Harden the elevation trust checks and narrow what one authorization applies

## Describe your changes

A group could be deleted while a reverse proxy service still referenced
it, silently breaking the service's access control: private services
list groups in `access_groups` as the peer allowlist, and SSO bearer
auth distributes tokens to `distribution_groups`.

Group deletion now runs through the same linkage validation as routes,
policies, and agent network policies: deleting a group that backs a
private service allowlist or an enabled bearer-auth distribution list
fails with a `GroupLinkError` naming the service domain. Disabled bearer
configs and stale `access_groups` on non-private services are inert and
do not block deletion.

Tests cover both linked cases in single and bulk deletion, and pin the
non-blocking cases. The test account seeds decoy services ahead of the
linked ones so the check is proven to scan the full service list.

.goreleaser_ui.yaml

@@ -92,6 +92,11 @@ nfpms:
         dst: /usr/share/applications/org.wails.netbird.desktop
       - src: client/ui/build/appicon.png
         dst: /usr/share/pixmaps/netbird.png
+      # Names the polkit action for the elevation prompt the app raises when an
+      # unprivileged user changes a privileged setting; without it the dialog
+      # shows a raw command line.
+      - src: client/ui/build/linux/polkit/io.netbird.settings.policy
+        dst: /usr/share/polkit-1/actions/io.netbird.settings.policy
     dependencies:
       - netbird (>= 0.75.0)
       - libgtk-4-1 (>= 4.14)
@@ -115,6 +120,11 @@ nfpms:
         dst: /usr/share/applications/org.wails.netbird.desktop
       - src: client/ui/build/appicon.png
         dst: /usr/share/pixmaps/netbird.png
+      # Names the polkit action for the elevation prompt the app raises when an
+      # unprivileged user changes a privileged setting; without it the dialog
+      # shows a raw command line.
+      - src: client/ui/build/linux/polkit/io.netbird.settings.policy
+        dst: /usr/share/polkit-1/actions/io.netbird.settings.policy
     dependencies:
       - netbird >= 0.75.0
       - (gtk4 >= 4.14 or libgtk-4-1 >= 4.14)

client/android/profile_state_test.go

@@ -16,17 +16,17 @@ func TestProfileAccountPathFor(t *testing.T) {
 		{
 			name:       "default profile",
 			configPath: "/data/data/io.netbird.client/files/netbird.cfg",
-			want:       "/data/data/io.netbird.client/files/netbird.account.json",
+			want:       filepath.FromSlash("/data/data/io.netbird.client/files/netbird.account.json"),
 		},
 		{
 			name:       "id profile",
 			configPath: "/data/data/io.netbird.client/files/profiles/4c5f5c8198c3989cffb5b5394f5a7ae0.json",
-			want:       "/data/data/io.netbird.client/files/profiles/4c5f5c8198c3989cffb5b5394f5a7ae0.account.json",
+			want:       filepath.FromSlash("/data/data/io.netbird.client/files/profiles/4c5f5c8198c3989cffb5b5394f5a7ae0.account.json"),
 		},
 		{
 			name:       "legacy name-keyed profile is handled the same way",
 			configPath: "/data/data/io.netbird.client/files/profiles/work.json",
-			want:       "/data/data/io.netbird.client/files/profiles/work.account.json",
+			want:       filepath.FromSlash("/data/data/io.netbird.client/files/profiles/work.account.json"),
 		},
 		{
 			name:       "empty path is rejected",

client/internal/daemonaddr/identity.go

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+package daemonaddr
+
+import "strings"
+
+// CarriesIdentity reports whether the control channel at addr conveys the
+// connecting process's identity to the daemon. A Unix socket carries peer
+// credentials and a named pipe carries the client's token; loopback TCP carries
+// neither, so on such an address the daemon cannot authorize a privileged
+// operation for anybody. A client uses this to tell whether becoming privileged
+// would get it anywhere: on an identity-less address it would not, and the only
+// way forward is to move the daemon onto one that carries identity.
+func CarriesIdentity(addr string) bool {
+	return strings.HasPrefix(addr, "unix://") || strings.HasPrefix(addr, pipeScheme)
+}

client/internal/daemonaddr/identity_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+package daemonaddr
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+)
+
+func TestCarriesIdentity(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		addr string
+		want bool
+	}{
+		{"unix:///var/run/netbird.sock", true},
+		{"unix:///var/run/netbird/default.sock", true},
+		{"npipe://netbird", true},
+		{`npipe://\\.\pipe\ProtectedPrefix\Administrators\netbird`, true},
+		{"tcp://127.0.0.1:41731", false},
+		{"tcp://localhost:41731", false},
+		{"", false},
+		{"/var/run/netbird.sock", false},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.addr, func(t *testing.T) {
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.want, CarriesIdentity(tt.addr), "address %q", tt.addr)
+		})
+	}
+}

client/internal/elevate/elevate.go

@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+// Package elevate re-runs this very executable under the operating system's own
+// privilege-elevation mechanism and waits for it to finish.
+//
+// It exists so that a change the daemon restricts to root/administrator can be
+// authorized from the GUI, by the user, at the moment they ask for it: Windows
+// shows the UAC consent dialog, macOS the system authentication dialog, and
+// Linux/FreeBSD the session's polkit agent. The credentials, where any are
+// asked for, are collected by the operating system and never pass through
+// NetBird.
+//
+// What the elevated process then does is the caller's business: it is the same
+// binary, in a one-shot mode, and it is authorized by the daemon exactly like
+// any other privileged caller, from the identity the kernel reports on the
+// control channel. Nothing here grants privilege, and the daemon gains no new
+// way to be talked into something: elevation only changes who is calling it.
+package elevate
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+
+	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
+)
+
+// AppliedMarker is what the elevated process prints on standard output once it has
+// done what it was run for.
+//
+// macOS's AuthorizationExecuteWithPrivileges reports no exit status and does not
+// say which process it started, so there this line is the only evidence that the
+// change was applied. The other platforms have an exit code and ignore it.
+const AppliedMarker = "netbird-elevated: applied"
+
+var (
+	// ErrDeclined reports that the user dismissed the prompt or did not
+	// authenticate. Nothing happened and nothing is wrong: a caller undoes its
+	// optimistic update and stays quiet.
+	ErrDeclined = errors.New("authorization declined")
+
+	// ErrUnavailable reports that this host has no elevation mechanism we can
+	// drive: no polkit on a Unix desktop, or an executable we decline to run as
+	// root. A caller falls back to telling the user which command to run.
+	ErrUnavailable = errors.New("no privilege elevation mechanism available")
+)
+
+// Run runs this executable with args under the platform's elevation mechanism
+// and waits for it to exit. A non-zero exit is returned as an error, so the
+// caller can treat a completed Run as the operation having succeeded.
+//
+// The args are the caller's own command line, so they cross no privilege
+// boundary: only a user who has just authenticated as an administrator can get
+// them run at all.
+func Run(ctx context.Context, args ...string) error {
+	self, err := trustedSelf()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return run(ctx, self, args)
+}
+
+// Available reports whether Run has a mechanism to use on this host, so a caller
+// can offer the prompt only when there is one and otherwise fall back to
+// guidance the user can act on. It answers from what is installed, not from what
+// the user is allowed to do: an administrator's password may still be required
+// and may still not be given, which is ErrDeclined from Run.
+func Available() bool {
+	if _, err := trustedSelf(); err != nil {
+		// Worth a line: this is also what a build run from a group-writable
+		// directory hits, and there is nothing in the UI to say why the offer is
+		// missing.
+		log.Debugf("not offering privilege elevation: %v", err)
+		return false
+	}
+	return mechanismAvailable()
+}

client/internal/elevate/output.go

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+package elevate
+
+import "strings"
+
+// noOutput stands in for a process that said nothing, so that a report of what it
+// said still reads as a sentence.
+const noOutput = "no output"
+
+// firstLine trims captured output to something that reads in one line.
+func firstLine(s string) string {
+	s = strings.TrimSpace(s)
+	if s == "" {
+		return noOutput
+	}
+	if i := strings.IndexByte(s, '\n'); i >= 0 {
+		return s[:i]
+	}
+	return s
+}

client/internal/elevate/output_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+package elevate
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+)
+
+func TestFirstLine(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct{ in, want string }{
+		{in: "", want: noOutput},
+		{in: "  \n ", want: noOutput},
+		{in: "one line", want: "one line"},
+		{in: "first\nsecond", want: "first"},
+		{in: "\nsecond\n", want: "second"},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		assert.Equal(t, tt.want, firstLine(tt.in), "input %q", tt.in)
+	}
+}

client/internal/elevate/run_darwin.go

@@ -0,0 +1,359 @@
+package elevate
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"runtime"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+	"syscall"
+	"unsafe"
+
+	"github.com/ebitengine/purego"
+	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
+)
+
+// Authorization Services, reached through purego rather than cgo so the released
+// binaries keep building with CGO_ENABLED=0.
+//
+// The prompt belongs to this process, which is what makes it carry the
+// application's name and our own explanation. Going through osascript instead puts
+// the very same trampoline behind a dialog attributed to osascript, and means
+// handing a shell a command line to re-parse.
+//
+// # On AuthorizationExecuteWithPrivileges
+//
+// It is deprecated, and Apple's guidance (Quinn, "BSD Privilege Escalation on
+// macOS", developer.apple.com/forums/thread/708765) is "while it still works, it's
+// been deprecated for many years. Do not use it in a widely distributed product."
+// It is used here anyway, knowingly, because the alternatives Apple offers are for
+// *obtaining* ongoing privileges — an installer package, SMAppService, SMJobBless —
+// and NetBird already has what they would install: a launchd daemon running as
+// root. What is missing is only a way for an unprivileged client to ask it to act.
+//
+// The way to that without a deprecated call is to authorize the client instead of
+// elevating one: the app takes the right with AuthorizationCreate, passes the
+// AuthorizationExternalForm to the daemon, and the daemon checks it with
+// AuthorizationCopyRights before acting — none of which is deprecated. It is the
+// better design and it is where this should end up. It also means the daemon
+// accepting an authorization over its control socket, which is a new way to be
+// asked for privileged work and wants reviewing as such, so it is deliberately not
+// bundled in with the rest of this.
+//
+// Until then, three things keep the deprecation from being a trap. Every symbol is
+// resolved with an error rather than a panic, so a macOS that has dropped this
+// function leaves the app offering the user a command instead of crashing on the
+// way to a prompt. A failure to run the tool is reported as ErrUnavailable, so the
+// fallback is the same one an agent-less Linux session gets. And the whole path
+// runs under guard, which turns a panic out of the FFI layer into that same
+// fallback.
+//
+// The trampoline passes on the environment it was given, so what it starts as root
+// must be an executable this user's peers cannot influence: that is what
+// trustedSelf refuses, and what signing the binary settles for the loader.
+
+const (
+	securityFramework = "/System/Library/Frameworks/Security.framework/Security"
+	libSystem         = "/usr/lib/libSystem.B.dylib"
+
+	// trampoline is what the framework hands the tool to. Present on every macOS,
+	// and worth confirming before offering a prompt rather than mid-prompt.
+	trampoline = "/usr/libexec/security_authtrampoline"
+)
+
+// rightExecute is the right an administrator holds, and what
+// AuthorizationExecuteWithPrivileges requires of us.
+const rightExecute = "system.privilege.admin"
+
+// promptKey is kAuthorizationEnvironmentPrompt, which puts a sentence of ours above
+// the system's in the dialog. It is about the change rather than the mechanism.
+const (
+	promptKey  = "prompt"
+	promptText = "NetBird needs to change a setting that grants SSH access to this computer."
+)
+
+// OSStatus values from SecBase.h that mean something to us; anything else is
+// reported as it comes.
+const (
+	errAuthorizationSuccess               = 0
+	errAuthorizationDenied                = -60005
+	errAuthorizationCanceled              = -60006
+	errAuthorizationInteractionNotAllowed = -60007
+	errAuthorizationToolExecuteFailure    = -60031
+	errAuthorizationToolEnvironmentError  = -60032
+)
+
+// AuthorizationFlags from Authorization.h.
+const (
+	flagDefaults           = 0
+	flagInteractionAllowed = 1 << 0
+	flagExtendRights       = 1 << 1
+	flagDestroyRights      = 1 << 3
+	flagPreAuthorize       = 1 << 4
+)
+
+// authorizationItem mirrors AuthorizationItem: a name, and a value the name gives
+// meaning to. 32 bytes on both amd64 and arm64.
+type authorizationItem struct {
+	name        *byte
+	valueLength uintptr
+	value       unsafe.Pointer
+	// flags is reserved by the API and always zero. Declared because the layout
+	// is the contract: without it the struct is 24 bytes where C reads 32.
+	flags uint32 //nolint:unused // part of the C layout
+}
+
+// authorizationItemSet mirrors AuthorizationItemSet, which serves as both an
+// AuthorizationRights and an AuthorizationEnvironment.
+type authorizationItemSet struct {
+	count uint32
+	items *authorizationItem
+}
+
+var (
+	authorizationCreate                func(rights, environment *authorizationItemSet, flags uint32, authorization *uintptr) int32
+	authorizationExecuteWithPrivileges func(authorization uintptr, pathToTool string, options uint32, arguments *uintptr, communicationsPipe *uintptr) int32
+	authorizationFree                  func(authorization uintptr, flags uint32) int32
+	fileno                             func(stream uintptr) int32
+	fclose                             func(stream uintptr) int32
+
+	loadOnce sync.Once
+	loadErr  error
+)
+
+// load resolves the functions once. A framework that cannot be opened, or a symbol
+// that is no longer there, leaves the host without a mechanism rather than taking
+// the process down with it: see the note on deprecation above.
+func load() error {
+	loadOnce.Do(func() { loadErr = guard("loading Security.framework", resolve) })
+	return loadErr
+}
+
+// guard turns a panic out of the FFI layer into an error, so an API that has
+// changed under us costs the user a prompt rather than the window they were
+// clicking in. purego panics on a signature it cannot map, and this is the one
+// place in the client that calls a deprecated system function.
+//
+// It catches Go panics, which is what purego raises. A fault inside the framework
+// itself is not a panic and not recoverable; the layout the tests pin down is what
+// stands between us and that.
+func guard(what string, fn func() error) (err error) {
+	defer func() {
+		r := recover()
+		if r == nil {
+			return
+		}
+		log.Errorf("%s panicked: %v", what, r)
+		err = fmt.Errorf("%w: %s: %v", ErrUnavailable, what, r)
+	}()
+	return fn()
+}
+
+func resolve() error {
+	security, err := purego.Dlopen(securityFramework, purego.RTLD_LAZY|purego.RTLD_GLOBAL)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("open %s: %w", securityFramework, err)
+	}
+	system, err := purego.Dlopen(libSystem, purego.RTLD_LAZY|purego.RTLD_GLOBAL)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("open %s: %w", libSystem, err)
+	}
+
+	// purego.RegisterLibFunc panics on a symbol it cannot find, which is not how a
+	// deprecated function's disappearance should reach the user.
+	for _, fn := range []struct {
+		ptr    any
+		handle uintptr
+		name   string
+	}{
+		{&authorizationCreate, security, "AuthorizationCreate"},
+		{&authorizationExecuteWithPrivileges, security, "AuthorizationExecuteWithPrivileges"},
+		{&authorizationFree, security, "AuthorizationFree"},
+		{&fileno, system, "fileno"},
+		{&fclose, system, "fclose"},
+	} {
+		symbol, err := purego.Dlsym(fn.handle, fn.name)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("resolve %s: %w", fn.name, err)
+		}
+		if symbol == 0 {
+			return fmt.Errorf("resolve %s: not present on this system", fn.name)
+		}
+		purego.RegisterFunc(fn.ptr, symbol)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// run asks the system to run self as root: first for the right, which is what puts
+// up the authentication dialog and collects the password or takes the Touch ID,
+// then for the tool. The credentials go to the system's authorization trampoline
+// and never to us.
+//
+// The context bounds only our own waiting; the dialog belongs to the system and
+// closes when the user answers it.
+func run(ctx context.Context, self string, args []string) error {
+	if err := load(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %v", ErrUnavailable, err)
+	}
+
+	return guard("asking for privileges", func() error {
+		authorization, err := authorize()
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		defer authorizationFree(authorization, flagDestroyRights)
+
+		return execute(ctx, authorization, self, args)
+	})
+}
+
+func mechanismAvailable() bool {
+	if err := load(); err != nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	info, err := os.Stat(trampoline)
+	return err == nil && !info.IsDir()
+}
+
+// authorize obtains the right, prompting for it. A dismissed dialog comes back as
+// errAuthorizationCanceled and a password given up on as errAuthorizationDenied;
+// both are the user's answer rather than a failure.
+func authorize() (uintptr, error) {
+	var pinner runtime.Pinner
+	defer pinner.Unpin()
+
+	rights := itemSet(&pinner, authorizationItem{name: cString(&pinner, rightExecute)})
+	environment := itemSet(&pinner, promptItem(&pinner))
+
+	var authorization uintptr
+	status := authorizationCreate(rights, environment,
+		flagDefaults|flagInteractionAllowed|flagPreAuthorize|flagExtendRights, &authorization)
+
+	switch status {
+	case errAuthorizationSuccess:
+		return authorization, nil
+	case errAuthorizationCanceled, errAuthorizationDenied:
+		return 0, ErrDeclined
+	case errAuthorizationInteractionNotAllowed:
+		// Nowhere to put a dialog, so there is nobody to ask: a launch daemon, or
+		// a session with no window server.
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("%w: this session cannot show an authorization prompt", ErrUnavailable)
+	default:
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("request %s: OSStatus %d", rightExecute, status)
+	}
+}
+
+// execute runs the tool with the right in hand and waits for it by reading the pipe
+// it is given until the tool closes it.
+//
+// AuthorizationExecuteWithPrivileges reports no exit status and does not say what
+// process it started, which is why the one-shot says so itself: what it prints is
+// the only evidence that the change was applied.
+func execute(ctx context.Context, authorization uintptr, self string, args []string) error {
+	var pinner runtime.Pinner
+	defer pinner.Unpin()
+
+	argv := make([]uintptr, 0, len(args)+1)
+	for _, arg := range args {
+		argv = append(argv, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(cString(&pinner, arg))))
+	}
+	argv = append(argv, 0)
+	pinner.Pin(&argv[0])
+
+	var pipe uintptr
+	status := authorizationExecuteWithPrivileges(authorization, self, flagDefaults, &argv[0], &pipe)
+	switch status {
+	case errAuthorizationSuccess:
+	case errAuthorizationCanceled:
+		return ErrDeclined
+	case errAuthorizationToolExecuteFailure, errAuthorizationToolEnvironmentError:
+		// The right was granted and the tool still did not start. Nothing the user
+		// can do about it from here, so point them at the command instead.
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: the system would not run %s elevated (OSStatus %d)", ErrUnavailable, self, status)
+	default:
+		return fmt.Errorf("run %s elevated: OSStatus %d", self, status)
+	}
+
+	out, err := readPipe(ctx, pipe)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return checkApplied(out)
+}
+
+// checkApplied reads the one-shot's report, which stands in for the exit status
+// there is no way to ask for here. A run that said nothing did not apply the
+// change, whatever else went on.
+func checkApplied(out string) error {
+	if !strings.Contains(out, AppliedMarker) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("elevated netbird did not report the change as applied: %s", firstLine(out))
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// readPipe drains the tool's output, which ends when the tool exits and is
+// therefore also how we wait for it.
+func readPipe(ctx context.Context, pipe uintptr) (string, error) {
+	if pipe == 0 {
+		return "", nil
+	}
+	defer fclose(pipe)
+
+	fd := int(fileno(pipe))
+	if fd < 0 {
+		return "", nil
+	}
+
+	var out strings.Builder
+	buf := make([]byte, 4096)
+	for {
+		if err := ctx.Err(); err != nil {
+			return out.String(), err
+		}
+		n, err := syscall.Read(fd, buf)
+		if n > 0 {
+			out.Write(buf[:n])
+		}
+		switch {
+		case errors.Is(err, syscall.EINTR):
+			// A signal landed mid-read, which says nothing about the tool.
+			continue
+		case err != nil:
+			log.Debugf("read the elevated process's output: %v", err)
+			return out.String(), nil
+		case n <= 0:
+			// End of file: the tool closed the pipe, which is how it exiting
+			// reaches us.
+			return out.String(), nil
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// itemSet builds an AuthorizationItemSet over items, pinned for the call.
+func itemSet(pinner *runtime.Pinner, items ...authorizationItem) *authorizationItemSet {
+	pinner.Pin(&items[0])
+	set := &authorizationItemSet{count: uint32(len(items)), items: &items[0]}
+	pinner.Pin(set)
+	return set
+}
+
+// promptItem is the environment entry carrying our sentence for the dialog.
+func promptItem(pinner *runtime.Pinner) authorizationItem {
+	value := []byte(promptText)
+	pinner.Pin(&value[0])
+	return authorizationItem{
+		name:        cString(pinner, promptKey),
+		valueLength: uintptr(len(value)),
+		value:       unsafe.Pointer(&value[0]),
+	}
+}
+
+// cString returns a NUL-terminated copy of s, pinned so the C side may hold it for
+// the duration of the call.
+func cString(pinner *runtime.Pinner, s string) *byte {
+	b := append([]byte(s), 0)
+	pinner.Pin(&b[0])
+	return &b[0]
+}

client/internal/elevate/run_darwin_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+package elevate
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"runtime"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+// The framework has to load and the symbols have to resolve, or nothing else here
+// means anything.
+func TestSecurityFrameworkLoads(t *testing.T) {
+	require.NoError(t, load(), "Security.framework must open")
+
+	for name, fn := range map[string]any{
+		"AuthorizationCreate":                authorizationCreate,
+		"AuthorizationExecuteWithPrivileges": authorizationExecuteWithPrivileges,
+		"AuthorizationFree":                  authorizationFree,
+		"fileno":                             fileno,
+		"fclose":                             fclose,
+	} {
+		assert.NotNil(t, fn, "%s must resolve", name)
+	}
+}
+
+// A request with no interaction allowed exercises the whole call — the rights and
+// environment structs, and the OSStatus that comes back — without a dialog anybody
+// has to answer. What the system decides is its business; that it decides at all is
+// what this asserts.
+func TestAuthorizationCreateWithoutInteraction(t *testing.T) {
+	if err := load(); err != nil {
+		t.Skipf("Security.framework did not open: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	var pinner runtime.Pinner
+	defer pinner.Unpin()
+
+	rights := itemSet(&pinner, authorizationItem{name: cString(&pinner, rightExecute)})
+	environment := itemSet(&pinner, promptItem(&pinner))
+	require.EqualValues(t, 1, rights.count, "the rights struct layout must match the C one")
+
+	var authorization uintptr
+	status := authorizationCreate(rights, environment, flagDefaults|flagExtendRights, &authorization)
+
+	switch status {
+	case errAuthorizationSuccess:
+		// Credentials were already cached for this session.
+		authorizationFree(authorization, flagDestroyRights)
+	case errAuthorizationDenied, errAuthorizationInteractionNotAllowed:
+		// The expected answers when nobody may be asked.
+	default:
+		require.Failf(t, "unknown OSStatus", "AuthorizationCreate returned %d, want a status we recognise", status)
+	}
+}
+
+// Asking with a right nobody has must not be mistaken for a declined prompt: the
+// caller would report nothing at all.
+func TestAuthorizeUnknownRightIsNotDeclined(t *testing.T) {
+	if err := load(); err != nil {
+		t.Skipf("Security.framework did not open: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	var pinner runtime.Pinner
+	defer pinner.Unpin()
+
+	rights := itemSet(&pinner, authorizationItem{name: cString(&pinner, "io.netbird.right.that.does.not.exist")})
+
+	var authorization uintptr
+	status := authorizationCreate(rights, nil, flagDefaults|flagExtendRights, &authorization)
+	if status == errAuthorizationSuccess {
+		authorizationFree(authorization, flagDestroyRights)
+	}
+	assert.NotEqual(t, int32(errAuthorizationSuccess), status, "a right that does not exist must not be granted")
+}
+
+func TestMechanismAvailable(t *testing.T) {
+	assert.True(t, mechanismAvailable(), "the trampoline exists on every macOS")
+}
+
+// The one-shot's report is what stands in for an exit status here, so a run that
+// says nothing must not read as success.
+func TestCheckApplied(t *testing.T) {
+	require.NoError(t, checkApplied(AppliedMarker+"\n"), "the report the one-shot prints")
+	require.NoError(t, checkApplied("some warning\n"+AppliedMarker+"\n"), "the report after other output")
+
+	assert.Error(t, checkApplied(""), "a run that printed nothing did not apply the change")
+	assert.Error(t, checkApplied("dyld: library not loaded\n"), "output that is not the report")
+}
+
+// A panic out of the FFI layer has to reach the caller as "no mechanism", which is
+// the outcome that offers the user the command instead of taking the window down.
+func TestGuardTurnsAPanicIntoUnavailable(t *testing.T) {
+	err := guard("pretending to call something", func() error {
+		panic("purego: signature it cannot map")
+	})
+
+	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrUnavailable, "a panic must read as a missing mechanism")
+	assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "pretending to call something", "what panicked")
+}
+
+// guard wraps every darwin path, so what a caller switches on has to survive it.
+func TestGuardPassesErrorsThrough(t *testing.T) {
+	sentinel := errors.New("the call itself failed")
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, guard("calling", func() error { return sentinel }), sentinel,
+		"the error it was given")
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, guard("calling", func() error { return ErrDeclined }), ErrDeclined,
+		"a declined prompt stays declined")
+	assert.NoError(t, guard("calling", func() error { return nil }), "a call that worked")
+}

client/internal/elevate/run_unix.go

@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+//go:build linux || freebsd
+
+package elevate
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"os"
+	"os/exec"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+// pkexec exit codes that are about the authorization rather than about the program
+// we asked it to run. The manual page reserves both.
+const (
+	// exitDismissed is returned when the user dismissed the authentication
+	// dialog.
+	exitDismissed = 126
+	// exitNotAuthorized is returned when the authorization was not obtained. That
+	// covers the user saying no as well as pkexec having had nobody to ask: see
+	// noAgentMarkers.
+	exitNotAuthorized = 127
+)
+
+// exitNotAuthorized covers three different endings that only pkexec's own words
+// tell apart, so they are matched here. Read with LC_ALL=C so the words are the
+// ones written below.
+//
+// refusedMarker is a refusal: the user said no, gave up on the password, or holds
+// an account that may not elevate at all.
+const refusedMarker = "Not authorized"
+
+// noAgentMarkers say pkexec had no way to ask: no agent registered for the
+// session, and no controlling terminal for the textual agent it falls back to.
+var noAgentMarkers = []string{"authentication agent", "controlling terminal"}
+
+// run asks polkit to run self as root. pkexec hands the request to the session's
+// polkit agent, which is what prompts and what collects any password; we see only
+// its verdict.
+//
+// The environment is otherwise deliberately not passed through: pkexec clears it
+// bar a small allowlist, and the one-shot needs nothing from it.
+func run(ctx context.Context, self string, args []string) error {
+	pkexec, err := exec.LookPath("pkexec")
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: pkexec is not installed", ErrUnavailable)
+	}
+
+	cmd := exec.CommandContext(ctx, pkexec, append([]string{self}, args...)...)
+	// C locale so pkexec's own diagnostics are the ones noAgentMarkers knows.
+	cmd.Env = append(os.Environ(), "LC_ALL=C")
+	var stderr strings.Builder
+	cmd.Stderr = &stderr
+	// The one-shot reports itself on stdout for macOS's sake, where there is no
+	// exit status to read. Here there is one, so that line is noise.
+	cmd.Stdout = io.Discard
+
+	err = cmd.Run()
+	if err == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	var exitErr *exec.ExitError
+	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("run pkexec: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Matched against everything pkexec said, reported as one line: a complaint
+	// that is not the first thing printed still has to be recognised, and reading
+	// it as a refusal would swallow it.
+	full := stderr.String()
+	out := firstLine(full)
+
+	switch exitErr.ExitCode() {
+	case exitDismissed:
+		return ErrDeclined
+	case exitNotAuthorized:
+		return notAuthorized(full, out)
+	default:
+		return fmt.Errorf("elevated netbird exited with %d: %s", exitErr.ExitCode(), out)
+	}
+}
+
+// notAuthorized sorts out the three endings pkexec reports as exitNotAuthorized.
+//
+// It also returns that code when the authorization succeeded and it then could
+// not run the program, so a refusal has to be recognised rather than assumed:
+// reading every one of these as "the user said no" would revert the control in
+// silence on a host where elevation is broken.
+func notAuthorized(full, out string) error {
+	switch {
+	case hasAny(full, noAgentMarkers):
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: polkit had no way to ask: %s", ErrUnavailable, out)
+	case out == noOutput, strings.Contains(full, refusedMarker):
+		// The user said no, which needs no message; that an account barred from
+		// elevating altogether lands here too is why the reason is kept.
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrDeclined, out)
+	default:
+		return fmt.Errorf("pkexec could not run elevated netbird: %s", out)
+	}
+}
+
+func hasAny(s string, markers []string) bool {
+	for _, marker := range markers {
+		if strings.Contains(s, marker) {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+func mechanismAvailable() bool {
+	_, err := exec.LookPath("pkexec")
+	return err == nil
+}

client/internal/elevate/run_unix_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+//go:build linux || freebsd
+
+package elevate
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+// fakePkexec puts a pkexec on PATH that exits with the given code, so the
+// mapping from polkit's exit codes onto our errors can be exercised without a
+// polkit agent.
+func fakePkexec(t *testing.T, exitCode int, stderr string) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	script := fmt.Sprintf("#!/bin/sh\necho %s >&2\nexit %d\n", shellQuote(stderr), exitCode)
+	require.NoError(t, os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, "pkexec"), []byte(script), 0o700), "write the fake pkexec")
+	t.Setenv("PATH", dir)
+}
+
+func shellQuote(s string) string {
+	return "'" + strings.ReplaceAll(s, "'", `'\''`) + "'"
+}
+
+func TestRunMapsPkexecExitCodes(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name     string
+		exitCode int
+		stderr   string
+		wantErr  error
+	}{
+		{name: "applied", exitCode: 0},
+		{
+			name:     "dialog dismissed",
+			exitCode: exitDismissed,
+			stderr:   "Error executing command as another user: Request dismissed",
+			wantErr:  ErrDeclined,
+		},
+		{
+			// What a graphical agent reports for a cancelled prompt. Not a
+			// failure: the user was asked and answered.
+			name:     "prompt cancelled",
+			exitCode: exitNotAuthorized,
+			stderr:   "Error executing command as another user: Not authorized",
+			wantErr:  ErrDeclined,
+		},
+		{
+			// The same status, but pkexec never got to ask anybody.
+			name:     "no agent and no terminal to fall back on",
+			exitCode: exitNotAuthorized,
+			stderr:   "Error creating textual authentication agent: Error opening current controlling terminal for the process (`/dev/tty'): No such device or address",
+			wantErr:  ErrUnavailable,
+		},
+		{
+			// And the same status again once the authorization succeeded and
+			// pkexec could not run what it had been authorized to run. Reading
+			// that as a refusal would revert the control in silence on a host
+			// where elevation is broken.
+			name:     "authorized but not runnable",
+			exitCode: exitNotAuthorized,
+			stderr:   "Error executing command as another user: No such file or directory",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			fakePkexec(t, tt.exitCode, tt.stderr)
+
+			err := run(context.Background(), "/nonexistent/netbird-ui", []string{"--flag"})
+			switch {
+			case tt.wantErr != nil:
+				require.ErrorIs(t, err, tt.wantErr, "exit %d said %q", tt.exitCode, tt.stderr)
+			case tt.exitCode == 0:
+				require.NoError(t, err, "a pkexec that exited cleanly applied the change")
+			default:
+				require.Error(t, err, "exit %d said %q", tt.exitCode, tt.stderr)
+				assert.NotErrorIs(t, err, ErrDeclined, "not the user's answer")
+				assert.NotErrorIs(t, err, ErrUnavailable, "not a missing mechanism")
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// An exit code that is not polkit's is the one-shot's own failure, and has to
+// stay distinguishable from a declined prompt: the caller reports it.
+func TestRunReportsOneShotFailure(t *testing.T) {
+	fakePkexec(t, 3, "the one-shot said no")
+
+	err := run(context.Background(), "/nonexistent/netbird-ui", nil)
+
+	require.Error(t, err, "a one-shot that failed is not a prompt that was answered")
+	assert.NotErrorIs(t, err, ErrDeclined, "not the user's answer")
+	assert.NotErrorIs(t, err, ErrUnavailable, "not a missing mechanism")
+}
+
+func TestRunWithoutPkexecIsUnavailable(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv("PATH", t.TempDir())
+
+	err := run(context.Background(), "/nonexistent/netbird-ui", nil)
+	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrUnavailable, "no pkexec means no mechanism")
+	assert.False(t, mechanismAvailable(), "mechanismAvailable without pkexec on PATH")
+}

client/internal/elevate/run_unsupported.go

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+//go:build !windows && !darwin && !linux && !freebsd
+
+package elevate
+
+import "context"
+
+// run reports that this platform has no elevation prompt to drive. Mobile and
+// WASM builds have no local user to ask in the first place.
+func run(context.Context, string, []string) error {
+	return ErrUnavailable
+}
+
+func mechanismAvailable() bool {
+	return false
+}

client/internal/elevate/run_windows.go

@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+package elevate
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"runtime"
+	"unsafe"
+
+	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
+	"golang.org/x/sys/windows"
+)
+
+const (
+	// seeMaskNoCloseProcess keeps the started process's handle open in
+	// hProcess so we can wait for it.
+	seeMaskNoCloseProcess = 0x00000040
+	// seeMaskNoAsync makes ShellExecuteExW finish its work before returning,
+	// which it must when the calling thread does not pump messages.
+	seeMaskNoAsync = 0x00000100
+	// seeMaskFlagNoUI suppresses the shell's own error dialogs; the UAC consent
+	// dialog is not one of them and still appears.
+	seeMaskFlagNoUI = 0x00000400
+
+	// swHide: the one-shot has no window to show.
+	swHide = 0
+
+	// sFalse (S_FALSE) answers CoInitializeEx when COM is already up on this
+	// thread in the mode we asked for; rpcChangedMode (RPC_E_CHANGED_MODE) when
+	// it is up in the other one.
+	sFalse         = 1
+	rpcChangedMode = 0x80010106
+)
+
+// shellExecuteInfoW mirrors SHELLEXECUTEINFOW. The field order and Go's own
+// padding match the C layout on both 386 and amd64.
+type shellExecuteInfoW struct {
+	cbSize         uint32
+	fMask          uint32
+	hwnd           windows.HWND
+	lpVerb         *uint16
+	lpFile         *uint16
+	lpParameters   *uint16
+	lpDirectory    *uint16
+	nShow          int32
+	hInstApp       windows.Handle
+	lpIDList       uintptr
+	lpClass        *uint16
+	hkeyClass      windows.Handle
+	dwHotKey       uint32
+	hIconOrMonitor windows.Handle
+	hProcess       windows.Handle
+}
+
+var (
+	shell32            = windows.NewLazySystemDLL("shell32.dll")
+	procShellExecuteEx = shell32.NewProc("ShellExecuteExW")
+)
+
+// run starts self elevated with the "runas" verb, which is what raises the UAC
+// consent dialog, and waits for it to finish. Windows decides whether consent is
+// enough or an administrator's credentials are needed, and collects them itself.
+func run(ctx context.Context, self string, args []string) error {
+	verb, err := windows.UTF16PtrFromString("runas")
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("encode verb: %w", err)
+	}
+	file, err := windows.UTF16PtrFromString(self)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("encode %s: %w", self, err)
+	}
+	params, err := windows.UTF16PtrFromString(windows.ComposeCommandLine(args))
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("encode arguments: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	info := shellExecuteInfoW{
+		fMask:        seeMaskNoCloseProcess | seeMaskNoAsync | seeMaskFlagNoUI,
+		hwnd:         ownerWindow(),
+		lpVerb:       verb,
+		lpFile:       file,
+		lpParameters: params,
+		nShow:        swHide,
+	}
+	info.cbSize = uint32(unsafe.Sizeof(info))
+
+	process, err := shellExecute(&info)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer func() {
+		if err := windows.CloseHandle(process); err != nil {
+			log.Debugf("close elevated process handle: %v", err)
+		}
+	}()
+
+	return waitForProcess(ctx, process)
+}
+
+// shellExecute performs the call itself. ShellExecuteExW wants COM initialised on
+// the calling thread, so the goroutine is pinned to one for the duration and COM
+// is set up on it; an "already initialised, different mode" answer is fine,
+// because then somebody else has done it for us.
+func shellExecute(info *shellExecuteInfoW) (windows.Handle, error) {
+	runtime.LockOSThread()
+	defer runtime.UnlockOSThread()
+
+	switch err := windows.CoInitializeEx(0, windows.COINIT_APARTMENTTHREADED); {
+	case err == nil, isHResult(err, sFalse):
+		// Ours, or already initialised in the same mode: either way this call
+		// counts and has to be balanced.
+		defer windows.CoUninitialize()
+	case isHResult(err, rpcChangedMode):
+		// The thread is already in the other apartment model. ShellExecuteExW
+		// works there too, and there is nothing of ours to balance.
+	default:
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("initialise COM: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	ret, _, lastErr := procShellExecuteEx.Call(uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(info)))
+	if ret != 0 {
+		return info.hProcess, nil
+	}
+
+	if errors.Is(lastErr, windows.ERROR_CANCELLED) {
+		return 0, ErrDeclined
+	}
+	return 0, fmt.Errorf("run elevated: %w", lastErr)
+}
+
+// ownerWindow returns this process's foreground window, and 0 when the window in
+// front belongs to somebody else or cannot be attributed. ShellExecuteExW takes it
+// as the parent for the UI it raises, which is what keeps the consent dialog in
+// front of the window the user was just clicking in instead of behind it. It is
+// also what a remote-desktop session needs to place the dialog at all when the
+// secure desktop is switched off.
+func ownerWindow() windows.HWND {
+	hwnd := windows.GetForegroundWindow()
+	if hwnd == 0 {
+		return 0
+	}
+
+	var pid uint32
+	if _, err := windows.GetWindowThreadProcessId(hwnd, &pid); err != nil {
+		log.Debugf("cannot attribute the foreground window, raising the prompt without an owner: %v", err)
+		return 0
+	}
+	if pid != windows.GetCurrentProcessId() {
+		return 0
+	}
+	return hwnd
+}
+
+// isHResult reports whether err carries the given HRESULT. CoInitializeEx
+// returns its HRESULT as an Errno, so the comparison is on the raw value.
+func isHResult(err error, hresult uintptr) bool {
+	var errno windows.Errno
+	return errors.As(err, &errno) && uintptr(errno) == hresult
+}
+
+func waitForProcess(ctx context.Context, process windows.Handle) error {
+	// The wait is interruptible so a cancelled context stops us waiting on a
+	// consent dialog nobody is going to answer. The elevated process is not
+	// ours to kill, and it either applies the change or does not.
+	for {
+		event, err := windows.WaitForSingleObject(process, 250)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("wait for the elevated process: %w", err)
+		}
+		if event == uint32(windows.WAIT_OBJECT_0) {
+			break
+		}
+		if err := ctx.Err(); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
+	var code uint32
+	if err := windows.GetExitCodeProcess(process, &code); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("read the elevated process's exit code: %w", err)
+	}
+	if code != 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("elevated netbird exited with %d", code)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// mechanismAvailable is true on Windows: UAC prompts for consent when the user
+// is an administrator and for an administrator's credentials when they are not,
+// so there is always something to ask.
+func mechanismAvailable() bool {
+	return true
+}

client/internal/elevate/trusted.go

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+package elevate
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+)
+
+// trustedSelf returns the path of this executable, provided it is one we are
+// willing to have run as root.
+//
+// The check is what keeps elevation from becoming a way to launder someone
+// else's code into a root process: the user consents to NetBird being elevated,
+// having been shown NetBird's name, so what runs must be the file NetBird was
+// installed as and not something a third party could have swapped for it. An
+// executable only its owner can write is that; anything wider is refused, and
+// the caller falls back to showing the command instead.
+//
+// The owner writing to their own executable is not part of that threat: code
+// running as the user can already prompt them for anything, and could just as
+// well ask them to run the command by hand. What matters is that no *other*
+// unprivileged account can reach it.
+func trustedSelf() (string, error) {
+	exe, err := os.Executable()
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("locate this executable: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Resolve symlinks so the checks below apply to the file that would actually
+	// be executed, not to a link somebody else may control.
+	resolved, err := filepath.EvalSymlinks(exe)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("resolve %s: %w", exe, err)
+	}
+
+	if err := checkOnlyOwnerWritable(resolved); err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("%w: %s cannot be trusted to run as root: %w", ErrUnavailable, resolved, err)
+	}
+	return resolved, nil
+}

client/internal/elevate/trusted_group_darwin.go

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+package elevate
+
+// adminWriteGIDs are the groups whose write access to an executable does not
+// widen who could authorize elevating it.
+//
+// macOS installs applications as root:admin, mode 0775, /Applications included,
+// so requiring owner-only write would reject every normal install. Group admin
+// (gid 80) is exactly the set of accounts that can answer the authentication
+// dialog, so its write access grants nothing the prompt would not.
+var adminWriteGIDs = []uint32{0, 80}

client/internal/elevate/trusted_group_unix.go

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+//go:build !windows && !darwin
+
+package elevate
+
+// adminWriteGIDs are the groups whose write access to an executable does not
+// widen who could authorize elevating it. Only root's own group qualifies here:
+// a distribution installs into root-owned directories, and there is no
+// system-wide administrators group that both writes them and answers polkit.
+var adminWriteGIDs = []uint32{0}

client/internal/elevate/trusted_unix.go

@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+//go:build !windows
+
+package elevate
+
+import (
+	"bufio"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"os/user"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"slices"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"syscall"
+
+	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
+)
+
+// groupFile lists which accounts are in which group, for the membership a user
+// private group's name does not state: see groupHasOtherMembers.
+const groupFile = "/etc/group"
+
+// checkOnlyOwnerWritable reports an error unless path, and every directory leading
+// to it, is owned by either root or this user and writable by nobody who could not
+// already act as its owner. A writable directory is as good as a writable file,
+// since anything in it can be replaced, so the whole chain is checked.
+func checkOnlyOwnerWritable(path string) error {
+	self := uint32(os.Getuid())
+
+	for dir := path; ; dir = filepath.Dir(dir) {
+		info, err := os.Lstat(dir)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("stat %s: %w", dir, err)
+		}
+
+		stat, ok := info.Sys().(*syscall.Stat_t)
+		if !ok {
+			return errors.New("file ownership is unavailable on this platform")
+		}
+		if stat.Uid != 0 && stat.Uid != self {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%s is owned by uid %d, neither root nor this user", dir, stat.Uid)
+		}
+
+		if err := checkWriteBits(dir, info, stat.Uid, stat.Gid); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		if parent := filepath.Dir(dir); parent == dir {
+			return nil
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func checkWriteBits(path string, info os.FileInfo, uid, gid uint32) error {
+	// On a directory the sticky bit stands in for the write bits: whoever may
+	// write there still cannot replace an entry they do not own, which is the
+	// only thing that would matter to us. /tmp is the usual example.
+	sticky := info.IsDir() && info.Mode()&os.ModeSticky != 0
+
+	return writeBitsAllow(path, info.Mode().Perm(), sticky, groupWriteAllowed(uid, gid))
+}
+
+// writeBitsAllow decides on the permission bits alone, given whether the group's
+// write access has been vouched for.
+func writeBitsAllow(path string, perm os.FileMode, sticky, groupAllowed bool) error {
+	if sticky {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if perm&0o020 != 0 && !groupAllowed {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%s is writable by a group with members other than its owner (%v)", path, perm)
+	}
+	if perm&0o002 != 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%s is world-writable (%v)", path, perm)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// groupWriteAllowed reports whether a group's write access to a file owned by uid
+// puts it in reach of anyone who could not already act as that owner.
+//
+// Two ways it does not. A group in adminWriteGIDs holds the accounts that can
+// answer the elevation prompt anyway. And a user private group is how Debian,
+// Ubuntu and Fedora ship: their umask of 002 makes a home directory and
+// everything built in it group-writable, so refusing that would refuse every
+// build not installed from a package.
+func groupWriteAllowed(uid, gid uint32) bool {
+	if slices.Contains(adminWriteGIDs, gid) {
+		return true
+	}
+
+	group, err := user.LookupGroupId(strconv.FormatUint(uint64(gid), 10))
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Debugf("cannot look up group %d, treating it as shared: %v", gid, err)
+		return false
+	}
+	owner, err := user.LookupId(strconv.FormatUint(uint64(uid), 10))
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Debugf("cannot look up uid %d, treating its group as shared: %v", uid, err)
+		return false
+	}
+
+	if group.Name != owner.Username {
+		return false
+	}
+	return !groupHasOtherMembers(groupFile, group.Name, owner.Username)
+}
+
+// groupHasOtherMembers reports whether the group lists a member besides owner.
+//
+// Sharing the owner's name is what a user private group is recognised by, and it
+// says nothing about who is in it: a group that has since gained a member is
+// still named that way, and that member can write whatever the group can. So the
+// membership is read rather than assumed. A group this file does not describe,
+// because it comes from LDAP or another NSS source, cannot be answered here and
+// leaves the name as the only thing to go on.
+func groupHasOtherMembers(path, name, owner string) bool {
+	file, err := os.Open(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Debugf("cannot read %s for the members of group %q: %v", path, name, err)
+		return false
+	}
+	defer func() {
+		if err := file.Close(); err != nil {
+			log.Debugf("close %s: %v", path, err)
+		}
+	}()
+
+	scanner := bufio.NewScanner(file)
+	for scanner.Scan() {
+		// name:password:gid:member,member
+		fields := strings.Split(scanner.Text(), ":")
+		if len(fields) < 4 || fields[0] != name {
+			continue
+		}
+		for member := range strings.SplitSeq(fields[3], ",") {
+			if member != "" && member != owner {
+				return true
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	if err := scanner.Err(); err != nil {
+		log.Debugf("read %s: %v", path, err)
+	}
+	return false
+}

client/internal/elevate/trusted_unix_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+//go:build !windows
+
+package elevate
+
+import (
+	"os"
+	"os/user"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strconv"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+// ownerOnlyDir is t.TempDir() with the write bits tightened. testing creates its
+// numbered directory with 0777 minus the umask, so under the common 002 umask it
+// is group-writable and would fail the check under test on its own.
+func ownerOnlyDir(t *testing.T) string {
+	t.Helper()
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	require.NoError(t, os.Chmod(dir, 0o755), "tighten the temporary directory")
+	return dir
+}
+
+// writeExecutable creates a plain executable file, the shape trustedSelf checks.
+func writeExecutable(t *testing.T, dir string) string {
+	t.Helper()
+	path := filepath.Join(dir, "netbird-ui")
+	require.NoError(t, os.WriteFile(path, []byte("#!/bin/sh\n"), 0o755), "write the executable")
+	require.NoError(t, os.Chmod(path, 0o755), "set the executable's mode")
+	return path
+}
+
+func TestCheckOnlyOwnerWritableAcceptsOwnerOnly(t *testing.T) {
+	err := checkOnlyOwnerWritable(writeExecutable(t, ownerOnlyDir(t)))
+	assert.NoError(t, err, "an owner-only writable executable is trustworthy")
+}
+
+func TestCheckOnlyOwnerWritableRejectsWorldWritableFile(t *testing.T) {
+	path := writeExecutable(t, ownerOnlyDir(t))
+	require.NoError(t, os.Chmod(path, 0o777), "make the executable world-writable")
+
+	assert.Error(t, checkOnlyOwnerWritable(path), "a world-writable executable must be refused")
+}
+
+// The permission policy on its own, without a filesystem to arrange: whether the
+// group has been vouched for is the only thing that makes group write acceptable.
+func TestWriteBitsAllow(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name         string
+		perm         os.FileMode
+		sticky       bool
+		groupAllowed bool
+		wantErr      bool
+	}{
+		{name: "owner only", perm: 0o755},
+		{name: "group write in a private group", perm: 0o775, groupAllowed: true},
+		{name: "group write in a shared group", perm: 0o775, wantErr: true},
+		{name: "world write", perm: 0o777, groupAllowed: true, wantErr: true},
+		{name: "world write on a sticky directory", perm: 0o777, sticky: true},
+		{name: "group write on a sticky directory", perm: 0o775, sticky: true},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			err := writeBitsAllow("/path", tt.perm, tt.sticky, tt.groupAllowed)
+			if tt.wantErr {
+				assert.Error(t, err, "perm %v, sticky %v, group allowed %v", tt.perm, tt.sticky, tt.groupAllowed)
+				return
+			}
+			assert.NoError(t, err, "perm %v, sticky %v, group allowed %v", tt.perm, tt.sticky, tt.groupAllowed)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// A build under a home directory on a distribution with a 002 umask, which is what
+// a locally built or tarball-installed binary looks like. Its group has no members
+// but its owner, so it is as good as owner-only.
+//
+// Whether this host is such a distribution is read from the environment rather than
+// from groupWriteAllowed: asking the function under test whether to run would let
+// it skip its own coverage away if it regressed to refusing everything.
+func TestCheckOnlyOwnerWritableAcceptsOwnPrivateGroup(t *testing.T) {
+	requirePrivatePrimaryGroup(t)
+
+	dir := ownerOnlyDir(t)
+	path := writeExecutable(t, dir)
+	require.NoError(t, os.Chmod(dir, 0o775), "make the directory group-writable")
+	require.NoError(t, os.Chmod(path, 0o775), "make the executable group-writable")
+
+	err := checkOnlyOwnerWritable(path)
+	assert.NoError(t, err, "group write in the owner's own private group reaches nobody else")
+}
+
+// A group that shares its owner's name but has gained another member is no longer
+// private, and its write access reaches an account that could not elevate.
+func TestGroupHasOtherMembers(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name  string
+		entry string
+		want  bool
+	}{
+		{name: "no members", entry: "vma:x:1000:"},
+		{name: "only the owner", entry: "vma:x:1000:vma"},
+		{name: "another member", entry: "vma:x:1000:bob", want: true},
+		{name: "the owner and another", entry: "vma:x:1000:vma,bob", want: true},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			path := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "group")
+			body := "root:x:0:\n" + tt.entry + "\nsudo:x:27:vma\n"
+			require.NoError(t, os.WriteFile(path, []byte(body), 0o644), "write the group file")
+
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.want, groupHasOtherMembers(path, "vma", "vma"), "entry %q", tt.entry)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// A group file that says nothing about the group leaves the name as the only thing
+// to go on, so the private-group allowance stands rather than collapsing on every
+// host whose groups come from LDAP.
+func TestGroupHasOtherMembersTolerantOfAnUnknownGroup(t *testing.T) {
+	path := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "group")
+	require.NoError(t, os.WriteFile(path, []byte("root:x:0:\n"), 0o644), "write the group file")
+
+	assert.False(t, groupHasOtherMembers(path, "vma", "vma"), "a group the file does not describe")
+	assert.False(t, groupHasOtherMembers(filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "absent"), "vma", "vma"),
+		"no group file at all")
+}
+
+// A writable directory is as good as a writable file: whoever can write the
+// directory can put a different binary at the same path.
+func TestCheckOnlyOwnerWritableRejectsWritableDirectory(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := filepath.Join(ownerOnlyDir(t), "bin")
+	require.NoError(t, os.Mkdir(dir, 0o755), "create the directory")
+	path := writeExecutable(t, dir)
+	require.NoError(t, os.Chmod(dir, 0o777), "make the directory world-writable")
+
+	assert.Error(t, checkOnlyOwnerWritable(path), "an executable in a world-writable directory must be refused")
+}
+
+// A sticky world-writable directory is exempt: the sticky bit is what stops one
+// user replacing another's entries. /tmp is why this matters.
+func TestCheckOnlyOwnerWritableAcceptsStickyDirectory(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := filepath.Join(ownerOnlyDir(t), "sticky")
+	require.NoError(t, os.Mkdir(dir, 0o755), "create the directory")
+	path := writeExecutable(t, dir)
+	require.NoError(t, os.Chmod(dir, 0o777|os.ModeSticky), "make the directory sticky and world-writable")
+
+	err := checkOnlyOwnerWritable(path)
+	assert.NoError(t, err, "the sticky bit stops another user replacing the executable")
+}
+
+func TestCheckOnlyOwnerWritableRejectsMissingFile(t *testing.T) {
+	err := checkOnlyOwnerWritable(filepath.Join(ownerOnlyDir(t), "absent"))
+	assert.Error(t, err, "an executable that is not there must be refused")
+}
+
+// requirePrivatePrimaryGroup skips unless this user's primary group is their own,
+// which is what the user-private-group allowance is about.
+func requirePrivatePrimaryGroup(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	self, err := user.Current()
+	require.NoError(t, err, "look up the test user")
+	group, err := user.LookupGroupId(strconv.Itoa(os.Getgid()))
+	require.NoError(t, err, "look up the test user's primary group")
+
+	if group.Name != self.Username {
+		t.Skipf("the test user's primary group is %q, not their own, so there is nothing to assert here", group.Name)
+	}
+	if groupHasOtherMembers(groupFile, group.Name, self.Username) {
+		t.Skipf("group %q has other members, so it is not a private group", group.Name)
+	}
+}

client/internal/elevate/trusted_windows.go

@@ -0,0 +1,215 @@
+package elevate
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"slices"
+	"unsafe"
+
+	"golang.org/x/sys/windows"
+)
+
+const (
+	// fileDeleteChild is FILE_DELETE_CHILD, which x/sys does not define: the
+	// right to delete an entry of a directory without holding DELETE on it.
+	fileDeleteChild = 0x00000040
+
+	// accessAllowedCallbackACEType is an allow ACE with a condition appended to
+	// the ACCESS_ALLOWED_ACE layout, so its trustee is still at SidStart.
+	accessAllowedCallbackACEType = 0x9
+
+	// The allow ACE types that carry object GUIDs ahead of the trustee, so the
+	// SID is not at SidStart. They occur on directory-service objects rather
+	// than files, and are refused rather than skipped: see aceTrustee.
+	accessAllowedObjectACEType         = 0x5
+	accessAllowedCallbackObjectACEType = 0xB
+)
+
+// fileWriteAccess are the rights that let a trustee rewrite or replace a file,
+// or take it over and then do so.
+const fileWriteAccess = windows.FILE_WRITE_DATA | windows.FILE_APPEND_DATA |
+	windows.DELETE | windows.WRITE_DAC | windows.WRITE_OWNER |
+	windows.GENERIC_WRITE | windows.GENERIC_ALL
+
+// dirWriteAccess are the rights over a directory that let a trustee replace an
+// entry somebody else owns. Creating a new entry is not one of them, which is
+// what the Unix sticky bit says in one bit: the root of every volume grants
+// BUILTIN\Users the right to add directories under it, and that reaches nothing
+// already there.
+const dirWriteAccess = fileDeleteChild | windows.DELETE |
+	windows.WRITE_DAC | windows.WRITE_OWNER | windows.GENERIC_ALL
+
+// trustedInstallerSID owns much of what Windows itself installs. x/sys has no
+// well-known constant for it.
+const trustedInstallerSID = "S-1-5-80-956008885-3418522649-1831038044-1853292631-2271478464"
+
+// checkOnlyOwnerWritable reports an error unless path, and every directory
+// leading to it, is owned by an account that can elevate (or by this user) and
+// grants write access to nobody else. A writable directory is as good as a
+// writable file, since an entry in it can be replaced, so the whole chain is
+// checked.
+func checkOnlyOwnerWritable(path string) error {
+	owners, err := trustedOwners()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	writers, err := trustedWriters(owners)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	writeAccess := windows.ACCESS_MASK(fileWriteAccess)
+	for target := path; ; target = filepath.Dir(target) {
+		if err := checkSecurity(target, writeAccess, owners, writers); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if parent := filepath.Dir(target); parent == target {
+			return nil
+		}
+		writeAccess = dirWriteAccess
+	}
+}
+
+// trustedOwners are the accounts we accept as the owner of the executable and of
+// the directories above it: the ones that can already answer the UAC prompt,
+// plus this user, whose own executable is theirs to write. Code running as the
+// user could prompt them for anything anyway; what matters is that no *other*
+// unprivileged account can reach it.
+func trustedOwners() ([]*windows.SID, error) {
+	self, err := currentUserSID()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	owners := []*windows.SID{self}
+	for _, wellKnown := range []windows.WELL_KNOWN_SID_TYPE{
+		windows.WinLocalSystemSid,
+		windows.WinBuiltinAdministratorsSid,
+	} {
+		sid, err := windows.CreateWellKnownSid(wellKnown)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("build well-known SID %d: %w", wellKnown, err)
+		}
+		owners = append(owners, sid)
+	}
+
+	installer, err := windows.StringToSid(trustedInstallerSID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("parse TrustedInstaller SID: %w", err)
+	}
+	return append(owners, installer), nil
+}
+
+// trustedWriters are the trustees whose write access does not widen who could
+// decide what runs behind the prompt. The owners, and CREATOR OWNER, which
+// resolves to the object's owner and is therefore already vetted.
+func trustedWriters(owners []*windows.SID) ([]*windows.SID, error) {
+	creatorOwner, err := windows.CreateWellKnownSid(windows.WinCreatorOwnerSid)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("build the CREATOR OWNER SID: %w", err)
+	}
+	return append(slices.Clone(owners), creatorOwner), nil
+}
+
+func checkSecurity(path string, writeAccess windows.ACCESS_MASK, owners, writers []*windows.SID) error {
+	sd, err := windows.GetNamedSecurityInfo(path, windows.SE_FILE_OBJECT,
+		windows.OWNER_SECURITY_INFORMATION|windows.DACL_SECURITY_INFORMATION)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("read security descriptor of %s: %w", path, err)
+	}
+
+	owner, _, err := sd.Owner()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("read owner of %s: %w", path, err)
+	}
+	if !containsSID(owners, owner) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%s is owned by %s, which is neither this user nor an account that can elevate", path, owner)
+	}
+
+	dacl, _, err := sd.DACL()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("read DACL of %s: %w", path, err)
+	}
+	// A NULL DACL grants everyone everything; only an absent security
+	// descriptor would have got us here without one, and neither is trustworthy.
+	if dacl == nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%s has no DACL, so it grants write access to everyone", path)
+	}
+
+	return checkDACL(path, dacl, writeAccess, writers)
+}
+
+// checkDACL refuses an ACL that grants write access to a trustee outside
+// writers.
+//
+// An allowlist, because the trustees that must not have it cannot be listed: an
+// ACE naming an ordinary user account hands that account the same power as one
+// naming Everyone, and only the accounts that may hold it are knowable.
+func checkDACL(path string, dacl *windows.ACL, writeAccess windows.ACCESS_MASK, writers []*windows.SID) error {
+	for i := uint32(0); i < uint32(dacl.AceCount); i++ {
+		var ace *windows.ACCESS_ALLOWED_ACE
+		if err := windows.GetAce(dacl, i, &ace); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("read ACE %d of %s: %w", i, path, err)
+		}
+		// An inherit-only ACE says what children of this object get, not what
+		// this object grants.
+		if ace.Header.AceFlags&windows.INHERIT_ONLY_ACE != 0 {
+			continue
+		}
+		if ace.Mask&writeAccess == 0 {
+			continue
+		}
+		// Only an allow ACE grants anything; a deny ACE narrows what one gave.
+		if !isAllowACE(ace.Header.AceType) {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		trustee, err := aceTrustee(ace)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("read the trustee of ACE %d of %s: %w", i, path, err)
+		}
+		if !containsSID(writers, trustee) {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%s grants write access to %s", path, trustee)
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// isAllowACE reports whether an ACE type grants rights, rather than denying,
+// auditing or labelling them.
+func isAllowACE(aceType uint8) bool {
+	switch aceType {
+	case windows.ACCESS_ALLOWED_ACE_TYPE, accessAllowedCallbackACEType,
+		accessAllowedObjectACEType, accessAllowedCallbackObjectACEType:
+		return true
+	default:
+		return false
+	}
+}
+
+// aceTrustee returns who an allow ACE grants its rights to. An ACE whose trustee
+// cannot be located is an error rather than something to skip past: being unable
+// to read who is being given write access is a refusal.
+func aceTrustee(ace *windows.ACCESS_ALLOWED_ACE) (*windows.SID, error) {
+	switch ace.Header.AceType {
+	case windows.ACCESS_ALLOWED_ACE_TYPE, accessAllowedCallbackACEType:
+		//nolint:gosec // SidStart is the first uint32 of the variable-length SID that follows the ACE header.
+		return (*windows.SID)(unsafe.Pointer(&ace.SidStart)), nil
+	default:
+		return nil, errors.New("an object-type allow ACE does not carry its trustee where we can read it")
+	}
+}
+
+func containsSID(sids []*windows.SID, sid *windows.SID) bool {
+	return slices.ContainsFunc(sids, sid.Equals)
+}
+
+func currentUserSID() (*windows.SID, error) {
+	token := windows.GetCurrentProcessToken()
+	user, err := token.GetTokenUser()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("read this process's user: %w", err)
+	}
+	return user.User.Sid, nil
+}

client/internal/elevate/trusted_windows_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+package elevate
+
+import (
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"golang.org/x/sys/windows"
+)
+
+// A file the test user created under their own profile, which is what a per-user
+// install looks like. The whole chain up to the volume root is walked, so this is
+// also what says the walk does not refuse an ordinary Windows installation: the
+// root of every volume grants BUILTIN\Users rights that are not ours to worry
+// about.
+func TestCheckOnlyOwnerWritableAcceptsOwnFile(t *testing.T) {
+	err := checkOnlyOwnerWritable(writeExecutable(t))
+	assert.NoError(t, err, "a file the test user owns, under directories only administrators can write")
+}
+
+// Write access held by an account that cannot answer the UAC prompt means that
+// account decides what runs behind it, whoever the ACE names. The trustees that
+// must not have it cannot be listed, so the check names the ones that may.
+func TestCheckOnlyOwnerWritableRejectsUntrustedWriters(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name      string
+		wellKnown windows.WELL_KNOWN_SID_TYPE
+	}{
+		{name: "everyone", wellKnown: windows.WinWorldSid},
+		{name: "authenticated users", wellKnown: windows.WinAuthenticatedUserSid},
+		{name: "builtin users", wellKnown: windows.WinBuiltinUsersSid},
+		// A service account, which no denylist of the obvious groups would name
+		// and which cannot elevate any more than Everyone can.
+		{name: "local service", wellKnown: windows.WinLocalServiceSid},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			path := writeExecutable(t)
+			grantWrite(t, path, tt.wellKnown)
+
+			assert.Error(t, checkOnlyOwnerWritable(path),
+				"write access for %s must be refused", tt.name)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// The masks are the policy: on a file any write reaches its contents, while on a
+// directory only deleting or taking over an entry reaches something already
+// there. Adding an entry does not, which is why the walk survives a volume root.
+func TestWriteAccessMasks(t *testing.T) {
+	assert.NotZero(t, fileWriteAccess&windows.FILE_WRITE_DATA, "writing a file's data reaches its contents")
+	assert.NotZero(t, fileWriteAccess&windows.FILE_APPEND_DATA, "appending to a file reaches its contents")
+
+	assert.Zero(t, dirWriteAccess&windows.FILE_WRITE_DATA, "adding a file to a directory replaces nothing")
+	assert.Zero(t, dirWriteAccess&windows.FILE_APPEND_DATA, "adding a subdirectory replaces nothing")
+	assert.NotZero(t, dirWriteAccess&fileDeleteChild, "deleting an entry replaces it")
+	assert.NotZero(t, dirWriteAccess&windows.DELETE, "deleting the directory takes its entries with it")
+}
+
+func TestIsAllowACE(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name    string
+		aceType uint8
+		want    bool
+	}{
+		{name: "allowed", aceType: windows.ACCESS_ALLOWED_ACE_TYPE, want: true},
+		{name: "allowed callback", aceType: accessAllowedCallbackACEType, want: true},
+		{name: "allowed object", aceType: accessAllowedObjectACEType, want: true},
+		{name: "allowed callback object", aceType: accessAllowedCallbackObjectACEType, want: true},
+		{name: "denied", aceType: windows.ACCESS_DENIED_ACE_TYPE},
+		// SYSTEM_AUDIT_ACE_TYPE, which x/sys does not define: an ACE that records
+		// access rather than granting it.
+		{name: "audit", aceType: 0x2},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.want, isAllowACE(tt.aceType), "ACE type %#x", tt.aceType)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// writeExecutable creates a plain file under the test's own directory, the shape
+// trustedSelf checks.
+func writeExecutable(t *testing.T) string {
+	t.Helper()
+	path := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "netbird-ui.exe")
+	require.NoError(t, os.WriteFile(path, []byte("MZ"), 0o755), "write the executable")
+	return path
+}
+
+// grantWrite replaces the file's DACL with one that grants a well-known trustee
+// everything, keeping the test user's own access so the file stays deletable.
+func grantWrite(t *testing.T, path string, wellKnown windows.WELL_KNOWN_SID_TYPE) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	trustee, err := windows.CreateWellKnownSid(wellKnown)
+	require.NoError(t, err, "build the trustee SID")
+	self, err := currentUserSID()
+	require.NoError(t, err, "read the test user's SID")
+
+	acl, err := windows.ACLFromEntries([]windows.EXPLICIT_ACCESS{
+		fullControl(self, windows.TRUSTEE_IS_USER),
+		fullControl(trustee, windows.TRUSTEE_IS_WELL_KNOWN_GROUP),
+	}, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err, "build the ACL")
+
+	require.NoError(t, windows.SetNamedSecurityInfo(path, windows.SE_FILE_OBJECT,
+		windows.DACL_SECURITY_INFORMATION|windows.PROTECTED_DACL_SECURITY_INFORMATION,
+		nil, nil, acl, nil), "set the DACL")
+}
+
+func fullControl(sid *windows.SID, trusteeType uint32) windows.EXPLICIT_ACCESS {
+	return windows.EXPLICIT_ACCESS{
+		AccessPermissions: windows.GENERIC_ALL,
+		AccessMode:        windows.GRANT_ACCESS,
+		Trustee: windows.TRUSTEE{
+			TrusteeForm:  windows.TRUSTEE_IS_SID,
+			TrusteeType:  windows.TRUSTEE_TYPE(trusteeType),
+			TrusteeValue: windows.TrusteeValueFromSID(sid),
+		},
+	}
+}

client/internal/ipcauth/privileged.go

@@ -91,6 +91,12 @@ func SelfDelegatesTo() (Identity, bool) {
 	return selfIdentity, true
 }
 
+// The values PrivilegedActorKey returns.
+const (
+	ActorKeyAdministrator = "administrator"
+	ActorKeyRoot          = "root"
+)
+
 // PrivilegedActor names the principal a privileged operation requires, for use
 // in messages shown to the user.
 func PrivilegedActor() string {
@@ -100,6 +106,16 @@ func PrivilegedActor() string {
 	return "root"
 }
 
+// PrivilegedActorKey identifies that principal without wording it, for a client
+// that writes its own message in the user's language. The words PrivilegedActor
+// returns are English, and a translated sentence cannot borrow them.
+func PrivilegedActorKey() string {
+	if runtime.GOOS == "windows" {
+		return ActorKeyAdministrator
+	}
+	return ActorKeyRoot
+}
+
 // ElevatedCommand renders a command so that running it grants the privileges the
 // operation needs. Windows has no in-line equivalent of sudo, so the command is
 // returned unchanged and the user is expected to run it from an elevated

client/server/login_outcome_test.go

@@ -8,8 +8,6 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
-	"google.golang.org/grpc/codes"
-	gstatus "google.golang.org/grpc/status"
 
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/proto"
@@ -27,9 +25,9 @@ func TestLogin_ManagementUnreachableIsReturnedInsteadOfDemandingSSO(t *testing.T
 
 	unreachable := errors.New("create connection: dial context: context deadline exceeded")
 	attempts := 0
-	s.loginAttemptFn = func(context.Context, string, string) (internal.StatusType, error) {
+	s.isLoginRequiredFn = func(context.Context) (bool, error) {
 		attempts++
-		return internal.StatusLoginFailed, unreachable
+		return false, unreachable
 	}
 
 	resp, err := s.Login(userCtx(), &proto.LoginRequest{Username: &username})
@@ -55,15 +53,12 @@ func TestLogin_AuthRefusalStartsSSOFlow(t *testing.T) {
 	s.rootCtx = internal.CtxInitState(context.Background())
 	breakProfilePrivateKey(t, cfgPath)
 
-	refused := gstatus.Error(codes.PermissionDenied, "peer is not registered")
-	s.loginAttemptFn = func(context.Context, string, string) (internal.StatusType, error) {
-		return internal.StatusNeedsLogin, refused
+	s.isLoginRequiredFn = func(context.Context) (bool, error) {
+		return true, nil
 	}
 
 	_, err := s.Login(userCtx(), &proto.LoginRequest{Username: &username})
 	require.Error(t, err)
-	require.NotErrorIs(t, err, refused,
-		"the refusal was handed back to the caller instead of starting the SSO flow")
 
 	status, stateErr := internal.CtxGetState(s.rootCtx).Status()
 	require.NoError(t, stateErr)
@@ -71,6 +66,32 @@ func TestLogin_AuthRefusalStartsSSOFlow(t *testing.T) {
 		"the SSO flow setup was never reached with the broken key")
 }
 
+func TestLogin_SetupKeyStillRunsWhenPeerNeedsLogin(t *testing.T) {
+	s, _, _, username, _ := setupServerWithProfile(t)
+	s.rootCtx = internal.CtxInitState(context.Background())
+
+	s.isLoginRequiredFn = func(context.Context) (bool, error) {
+		return true, nil
+	}
+
+	var keysTried []string
+	s.loginAttemptFn = func(_ context.Context, setupKey, _ string) (internal.StatusType, error) {
+		keysTried = append(keysTried, setupKey)
+		return "", nil
+	}
+
+	setupKey := "A2C8E32F-AEB2-4B45-8FD3-8A0C1B2D3E4F"
+	resp, err := s.Login(userCtx(), &proto.LoginRequest{Username: &username, SetupKey: setupKey})
+	require.NoError(t, err, "the probe's outcome leaked out as the login result")
+	require.NotNil(t, resp)
+	require.Equal(t, []string{setupKey}, keysTried, "the setup key never reached the login attempt")
+	require.Nil(t, s.oauthAuthFlow.flow, "a setup-key login started an SSO flow")
+
+	status, err := internal.CtxGetState(s.rootCtx).Status()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, internal.StatusIdle, status)
+}
+
 // breakProfilePrivateKey replaces the profile's private key with an unparseable
 // one, which makes any attempt to build a Management client fail on the spot.
 func breakProfilePrivateKey(t *testing.T, cfgPath string) {

client/server/server.go

@@ -140,6 +140,8 @@ type Server struct {
 	// it to drive the login outcomes that need a server on the other end;
 	// production leaves it nil, and every login goes through loginAttempt.
 	loginAttemptFn func(ctx context.Context, setupKey, jwtToken string) (internal.StatusType, error)
+
+	isLoginRequiredFn func(ctx context.Context) (bool, error)
 }
 
 type oauthAuthFlow struct {
@@ -384,6 +386,21 @@ func (s *Server) attemptLogin(ctx context.Context, setupKey, jwtToken string) (i
 	return s.loginAttempt(ctx, setupKey, jwtToken)
 }
 
+func (s *Server) isLoginRequired(ctx context.Context) (bool, error) {
+	if s.isLoginRequiredFn != nil {
+		return s.isLoginRequiredFn(ctx)
+	}
+
+	authClient, err := auth.NewAuth(ctx, s.config.PrivateKey, s.config.ManagementURL, s.config)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Errorf("failed to create auth client: %v", err)
+		return false, err
+	}
+	defer authClient.Close()
+
+	return authClient.IsLoginRequired(ctx)
+}
+
 // loginAttempt attempts to login using the provided information. It returns
 // StatusNeedsLogin when Management refused the peer's credentials and
 // StatusLoginFailed for every other failure, so callers can tell an
@@ -640,22 +657,22 @@ func (s *Server) Login(callerCtx context.Context, msg *proto.LoginRequest) (*pro
 	s.config = config
 	s.mutex.Unlock()
 
-	loginStatus, err := s.attemptLogin(ctx, "", "")
-	if err == nil {
-		state.Set(internal.StatusIdle)
-		return &proto.LoginResponse{}, nil
-	}
-
-	// Only an authentication refusal means the peer has to (re-)authenticate.
-	// Any other failure leaves the login undecided: Management unreachable, a
+	// A probe that errors leaves the login undecided: Management unreachable, a
 	// restart mid-request, an internal error. Those are returned for the caller
 	// to retry, because turning them into an SSO prompt asks the user to solve
 	// something that is not theirs to solve, and a browser login cannot succeed
-	// while Management is unreachable anyway.
-	if loginStatus != internal.StatusNeedsLogin {
-		state.Set(loginStatus)
+	// while Management is unreachable anyway. Only Management refusing the
+	// peer's key is a decision, and IsLoginRequired reports that as
+	// needsLogin=true rather than an error.
+	needsLogin, err := s.isLoginRequired(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		state.Set(internal.StatusLoginFailed)
 		return nil, err
 	}
+	if !needsLogin {
+		state.Set(internal.StatusIdle)
+		return &proto.LoginResponse{}, nil
+	}
 
 	if msg.SetupKey == "" {
 		hint := ""
@@ -1798,6 +1815,9 @@ func (s *Server) RequestExtendAuthSession(
 	if connectClient == nil {
 		return nil, gstatus.Errorf(codes.FailedPrecondition, "client is not running")
 	}
+	if connectClient.Engine() == nil {
+		return nil, gstatus.Errorf(codes.FailedPrecondition, "session can no longer be extended, log in again to reconnect")
+	}
 
 	hint := ""
 	if msg.Hint != nil {

client/ui/build/linux/netbird-ui.desktop

@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 [Desktop Entry]
 Type=Application
-Name=netbird-ui
+Name=NetBird
+Comment=NetBird desktop client
 Exec=env WEBKIT_DISABLE_DMABUF_RENDERER=1 netbird-ui
 Icon=netbird-ui
-Categories=Development;
+Categories=Utility;Network;
 Terminal=false
-Keywords=wails
+Keywords=netbird;vpn;wireguard;
 Version=1.0
 StartupNotify=false

client/ui/build/linux/netbird.desktop

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 [Desktop Entry]
-Name=Netbird
+Name=NetBird
+Comment=NetBird desktop client
 Exec=env WEBKIT_DISABLE_DMABUF_RENDERER=1 /usr/bin/netbird-ui
 Icon=netbird
 Type=Application

client/ui/build/linux/nfpm/nfpm.yaml

@@ -21,8 +21,17 @@ contents:
     dst: "/usr/local/bin/netbird-ui"
   - src: "./build/appicon.png"
     dst: "/usr/share/icons/hicolor/128x128/apps/netbird-ui.png"
+  # The name the polkit action's icon_name refers to, which the released packages
+  # install as /usr/share/pixmaps/netbird.png.
+  - src: "./build/appicon.png"
+    dst: "/usr/share/icons/hicolor/128x128/apps/netbird.png"
   - src: "./build/linux/netbird-ui.desktop"
     dst: "/usr/share/applications/netbird-ui.desktop"
+  # Names the polkit action for the elevation prompt the app raises when an
+  # unprivileged user changes a privileged setting; without it the dialog shows a
+  # raw command line.
+  - src: "./build/linux/polkit/io.netbird.settings.policy"
+    dst: "/usr/share/polkit-1/actions/io.netbird.settings.policy"
 
 # Default dependencies for the GTK4 + WebKitGTK 6.0 stack (Ubuntu 24.04+ / Debian 13+)
 depends:

client/ui/build/linux/polkit/io.netbird.settings.policy

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE policyconfig PUBLIC "-//freedesktop//DTD PolicyKit Policy Configuration 1.0//EN"
+ "http://www.freedesktop.org/standards/PolicyKit/1/policyconfig.dtd">
+
+<!--
+  Names the action behind the elevation prompt the desktop app raises for an SSH
+  setting the daemon restricts to root; without it pkexec's generic dialog offers
+  the raw command line instead. The argv1 annotation keeps this wording to the
+  one-shot mode that applies those settings.
+
+  auth_admin rather than auth_admin_keep: each of these settings is its own grant
+  of shell access, so a credential cache would let a second, unasked-for change
+  ride along on the authorization given the first.
+
+  exec.path takes no wildcard and the binary's location depends on the package,
+  hence one action per path.
+-->
+<policyconfig>
+  <vendor>NetBird</vendor>
+  <vendor_url>https://netbird.io</vendor_url>
+
+  <action id="io.netbird.settings.apply-privileged">
+    <description>Change privileged NetBird settings</description>
+    <message>Authentication is required to change NetBird settings that grant SSH access to this computer.</message>
+    <icon_name>netbird</icon_name>
+    <defaults>
+      <allow_any>auth_admin</allow_any>
+      <allow_inactive>auth_admin</allow_inactive>
+      <allow_active>auth_admin</allow_active>
+    </defaults>
+    <annotate key="org.freedesktop.policykit.exec.path">/usr/bin/netbird-ui</annotate>
+    <annotate key="org.freedesktop.policykit.exec.argv1">--apply-privileged-settings</annotate>
+  </action>
+
+  <action id="io.netbird.settings.apply-privileged-local">
+    <description>Change privileged NetBird settings</description>
+    <message>Authentication is required to change NetBird settings that grant SSH access to this computer.</message>
+    <icon_name>netbird</icon_name>
+    <defaults>
+      <allow_any>auth_admin</allow_any>
+      <allow_inactive>auth_admin</allow_inactive>
+      <allow_active>auth_admin</allow_active>
+    </defaults>
+    <annotate key="org.freedesktop.policykit.exec.path">/usr/local/bin/netbird-ui</annotate>
+    <annotate key="org.freedesktop.policykit.exec.argv1">--apply-privileged-settings</annotate>
+  </action>
+</policyconfig>

client/ui/frontend/src/contexts/SettingsContext.tsx

@@ -22,12 +22,18 @@ const logSaveError = (err: unknown) => console.error("[SettingsContext] save fai
 
 export type AutostartState = { supported: boolean; enabled: boolean };
 
+// GuardedField is a setting the daemon only accepts from root/administrator.
+// Turning one on goes through saveGuardedField, which asks the operating system
+// for the privileges rather than sending a request that would be refused.
+export type GuardedField = "serverSshAllowed" | "enableSshRoot" | "disableSshAuth";
+
 type SettingsContextValue = {
     config: Config;
     guiVersion: string;
     setField: <K extends keyof Config>(k: K, v: Config[K]) => void;
     saveField: <K extends keyof Config>(k: K, v: Config[K]) => Promise<void>;
     saveFields: (partial: Partial<Config>, opts?: { preSharedKey?: string }) => Promise<void>;
+    saveGuardedField: (k: GuardedField, v: boolean) => Promise<void>;
     saveNow: () => Promise<void>;
 };
 
@@ -63,6 +69,12 @@ const useSettingsState = () => {
     const [guiVersion, setGuiVersion] = useState<string>("—");
     const saveTimer = useRef<ReturnType<typeof setTimeout> | null>(null);
     const loadedRef = useRef<LoadedConfig | null>(null);
+    // Set when the daemon's config changed while a save was pending, so the read
+    // that was skipped to protect the pending edit happens once it is through.
+    // Without it the form keeps values the daemon no longer has and the next save
+    // submits them, which for a guarded setting means asking the user to authorize
+    // a change they never made.
+    const reloadOwed = useRef(false);
 
     useEffect(() => {
         loadedRef.current = loaded;
@@ -73,6 +85,7 @@ const useSettingsState = () => {
     // update the daemon then rejected.
     const reload = useCallback(
         async (profileName: string) => {
+            reloadOwed.current = false;
             try {
                 const data = await SettingsSvc.GetConfig({ profileName, username });
                 setLoaded({ profileName, data });
@@ -94,7 +107,12 @@ const useSettingsState = () => {
                     username,
                 });
                 if (cancelled) return;
-                if (saveTimer.current) return;
+                // A pending edit outranks the daemon's copy until it is saved, so
+                // the read is owed rather than dropped: see reloadOwed.
+                if (saveTimer.current) {
+                    reloadOwed.current = true;
+                    return;
+                }
                 setLoaded({ profileName: activeProfileId, data });
             } catch (e) {
                 if (cancelled || !showError) return;
@@ -141,12 +159,17 @@ const useSettingsState = () => {
         async (profileName: string, next: Config, preSharedKey?: string) => {
             const preSharedKeyWrite = preSharedKey === undefined ? {} : { preSharedKey };
             try {
-                await SettingsSvc.SetConfig({
+                const { declined } = await SettingsSvc.SetConfig({
                     ...next,
                     ...preSharedKeyWrite,
                     profileName,
                     username,
                 });
+                // The change needed authorization and the user said no, so the
+                // optimistic update is wrong. Nothing to report: they know.
+                if (declined || reloadOwed.current) {
+                    await reload(profileName);
+                }
             } catch (e) {
                 // The optimistic update is wrong now: the daemon refused it
                 // (a change that needs elevated privileges, an MDM-managed
@@ -206,6 +229,59 @@ const useSettingsState = () => {
         [loaded, save],
     );
 
+    // saveGuardedField applies a setting the daemon restricts to
+    // root/administrator by having the Go side run the app again under the
+    // platform's elevation prompt (UAC, the macOS authentication dialog, polkit).
+    // The prompt is the user's, so the call is made straight from their gesture
+    // and never from the debounce.
+    const saveGuardedField = useCallback(
+        async (k: GuardedField, v: boolean) => {
+            const cur = loadedRef.current;
+            if (!cur) return;
+
+            // Flush what the debounce still owes, before the optimistic update
+            // below joins it: a later save carrying the guarded value would be
+            // refused, and its error dialog would be the second one for a change
+            // the user already authorized.
+            if (saveTimer.current) {
+                clearTimeout(saveTimer.current);
+                saveTimer.current = null;
+                await save(cur.profileName, cur.data);
+            }
+
+            const next: LoadedConfig = {
+                profileName: cur.profileName,
+                data: { ...cur.data, [k]: v },
+            };
+            loadedRef.current = next;
+            setLoaded(next);
+
+            try {
+                await SettingsSvc.SetGuardedSettings({
+                    profileName: cur.profileName,
+                    username,
+                    [k]: v,
+                });
+            } catch (e) {
+                // The daemon is authoritative either way, so re-read before
+                // reporting. A declined prompt is not an error and does not come
+                // through here at all; this is a prompt that could not be raised,
+                // which carries the command that would have done it.
+                await reload(cur.profileName);
+                await errorDialog({
+                    Title: i18next.t("settings.error.saveTitle"),
+                    Message: errorMessage(e),
+                    Command: errorCommand(e),
+                });
+                return;
+            }
+            // Either the change went through or the user declined it. The daemon
+            // says which.
+            await reload(cur.profileName);
+        },
+        [username, save, reload],
+    );
+
     const saveFields = useCallback(
         async (partial: Partial<Config>, opts?: { preSharedKey?: string }) => {
             if (!loaded) return;
@@ -225,15 +301,27 @@ const useSettingsState = () => {
         [loaded, save],
     );
 
-    return { config: loaded?.data ?? null, guiVersion, setField, saveField, saveFields, saveNow };
+    return {
+        config: loaded?.data ?? null,
+        guiVersion,
+        setField,
+        saveField,
+        saveFields,
+        saveGuardedField,
+        saveNow,
+    };
 };
 
 export const SettingsProvider = ({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) => {
-    const { config, guiVersion, setField, saveField, saveFields, saveNow } = useSettingsState();
+    const { config, guiVersion, setField, saveField, saveFields, saveGuardedField, saveNow } =
+        useSettingsState();
 
     const value = useMemo<SettingsContextValue | null>(
-        () => (config ? { config, guiVersion, setField, saveField, saveFields, saveNow } : null),
-        [config, guiVersion, setField, saveField, saveFields, saveNow],
+        () =>
+            config
+                ? { config, guiVersion, setField, saveField, saveFields, saveGuardedField, saveNow }
+                : null,
+        [config, guiVersion, setField, saveField, saveFields, saveGuardedField, saveNow],
     );
 
     if (!value) {

client/ui/frontend/src/hooks/usePrivilege.ts

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { useEffect, useState } from "react";
 import { Settings as SettingsSvc } from "@bindings/services";
-import { Privilege } from "@bindings/services/models.js";
+import { type Privilege } from "@bindings/services/models.js";
 
 // usePrivilege reports whether this UI process may perform the changes the daemon
 // restricts to root/administrator. It is answered in-process from our own token

client/ui/frontend/src/modules/session/SessionExpirationDialog.tsx

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import { DialogHeading } from "@/components/dialog/DialogHeading";
 import { SquareIcon } from "@/components/SquareIcon";
 import { Connection, Profiles as ProfilesSvc, Session, WindowManager } from "@bindings/services";
 import { useAutoSizeWindow } from "@/hooks/useAutoSizeWindow";
-import { EVENT_BROWSER_LOGIN_CANCEL } from "@/lib/connection";
+import { EVENT_BROWSER_LOGIN_CANCEL, EVENT_TRIGGER_LOGIN } from "@/lib/connection";
 import { errorDialog, formatErrorMessage } from "@/lib/errors.ts";
 import { formatRemaining } from "@/lib/formatters";
 
@@ -131,6 +131,21 @@ export default function SessionExpirationDialog() {
         }
     }, [busy, t]);
 
+    const authenticate = useCallback(async () => {
+        if (busy) return;
+        setBusy(true);
+        try {
+            await Events.Emit(EVENT_TRIGGER_LOGIN);
+            await WindowManager.CloseSessionExpiration();
+        } catch (e) {
+            setBusy(false);
+            await errorDialog({
+                Title: t("connect.error.loginTitle"),
+                Message: formatErrorMessage(e),
+            });
+        }
+    }, [busy, t]);
+
     const logout = useCallback(async () => {
         if (busy) return;
         setBusy(true);
@@ -185,7 +200,7 @@ export default function SessionExpirationDialog() {
                     variant={"primary"}
                     size={"md"}
                     className={"w-full"}
-                    onClick={stay}
+                    onClick={expired ? authenticate : stay}
                     disabled={busy}
                 >
                     {expired ? t("sessionExpiration.authenticate") : t("sessionExpiration.stay")}

client/ui/frontend/src/modules/settings/SettingsSSH.tsx

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { type TFunction } from "i18next";
 import { useTranslation } from "react-i18next";
 import { CopyToClipboard } from "@/components/CopyToClipboard";
 import FancyToggleSwitch from "@/components/switches/FancyToggleSwitch";
@@ -6,51 +7,91 @@ import { Input } from "@/components/inputs/Input";
 import { Label } from "@/components/typography/Label";
 import { cn } from "@/lib/cn";
 import { SectionGroup } from "@/modules/settings/SettingsSection.tsx";
-import { useSettings } from "@/contexts/SettingsContext.tsx";
+import { type GuardedField, useSettings } from "@/contexts/SettingsContext.tsx";
 import { usePrivilege } from "@/hooks/usePrivilege.ts";
-import { Privilege } from "@bindings/services/models.js";
+import type { Privilege } from "@bindings/services/models.js";
 import { type ChangeEvent, type ReactNode, useEffect, useId, useState } from "react";
 
 export function SettingsSSH() {
     const { t } = useTranslation();
-    const { config, setField } = useSettings();
+    const { config, setField, saveGuardedField } = useSettings();
     const privilege = usePrivilege();
+    // The field whose elevation prompt is currently up, if any. The prompt is
+    // modal to the operating system, not to us, so the guarded controls are held
+    // still meanwhile rather than allowed to stack a second one behind it.
+    const [authorizing, setAuthorizing] = useState<GuardedField | null>(null);
     const isSSHServerEnabled = config.serverSshAllowed;
 
+    const authorize = async (field: GuardedField, value: boolean) => {
+        setAuthorizing(field);
+        try {
+            await saveGuardedField(field, value);
+        } finally {
+            setAuthorizing(null);
+        }
+    };
+
     // The daemon restricts only the direction that hands out shells from a process
-    // running as root. So for an unprivileged user a guarded control is either
-    // unavailable (it is off and only they could turn it on) or a one-way switch
-    // (it is on, they may turn it off, but not back on) — say which, either way.
+    // running as root: for all three settings that is switching the field on.
+    //
+    // An unprivileged user gets that direction routed through the platform's
+    // elevation prompt where there is one to raise, and otherwise the old
+    // arrangement, where the control is either unavailable (it is off and only a
+    // privileged caller could turn it on) or a one-way switch (it is on, they may
+    // turn it off but not back on) with the command that does it.
     //
     // A null privilege means we could not determine it: leave the control alone
     // rather than greying it out with nothing to explain why. The daemon enforces
     // this regardless, and a rejected save reports its own guidance.
     const guarded = (
-        guardedDirectionActive: boolean,
+        field: GuardedField,
         command: (p: Privilege) => string,
         // inverted marks a control whose guarded direction is switching it off, so
         // the one-way warning has to read the other way round.
         inverted = false,
     ) => {
+        const plain = (value: boolean) => setField(field, value);
         if (!privilege || privilege.privileged) {
-            return { disabled: false, hint: undefined };
+            return { apply: plain, disabled: false, hint: undefined };
         }
-        const hint = (
-            <PrivilegeHint
-                actor={privilege.actor}
-                command={command(privilege)}
+
+        const guardedDirectionActive = config[field];
+        const hint = (pending: boolean, command?: string) => (
+            <GuardedHint
+                actor={actorLabel(privilege, t)}
                 oneWay={guardedDirectionActive}
                 inverted={inverted}
+                pending={pending}
+                command={command}
             />
         );
-        return { disabled: !guardedDirectionActive, hint };
+
+        if (privilege.canElevate) {
+            return {
+                // Switching off is ours to do; only switching on is authorized.
+                apply: (value: boolean) => {
+                    if (!value) {
+                        plain(value);
+                        return;
+                    }
+                    void authorize(field, value);
+                },
+                disabled: authorizing !== null,
+                hint: hint(authorizing === field),
+            };
+        }
+        return {
+            apply: plain,
+            disabled: !guardedDirectionActive,
+            hint: hint(false, command(privilege)),
+        };
     };
 
-    const sshServer = guarded(config.serverSshAllowed, (p) => p.allowSshServer);
-    const sshRoot = guarded(config.enableSshRoot, (p) => p.enableSshRoot);
+    const sshServer = guarded("serverSshAllowed", (p) => p.allowSshServer);
+    const sshRoot = guarded("enableSshRoot", (p) => p.enableSshRoot);
     // Inverted control: the guarded direction is switching authentication off, so
     // it is the already-disabled state that is the one-way one.
-    const sshAuth = guarded(config.disableSshAuth, (p) => p.disableSshAuth, true);
+    const sshAuth = guarded("disableSshAuth", (p) => p.disableSshAuth, true);
     const jwtTtlId = useId();
     const [jwtTtlInput, setJwtTtlInput] = useState(String(config.sshJwtCacheTtl));
 
@@ -84,7 +125,7 @@ export function SettingsSSH() {
             <SectionGroup title={t("settings.ssh.section.server")}>
                 <FancyToggleSwitch
                     value={config.serverSshAllowed}
-                    onChange={(v) => setField("serverSshAllowed", v)}
+                    onChange={sshServer.apply}
                     disabled={sshServer.disabled}
                     label={t("settings.ssh.server.label")}
                     helpText={t("settings.ssh.server.help")}
@@ -98,7 +139,7 @@ export function SettingsSSH() {
             >
                 <FancyToggleSwitch
                     value={config.enableSshRoot}
-                    onChange={(v) => setField("enableSshRoot", v)}
+                    onChange={sshRoot.apply}
                     disabled={sshRoot.disabled}
                     label={t("settings.ssh.root.label")}
                     helpText={t("settings.ssh.root.help")}
@@ -130,7 +171,7 @@ export function SettingsSSH() {
             >
                 <FancyToggleSwitch
                     value={!config.disableSshAuth}
-                    onChange={(v) => setField("disableSshAuth", !v)}
+                    onChange={(v) => sshAuth.apply(!v)}
                     disabled={sshAuth.disabled}
                     label={t("settings.ssh.jwt.label")}
                     helpText={t("settings.ssh.jwt.help")}
@@ -163,41 +204,81 @@ export function SettingsSSH() {
     );
 }
 
-// PrivilegeHint explains what an unprivileged user can and cannot do with a
-// guarded control, and offers the command that does it with the privileges the
-// daemon requires. oneWay covers the control being in the guarded state already:
-// switching it back is the part that needs privileges.
-function PrivilegeHint({
+// actorLabel names the principal the daemon requires, in the user's language. The
+// Go side reports which one it is rather than wording it, because "administrator
+// privileges" is English and a translated sentence cannot borrow it.
+function actorLabel(privilege: Privilege, t: TFunction): string {
+    return privilege.actorKey === "administrator"
+        ? t("settings.ssh.privilege.actorAdministrator")
+        : t("settings.ssh.privilege.actorRoot");
+}
+
+// GuardedHint is what a control the daemon guards says to an unprivileged user.
+// There are three things worth saying, and it says at most one:
+//
+//   - A prompt is open. Worth a line because it can take a few seconds to appear,
+//     long enough that a control which merely went inert would read as a hang.
+//   - The setting is in its guarded state already (oneWay), so the user may switch
+//     it back as they please and it is switching it away again that will ask. No
+//     command either way: the direction they can take is theirs to take.
+//   - Only a privileged caller can move it at all, and there is no prompt to
+//     raise: the command that does it belongs here, and nothing else will do.
+//
+// Which leaves the case of a control whose guarded direction is still ahead of the
+// user and a prompt that can be raised for it: nothing to say, because clicking it
+// raises the prompt and the prompt explains itself.
+function GuardedHint({
     actor,
-    command,
     oneWay,
     inverted,
+    pending,
+    command,
 }: {
     actor: string;
-    command: string;
     oneWay: boolean;
     inverted: boolean;
+    pending: boolean;
+    command?: string;
 }): ReactNode {
     const { t } = useTranslation();
+
+    if (pending) {
+        return <HintBox>{t("settings.ssh.privilege.authorizePending")}</HintBox>;
+    }
+    if (oneWay) {
+        return (
+            <HintBox>
+                <span>
+                    {inverted
+                        ? t("settings.ssh.privilege.oneWayInverted", { actor })
+                        : t("settings.ssh.privilege.oneWay", { actor })}
+                </span>
+            </HintBox>
+        );
+    }
     if (!command) return null;
+    return (
+        <HintBox>
+            <span>{t("settings.ssh.privilege.hint", { actor })}</span>
+            <CopyToClipboard message={command} alwaysShowIcon wrap variant={"bright"}>
+                <code className={"select-text break-all font-mono text-xs text-nb-gray-200"}>
+                    {command}
+                </code>
+            </CopyToClipboard>
+        </HintBox>
+    );
+}
+
+// HintBox is the box a guarded control puts its explanation in, directly under the
+// control it belongs to.
+function HintBox({ children }: { children: ReactNode }): ReactNode {
     return (
         <div
             className={
                 "-mt-2 flex flex-col gap-1 rounded-md bg-nb-gray-930 px-3 py-2 text-xs text-nb-gray-300"
             }
         >
-            <span>
-                {!oneWay
-                    ? t("settings.ssh.privilege.hint", { actor })
-                    : inverted
-                      ? t("settings.ssh.privilege.oneWayInverted", { actor })
-                      : t("settings.ssh.privilege.oneWay", { actor })}
-            </span>
-            <CopyToClipboard message={command} alwaysShowIcon wrap variant={"bright"}>
-                <code className={"select-text break-all font-mono text-xs text-nb-gray-200"}>
-                    {command}
-                </code>
-            </CopyToClipboard>
+            {children}
         </div>
     );
 }

client/ui/i18n/locales/de/common.json

@@ -401,9 +401,6 @@
     "networks.bulk.label": {
         "message": "Alle sichtbaren Ressourcen umschalten"
     },
-    "settings.nav.label": {
-        "message": "Einstellungsbereiche"
-    },
     "profile.switch.title": {
         "message": "Zu Profil \"{name}\" wechseln?"
     },
@@ -497,6 +494,9 @@
     "settings.error.debugBundleTitle": {
         "message": "Debug-Paket fehlgeschlagen"
     },
+    "settings.nav.label": {
+        "message": "Einstellungsbereiche"
+    },
     "settings.tabs.general": {
         "message": "Allgemein"
     },
@@ -1330,5 +1330,29 @@
     },
     "error.unknown": {
         "message": "Vorgang fehlgeschlagen."
+    },
+    "error.elevation_unavailable": {
+        "message": "NetBird konnte auf diesem System nicht die nötigen Rechte anfordern. Führen Sie stattdessen dies aus:"
+    },
+    "error.elevation_failed": {
+        "message": "Die Änderung konnte mit erhöhten Rechten nicht angewendet werden. Führen Sie stattdessen dies aus:"
+    },
+    "settings.ssh.privilege.actorRoot": {
+        "message": "root-Rechte"
+    },
+    "settings.ssh.privilege.actorAdministrator": {
+        "message": "Administratorrechte"
+    },
+    "settings.ssh.privilege.hint": {
+        "message": "Erfordert {actor}. Führen Sie stattdessen dies aus:"
+    },
+    "settings.ssh.privilege.oneWay": {
+        "message": "Sie können dies deaktivieren, zum erneuten Aktivieren sind {actor} erforderlich."
+    },
+    "settings.ssh.privilege.oneWayInverted": {
+        "message": "Sie können dies aktivieren, zum erneuten Deaktivieren sind {actor} erforderlich."
+    },
+    "settings.ssh.privilege.authorizePending": {
+        "message": "Warten auf Autorisierung…"
     }
 }

client/ui/i18n/locales/en/common.json

@@ -1775,16 +1775,36 @@
         "message": "Operation failed.",
         "description": "Generic fallback error message used when no specific error applies."
     },
+    "error.elevation_unavailable": {
+        "message": "NetBird could not ask this system for the privileges the change needs. Run this instead:",
+        "description": "Error: this computer has no way to prompt for elevated privileges. Followed by a copyable command that applies the setting from a terminal."
+    },
+    "error.elevation_failed": {
+        "message": "The change could not be applied with elevated privileges. Run this instead:",
+        "description": "Error: the authorization succeeded but applying the setting afterwards failed. Followed by a copyable command that applies the setting from a terminal."
+    },
+    "settings.ssh.privilege.actorRoot": {
+        "message": "root",
+        "description": "Fills {actor} in the settings.ssh.privilege.* messages on Linux, macOS and BSD, where the daemon requires the root account. 'root' is an account name and stays as it is; add the word for privileges or rights around it if the sentence needs one to read naturally."
+    },
+    "settings.ssh.privilege.actorAdministrator": {
+        "message": "administrator privileges",
+        "description": "Fills {actor} in the settings.ssh.privilege.* messages on Windows, where the daemon requires an elevated administrator. The Windows term for the rights an account is asked to elevate to."
+    },
     "settings.ssh.privilege.hint": {
         "message": "Requires {actor}. Run this instead:",
         "description": "Help text under an SSH setting the user cannot change: it needs elevated privileges. {actor} is 'root' on Linux/macOS or 'administrator privileges' on Windows. Followed by a copyable command."
     },
     "settings.ssh.privilege.oneWay": {
-        "message": "You can switch this off, but switching it back on needs {actor}:",
-        "description": "Warning under an SSH setting an unprivileged user may disable but not re-enable. {actor} is 'root' on Linux/macOS or 'administrator privileges' on Windows. Followed by a copyable command."
+        "message": "You can switch this off, but switching it back on needs {actor}.",
+        "description": "Help text under an SSH setting that is already on: an unprivileged user may switch it off freely, and switching it on again is what needs the privileges. No command follows, since the direction they can take is theirs to take. {actor} is 'root' on Linux/macOS or 'administrator privileges' on Windows."
     },
     "settings.ssh.privilege.oneWayInverted": {
-        "message": "You can switch this on, but switching it back off needs {actor}:",
-        "description": "Warning under the SSH authentication setting, which an unprivileged user may re-enable but not disable again. {actor} is 'root' on Linux/macOS or 'administrator privileges' on Windows. Followed by a copyable command."
+        "message": "You can switch this on, but switching it back off needs {actor}.",
+        "description": "Same as settings.ssh.privilege.oneWay, for the SSH authentication setting once it has been switched off: switching it off again is what needs the privileges."
+    },
+    "settings.ssh.privilege.authorizePending": {
+        "message": "Waiting for authorization…",
+        "description": "Replaces the help text under a guarded SSH setting while the authorization prompt is open, which can take a few seconds to appear. Keep the trailing ellipsis."
     }
 }

client/ui/i18n/locales/es/common.json

@@ -401,9 +401,6 @@
     "networks.bulk.label": {
         "message": "Conmutar todos los recursos visibles"
     },
-    "settings.nav.label": {
-        "message": "Secciones de configuración"
-    },
     "profile.switch.title": {
         "message": "¿Cambiar el perfil a «{name}»?"
     },
@@ -497,6 +494,9 @@
     "settings.error.debugBundleTitle": {
         "message": "Error en el paquete de diagnóstico"
     },
+    "settings.nav.label": {
+        "message": "Secciones de configuración"
+    },
     "settings.tabs.general": {
         "message": "General"
     },
@@ -1330,5 +1330,29 @@
     },
     "error.unknown": {
         "message": "La operación falló."
+    },
+    "error.elevation_unavailable": {
+        "message": "NetBird no pudo solicitar a este sistema los privilegios necesarios. Ejecute esto en su lugar:"
+    },
+    "error.elevation_failed": {
+        "message": "No se pudo aplicar el cambio con privilegios elevados. Ejecute esto en su lugar:"
+    },
+    "settings.ssh.privilege.actorRoot": {
+        "message": "privilegios de root"
+    },
+    "settings.ssh.privilege.actorAdministrator": {
+        "message": "privilegios de administrador"
+    },
+    "settings.ssh.privilege.hint": {
+        "message": "Requiere {actor}. Ejecute esto en su lugar:"
+    },
+    "settings.ssh.privilege.oneWay": {
+        "message": "Puede desactivarlo, pero volver a activarlo requiere {actor}."
+    },
+    "settings.ssh.privilege.oneWayInverted": {
+        "message": "Puede activarlo, pero volver a desactivarlo requiere {actor}."
+    },
+    "settings.ssh.privilege.authorizePending": {
+        "message": "Esperando la autorización…"
     }
 }

client/ui/i18n/locales/fr/common.json

@@ -401,9 +401,6 @@
     "networks.bulk.label": {
         "message": "Activer/désactiver toutes les ressources visibles"
     },
-    "settings.nav.label": {
-        "message": "Sections des paramètres"
-    },
     "profile.switch.title": {
         "message": "Basculer vers le profil « {name} » ?"
     },
@@ -497,6 +494,9 @@
     "settings.error.debugBundleTitle": {
         "message": "Échec du lot de diagnostic"
     },
+    "settings.nav.label": {
+        "message": "Sections des paramètres"
+    },
     "settings.tabs.general": {
         "message": "Général"
     },
@@ -1330,5 +1330,29 @@
     },
     "error.unknown": {
         "message": "L’opération a échoué."
+    },
+    "error.elevation_unavailable": {
+        "message": "NetBird n’a pas pu demander à ce système les privilèges nécessaires. Exécutez plutôt ceci :"
+    },
+    "error.elevation_failed": {
+        "message": "La modification n’a pas pu être appliquée avec des privilèges élevés. Exécutez plutôt ceci :"
+    },
+    "settings.ssh.privilege.actorRoot": {
+        "message": "les privilèges root"
+    },
+    "settings.ssh.privilege.actorAdministrator": {
+        "message": "les privilèges administrateur"
+    },
+    "settings.ssh.privilege.hint": {
+        "message": "Nécessite {actor}. Exécutez plutôt ceci :"
+    },
+    "settings.ssh.privilege.oneWay": {
+        "message": "Vous pouvez le désactiver, mais le réactiver nécessite {actor}."
+    },
+    "settings.ssh.privilege.oneWayInverted": {
+        "message": "Vous pouvez l’activer, mais le désactiver de nouveau nécessite {actor}."
+    },
+    "settings.ssh.privilege.authorizePending": {
+        "message": "En attente de l’autorisation…"
     }
 }

client/ui/i18n/locales/hu/common.json

@@ -401,9 +401,6 @@
     "networks.bulk.label": {
         "message": "Összes látható erőforrás be/ki"
     },
-    "settings.nav.label": {
-        "message": "Beállítások szakaszai"
-    },
     "profile.switch.title": {
         "message": "Váltás a(z) \"{name}\" profilra?"
     },
@@ -497,6 +494,9 @@
     "settings.error.debugBundleTitle": {
         "message": "Hibakeresési csomag sikertelen"
     },
+    "settings.nav.label": {
+        "message": "Beállítások szakaszai"
+    },
     "settings.tabs.general": {
         "message": "Általános"
     },
@@ -1330,5 +1330,29 @@
     },
     "error.unknown": {
         "message": "A művelet meghiúsult."
+    },
+    "error.elevation_unavailable": {
+        "message": "A NetBird nem tudta bekérni a rendszertől a szükséges jogosultságokat. Futtassa inkább ezt:"
+    },
+    "error.elevation_failed": {
+        "message": "A módosítást emelt szintű jogosultságokkal sem sikerült alkalmazni. Futtassa inkább ezt:"
+    },
+    "settings.ssh.privilege.actorRoot": {
+        "message": "root jogosultság"
+    },
+    "settings.ssh.privilege.actorAdministrator": {
+        "message": "rendszergazdai jogosultság"
+    },
+    "settings.ssh.privilege.hint": {
+        "message": "{actor} szükséges hozzá. Futtassa inkább ezt:"
+    },
+    "settings.ssh.privilege.oneWay": {
+        "message": "Kikapcsolhatja, de a visszakapcsolásához {actor} szükséges."
+    },
+    "settings.ssh.privilege.oneWayInverted": {
+        "message": "Bekapcsolhatja, de az ismételt kikapcsolásához {actor} szükséges."
+    },
+    "settings.ssh.privilege.authorizePending": {
+        "message": "Várakozás az engedélyezésre…"
     }
 }

client/ui/i18n/locales/it/common.json

@@ -401,9 +401,6 @@
     "networks.bulk.label": {
         "message": "Attiva/disattiva tutte le risorse visibili"
     },
-    "settings.nav.label": {
-        "message": "Sezioni delle impostazioni"
-    },
     "profile.switch.title": {
         "message": "Passare al profilo «{name}»?"
     },
@@ -497,6 +494,9 @@
     "settings.error.debugBundleTitle": {
         "message": "Pacchetto di debug non riuscito"
     },
+    "settings.nav.label": {
+        "message": "Sezioni delle impostazioni"
+    },
     "settings.tabs.general": {
         "message": "Generale"
     },
@@ -1330,5 +1330,29 @@
     },
     "error.unknown": {
         "message": "Operazione non riuscita."
+    },
+    "error.elevation_unavailable": {
+        "message": "NetBird non ha potuto richiedere a questo sistema i privilegi necessari. Esegua invece questo:"
+    },
+    "error.elevation_failed": {
+        "message": "Non è stato possibile applicare la modifica con privilegi elevati. Esegua invece questo:"
+    },
+    "settings.ssh.privilege.actorRoot": {
+        "message": "i privilegi di root"
+    },
+    "settings.ssh.privilege.actorAdministrator": {
+        "message": "i privilegi di amministratore"
+    },
+    "settings.ssh.privilege.hint": {
+        "message": "Richiede {actor}. Esegua invece questo:"
+    },
+    "settings.ssh.privilege.oneWay": {
+        "message": "Può disabilitarlo, ma riabilitarlo richiede {actor}."
+    },
+    "settings.ssh.privilege.oneWayInverted": {
+        "message": "Può abilitarlo, ma disabilitarlo di nuovo richiede {actor}."
+    },
+    "settings.ssh.privilege.authorizePending": {
+        "message": "In attesa dell'autorizzazione…"
     }
 }

client/ui/i18n/locales/ja/common.json

@@ -1304,6 +1304,9 @@
     "daemon.outdated.description": {
         "message": "このアプリを使用するには NetBird サービスを更新してください。"
     },
+    "daemon.outdated.download": {
+        "message": "最新版をダウンロード"
+    },
     "error.jwt_clock_skew": {
         "message": "サインインに失敗しました: このデバイスの時計がサーバーと同期していません。システムの時計を同期してからもう一度お試しください。"
     },
@@ -1327,5 +1330,29 @@
     },
     "error.unknown": {
         "message": "操作に失敗しました。"
+    },
+    "error.elevation_unavailable": {
+        "message": "NetBird はこのシステムに必要な権限を要求できませんでした。代わりに次のコマンドを実行してください:"
+    },
+    "error.elevation_failed": {
+        "message": "昇格した権限でも変更を適用できませんでした。代わりに次のコマンドを実行してください:"
+    },
+    "settings.ssh.privilege.actorRoot": {
+        "message": "root 権限"
+    },
+    "settings.ssh.privilege.actorAdministrator": {
+        "message": "管理者権限"
+    },
+    "settings.ssh.privilege.hint": {
+        "message": "{actor}が必要です。代わりに次のコマンドを実行してください:"
+    },
+    "settings.ssh.privilege.oneWay": {
+        "message": "無効にはできますが、再度有効にするには{actor}が必要です。"
+    },
+    "settings.ssh.privilege.oneWayInverted": {
+        "message": "有効にはできますが、再度無効にするには{actor}が必要です。"
+    },
+    "settings.ssh.privilege.authorizePending": {
+        "message": "承認を待っています…"
     }
 }

client/ui/i18n/locales/pt/common.json

@@ -401,9 +401,6 @@
     "networks.bulk.label": {
         "message": "Alternar todos os recursos visíveis"
     },
-    "settings.nav.label": {
-        "message": "Seções das configurações"
-    },
     "profile.switch.title": {
         "message": "Alternar perfil para \"{name}\"?"
     },
@@ -497,6 +494,9 @@
     "settings.error.debugBundleTitle": {
         "message": "Falha no pacote de depuração"
     },
+    "settings.nav.label": {
+        "message": "Seções das configurações"
+    },
     "settings.tabs.general": {
         "message": "Geral"
     },
@@ -1330,5 +1330,29 @@
     },
     "error.unknown": {
         "message": "A operação falhou."
+    },
+    "error.elevation_unavailable": {
+        "message": "O NetBird não conseguiu solicitar a este sistema os privilégios necessários. Execute isto em vez disso:"
+    },
+    "error.elevation_failed": {
+        "message": "Não foi possível aplicar a alteração com privilégios elevados. Execute isto em vez disso:"
+    },
+    "settings.ssh.privilege.actorRoot": {
+        "message": "privilégios de root"
+    },
+    "settings.ssh.privilege.actorAdministrator": {
+        "message": "privilégios de administrador"
+    },
+    "settings.ssh.privilege.hint": {
+        "message": "Requer {actor}. Execute isto em vez disso:"
+    },
+    "settings.ssh.privilege.oneWay": {
+        "message": "Você pode desativar isto, mas ativar novamente requer {actor}."
+    },
+    "settings.ssh.privilege.oneWayInverted": {
+        "message": "Você pode ativar isto, mas desativar novamente requer {actor}."
+    },
+    "settings.ssh.privilege.authorizePending": {
+        "message": "Aguardando a autorização…"
     }
 }

client/ui/i18n/locales/ru/common.json

@@ -401,9 +401,6 @@
     "networks.bulk.label": {
         "message": "Переключить все видимые ресурсы"
     },
-    "settings.nav.label": {
-        "message": "Разделы настроек"
-    },
     "profile.switch.title": {
         "message": "Переключиться на профиль «{name}»?"
     },
@@ -497,6 +494,9 @@
     "settings.error.debugBundleTitle": {
         "message": "Не удалось создать отладочный пакет"
     },
+    "settings.nav.label": {
+        "message": "Разделы настроек"
+    },
     "settings.tabs.general": {
         "message": "Общие"
     },
@@ -1330,5 +1330,29 @@
     },
     "error.unknown": {
         "message": "Не удалось выполнить операцию."
+    },
+    "error.elevation_unavailable": {
+        "message": "NetBird не смог запросить у этой системы нужные права. Выполните вместо этого:"
+    },
+    "error.elevation_failed": {
+        "message": "Не удалось применить изменение с повышенными правами. Выполните вместо этого:"
+    },
+    "settings.ssh.privilege.actorRoot": {
+        "message": "права root"
+    },
+    "settings.ssh.privilege.actorAdministrator": {
+        "message": "права администратора"
+    },
+    "settings.ssh.privilege.hint": {
+        "message": "Требуются {actor}. Выполните вместо этого:"
+    },
+    "settings.ssh.privilege.oneWay": {
+        "message": "Отключить можно, но чтобы включить снова, нужны {actor}."
+    },
+    "settings.ssh.privilege.oneWayInverted": {
+        "message": "Включить можно, но чтобы отключить снова, нужны {actor}."
+    },
+    "settings.ssh.privilege.authorizePending": {
+        "message": "Ожидание авторизации…"
     }
 }

client/ui/i18n/locales/zh-CN/common.json

@@ -401,9 +401,6 @@
     "networks.bulk.label": {
         "message": "切换所有可见资源"
     },
-    "settings.nav.label": {
-        "message": "设置部分"
-    },
     "profile.switch.title": {
         "message": "切换到配置文件“{name}”？"
     },
@@ -497,6 +494,9 @@
     "settings.error.debugBundleTitle": {
         "message": "创建调试包失败"
     },
+    "settings.nav.label": {
+        "message": "设置部分"
+    },
     "settings.tabs.general": {
         "message": "常规"
     },
@@ -1330,5 +1330,29 @@
     },
     "error.unknown": {
         "message": "操作失败。"
+    },
+    "error.elevation_unavailable": {
+        "message": "NetBird 无法向此系统请求所需的权限。请改为运行："
+    },
+    "error.elevation_failed": {
+        "message": "即使使用提升的权限也无法应用此更改。请改为运行："
+    },
+    "settings.ssh.privilege.actorRoot": {
+        "message": "root 权限"
+    },
+    "settings.ssh.privilege.actorAdministrator": {
+        "message": "管理员权限"
+    },
+    "settings.ssh.privilege.hint": {
+        "message": "需要{actor}。请改为运行："
+    },
+    "settings.ssh.privilege.oneWay": {
+        "message": "您可以关闭此项，但重新开启需要{actor}。"
+    },
+    "settings.ssh.privilege.oneWayInverted": {
+        "message": "您可以开启此项，但再次关闭需要{actor}。"
+    },
+    "settings.ssh.privilege.authorizePending": {
+        "message": "正在等待授权…"
     }
 }

client/ui/main.go

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"flag"
 	"io/fs"
 	"log"
+	"os"
 	"runtime"
 	"strings"
 
@@ -79,6 +80,14 @@ func init() {
 }
 
 func main() {
+	// The one-shot that applies the settings the daemon restricts to
+	// root/administrator, which this binary runs itself as under the platform's
+	// elevation prompt. Handled before anything GUI so no window, tray or
+	// single-instance lock is involved.
+	if services.IsPrivilegedSettingsRun(os.Args[1:]) {
+		os.Exit(runPrivilegedSettings(os.Args[1:]))
+	}
+
 	daemonAddr, userSetLogFile := parseFlagsAndInitLog()
 	conn := NewConn(daemonAddr)
 

client/ui/privileged_settings.go

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+//go:build !android && !ios && !freebsd && !js
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/proto"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/ui/services"
+)
+
+// The one-shot mode this binary runs itself in, elevated, to apply the settings the
+// daemon restricts to root/administrator. It is handled before anything GUI, so no
+// window, tray or single-instance lock is involved.
+//
+// Only the wiring is here: what the mode accepts and does lives beside the code
+// that asks for it, in services.RunPrivilegedSettings, so the settings it will
+// apply are declared once. There is nothing privileged about the mode itself; it
+// sends the same request the frontend would have sent, and the daemon authorizes it
+// from the identity the kernel reports on the control channel exactly as it does
+// for `sudo netbird up`.
+func runPrivilegedSettings(args []string) int {
+	return services.RunPrivilegedSettings(args, func(addr string) (proto.DaemonServiceClient, error) {
+		if addr == "" {
+			addr = DaemonAddr()
+		}
+		return NewConn(addr).Client()
+	})
+}

client/ui/services/guarded.go

@@ -0,0 +1,226 @@
+//go:build !android && !ios && !freebsd && !js
+
+package services
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
+
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/elevate"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/ipcauth"
+)
+
+// The command line of the one-shot mode this binary runs itself in, elevated, to
+// apply a setting the daemon restricts to root/administrator. The setting flags
+// spell the same words as `netbird up`, so the command a user is shown and what
+// runs behind the prompt read alike. Parsed in oneshot.go.
+const (
+	FlagApplyPrivilegedSettings = "apply-privileged-settings"
+	FlagDaemonAddr              = "daemon-addr"
+	FlagProfile                 = "profile"
+	FlagUser                    = "user"
+	FlagLogLevel                = "log-level"
+	FlagManagementURL           = "management-url"
+	FlagAllowServerSSH          = "allow-server-ssh"
+	FlagEnableSSHRoot           = "enable-ssh-root"
+	FlagDisableSSHAuth          = "disable-ssh-auth"
+)
+
+// Error codes for the ways asking for privileges can fail.
+const (
+	CodeElevationUnavailable = "elevation_unavailable"
+	CodeElevationFailed      = "elevation_failed"
+)
+
+// elevationTimeout bounds the wait for a prompt and the change behind it, so a
+// dialog nobody answers does not leave its control disabled for the session. Long
+// enough to find a password manager, and no shorter than the platforms' own prompt
+// timeouts: Windows gives up on its consent dialog after two minutes by itself.
+//
+// It always ends our waiting, and not always the prompt: Security.framework offers
+// no way to withdraw a request, so on macOS the system's own timeout is what closes
+// the dialog.
+const elevationTimeout = 5 * time.Minute
+
+// elevator raises the platform's privilege prompt and runs the change behind it.
+// An interface so tests can answer without a prompt.
+type elevator interface {
+	// Run runs this binary again, elevated, with the given arguments.
+	Run(ctx context.Context, args ...string) error
+	// Available reports whether there is a prompt to raise on this host at all.
+	Available() bool
+}
+
+// osElevator is the real thing: see the elevate package.
+type osElevator struct{}
+
+func (osElevator) Run(ctx context.Context, args ...string) error {
+	return elevate.Run(ctx, args...)
+}
+
+func (osElevator) Available() bool {
+	return elevate.Available()
+}
+
+// SaveOutcome reports what became of a change that needed authorization.
+//
+// A declined prompt is a result, not an error: the user was asked and said no, so
+// nothing was applied and nothing went wrong. Reporting it as an error would have
+// every cancelled prompt logged as one.
+type SaveOutcome struct {
+	// Declined is set when the user dismissed the authorization prompt, or was
+	// refused by policy. Nothing was changed.
+	Declined bool `json:"declined"`
+}
+
+// GuardedSettings is the subset of the config the daemon restricts to
+// root/administrator. Only the fields that are set are changed: a nil pointer, or
+// an empty management URL, leaves that setting alone.
+//
+// The management URL is in here because pointing a host with the SSH server
+// running at another management identity hands the decision of who may open a
+// shell on it to whoever runs that server, which is the same power as enabling
+// the SSH server in the first place.
+type GuardedSettings struct {
+	ProfileName      string `json:"profileName"`
+	Username         string `json:"username"`
+	ManagementURL    string `json:"managementUrl,omitempty"`
+	ServerSSHAllowed *bool  `json:"serverSshAllowed,omitempty"`
+	EnableSSHRoot    *bool  `json:"enableSshRoot,omitempty"`
+	DisableSSHAuth   *bool  `json:"disableSshAuth,omitempty"`
+}
+
+// guardedSetting is one setting to change, in the two spellings this needs: the
+// one-shot's own flag, and the `netbird up` flag that does the same thing from a
+// terminal, for when there is no prompt to raise.
+type guardedSetting struct {
+	arg  string
+	flag string
+}
+
+// SetGuardedSettings applies settings the daemon refuses from an unprivileged
+// caller, by having the operating system run this binary again, elevated, to send
+// the same request the frontend would have sent itself.
+//
+// The user authorizes it at the platform's own prompt: the UAC consent dialog,
+// the macOS authentication dialog, or the polkit agent's. Any credentials are the
+// operating system's business; NetBird neither sees nor asks for them. Nothing
+// about the daemon's rules changes, and the elevated process is authorized like
+// any other privileged caller, from the identity the kernel reports for it.
+//
+// A declined prompt comes back as SaveOutcome.Declined with no error. When there is
+// no prompt to raise, or the elevated run failed, the error carries the command
+// that does the same thing from a terminal.
+func (s *Settings) SetGuardedSettings(ctx context.Context, p GuardedSettings) (SaveOutcome, error) {
+	settings := guardedSettings(p)
+	if len(settings) == 0 {
+		return SaveOutcome{}, &ClientError{
+			Code:  CodeElevationFailed,
+			Short: "no setting to apply",
+			Long:  "no setting to apply",
+		}
+	}
+
+	args := append([]string{
+		"--" + FlagApplyPrivilegedSettings,
+		"--" + FlagDaemonAddr, s.daemonAddr,
+		"--" + FlagProfile, p.ProfileName,
+		"--" + FlagUser, p.Username,
+	}, oneShotArgs(settings)...)
+
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, elevationTimeout)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	// These changes hand out shells on this host, so both ends are logged: when the
+	// prompt went up, and what came of it. It is also the only account of a prompt
+	// that was slow to appear or never answered.
+	log.Infof("asking for privileges to apply %s", guardedSummary(p))
+
+	if err := s.elevator.Run(ctx, args...); err != nil {
+		return s.elevationOutcome(err, p)
+	}
+
+	log.Infof("applied %s with the privileges the user authorized", guardedSummary(p))
+	return SaveOutcome{}, nil
+}
+
+// elevationOutcome sorts what came back into the one normal ending and the two
+// that need reporting, with the command that does the same thing by hand.
+func (s *Settings) elevationOutcome(err error, p GuardedSettings) (SaveOutcome, error) {
+	switch {
+	case errors.Is(err, elevate.ErrDeclined):
+		// With the reason: an account that may not elevate at all lands here too,
+		// and the log is the only place that says which it was.
+		log.Infof("the elevation prompt for %s was declined: %v", guardedSummary(p), err)
+		return SaveOutcome{Declined: true}, nil
+	case errors.Is(err, elevate.ErrUnavailable):
+		log.Warnf("cannot ask for privileges to apply %s: %v", guardedSummary(p), err)
+		return SaveOutcome{}, &ClientError{
+			Code:    CodeElevationUnavailable,
+			Short:   s.classifier.translateShort(CodeElevationUnavailable),
+			Long:    err.Error(),
+			Command: guardedCommand(p),
+		}
+	default:
+		log.Errorf("applying %s with elevated privileges failed: %v", guardedSummary(p), err)
+		return SaveOutcome{}, &ClientError{
+			Code:    CodeElevationFailed,
+			Short:   s.classifier.translateShort(CodeElevationFailed),
+			Long:    err.Error(),
+			Command: guardedCommand(p),
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// guardedSettings renders the settings that are actually being changed, from the
+// same table the one-shot parses them with: see oneshot.go.
+func guardedSettings(p GuardedSettings) []guardedSetting {
+	var settings []guardedSetting
+	for _, field := range guardedFields {
+		value, ok := field.read(p)
+		if !ok {
+			continue
+		}
+		settings = append(settings, guardedSetting{
+			arg:  "--" + field.flag + "=" + value,
+			flag: field.up(value),
+		})
+	}
+	return settings
+}
+
+func oneShotArgs(settings []guardedSetting) []string {
+	args := make([]string, 0, len(settings))
+	for _, setting := range settings {
+		args = append(args, setting.arg)
+	}
+	return args
+}
+
+func upFlags(settings []guardedSetting) []string {
+	flags := make([]string, 0, len(settings))
+	for _, setting := range settings {
+		flags = append(flags, setting.flag)
+	}
+	return flags
+}
+
+// guardedCommand is the elevated command line equivalent to the requested
+// change, the same shape the daemon names in its own refusals.
+func guardedCommand(p GuardedSettings) string {
+	settings := guardedSettings(p)
+	if len(settings) == 0 {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return ipcauth.UpCommand(strings.Join(upFlags(settings), " "))
+}
+
+// guardedSummary names the change for the log.
+func guardedSummary(p GuardedSettings) string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%v for profile %q", oneShotArgs(guardedSettings(p)), p.ProfileName)
+}

client/ui/services/guarded_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,349 @@
+//go:build !android && !ios && !freebsd && !js
+
+package services
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc/errdetails"
+	"google.golang.org/grpc"
+	"google.golang.org/grpc/codes"
+	gstatus "google.golang.org/grpc/status"
+
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/elevate"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/ipcauth"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/proto"
+)
+
+// A Unix socket, so the daemon address is one that carries a caller's identity and
+// elevation is worth offering at all: see Settings.canElevate.
+const testDaemonAddr = "unix:///var/run/netbird.sock"
+
+// storedManagementURL is what the stub daemon already holds, so that a request
+// naming a different one is a change: see Settings.guardedChanges.
+const storedManagementURL = "https://stored.example.com"
+
+// stubElevator stands in for the platform's prompt: it records what would have run
+// and answers with a fixed outcome.
+type stubElevator struct {
+	outcome   error
+	available bool
+	calls     [][]string
+}
+
+func (e *stubElevator) Run(_ context.Context, args ...string) error {
+	e.calls = append(e.calls, args)
+	return e.outcome
+}
+
+func (e *stubElevator) Available() bool { return e.available }
+
+// stubDaemon implements only the RPCs under test. The embedded interface is nil, so
+// any other call panics rather than passing quietly.
+type stubDaemon struct {
+	proto.DaemonServiceClient
+	setConfig func(*proto.SetConfigRequest) error
+	// stored is what GetConfig reports, which is what a refused request's guarded
+	// settings are compared against.
+	stored   *proto.GetConfigResponse
+	requests []*proto.SetConfigRequest
+}
+
+func (d *stubDaemon) SetConfig(_ context.Context, in *proto.SetConfigRequest, _ ...grpc.CallOption) (*proto.SetConfigResponse, error) {
+	d.requests = append(d.requests, in)
+	if err := d.setConfig(in); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return &proto.SetConfigResponse{}, nil
+}
+
+func (d *stubDaemon) GetConfig(_ context.Context, _ *proto.GetConfigRequest, _ ...grpc.CallOption) (*proto.GetConfigResponse, error) {
+	return d.stored, nil
+}
+
+type stubConn struct{ client proto.DaemonServiceClient }
+
+func (c stubConn) Client() (proto.DaemonServiceClient, error) { return c.client, nil }
+
+// privilegeRefusal is the error the daemon raises for a change it restricts to
+// root, detail and all: see server.privilegeError.
+func privilegeRefusal(t *testing.T) error {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	st, err := gstatus.New(codes.PermissionDenied, "Changing the management URL requires root.").
+		WithDetails(&errdetails.ErrorInfo{
+			Reason: ipcauth.ErrorReasonPrivilegeRequired,
+			Domain: ipcauth.ErrorDomain,
+			Metadata: map[string]string{
+				ipcauth.ErrorMetaSummary: "Changing the management URL requires root.",
+				ipcauth.ErrorMetaCommand: "sudo netbird down; sudo netbird up -m https://mgmt.example.com",
+			},
+		})
+	require.NoError(t, err, "build the refusal detail")
+	return st.Err()
+}
+
+func settingsWithElevation(t *testing.T, outcome error) (*Settings, *stubElevator) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	elev := &stubElevator{outcome: outcome, available: true}
+	return &Settings{daemonAddr: testDaemonAddr, elevator: elev}, elev
+}
+
+// settingsRefusingOnce returns a Settings whose daemon refuses the first SetConfig
+// for want of privileges and accepts anything after it. Its stored config holds
+// another management server and no SSH grants, so a request naming either is a
+// change rather than a restatement.
+func settingsRefusingOnce(t *testing.T, elev *stubElevator) (*Settings, *stubDaemon) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	refusal := privilegeRefusal(t)
+	daemon := &stubDaemon{stored: &proto.GetConfigResponse{ManagementUrl: storedManagementURL}}
+	daemon.setConfig = func(*proto.SetConfigRequest) error {
+		if len(daemon.requests) == 1 {
+			return refusal
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+	return &Settings{conn: stubConn{client: daemon}, daemonAddr: testDaemonAddr, elevator: elev}, daemon
+}
+
+func TestSetGuardedSettingsPassesOnlyTheChangedSettings(t *testing.T) {
+	s, elev := settingsWithElevation(t, nil)
+
+	root := true
+	outcome, err := s.SetGuardedSettings(context.Background(), GuardedSettings{
+		ProfileName:   "work",
+		Username:      "vma",
+		EnableSSHRoot: &root,
+	})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.False(t, outcome.Declined, "the prompt was answered")
+
+	want := []string{
+		"--" + FlagApplyPrivilegedSettings,
+		"--" + FlagDaemonAddr, testDaemonAddr,
+		"--" + FlagProfile, "work",
+		"--" + FlagUser, "vma",
+		"--" + FlagEnableSSHRoot + "=true",
+	}
+	require.Len(t, elev.calls, 1, "one prompt for one change")
+	assert.Equal(t, want, elev.calls[0], "elevated arguments")
+}
+
+// Turning a setting off has to be as explicit as turning it on: a bare flag would
+// read as "on" to the one-shot's parser.
+func TestSetGuardedSettingsSpellsOutFalse(t *testing.T) {
+	s, elev := settingsWithElevation(t, nil)
+
+	off := false
+	_, err := s.SetGuardedSettings(context.Background(), GuardedSettings{
+		ProfileName:      "default",
+		ServerSSHAllowed: &off,
+		DisableSSHAuth:   &off,
+	})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	args := elev.calls[0]
+	assert.Contains(t, args, "--"+FlagAllowServerSSH+"=false", "the setting being switched off")
+	assert.Contains(t, args, "--"+FlagDisableSSHAuth+"=false", "the setting being switched off")
+	assert.NotContains(t, args, "--"+FlagEnableSSHRoot+"=false", "no flag for a setting nobody touched")
+}
+
+func TestSetGuardedSettingsPassesTheManagementURL(t *testing.T) {
+	s, elev := settingsWithElevation(t, nil)
+
+	_, err := s.SetGuardedSettings(context.Background(), GuardedSettings{
+		ProfileName:   "default",
+		ManagementURL: "https://mgmt.example.com:33073",
+	})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	assert.Contains(t, elev.calls[0], "--"+FlagManagementURL+"=https://mgmt.example.com:33073",
+		"the management URL to point the profile at")
+}
+
+func TestSetGuardedSettingsWithoutASettingDoesNotElevate(t *testing.T) {
+	s, elev := settingsWithElevation(t, nil)
+
+	_, err := s.SetGuardedSettings(context.Background(), GuardedSettings{ProfileName: "default"})
+
+	require.Error(t, err, "nothing to apply is not something to prompt for")
+	assert.Empty(t, elev.calls, "no prompt at all")
+}
+
+// A declined prompt is the one ending that is not an error: reporting it as one
+// would have every cancelled prompt logged as a failure.
+func TestSetGuardedSettingsReportsADeclinedPromptAsAnOutcome(t *testing.T) {
+	s, _ := settingsWithElevation(t, elevate.ErrDeclined)
+
+	root := true
+	outcome, err := s.SetGuardedSettings(context.Background(), GuardedSettings{
+		ProfileName:   "default",
+		EnableSSHRoot: &root,
+	})
+
+	require.NoError(t, err, "the user was asked and answered; nothing went wrong")
+	assert.True(t, outcome.Declined, "nothing was applied")
+}
+
+func TestSetGuardedSettingsMapsFailures(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name     string
+		outcome  error
+		wantCode string
+	}{
+		{
+			// Nothing to raise a prompt with: the user needs the command.
+			name:     "no mechanism falls back to the command",
+			outcome:  elevate.ErrUnavailable,
+			wantCode: CodeElevationUnavailable,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "a failed run falls back to the command",
+			outcome:  errors.New("elevated netbird exited with 1"),
+			wantCode: CodeElevationFailed,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			s, _ := settingsWithElevation(t, tt.outcome)
+
+			root := true
+			_, err := s.SetGuardedSettings(context.Background(), GuardedSettings{
+				ProfileName:   "default",
+				EnableSSHRoot: &root,
+			})
+
+			var clientErr *ClientError
+			require.ErrorAs(t, err, &clientErr, "the frontend needs a code to act on")
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.wantCode, clientErr.Code, "error code")
+			assert.Contains(t, clientErr.Command, "--"+FlagEnableSSHRoot+"=true",
+				"the setting in the fallback command")
+			assert.Contains(t, clientErr.Command, "netbird up", "the fallback command")
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// Changing the management URL is only privileged while the host runs the SSH
+// server, which no control can know up front, so the refusal is what triggers the
+// prompt. The original request goes again afterwards, so the fields the one-shot
+// does not understand are applied too.
+func TestSetConfigElevatesAfterARefusalAndRetries(t *testing.T) {
+	elev := &stubElevator{available: true}
+	s, daemon := settingsRefusingOnce(t, elev)
+
+	mtu := int64(1280)
+	outcome, err := s.SetConfig(context.Background(), SetConfigParams{
+		ProfileName:   "default",
+		ManagementURL: "https://mgmt.example.com",
+		MTU:           &mtu,
+	})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.False(t, outcome.Declined, "the prompt was answered")
+
+	require.Len(t, elev.calls, 1, "one prompt")
+	assert.Contains(t, elev.calls[0], "--"+FlagManagementURL+"=https://mgmt.example.com",
+		"the guarded part of the request")
+	require.Len(t, daemon.requests, 2, "the refused request and the retry")
+	assert.Equal(t, mtu, daemon.requests[1].GetMtu(),
+		"the retry carries the rest of the request, which the one-shot does not understand")
+}
+
+func TestSetConfigDoesNotRetryWhenTheUserDeclines(t *testing.T) {
+	elev := &stubElevator{outcome: elevate.ErrDeclined, available: true}
+	s, daemon := settingsRefusingOnce(t, elev)
+
+	outcome, err := s.SetConfig(context.Background(), SetConfigParams{
+		ProfileName:   "default",
+		ManagementURL: "https://mgmt.example.com",
+	})
+
+	require.NoError(t, err, "a declined prompt is not an error")
+	assert.True(t, outcome.Declined, "nothing was applied")
+	assert.Len(t, daemon.requests, 1, "only the refused request")
+}
+
+// With no prompt to raise, the refusal is reported as the daemon wrote it, which is
+// the guidance that was there before elevation existed.
+func TestSetConfigReportsTheRefusalWhenItCannotElevate(t *testing.T) {
+	elev := &stubElevator{available: false}
+	s, _ := settingsRefusingOnce(t, elev)
+
+	_, err := s.SetConfig(context.Background(), SetConfigParams{
+		ProfileName:   "default",
+		ManagementURL: "https://mgmt.example.com",
+	})
+
+	var clientErr *ClientError
+	require.ErrorAs(t, err, &clientErr)
+	assert.Equal(t, "privilege_required", clientErr.Code, "error code")
+	assert.Contains(t, clientErr.Command, "netbird up -m https://mgmt.example.com",
+		"the daemon's own command")
+	assert.Empty(t, elev.calls, "no prompt where there is none to raise")
+}
+
+// One authorization must buy only the change the user made. A settings form
+// submits every field it holds, so most of a refused request restates what the
+// daemon already has, and elevating those too would apply a guarded setting the
+// user never touched — a value gone stale since the form loaded above all.
+func TestSetConfigElevatesOnlyTheGuardedSettingsThatChange(t *testing.T) {
+	elev := &stubElevator{available: true}
+	s, _ := settingsRefusingOnce(t, elev)
+
+	on, off := true, false
+	_, err := s.SetConfig(context.Background(), SetConfigParams{
+		ProfileName:      "default",
+		ManagementURL:    storedManagementURL,
+		ServerSSHAllowed: &off,
+		EnableSSHRoot:    &off,
+		DisableSSHAuth:   &on,
+	})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	require.Len(t, elev.calls, 1, "one prompt")
+	args := elev.calls[0]
+	assert.Contains(t, args, "--"+FlagDisableSSHAuth+"=true", "the setting that changes")
+	assert.NotContains(t, args, "--"+FlagManagementURL+"="+storedManagementURL,
+		"a management URL the daemon already holds")
+	assert.NotContains(t, args, "--"+FlagAllowServerSSH+"=false", "a setting already off")
+	assert.NotContains(t, args, "--"+FlagEnableSSHRoot+"=false", "a setting already off")
+}
+
+// A request that changes no guarded setting has nothing an elevated run could
+// apply, so the refusal must have come from somewhere a prompt cannot reach.
+func TestSetConfigDoesNotElevateWhenNoGuardedSettingChanges(t *testing.T) {
+	elev := &stubElevator{available: true}
+	s, _ := settingsRefusingOnce(t, elev)
+
+	off := false
+	_, err := s.SetConfig(context.Background(), SetConfigParams{
+		ProfileName:      "default",
+		ManagementURL:    storedManagementURL,
+		ServerSSHAllowed: &off,
+	})
+
+	var clientErr *ClientError
+	require.ErrorAs(t, err, &clientErr)
+	assert.Equal(t, "privilege_required", clientErr.Code, "error code")
+	assert.Empty(t, elev.calls, "no prompt for a change nobody made")
+}
+
+// A refusal with nothing in the request the one-shot could apply: the daemon
+// cannot see who is calling, and being root would not help either.
+func TestSetConfigReportsARefusalWithNothingToElevate(t *testing.T) {
+	elev := &stubElevator{available: true}
+	s, _ := settingsRefusingOnce(t, elev)
+
+	_, err := s.SetConfig(context.Background(), SetConfigParams{ProfileName: "default"})
+
+	var clientErr *ClientError
+	require.ErrorAs(t, err, &clientErr)
+	assert.Equal(t, "privilege_required", clientErr.Code, "error code")
+	assert.Empty(t, elev.calls, "no prompt")
+}

client/ui/services/oneshot.go

@@ -0,0 +1,239 @@
+//go:build !android && !ios && !freebsd && !js
+
+package services
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"flag"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"strconv"
+	"time"
+
+	gstatus "google.golang.org/grpc/status"
+
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/elevate"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/profilemanager"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/proto"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/util"
+)
+
+// The other end of SetGuardedSettings: the mode this binary runs itself in,
+// elevated, to apply the settings the daemon restricts to root/administrator.
+//
+// Both ends are here on purpose. What may be changed this way is an allowlist, and
+// an allowlist declared twice is one that will eventually disagree with itself, so
+// the arguments are rendered and parsed from a single table: guardedFields. Adding
+// a setting is one row; nothing generic passes through, and no field outside the
+// table can be reached with an elevated request no matter what lands on the command
+// line.
+
+// oneShotTimeout bounds the whole one-shot: connect, one RPC, exit. Generous
+// because the user has just waited for an authentication dialog, and a failure here
+// costs them the entire round trip.
+const oneShotTimeout = 30 * time.Second
+
+// Exit codes the parent reads where the platform gives it one.
+const (
+	exitOK      = 0
+	exitFailure = 1
+	exitUsage   = 2
+)
+
+// guardedField is one setting the one-shot understands, in the two spellings it
+// needs and with the two halves of its plumbing.
+type guardedField struct {
+	// flag names it on the one-shot's command line.
+	flag  string
+	usage string
+	// read returns the value to send and whether the caller asked for this setting
+	// at all.
+	read func(GuardedSettings) (string, bool)
+	// write parses a value from the command line onto the request. It is the only
+	// thing that validates the value, so it fails on anything it does not
+	// recognise rather than guessing.
+	write func(*proto.SetConfigRequest, string) error
+	// up renders the equivalent `netbird up` flag, for the fallback command shown
+	// when there is no prompt to raise.
+	up func(value string) string
+}
+
+var guardedFields = []guardedField{
+	{
+		flag:  FlagManagementURL,
+		usage: "Management server the profile registers with.",
+		read:  func(p GuardedSettings) (string, bool) { return p.ManagementURL, p.ManagementURL != "" },
+		write: func(req *proto.SetConfigRequest, value string) error {
+			// Parsed with the config layer's own parser, so what the elevated run
+			// accepts cannot drift from what the daemon would store.
+			if _, err := profilemanager.ParseServiceURL("Management URL", value); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			req.ManagementUrl = value
+			return nil
+		},
+		// The daemon names this one as `-m <url>` in its own refusals.
+		up: func(value string) string { return "-m " + value },
+	},
+	boolField(FlagAllowServerSSH, "Run the NetBird SSH server.",
+		func(p GuardedSettings) *bool { return p.ServerSSHAllowed },
+		func(req *proto.SetConfigRequest, v *bool) { req.ServerSSHAllowed = v }),
+	boolField(FlagEnableSSHRoot, "Allow SSH sessions to privileged accounts.",
+		func(p GuardedSettings) *bool { return p.EnableSSHRoot },
+		func(req *proto.SetConfigRequest, v *bool) { req.EnableSSHRoot = v }),
+	boolField(FlagDisableSSHAuth, "Accept SSH sessions without authentication.",
+		func(p GuardedSettings) *bool { return p.DisableSSHAuth },
+		func(req *proto.SetConfigRequest, v *bool) { req.DisableSSHAuth = v }),
+}
+
+// fieldValue is a flag that remembers whether it was given, and requires a value:
+// the renderer always writes one, so a bare flag is a caller that got it wrong.
+type fieldValue struct {
+	set   bool
+	value string
+}
+
+func (v *fieldValue) String() string {
+	if v == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return v.value
+}
+
+func (v *fieldValue) Set(value string) error {
+	v.set, v.value = true, value
+	return nil
+}
+
+// boolField describes a setting that is on or off. The value is always spelled out,
+// so that turning a setting off is as unambiguous as turning it on and a flag with
+// no value is a mistake rather than an "on".
+func boolField(
+	name, usage string,
+	read func(GuardedSettings) *bool,
+	write func(*proto.SetConfigRequest, *bool),
+) guardedField {
+	return guardedField{
+		flag:  name,
+		usage: usage,
+		read: func(p GuardedSettings) (string, bool) {
+			value := read(p)
+			if value == nil {
+				return "", false
+			}
+			return strconv.FormatBool(*value), true
+		},
+		write: func(req *proto.SetConfigRequest, value string) error {
+			parsed, err := strconv.ParseBool(value)
+			if err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("parse %q as a boolean: %w", value, err)
+			}
+			write(req, &parsed)
+			return nil
+		},
+		up: func(value string) string { return "--" + name + "=" + value },
+	}
+}
+
+// IsPrivilegedSettingsRun reports whether this process was started as the one-shot.
+// The flag is a marker rather than a value, so only the bare forms count: reading a
+// value would mean "--flag=false" started it too.
+func IsPrivilegedSettingsRun(args []string) bool {
+	for _, arg := range args {
+		if arg == "--"+FlagApplyPrivilegedSettings || arg == "-"+FlagApplyPrivilegedSettings {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// RunPrivilegedSettings applies the requested settings and returns the process exit
+// code. connect dials the daemon, which is the caller's business because only it
+// knows how this build talks to it.
+//
+// Everything it reports goes to stderr, which is what the parent captures where the
+// platform lets it. On success it says so on standard output, because macOS gives
+// the parent no exit status to read: see elevate.AppliedMarker.
+func RunPrivilegedSettings(args []string, connect func(addr string) (proto.DaemonServiceClient, error)) int {
+	fs := flag.NewFlagSet("netbird-ui --"+FlagApplyPrivilegedSettings, flag.ContinueOnError)
+	fs.Bool(FlagApplyPrivilegedSettings, false, "Apply the settings the daemon restricts to root/administrator and exit.")
+	daemonAddr := fs.String(FlagDaemonAddr, "", "Daemon gRPC address: unix:///path, npipe://name or tcp://host:port")
+	logLevel := fs.String(FlagLogLevel, "info", "Log level: trace|debug|info|warn|error.")
+	profile := fs.String(FlagProfile, "", "Profile to change.")
+	username := fs.String(FlagUser, "", "Owner of the profile.")
+
+	values := make([]fieldValue, len(guardedFields))
+	for i, field := range guardedFields {
+		fs.Var(&values[i], field.flag, field.usage)
+	}
+
+	if err := fs.Parse(args); err != nil {
+		return exitUsage
+	}
+
+	if err := util.InitLog(*logLevel, "console"); err != nil {
+		fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "init log: %v\n", err)
+		return exitFailure
+	}
+
+	req, err := privilegedRequest(*profile, *username, values)
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "%v\n", err)
+		return exitUsage
+	}
+
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), oneShotTimeout)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	if err := applyPrivilegedSettings(ctx, *daemonAddr, req, connect); err != nil {
+		fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "apply settings: %v\n", err)
+		return exitFailure
+	}
+
+	fmt.Fprintln(os.Stdout, elevate.AppliedMarker)
+	return exitOK
+}
+
+// privilegedRequest builds the request from the flags that were given, and refuses
+// one that asks for nothing.
+func privilegedRequest(profile, username string, values []fieldValue) (*proto.SetConfigRequest, error) {
+	req := &proto.SetConfigRequest{ProfileName: profile, Username: username}
+
+	given := 0
+	for i, field := range guardedFields {
+		if !values[i].set {
+			continue
+		}
+		if err := field.write(req, values[i].value); err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("--%s: %w", field.flag, err)
+		}
+		given++
+	}
+	if given == 0 {
+		return nil, errors.New("no setting to apply")
+	}
+	return req, nil
+}
+
+func applyPrivilegedSettings(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	daemonAddr string,
+	req *proto.SetConfigRequest,
+	connect func(addr string) (proto.DaemonServiceClient, error),
+) error {
+	client, err := connect(daemonAddr)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if _, err := client.SetConfig(ctx, req); err != nil {
+		// Unwrapped: the daemon's message is written for a person, and a refusal
+		// elevation cannot fix has to say so where the parent can read it off
+		// stderr.
+		return errors.New(gstatus.Convert(err).Message())
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// interface guard: the one-shot's flags are flag.Value.
+var _ flag.Value = (*fieldValue)(nil)

client/ui/services/oneshot_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+//go:build !android && !ios && !freebsd && !js
+
+package services
+
+import (
+	"flag"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/proto"
+)
+
+func TestIsPrivilegedSettingsRun(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name string
+		args []string
+		want bool
+	}{
+		{name: "no arguments"},
+		{name: "double dash", args: []string{"--" + FlagApplyPrivilegedSettings}, want: true},
+		{name: "single dash", args: []string{"-" + FlagApplyPrivilegedSettings}, want: true},
+		{
+			name: "among other flags",
+			args: []string{"--daemon-addr", "unix:///tmp/x.sock", "--" + FlagApplyPrivilegedSettings},
+			want: true,
+		},
+		// A marker, not a value: the caller never passes one, and reading a value
+		// would mean "--flag=false" started the one-shot too.
+		{name: "with a value", args: []string{"--" + FlagApplyPrivilegedSettings + "=true"}},
+		{name: "unrelated flags", args: []string{"--log-level", "debug"}},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.want, IsPrivilegedSettingsRun(tt.args), "args %v", tt.args)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// What SetGuardedSettings renders has to be what the one-shot reads back, for every
+// setting in the table. This is the property that keeps the two ends of an allowlist
+// from drifting, so it is checked field by field rather than by example.
+func TestGuardedFieldsRoundTrip(t *testing.T) {
+	on, off := true, false
+	tests := []struct {
+		name     string
+		settings GuardedSettings
+		want     func(*testing.T, *proto.SetConfigRequest)
+	}{
+		{
+			name:     "management url",
+			settings: GuardedSettings{ManagementURL: "https://mgmt.example.com:33073"},
+			want: func(t *testing.T, req *proto.SetConfigRequest) {
+				assert.Equal(t, "https://mgmt.example.com:33073", req.GetManagementUrl())
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "ssh server on",
+			settings: GuardedSettings{ServerSSHAllowed: &on},
+			want: func(t *testing.T, req *proto.SetConfigRequest) {
+				require.NotNil(t, req.ServerSSHAllowed)
+				assert.True(t, *req.ServerSSHAllowed)
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "ssh root off",
+			settings: GuardedSettings{EnableSSHRoot: &off},
+			want: func(t *testing.T, req *proto.SetConfigRequest) {
+				require.NotNil(t, req.EnableSSHRoot, "an explicit false must survive, not read as absent")
+				assert.False(t, *req.EnableSSHRoot)
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "ssh auth off",
+			settings: GuardedSettings{DisableSSHAuth: &on},
+			want: func(t *testing.T, req *proto.SetConfigRequest) {
+				require.NotNil(t, req.DisableSSHAuth)
+				assert.True(t, *req.DisableSSHAuth)
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			req := parseRendered(t, tt.settings)
+			tt.want(t, req)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// A setting nobody asked about must not arrive at the daemon at all: sending its
+// zero value would change it.
+func TestGuardedFieldsCarryOnlyWhatWasAsked(t *testing.T) {
+	on := true
+	req := parseRendered(t, GuardedSettings{ProfileName: "work", EnableSSHRoot: &on})
+
+	assert.Equal(t, "work", req.GetProfileName(), "profile")
+	require.NotNil(t, req.EnableSSHRoot)
+	assert.Nil(t, req.ServerSSHAllowed, "untouched setting")
+	assert.Nil(t, req.DisableSSHAuth, "untouched setting")
+	assert.Empty(t, req.GetManagementUrl(), "untouched setting")
+}
+
+func TestPrivilegedRequestRejectsAnEmptyChange(t *testing.T) {
+	_, err := privilegedRequest("default", "vma", make([]fieldValue, len(guardedFields)))
+	require.Error(t, err, "nothing to apply is not a request worth sending as root")
+}
+
+// A value the table cannot parse is refused rather than guessed at.
+func TestPrivilegedRequestRejectsAnUnparseableValue(t *testing.T) {
+	values := make([]fieldValue, len(guardedFields))
+	for i, field := range guardedFields {
+		if field.flag != FlagEnableSSHRoot {
+			continue
+		}
+		require.NoError(t, values[i].Set("perhaps"))
+	}
+
+	_, err := privilegedRequest("default", "vma", values)
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), FlagEnableSSHRoot, "which flag was wrong")
+}
+
+// parseRendered puts the settings through both ends: rendered as the arguments the
+// elevated process is given, then parsed by a flag set registered from the same
+// table, which is what the one-shot itself parses them with. Anything hand-rolled
+// here would pin down a parser nothing uses.
+func parseRendered(t *testing.T, p GuardedSettings) *proto.SetConfigRequest {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	rendered := guardedSettings(p)
+	require.NotEmpty(t, rendered, "nothing rendered for %+v", p)
+
+	args := make([]string, 0, len(rendered))
+	for _, setting := range rendered {
+		args = append(args, setting.arg)
+	}
+
+	fs := flag.NewFlagSet(t.Name(), flag.ContinueOnError)
+	values := make([]fieldValue, len(guardedFields))
+	for i, field := range guardedFields {
+		fs.Var(&values[i], field.flag, field.usage)
+	}
+	require.NoError(t, fs.Parse(args), "the one-shot's own flag set must accept %v", args)
+
+	req, err := privilegedRequest(p.ProfileName, p.Username, values)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	return req
+}

client/ui/services/settings.go

@@ -44,12 +44,19 @@ type Restrictions struct {
 }
 
 // Privilege tells the frontend whether this process may perform the changes the
-// daemon restricts to root/administrator, and carries the command for each so a
-// disabled control can show the way to do it.
+// daemon restricts to root/administrator, whether it can ask the operating
+// system for the privileges instead, and the command for each so a control that
+// can do neither can still show the way.
 type Privilege struct {
 	Privileged bool `json:"privileged"`
-	// Actor names what the operation requires ("root", "administrator privileges").
-	Actor string `json:"actor"`
+	// ActorKey identifies the principal the operation requires without wording it,
+	// so the frontend can name it in the user's language: see
+	// ipcauth.PrivilegedActorKey. The words are not sent, because English ones
+	// cannot be dropped into a translated sentence.
+	ActorKey string `json:"actorKey"`
+	// CanElevate reports whether a guarded control can offer to authorize the
+	// change through the platform's own prompt: see SetGuardedSettings.
+	CanElevate bool `json:"canElevate"`
 	// Commands equivalent to the settings the daemon guards, ready to copy.
 	AllowSSHServer string `json:"allowSshServer"`
 	EnableSSHRoot  string `json:"enableSshRoot"`
@@ -128,6 +135,9 @@ type Settings struct {
 	// daemonAddr is where the daemon listens, used to tell whether it runs as
 	// this user and would therefore authorize us: see Privilege.
 	daemonAddr string
+	// elevator raises the platform's privilege prompt when a change needs more
+	// rights than this process has.
+	elevator elevator
 }
 
 func NewSettings(conn DaemonConn, translator ErrorTranslator, prefs LanguagePreference, daemonAddr string) *Settings {
@@ -135,6 +145,7 @@ func NewSettings(conn DaemonConn, translator ErrorTranslator, prefs LanguagePref
 		conn:       conn,
 		classifier: errorClassifier{translator: translator, prefs: prefs},
 		daemonAddr: daemonAddr,
+		elevator:   osElevator{},
 	}
 }
 
@@ -180,10 +191,10 @@ func (s *Settings) GetConfig(ctx context.Context, p ConfigParams) (Config, error
 	}, nil
 }
 
-func (s *Settings) SetConfig(ctx context.Context, p SetConfigParams) error {
+func (s *Settings) SetConfig(ctx context.Context, p SetConfigParams) (SaveOutcome, error) {
 	cli, err := s.conn.Client()
 	if err != nil {
-		return err
+		return SaveOutcome{}, err
 	}
 	req := &proto.SetConfigRequest{
 		ProfileName:                   p.ProfileName,
@@ -215,19 +226,92 @@ func (s *Settings) SetConfig(ctx context.Context, p SetConfigParams) error {
 		SshJWTCacheTTL:                p.SSHJWTCacheTTL,
 	}
 	if _, err := cli.SetConfig(ctx, req); err != nil {
+		if _, refused := privilegeErrorInfo(err); refused {
+			return s.setConfigElevated(ctx, p, req, err)
+		}
 		// Classified so the frontend gets the daemon's guidance instead of the
-		// gRPC envelope, which is what a refused privileged change looks like.
-		return s.classifier.classify(err)
+		// gRPC envelope.
+		return SaveOutcome{}, s.classifier.classify(err)
 	}
-	return nil
+	return SaveOutcome{}, nil
+}
+
+// setConfigElevated answers a request the daemon refused for want of privileges by
+// asking the user to authorize it, and sending it again if they do. It is the same
+// offer the SSH settings make up front, for the changes a control cannot know are
+// guarded until it is told: repointing a profile at another management server is
+// only privileged while that host runs the SSH server.
+//
+// Two steps, because the elevated one-shot deliberately understands only the
+// settings the daemon guards: it applies those, and the original request then goes
+// through as this user, its privileged parts now asking for nothing that is not
+// already stored. Nothing was applied by the refused attempt — the daemon decides
+// before it writes — so there is no half-applied state to undo either way.
+func (s *Settings) setConfigElevated(ctx context.Context, p SetConfigParams, req *proto.SetConfigRequest, refusal error) (SaveOutcome, error) {
+	if !s.canElevate() {
+		return SaveOutcome{}, s.classifier.classify(refusal)
+	}
+
+	guarded, err := s.guardedChanges(ctx, p)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Warnf("cannot tell which guarded settings this request changes: %v", err)
+		return SaveOutcome{}, s.classifier.classify(refusal)
+	}
+	if len(guardedSettings(guarded)) == 0 {
+		// Refused over something no prompt can settle, such as a control channel
+		// that carries no caller identity. Report the daemon's own guidance.
+		return SaveOutcome{}, s.classifier.classify(refusal)
+	}
+
+	outcome, err := s.SetGuardedSettings(ctx, guarded)
+	if err != nil || outcome.Declined {
+		return outcome, err
+	}
+
+	cli, err := s.conn.Client()
+	if err != nil {
+		return SaveOutcome{}, err
+	}
+	if _, err := cli.SetConfig(ctx, req); err != nil {
+		return SaveOutcome{}, s.classifier.classify(err)
+	}
+	return SaveOutcome{}, nil
+}
+
+// guardedChanges is the guarded part of a request, reduced to what it actually
+// changes.
+//
+// A settings form submits every field it holds, so a request restates values the
+// daemon already has. Carrying those into the elevated run would spend one
+// authorization on more than the user asked for, and a value that has gone stale
+// since the form was loaded would spend it on something they never asked about.
+func (s *Settings) guardedChanges(ctx context.Context, p SetConfigParams) (GuardedSettings, error) {
+	stored, err := s.GetConfig(ctx, ConfigParams{ProfileName: p.ProfileName, Username: p.Username})
+	if err != nil {
+		return GuardedSettings{}, fmt.Errorf("read the stored config: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	guarded := GuardedSettings{
+		ProfileName:      p.ProfileName,
+		Username:         p.Username,
+		ServerSSHAllowed: changedFlag(p.ServerSSHAllowed, stored.ServerSSHAllowed),
+		EnableSSHRoot:    changedFlag(p.EnableSSHRoot, stored.EnableSSHRoot),
+		DisableSSHAuth:   changedFlag(p.DisableSSHAuth, stored.DisableSSHAuth),
+	}
+	// An empty URL leaves the setting alone, which is the daemon's rule too.
+	if p.ManagementURL != "" && p.ManagementURL != stored.ManagementURL {
+		guarded.ManagementURL = p.ManagementURL
+	}
+	return guarded, nil
 }
 
 // Privilege reports whether this UI process could carry out the changes the
-// daemon restricts to root/administrator, and the command that performs the one
-// users hit in the SSH settings. It applies the daemon's own rule to what it can
-// see locally, so the frontend can present those controls as unavailable up front
-// instead of letting a save fail. No daemon round-trip, so it also works while the
-// daemon is down.
+// daemon restricts to root/administrator, whether it can instead ask the
+// operating system for the privileges when the user wants one of them, and the
+// command that performs the ones users hit in the SSH settings. It applies the
+// daemon's own rule to what it can see locally, so the frontend can decide up
+// front how to present those controls instead of letting a save fail. No daemon
+// round-trip, so it also works while the daemon is down.
 //
 // Being root or an elevated administrator is one way. The other is running as the
 // daemon's own user while the daemon is unprivileged, which the daemon accepts
@@ -237,26 +321,40 @@ func (s *Settings) SetConfig(ctx context.Context, p SetConfigParams) error {
 func (s *Settings) Privilege() Privilege {
 	id, err := ipcauth.CurrentProcessIdentity()
 	if err != nil {
-		// Fail closed: report unprivileged, which only ever disables controls.
+		// Fail closed: report unprivileged, which only ever asks for more.
 		log.Warnf("cannot read this process's identity, treating it as unprivileged: %v", err)
-		return newPrivilege(false)
+		return s.newPrivilege(false)
 	}
 	if id.IsPrivileged() {
-		return newPrivilege(true)
+		return s.newPrivilege(true)
 	}
-	return newPrivilege(daemonaddr.DaemonRunsAsSelf(s.daemonAddr))
+	return s.newPrivilege(daemonaddr.DaemonRunsAsSelf(s.daemonAddr))
 }
 
-func newPrivilege(privileged bool) Privilege {
+func (s *Settings) newPrivilege(privileged bool) Privilege {
 	return Privilege{
 		Privileged:     privileged,
-		Actor:          ipcauth.PrivilegedActor(),
+		ActorKey:       ipcauth.PrivilegedActorKey(),
+		CanElevate:     s.canElevate(),
 		AllowSSHServer: ipcauth.UpCommand("--allow-server-ssh"),
 		EnableSSHRoot:  ipcauth.UpCommand("--enable-ssh-root"),
 		DisableSSHAuth: ipcauth.UpCommand("--disable-ssh-auth"),
 	}
 }
 
+// canElevate reports whether offering the platform's elevation prompt would get
+// the user anywhere. It needs a mechanism to raise the prompt with and a control
+// channel that tells the daemon who is calling: on loopback TCP the daemon
+// refuses these changes to everybody, root included, so a prompt there would
+// only waste the user's password.
+func (s *Settings) canElevate() bool {
+	if !daemonaddr.CarriesIdentity(s.daemonAddr) {
+		log.Debugf("not offering elevation: the daemon address %s carries no caller identity", s.daemonAddr)
+		return false
+	}
+	return s.elevator.Available()
+}
+
 func (s *Settings) GetRestrictions(ctx context.Context) (Restrictions, error) {
 	cli, err := s.conn.Client()
 	if err != nil {
@@ -289,6 +387,15 @@ func (s *Settings) GetRestrictions(ctx context.Context) (Restrictions, error) {
 	return r, nil
 }
 
+// changedFlag returns requested only when it differs from what is stored, so a
+// setting the request merely restates is left out of the elevated run.
+func changedFlag(requested *bool, stored bool) *bool {
+	if requested == nil || *requested == stored {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return requested
+}
+
 func applyMDMRestrictions(mdm *MDMFields, cfgResp *proto.GetConfigResponse) {
 	managed := cfgResp.GetMDMManagedFields()
 	if len(managed) == 0 {

client/ui/tray_click_linux.go

@@ -4,17 +4,26 @@ package main
 
 // bindTrayClick wires the tray icon's left-click handler on Linux.
 //
-// Both Linux click paths converge on Wails' linuxSystemTray.Activate, which
-// fires the registered clickHandler:
-//   - Real SNI hosts (KDE Plasma, Waybar, GNOME Shell + AppIndicator) invoke
-//     org.kde.StatusNotifierItem.Activate over D-Bus on left-click.
-//   - The in-process StatusNotifierWatcher + XEmbed host used on minimal WMs
-//     (Fluxbox, i3, dwm, OpenBox) maps a Button1 press to that same Activate
-//     call itself (xembed_host_linux.go), so it routes through the same hook.
-// Registering OnClick here therefore covers both paths with one handler — no
-// changes to the watcher or XEmbed C code are needed. Left-click now opens the
-// main window; right-click still opens the menu via Wails' default
-// SecondaryActivate→OpenMenu handler (and the XEmbed GTK popup on minimal WMs).
+// Expected behaviour per tray host:
+//
+//	Host                           Left click              Right click
+//	KDE Plasma, Waybar             main window (Activate)  menu (host-rendered)
+//	GNOME Shell + AppIndicator     menu only               menu only
+//	Minimal WMs via XEmbed host    main window (Activate)  XEmbed GTK popup
+//
+// OnClick fires only on org.kde.StatusNotifierItem.Activate — a real left
+// click. KDE/Waybar send it over D-Bus; the in-process XEmbed host
+// (xembed_host_linux.go) maps a Button1 press to the same Activate call.
+//
+// GNOME Shell + AppIndicator never sends Activate: it renders the dbusmenu
+// on ANY click and only reports the menu opening via dbusmenu
+// Event("opened"). Upstream Wails treated that event as a click, so on GNOME
+// both buttons raised the main window on top of the menu, and on KDE/Waybar
+// a right click raised it over the freshly opened menu. The netbirdio/wails
+// fork (go.mod replace) drops that heuristic: a menu open never fires
+// OnClick. On GNOME the main window is reached via the "Open NetBird" menu
+// entry; left-click-opens-window is not achievable there anyway, since the
+// host always opens the menu itself.
 //
 // We do NOT register OnDoubleClick: Wails' Linux SNI backend never fires it
 // (unlike Windows). And we deliberately skip AttachWindow — it plus Wails3's

client/ui/tray_session.go

@@ -27,11 +27,10 @@ const (
 	finalWarningCountdownSeconds = 120
 )
 
-// handleSessionExpired notifies and brings the window forward so the frontend's /login route drives renewal.
+// handleSessionExpired notifies and brings the window forward so the user can reconnect.
 func (t *Tray) handleSessionExpired() {
 	t.notify(t.loc.T("notify.sessionExpired.title"), t.loc.T("notify.sessionExpired.body"), notifyIDSessionExpired)
 	if t.window != nil {
-		t.window.SetURL("/#/login")
 		t.window.Show()
 		t.window.Focus()
 	}
@@ -308,11 +307,7 @@ func (t *Tray) openSessionExtendFlow() {
 	}
 	seconds := int(time.Until(deadline).Seconds())
 	if seconds <= 0 {
-		if t.window != nil {
-			t.window.SetURL("/#/login")
-			t.window.Show()
-			t.window.Focus()
-		}
+		t.app.Event.Emit(services.EventTriggerLogin)
 		return
 	}
 	if t.svc.WindowManager == nil {

go.mod

@@ -339,3 +339,5 @@ replace github.com/dexidp/dex => github.com/netbirdio/dex v0.244.1-0.20260716205
 replace github.com/dexidp/dex/api/v2 => github.com/netbirdio/dex/api/v2 v2.0.0-20260512110716-8d70ad8647c1
 
 replace github.com/mailru/easyjson => github.com/netbirdio/easyjson v0.9.0
+
+replace github.com/wailsapp/wails/v3 => github.com/netbirdio/wails/v3 v3.0.0-beta.3.0.20260803205919-ad21e92381f4

go.sum

@@ -490,6 +490,8 @@ github.com/netbirdio/service v0.0.0-20240911161631-f62744f42502 h1:3tHlFmhTdX9ax
 github.com/netbirdio/service v0.0.0-20240911161631-f62744f42502/go.mod h1:CIMRFEJVL+0DS1a3Nx06NaMn4Dz63Ng6O7dl0qH0zVM=
 github.com/netbirdio/signal-dispatcher/dispatcher v0.0.0-20250805121659-6b4ac470ca45 h1:ujgviVYmx243Ksy7NdSwrdGPSRNE3pb8kEDSpH0QuAQ=
 github.com/netbirdio/signal-dispatcher/dispatcher v0.0.0-20250805121659-6b4ac470ca45/go.mod h1:5/sjFmLb8O96B5737VCqhHyGRzNFIaN/Bu7ZodXc3qQ=
+github.com/netbirdio/wails/v3 v3.0.0-beta.3.0.20260803205919-ad21e92381f4 h1:UKztc3QjWvzU5DZk+uYaOWN0x62NSe/pkxuPvzqZIy4=
+github.com/netbirdio/wails/v3 v3.0.0-beta.3.0.20260803205919-ad21e92381f4/go.mod h1:BzATbK71VFikMMMCo434wAi0QcaI03P+xeaWgDvQvjw=
 github.com/netbirdio/wireguard-go v0.0.0-20260628102922-2834bebf6c1a h1:3CWK+yTvRKOcC0Q8VCTGy4l60TEb27CQVS7LkMxwjmw=
 github.com/netbirdio/wireguard-go v0.0.0-20260628102922-2834bebf6c1a/go.mod h1:rpwXGsirqLqN2L0JDJQlwOboGHmptD5ZD6T2VmcqhTw=
 github.com/nxadm/tail v1.4.4/go.mod h1:kenIhsEOeOJmVchQTgglprH7qJGnHDVpk1VPCcaMI8A=
@@ -660,8 +662,6 @@ github.com/vmihailenco/msgpack/v5 v5.4.1 h1:cQriyiUvjTwOHg8QZaPihLWeRAAVoCpE00IU
 github.com/vmihailenco/msgpack/v5 v5.4.1/go.mod h1:GaZTsDaehaPpQVyxrf5mtQlH+pc21PIudVV/E3rRQok=
 github.com/vmihailenco/tagparser/v2 v2.0.0 h1:y09buUbR+b5aycVFQs/g70pqKVZNBmxwAhO7/IwNM9g=
 github.com/vmihailenco/tagparser/v2 v2.0.0/go.mod h1:Wri+At7QHww0WTrCBeu4J6bNtoV6mEfg5OIWRZA9qds=
-github.com/wailsapp/wails/v3 v3.0.0-beta.3 h1:BrcZunEBVucncRx+xgkk9TzlXU4qc0ygJuEhKAAGaeA=
-github.com/wailsapp/wails/v3 v3.0.0-beta.3/go.mod h1:BzATbK71VFikMMMCo434wAi0QcaI03P+xeaWgDvQvjw=
 github.com/wlynxg/anet v0.0.5 h1:J3VJGi1gvo0JwZ/P1/Yc/8p63SoW98B5dHkYDmpgvvU=
 github.com/wlynxg/anet v0.0.5/go.mod h1:eay5PRQr7fIVAMbTbchTnO9gG65Hg/uYGdc7mguHxoA=
 github.com/x448/float16 v0.8.4 h1:qLwI1I70+NjRFUR3zs1JPUCgaCXSh3SW62uAKT1mSBM=

management/server/group.go

@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"slices"
 
+	agentNetworkTypes "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/internals/modules/agentnetwork/types"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/service"
 	"github.com/rs/xid"
 	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 
@@ -744,6 +746,14 @@ func validateDeleteGroup(ctx context.Context, transaction store.Store, group *ty
 		return &GroupLinkError{"network router", linkedRouter.ID}
 	}
 
+	if isLinked, linkedService := isGroupLinkedToReverseProxyService(ctx, transaction, group.AccountID, group.ID); isLinked {
+		return &GroupLinkError{"reverse proxy service", linkedService.Domain}
+	}
+
+	if isLinked, linkedPolicy := isGroupLinkedToAgentNetworkPolicy(ctx, transaction, group.AccountID, group.ID); isLinked {
+		return &GroupLinkError{"agent network policy", linkedPolicy.Name}
+	}
+
 	return checkGroupLinkedToSettings(ctx, transaction, group)
 }
 
@@ -875,6 +885,46 @@ func isGroupLinkedToNetworkRouter(ctx context.Context, transaction store.Store,
 	return false, nil
 }
 
+// isGroupLinkedToReverseProxyService checks if a group is used as an access group
+// of a private reverse proxy service or as a bearer-auth distribution group.
+func isGroupLinkedToReverseProxyService(ctx context.Context, transaction store.Store, accountID string, groupID string) (bool, *service.Service) {
+	services, err := transaction.GetAccountServices(ctx, store.LockingStrengthNone, accountID)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.WithContext(ctx).Errorf("error retrieving reverse proxy services while checking group linkage: %v", err)
+		return false, nil
+	}
+
+	for _, svc := range services {
+		if svc.Private && slices.Contains(svc.AccessGroups, groupID) {
+			return true, svc
+		}
+		if svc.Auth.BearerAuth != nil && svc.Auth.BearerAuth.Enabled && slices.Contains(svc.Auth.BearerAuth.DistributionGroups, groupID) {
+			return true, svc
+		}
+	}
+	return false, nil
+}
+
+// isGroupLinkedToAgentNetworkPolicy checks if a group is used as a source group by any
+// agent network policy in the account.
+func isGroupLinkedToAgentNetworkPolicy(ctx context.Context, transaction store.Store, accountID string, groupID string) (bool, *agentNetworkTypes.Policy) {
+	policies, err := transaction.GetAccountAgentNetworkPolicies(ctx, store.LockingStrengthNone, accountID)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.WithContext(ctx).Errorf("error retrieving agent network policies while checking group linkage: %v", err)
+		return false, nil
+	}
+
+	for _, policy := range policies {
+		if policy == nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		if slices.Contains(policy.SourceGroups, groupID) {
+			return true, policy
+		}
+	}
+	return false, nil
+}
+
 // areGroupChangesAffectPeers checks if any changes to the specified groups will affect peers.
 // It fetches each collection once and checks all groupIDs against them in memory.
 func areGroupChangesAffectPeers(ctx context.Context, transaction store.Store, accountID string, groupIDs []string) (bool, error) {

management/server/group_test.go

@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@ import (
 	"golang.org/x/exp/maps"
 
 	nbdns "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/dns"
+	agentNetworkTypes "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/internals/modules/agentnetwork/types"
+	rpservice "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/service"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/server/groups"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/server/networks"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/server/networks/resources"
@@ -125,6 +127,21 @@ func TestDefaultAccountManager_DeleteGroup(t *testing.T) {
 			"grp-for-integration",
 			"only service users with admin power can delete integration group",
 		},
+		{
+			"agent network policy",
+			"grp-for-agent-network-policy",
+			"agent network policy",
+		},
+		{
+			"reverse proxy private service access group",
+			"grp-for-rp-private",
+			"reverse proxy service",
+		},
+		{
+			"reverse proxy bearer distribution group",
+			"grp-for-rp-bearer",
+			"reverse proxy service",
+		},
 	}
 
 	for _, testCase := range testCases {
@@ -218,6 +235,17 @@ func TestDefaultAccountManager_DeleteGroups(t *testing.T) {
 			groupIDs:        []string{"grp-for-integration"},
 			expectedReasons: []string{"only service users with admin power can delete integration group"},
 		},
+		{
+			name:            "agent network policy",
+			groupIDs:        []string{"grp-for-agent-network-policy"},
+			expectedReasons: []string{"agent network policy"},
+		},
+		{
+			name:               "reverse proxy services",
+			groupIDs:           []string{"grp-for-rp-private", "grp-for-rp-bearer"},
+			expectedReasons:    []string{"reverse proxy service", "reverse proxy service"},
+			expectedNotDeleted: []string{"grp-for-rp-private", "grp-for-rp-bearer"},
+		},
 		{
 			name:            "successfully delete multiple groups",
 			groupIDs:        []string{"group-1", "group-2"},
@@ -285,6 +313,65 @@ func TestDefaultAccountManager_DeleteGroups(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestDefaultAccountManager_DeleteGroupUnlinkedFromReverseProxyService(t *testing.T) {
+	am, _, err := createManager(t)
+	require.NoError(t, err, "Failed to create account manager")
+
+	_, account, err := initTestGroupAccount(am)
+	require.NoError(t, err, "Failed to init testing account")
+
+	deletableGroups := []*types.Group{
+		{
+			ID:        "grp-rp-bearer-disabled",
+			AccountID: account.Id,
+			Name:      "Group only in a disabled bearer auth",
+			Issued:    types.GroupIssuedAPI,
+			Peers:     make([]string, 0),
+		},
+		{
+			ID:        "grp-rp-nonprivate-access",
+			AccountID: account.Id,
+			Name:      "Group only in a non-private service's access groups",
+			Issued:    types.GroupIssuedAPI,
+			Peers:     make([]string, 0),
+		},
+	}
+	for _, group := range deletableGroups {
+		require.NoError(t, am.CreateGroup(context.Background(), account.Id, groupAdminUserID, group))
+	}
+
+	// Disabled bearer auth and stale access groups on a non-private service
+	// are inert configuration and must not block group deletion.
+	services := []*rpservice.Service{
+		{
+			ID:        "rp-svc-bearer-disabled",
+			AccountID: account.Id,
+			Domain:    "bearer-disabled.services.example.com",
+			Auth: rpservice.AuthConfig{
+				BearerAuth: &rpservice.BearerAuthConfig{
+					Enabled:            false,
+					DistributionGroups: []string{"grp-rp-bearer-disabled"},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			ID:           "rp-svc-nonprivate-access",
+			AccountID:    account.Id,
+			Domain:       "nonprivate.services.example.com",
+			Private:      false,
+			AccessGroups: []string{"grp-rp-nonprivate-access"},
+		},
+	}
+	for _, svc := range services {
+		require.NoError(t, am.Store.CreateService(context.Background(), svc))
+	}
+
+	for _, group := range deletableGroups {
+		err = am.DeleteGroup(context.Background(), account.Id, groupAdminUserID, group.ID)
+		assert.NoError(t, err, "group %s is not referenced by an active reverse proxy gate and should be deletable", group.ID)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestDefaultAccountManager_DeleteGroupLinkedToFlowGroup(t *testing.T) {
 	am, _, err := createManager(t)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
@@ -406,6 +493,30 @@ func initTestGroupAccount(am *DefaultAccountManager) (*DefaultAccountManager, *t
 		Peers:     make([]string, 0),
 	}
 
+	groupForAgentNetworkPolicy := &types.Group{
+		ID:        "grp-for-agent-network-policy",
+		AccountID: "account-id",
+		Name:      "Group for agent network policies",
+		Issued:    types.GroupIssuedAPI,
+		Peers:     make([]string, 0),
+	}
+
+	groupForRPPrivate := &types.Group{
+		ID:        "grp-for-rp-private",
+		AccountID: "account-id",
+		Name:      "Group for private reverse proxy service",
+		Issued:    types.GroupIssuedAPI,
+		Peers:     make([]string, 0),
+	}
+
+	groupForRPBearer := &types.Group{
+		ID:        "grp-for-rp-bearer",
+		AccountID: "account-id",
+		Name:      "Group for bearer reverse proxy service",
+		Issued:    types.GroupIssuedAPI,
+		Peers:     make([]string, 0),
+	}
+
 	routeResource := &route.Route{
 		ID:     "example route",
 		Groups: []string{groupForRoute.ID},
@@ -461,6 +572,66 @@ func initTestGroupAccount(am *DefaultAccountManager) (*DefaultAccountManager, *t
 	_ = am.CreateGroup(context.Background(), accountID, groupAdminUserID, groupForSetupKeys)
 	_ = am.CreateGroup(context.Background(), accountID, groupAdminUserID, groupForUsers)
 	_ = am.CreateGroup(context.Background(), accountID, groupAdminUserID, groupForIntegration)
+	_ = am.CreateGroup(context.Background(), accountID, groupAdminUserID, groupForAgentNetworkPolicy)
+	_ = am.CreateGroup(context.Background(), accountID, groupAdminUserID, groupForRPPrivate)
+	_ = am.CreateGroup(context.Background(), accountID, groupAdminUserID, groupForRPBearer)
+
+	agentNetworkPolicy := &agentNetworkTypes.Policy{
+		ID:           "example agent network policy",
+		AccountID:    accountID,
+		Name:         "Example agent network policy",
+		Enabled:      true,
+		SourceGroups: []string{groupForAgentNetworkPolicy.ID},
+	}
+	if err := am.Store.SaveAgentNetworkPolicy(context.Background(), agentNetworkPolicy); err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+
+	// The decoy services are created first so the linkage check has to scan
+	// past services that do not reference the groups under test.
+	rpServices := []*rpservice.Service{
+		{
+			ID:           "rp-svc-private-decoy",
+			AccountID:    accountID,
+			Domain:       "private-decoy.services.example.com",
+			Private:      true,
+			AccessGroups: []string{"unrelated-group"},
+		},
+		{
+			ID:        "rp-svc-bearer-decoy",
+			AccountID: accountID,
+			Domain:    "bearer-decoy.services.example.com",
+			Auth: rpservice.AuthConfig{
+				BearerAuth: &rpservice.BearerAuthConfig{
+					Enabled:            true,
+					DistributionGroups: []string{"unrelated-group"},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			ID:           "rp-svc-private",
+			AccountID:    accountID,
+			Domain:       "private.services.example.com",
+			Private:      true,
+			AccessGroups: []string{groupForRPPrivate.ID},
+		},
+		{
+			ID:        "rp-svc-bearer",
+			AccountID: accountID,
+			Domain:    "bearer.services.example.com",
+			Auth: rpservice.AuthConfig{
+				BearerAuth: &rpservice.BearerAuthConfig{
+					Enabled:            true,
+					DistributionGroups: []string{groupForRPBearer.ID},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	for _, svc := range rpServices {
+		if err := am.Store.CreateService(context.Background(), svc); err != nil {
+			return nil, nil, err
+		}
+	}
 
 	acc, err := am.Store.GetAccount(context.Background(), account.Id)
 	if err != nil {

management/server/types/account.go

@@ -1707,14 +1707,34 @@ func (a *Account) injectPrivateServicePolicies(svc *service.Service, proxyPeers
 	if len(proxyPeers) == 0 {
 		return
 	}
+	// A service's AccessGroups can name groups that no longer exist — persisted
+	// services and the agent-network synthesiser both carry the ids verbatim from
+	// their own state. An unresolvable source authorises nothing, so drop it here
+	// rather than let the network-map assembly resolve it to a nil group.
+	sources := a.existingGroupIDs(svc.AccessGroups)
+	if len(sources) == 0 {
+		return
+	}
 	for _, proxyPeer := range proxyPeers {
-		a.Policies = append(a.Policies, a.createPrivateServicePolicy(svc, proxyPeer))
+		a.Policies = append(a.Policies, a.createPrivateServicePolicy(svc, proxyPeer, sources))
 	}
 }
 
-func (a *Account) createPrivateServicePolicy(svc *service.Service, proxyPeer *nbpeer.Peer) *Policy {
+// existingGroupIDs returns the subset of groupIDs that resolve to a group in the account,
+// preserving the input order.
+func (a *Account) existingGroupIDs(groupIDs []string) []string {
+	out := make([]string, 0, len(groupIDs))
+	for _, groupID := range groupIDs {
+		if _, ok := a.Groups[groupID]; ok {
+			out = append(out, groupID)
+		}
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
+func (a *Account) createPrivateServicePolicy(svc *service.Service, proxyPeer *nbpeer.Peer, accessGroups []string) *Policy {
 	policyID := fmt.Sprintf("private-access-%s-%s", svc.ID, proxyPeer.ID)
-	sources := append([]string(nil), svc.AccessGroups...)
+	sources := append([]string(nil), accessGroups...)
 	return &Policy{
 		ID:      policyID,
 		Name:    fmt.Sprintf("Private Access to %s", svc.Name),