc.NewProxyServiceServer(nil, tokenStore, pkceStore, nbgrpc.ProxyOIDCConfig{}, nil, nil, nil, nil)
+	proxySrv := nbgrpc.NewProxyServiceServer(nil, tokenStore, pkceStore, nbgrpc.ProxyOIDCConfig{}, nil, nil, nil)

 	proxyController, err := proxymanager.NewGRPCController(proxySrv, noop.NewMeterProvider().Meter(""))
 	require.NoError(t, err)
--- a/management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/service/service.go
+++ b/management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/service/service.go
@@ -381,14 +381,13 @@ func (s *Service) buildPathMappings() []*proto.PathMapping {
 		}

 		// HTTP/HTTPS: build full URL
-		hostNoBrackets := strings.TrimSuffix(strings.TrimPrefix(target.Host, "["), "]")
 		targetURL := url.URL{
 			Scheme: target.Protocol,
-			Host:   bracketIPv6Host(hostNoBrackets),
+			Host:   target.Host,
 			Path:   "/",
 		}
 		if target.Port > 0 && !isDefaultPort(target.Protocol, target.Port) {
-			targetURL.Host = net.JoinHostPort(hostNoBrackets, strconv.FormatUint(uint64(target.Port), 10))
+			targetURL.Host = net.JoinHostPort(targetURL.Host, strconv.FormatUint(uint64(target.Port), 10))
 		}

 		path := "/"
@@ -406,19 +405,6 @@ func (s *Service) buildPathMappings() []*proto.PathMapping {
 	return pathMappings
 }

-// bracketIPv6Host wraps host in square brackets when it is an IPv6 literal, as
-// required for the Host field of net/url.URL (RFC 3986 §3.2.2). v4-mapped IPv6
-// addresses are bracketed too since their textual form contains colons.
-func bracketIPv6Host(host string) string {
-	if strings.HasPrefix(host, "[") {
-		return host
-	}
-	if addr, err := netip.ParseAddr(host); err == nil && addr.Is6() {
-		return "[" + host + "]"
-	}
-	return host
-}
-
 func operationToProtoType(op Operation) proto.ProxyMappingUpdateType {
 	switch op {
 	case Create:
--- a/management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/service/service_test.go
+++ b/management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/service/service_test.go
@@ -351,83 +351,6 @@ func TestToProtoMapping_PortInTargetURL(t *testing.T) {
 			port:       80,
 			wantTarget: "https://10.0.0.1:80/",
 		},
-		{
-			name:       "domain host without port is unchanged",
-			protocol:   "http",
-			host:       "example.com",
-			port:       0,
-			wantTarget: "http://example.com/",
-		},
-		{
-			name:       "domain host with non-default port is unchanged",
-			protocol:   "http",
-			host:       "example.com",
-			port:       8080,
-			wantTarget: "http://example.com:8080/",
-		},
-		{
-			name:       "ipv6 host without port is bracketed",
-			protocol:   "http",
-			host:       "fb00:cafe:1::3",
-			port:       0,
-			wantTarget: "http://[fb00:cafe:1::3]/",
-		},
-		{
-			name:       "ipv6 host with default port omits port and brackets host",
-			protocol:   "http",
-			host:       "fb00:cafe:1::3",
-			port:       80,
-			wantTarget: "http://[fb00:cafe:1::3]/",
-		},
-		{
-			name:       "ipv6 host with non-default port is bracketed",
-			protocol:   "http",
-			host:       "fb00:cafe:1::3",
-			port:       8080,
-			wantTarget: "http://[fb00:cafe:1::3]:8080/",
-		},
-		{
-			name:       "ipv6 loopback without port is bracketed",
-			protocol:   "http",
-			host:       "::1",
-			port:       0,
-			wantTarget: "http://[::1]/",
-		},
-		{
-			name:       "ipv6 host with 5-digit port is bracketed",
-			protocol:   "http",
-			host:       "fb00:cafe::1",
-			port:       18080,
-			wantTarget: "http://[fb00:cafe::1]:18080/",
-		},
-		{
-			name:       "pre-bracketed ipv6 without port stays single-bracketed",
-			protocol:   "http",
-			host:       "[fb00:cafe::1]",
-			port:       0,
-			wantTarget: "http://[fb00:cafe::1]/",
-		},
-		{
-			name:       "pre-bracketed ipv6 with port is not double-bracketed",
-			protocol:   "http",
-			host:       "[fb00:cafe::1]",
-			port:       8080,
-			wantTarget: "http://[fb00:cafe::1]:8080/",
-		},
-		{
-			name:       "v4-mapped ipv6 host without port is bracketed",
-			protocol:   "http",
-			host:       "::ffff:10.0.0.1",
-			port:       0,
-			wantTarget: "http://[::ffff:10.0.0.1]/",
-		},
-		{
-			name:       "full-form 8-group ipv6 without port is bracketed",
-			protocol:   "http",
-			host:       "fb00:cafe:1:0:0:0:0:3",
-			port:       0,
-			wantTarget: "http://[fb00:cafe:1:0:0:0:0:3]/",
-		},
 	}
 	for _, tt := range tests {
 		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
--- a/management/internals/server/boot.go
+++ b/management/internals/server/boot.go
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ func (s *BaseServer) GRPCServer() *grpc.Server {

 func (s *BaseServer) ReverseProxyGRPCServer() *nbgrpc.ProxyServiceServer {
 	return Create(s, func() *nbgrpc.ProxyServiceServer {
-		proxyService := nbgrpc.NewProxyServiceServer(s.AccessLogsManager(), s.ProxyTokenStore(), s.PKCEVerifierStore(), s.proxyOIDCConfig(), s.PeersManager(), s.UsersManager(), s.ProxyManager(), s.Store())
+		proxyService := nbgrpc.NewProxyServiceServer(s.AccessLogsManager(), s.ProxyTokenStore(), s.PKCEVerifierStore(), s.proxyOIDCConfig(), s.PeersManager(), s.UsersManager(), s.ProxyManager())
 		s.AfterInit(func(s *BaseServer) {
 			proxyService.SetServiceManager(s.ServiceManager())
 			proxyService.SetProxyController(s.ServiceProxyController())
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More