add keychain and cert store support

This commit is contained in:
pascal
2026-09-11 17:51:38 +02:00
parent 6c910ede4a
commit 068f218795
6 changed files with 674 additions and 1 deletions
@@ -0,0 +1,281 @@
package certproof
import (
"bytes"
"context"
"crypto"
"crypto/x509"
"errors"
"fmt"
"io"
"sync"
"unsafe"
"github.com/ebitengine/purego"
log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
)
const (
securityFramework = "/System/Library/Frameworks/Security.framework/Security"
coreFoundationFramework = "/System/Library/Frameworks/CoreFoundation.framework/CoreFoundation"
errSecItemNotFound = -25300
)
var (
keychainOnce sync.Once
keychainErr error
secItemCopyMatching func(query uintptr, result *uintptr) int32
secIdentityCopyCertificate func(identity uintptr, cert *uintptr) int32
secIdentityCopyPrivateKey func(identity uintptr, key *uintptr) int32
secCertificateCopyData func(cert uintptr) uintptr
secKeyCreateSignature func(key, algorithm, data uintptr, err *uintptr) uintptr
cfDictionaryCreate func(alloc uintptr, keys, values *uintptr, count int, keyCallBacks, valueCallBacks uintptr) uintptr
cfArrayGetCount func(array uintptr) int
cfArrayGetValueAtIndex func(array uintptr, index int) uintptr
cfDataCreate func(alloc uintptr, data *byte, length int) uintptr
cfDataGetLength func(data uintptr) int
cfDataGetBytePtr func(data uintptr) unsafe.Pointer
cfErrorGetCode func(err uintptr) int
cfRelease func(ref uintptr)
kSecClass, kSecClassIdentity, kSecClassCertificate, kSecMatchLimit, kSecMatchLimitAll, kSecReturnRef uintptr
kSecKeyAlgorithmECDSASHA256, kSecKeyAlgorithmECDSASHA384, kSecKeyAlgorithmRSAPSSSHA256 uintptr
kCFBooleanTrue, kCFTypeDictionaryKeyCallBacks, kCFTypeDictionaryValueCallBacks uintptr
)
// DefaultStore is the keychain search list of the daemon, which for the root daemon is
// the System keychain where MDM installs device identities.
func DefaultStore() Store {
return NewKeychainStore()
}
// KeychainStore yields the identities of the process's keychain search list, reached
// through purego so the client keeps building with CGO_ENABLED=0.
type KeychainStore struct{}
func NewKeychainStore() *KeychainStore {
return &KeychainStore{}
}
func (s *KeychainStore) Candidates(_ context.Context) ([]Candidate, error) {
if err := loadKeychain(); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
var leaves []*x509.Certificate
err := eachIdentity(func(_ uintptr, der []byte) (bool, error) {
cert, err := x509.ParseCertificate(der)
if err != nil {
log.Warnf("skipping keychain identity: %v", err)
return false, nil
}
leaves = append(leaves, cert)
return false, nil
})
if err != nil || len(leaves) == 0 {
return nil, err
}
pool, err := keychainCertificates()
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
candidates := make([]Candidate, 0, len(leaves))
for _, leaf := range leaves {
candidates = append(candidates, Candidate{Chain: buildChain(leaf, pool), Signer: &keychainSigner{leaf: leaf}})
}
return candidates, nil
}
// keychainSigner holds only the certificate; the identity is looked up again at signing
// time so no keychain references outlive a call.
type keychainSigner struct {
leaf *x509.Certificate
}
func (s *keychainSigner) Public() crypto.PublicKey {
return s.leaf.PublicKey
}
func (s *keychainSigner) Sign(_ io.Reader, digest []byte, opts crypto.SignerOpts) ([]byte, error) {
scheme, err := schemeFor(s.leaf.PublicKey, opts)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
algorithm := keychainAlgorithm(scheme)
var signature []byte
err = eachIdentity(func(identity uintptr, der []byte) (bool, error) {
if !bytes.Equal(der, s.leaf.Raw) {
return false, nil
}
signature, err = signWithIdentity(identity, algorithm, digest)
return true, err
})
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
if signature == nil {
return nil, errors.New("certificate is no longer in the keychain")
}
return signature, nil
}
func keychainAlgorithm(scheme sigScheme) uintptr {
switch scheme {
case schemeECDSASHA384:
return kSecKeyAlgorithmECDSASHA384
case schemeRSAPSSSHA256:
return kSecKeyAlgorithmRSAPSSSHA256
default:
return kSecKeyAlgorithmECDSASHA256
}
}
func signWithIdentity(identity, algorithm uintptr, digest []byte) ([]byte, error) {
var key uintptr
if status := secIdentityCopyPrivateKey(identity, &key); status != 0 {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("SecIdentityCopyPrivateKey: %d", status)
}
defer cfRelease(key)
data := cfDataCreate(0, &digest[0], len(digest))
defer cfRelease(data)
var cfErr uintptr
signature := secKeyCreateSignature(key, algorithm, data, &cfErr)
if signature == 0 {
defer cfRelease(cfErr)
return nil, fmt.Errorf("SecKeyCreateSignature: CFError %d", cfErrorGetCode(cfErr))
}
defer cfRelease(signature)
return dataBytes(signature), nil
}
func eachIdentity(fn func(identity uintptr, der []byte) (bool, error)) error {
return eachMatching(kSecClassIdentity, func(identity uintptr) (bool, error) {
var cert uintptr
if status := secIdentityCopyCertificate(identity, &cert); status != 0 {
return true, fmt.Errorf("SecIdentityCopyCertificate: %d", status)
}
der := certificateDER(cert)
cfRelease(cert)
return fn(identity, der)
})
}
func keychainCertificates() ([]*x509.Certificate, error) {
var certs []*x509.Certificate
err := eachMatching(kSecClassCertificate, func(item uintptr) (bool, error) {
if cert, err := x509.ParseCertificate(certificateDER(item)); err == nil {
certs = append(certs, cert)
}
return false, nil
})
return certs, err
}
func eachMatching(class uintptr, fn func(item uintptr) (bool, error)) error {
keys := []uintptr{kSecClass, kSecMatchLimit, kSecReturnRef}
values := []uintptr{class, kSecMatchLimitAll, kCFBooleanTrue}
query := cfDictionaryCreate(0, &keys[0], &values[0], len(keys), kCFTypeDictionaryKeyCallBacks, kCFTypeDictionaryValueCallBacks)
defer cfRelease(query)
var items uintptr
switch status := secItemCopyMatching(query, &items); status {
case 0:
case errSecItemNotFound:
return nil
default:
return fmt.Errorf("SecItemCopyMatching: %d", status)
}
defer cfRelease(items)
for i, n := 0, cfArrayGetCount(items); i < n; i++ {
if stop, err := fn(cfArrayGetValueAtIndex(items, i)); stop || err != nil {
return err
}
}
return nil
}
func certificateDER(cert uintptr) []byte {
data := secCertificateCopyData(cert)
defer cfRelease(data)
return dataBytes(data)
}
func dataBytes(data uintptr) []byte {
return bytes.Clone(unsafe.Slice((*byte)(cfDataGetBytePtr(data)), cfDataGetLength(data)))
}
func loadKeychain() error {
keychainOnce.Do(func() { keychainErr = resolveKeychain() })
return keychainErr
}
func resolveKeychain() error {
security, err := purego.Dlopen(securityFramework, purego.RTLD_LAZY|purego.RTLD_GLOBAL)
if err != nil {
return fmt.Errorf("open %s: %w", securityFramework, err)
}
coreFoundation, err := purego.Dlopen(coreFoundationFramework, purego.RTLD_LAZY|purego.RTLD_GLOBAL)
if err != nil {
return fmt.Errorf("open %s: %w", coreFoundationFramework, err)
}
for _, fn := range []struct {
ptr any
lib uintptr
name string
}{
{&secItemCopyMatching, security, "SecItemCopyMatching"},
{&secIdentityCopyCertificate, security, "SecIdentityCopyCertificate"},
{&secIdentityCopyPrivateKey, security, "SecIdentityCopyPrivateKey"},
{&secCertificateCopyData, security, "SecCertificateCopyData"},
{&secKeyCreateSignature, security, "SecKeyCreateSignature"},
{&cfDictionaryCreate, coreFoundation, "CFDictionaryCreate"},
{&cfArrayGetCount, coreFoundation, "CFArrayGetCount"},
{&cfArrayGetValueAtIndex, coreFoundation, "CFArrayGetValueAtIndex"},
{&cfDataCreate, coreFoundation, "CFDataCreate"},
{&cfDataGetLength, coreFoundation, "CFDataGetLength"},
{&cfDataGetBytePtr, coreFoundation, "CFDataGetBytePtr"},
{&cfErrorGetCode, coreFoundation, "CFErrorGetCode"},
{&cfRelease, coreFoundation, "CFRelease"},
} {
symbol, err := purego.Dlsym(fn.lib, fn.name)
if err != nil {
return fmt.Errorf("resolve %s: %w", fn.name, err)
}
purego.RegisterFunc(fn.ptr, symbol)
}
for _, global := range []struct {
ptr *uintptr
lib uintptr
name string
deref bool
}{
{&kSecClass, security, "kSecClass", true},
{&kSecClassIdentity, security, "kSecClassIdentity", true},
{&kSecClassCertificate, security, "kSecClassCertificate", true},
{&kSecMatchLimit, security, "kSecMatchLimit", true},
{&kSecMatchLimitAll, security, "kSecMatchLimitAll", true},
{&kSecReturnRef, security, "kSecReturnRef", true},
{&kSecKeyAlgorithmECDSASHA256, security, "kSecKeyAlgorithmECDSASignatureDigestX962SHA256", true},
{&kSecKeyAlgorithmECDSASHA384, security, "kSecKeyAlgorithmECDSASignatureDigestX962SHA384", true},
{&kSecKeyAlgorithmRSAPSSSHA256, security, "kSecKeyAlgorithmRSASignatureDigestPSSSHA256", true},
{&kCFBooleanTrue, coreFoundation, "kCFBooleanTrue", true},
{&kCFTypeDictionaryKeyCallBacks, coreFoundation, "kCFTypeDictionaryKeyCallBacks", false},
{&kCFTypeDictionaryValueCallBacks, coreFoundation, "kCFTypeDictionaryValueCallBacks", false},
} {
addr, err := purego.Dlsym(global.lib, global.name)
if err != nil {
return fmt.Errorf("resolve %s: %w", global.name, err)
}
if global.deref {
addr = **(**uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(&addr))
}
*global.ptr = addr
}
return nil
}
+77
View File
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
package certproof
import (
"crypto"
"crypto/ecdsa"
"crypto/rsa"
"crypto/x509"
"encoding/asn1"
"errors"
"fmt"
"math/big"
"slices"
)
var errUnsupportedScheme = errors.New("unsupported signature scheme for OS keystore")
type sigScheme int
const (
schemeECDSASHA256 sigScheme = iota + 1
schemeECDSASHA384
schemeRSAPSSSHA256
)
// schemeFor maps a crypto.Signer request onto the schemes the OS keystores perform.
func schemeFor(pub crypto.PublicKey, opts crypto.SignerOpts) (sigScheme, error) {
switch pub.(type) {
case *ecdsa.PublicKey:
switch opts.HashFunc() {
case crypto.SHA256:
return schemeECDSASHA256, nil
case crypto.SHA384:
return schemeECDSASHA384, nil
}
case *rsa.PublicKey:
if pss, ok := opts.(*rsa.PSSOptions); ok && pss.Hash == crypto.SHA256 {
return schemeRSAPSSSHA256, nil
}
}
return 0, fmt.Errorf("%w: %T with %v", errUnsupportedScheme, pub, opts.HashFunc())
}
// buildChain extends leaf with the issuers found in pool up to a self-signed certificate.
func buildChain(leaf *x509.Certificate, pool []*x509.Certificate) []*x509.Certificate {
chain := []*x509.Certificate{leaf}
current := leaf
for current.CheckSignatureFrom(current) != nil {
issuer := issuerIn(current, pool, chain)
if issuer == nil {
break
}
chain = append(chain, issuer)
current = issuer
}
return chain
}
func issuerIn(cert *x509.Certificate, pool, seen []*x509.Certificate) *x509.Certificate {
for _, candidate := range pool {
if slices.ContainsFunc(seen, candidate.Equal) {
continue
}
if cert.CheckSignatureFrom(candidate) == nil {
return candidate
}
}
return nil
}
// ecdsaSignatureASN1 converts the fixed-width r||s form emitted by CNG into the DER form Go verifies.
func ecdsaSignatureASN1(raw []byte) ([]byte, error) {
if len(raw) == 0 || len(raw)%2 != 0 {
return nil, errors.New("malformed raw ECDSA signature")
}
half := len(raw) / 2
return asn1.Marshal(struct{ R, S *big.Int }{new(big.Int).SetBytes(raw[:half]), new(big.Int).SetBytes(raw[half:])})
}
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
package certproof
import (
"crypto"
"crypto/ecdsa"
"crypto/rand"
"crypto/rsa"
"crypto/sha256"
"crypto/x509"
"testing"
"time"
"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/management/certposture"
"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/management/certposture/certtest"
)
func TestBuildChain_FollowsIssuersThroughThePool(t *testing.T) {
root := certtest.NewCA(t, "root")
intermediate := certtest.NewIntermediate(t, root, "intermediate")
unrelated := certtest.NewCA(t, "unrelated")
leaf := intermediate.Issue(t, certtest.ECDSAKey(t), "device")
pool := []*x509.Certificate{unrelated.Cert, root.Cert, leaf, intermediate.Cert}
chain := buildChain(leaf, pool)
require.Equal(t, []*x509.Certificate{leaf, intermediate.Cert, root.Cert}, chain)
roots, err := certposture.ParseCAs([]string{root.PEM})
require.NoError(t, err)
assert.NoError(t, certposture.VerifyChain(chain, roots, time.Now()))
}
func TestBuildChain_StopsWhereThePoolEnds(t *testing.T) {
root := certtest.NewCA(t, "root")
intermediate := certtest.NewIntermediate(t, root, "intermediate")
leaf := intermediate.Issue(t, certtest.ECDSAKey(t), "device")
assert.Equal(t, []*x509.Certificate{leaf}, buildChain(leaf, nil))
assert.Equal(t, []*x509.Certificate{leaf, intermediate.Cert}, buildChain(leaf, []*x509.Certificate{intermediate.Cert}))
}
func TestSchemeFor(t *testing.T) {
ecKey := certtest.ECDSAKey(t)
rsaKey := certtest.RSAKey(t)
pss := &rsa.PSSOptions{SaltLength: rsa.PSSSaltLengthEqualsHash, Hash: crypto.SHA256}
tests := []struct {
name string
pub crypto.PublicKey
opts crypto.SignerOpts
want sigScheme
}{
{"ecdsa sha256", ecKey.Public(), crypto.SHA256, schemeECDSASHA256},
{"ecdsa sha384", ecKey.Public(), crypto.SHA384, schemeECDSASHA384},
{"rsa pss sha256", rsaKey.Public(), pss, schemeRSAPSSSHA256},
{"rsa pkcs1v15", rsaKey.Public(), crypto.SHA256, 0},
{"ed25519", certtest.Ed25519Key(t).Public(), crypto.Hash(0), 0},
}
for _, tc := range tests {
t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
got, err := schemeFor(tc.pub, tc.opts)
if tc.want == 0 {
assert.ErrorIs(t, err, errUnsupportedScheme)
return
}
require.NoError(t, err)
assert.Equal(t, tc.want, got)
})
}
}
func TestECDSASignatureASN1(t *testing.T) {
key := certtest.ECDSAKey(t).(*ecdsa.PrivateKey)
digest := sha256.Sum256([]byte("nonce"))
r, s, err := ecdsa.Sign(rand.Reader, key, digest[:])
require.NoError(t, err)
raw := append(r.FillBytes(make([]byte, 32)), s.FillBytes(make([]byte, 32))...)
der, err := ecdsaSignatureASN1(raw)
require.NoError(t, err)
assert.True(t, ecdsa.VerifyASN1(&key.PublicKey, digest[:], der))
_, err = ecdsaSignatureASN1(raw[:63])
assert.Error(t, err)
}
+8
View File
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
//go:build !darwin && !windows
package certproof
// DefaultStore is the PEM directory named by NB_CERT_STORE_DIR, or /etc/netbird/certs.
func DefaultStore() Store {
return NewFileStore(StoreDir())
}
@@ -0,0 +1,220 @@
package certproof
import (
"bytes"
"context"
"crypto"
"crypto/sha256"
"crypto/x509"
"errors"
"fmt"
"io"
"slices"
"unsafe"
log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
"golang.org/x/sys/windows"
)
const (
personalStore = "MY"
intermediateStore = "CA"
cryptAcquireSilentFlag = 0x00000040
cryptAcquirePreferNCryptKeyFlag = 0x00020000
certNCryptKeySpec = 0xFFFFFFFF
bcryptPadPSS = 0x00000008
)
var (
crypt32 = windows.NewLazySystemDLL("crypt32.dll")
ncrypt = windows.NewLazySystemDLL("ncrypt.dll")
procCryptAcquireCertificatePrivateKey = crypt32.NewProc("CryptAcquireCertificatePrivateKey")
procNCryptSignHash = ncrypt.NewProc("NCryptSignHash")
procNCryptFreeObject = ncrypt.NewProc("NCryptFreeObject")
)
type bcryptPSSPaddingInfo struct {
algID *uint16
salt uint32
}
// DefaultStore is the local machine's personal certificate store, where device
// certificates enrolled through AD or Intune are kept.
func DefaultStore() Store {
return NewSystemStore()
}
// SystemStore yields the identities of the local machine's personal store, completing
// their chains from the intermediate CA store. Keys are used through CNG and never exported.
type SystemStore struct{}
func NewSystemStore() *SystemStore {
return &SystemStore{}
}
func (s *SystemStore) Candidates(_ context.Context) ([]Candidate, error) {
leaves, err := storeCertificates(personalStore)
if err != nil || len(leaves) == 0 {
return nil, err
}
intermediates, err := storeCertificates(intermediateStore)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
pool := slices.Concat(intermediates, leaves)
candidates := make([]Candidate, 0, len(leaves))
for _, leaf := range leaves {
candidates = append(candidates, Candidate{Chain: buildChain(leaf, pool), Signer: &systemStoreSigner{leaf: leaf}})
}
return candidates, nil
}
// systemStoreSigner holds only the certificate; the store entry and its key are acquired
// at signing time so no handles outlive a call.
type systemStoreSigner struct {
leaf *x509.Certificate
}
func (s *systemStoreSigner) Public() crypto.PublicKey {
return s.leaf.PublicKey
}
func (s *systemStoreSigner) Sign(_ io.Reader, digest []byte, opts crypto.SignerOpts) ([]byte, error) {
scheme, err := schemeFor(s.leaf.PublicKey, opts)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
store, err := openStore(personalStore)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
defer func() { _ = windows.CertCloseStore(store, 0) }()
var signature []byte
err = eachCertificate(store, func(ctx *windows.CertContext) (bool, error) {
if !bytes.Equal(encodedCert(ctx), s.leaf.Raw) {
return false, nil
}
signature, err = signWithContext(ctx, scheme, digest)
return true, err
})
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
if signature == nil {
return nil, errors.New("certificate is no longer in the personal store")
}
return signature, nil
}
func signWithContext(ctx *windows.CertContext, scheme sigScheme, digest []byte) ([]byte, error) {
var key uintptr
var keySpec uint32
var callerFree int32
ok, _, err := procCryptAcquireCertificatePrivateKey.Call(uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(ctx)), cryptAcquireSilentFlag|cryptAcquirePreferNCryptKeyFlag, 0,
uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&key)), uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&keySpec)), uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&callerFree)))
if ok == 0 {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("acquire private key: %w", err)
}
if keySpec != certNCryptKeySpec {
if callerFree != 0 {
_ = windows.CryptReleaseContext(windows.Handle(key), 0)
}
return nil, errors.New("legacy CryptoAPI keys are not supported")
}
if callerFree != 0 {
defer func() { _, _, _ = procNCryptFreeObject.Call(key) }()
}
var padding unsafe.Pointer
var flags uintptr
if scheme == schemeRSAPSSSHA256 {
algID, _ := windows.UTF16PtrFromString("SHA256")
info := bcryptPSSPaddingInfo{algID: algID, salt: sha256.Size}
padding, flags = unsafe.Pointer(&info), bcryptPadPSS
}
size, err := ncryptSignHash(key, padding, digest, nil, flags)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
signature := make([]byte, size)
if size, err = ncryptSignHash(key, padding, digest, signature, flags); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
signature = signature[:size]
if scheme == schemeRSAPSSSHA256 {
return signature, nil
}
return ecdsaSignatureASN1(signature)
}
func ncryptSignHash(key uintptr, padding unsafe.Pointer, digest, signature []byte, flags uintptr) (uint32, error) {
var result uint32
var signaturePtr uintptr
if len(signature) > 0 {
signaturePtr = uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&signature[0]))
}
status, _, _ := procNCryptSignHash.Call(key, uintptr(padding), uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&digest[0])), uintptr(len(digest)),
signaturePtr, uintptr(len(signature)), uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&result)), flags)
if uint32(status) != 0 {
return 0, fmt.Errorf("NCryptSignHash: 0x%08x", uint32(status))
}
return result, nil
}
func storeCertificates(name string) ([]*x509.Certificate, error) {
store, err := openStore(name)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
defer func() { _ = windows.CertCloseStore(store, 0) }()
var certs []*x509.Certificate
err = eachCertificate(store, func(ctx *windows.CertContext) (bool, error) {
cert, err := x509.ParseCertificate(bytes.Clone(encodedCert(ctx)))
if err != nil {
log.Warnf("skipping certificate in %s store: %v", name, err)
return false, nil
}
certs = append(certs, cert)
return false, nil
})
return certs, err
}
func openStore(name string) (windows.Handle, error) {
namePtr, err := windows.UTF16PtrFromString(name)
if err != nil {
return 0, err
}
flags := uint32(windows.CERT_SYSTEM_STORE_LOCAL_MACHINE | windows.CERT_STORE_READONLY_FLAG | windows.CERT_STORE_OPEN_EXISTING_FLAG)
store, err := windows.CertOpenStore(windows.CERT_STORE_PROV_SYSTEM, 0, 0, flags, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(namePtr)))
if err != nil {
return 0, fmt.Errorf("open %s certificate store: %w", name, err)
}
return store, nil
}
func eachCertificate(store windows.Handle, fn func(*windows.CertContext) (bool, error)) error {
var ctx *windows.CertContext
for {
next, err := windows.CertEnumCertificatesInStore(store, ctx)
if next == nil {
if errors.Is(err, windows.Errno(windows.CRYPT_E_NOT_FOUND)) || errors.Is(err, windows.ERROR_NO_MORE_FILES) {
return nil
}
return fmt.Errorf("enumerate certificates: %w", err)
}
ctx = next
if stop, err := fn(ctx); stop || err != nil {
_ = windows.CertFreeCertificateContext(ctx)
return err
}
}
}
func encodedCert(ctx *windows.CertContext) []byte {
return unsafe.Slice(ctx.EncodedCert, ctx.Length)
}
+1 -1
View File
@@ -1296,7 +1296,7 @@ func (e *Engine) applyInfoFlags(info *system.Info) {
// certificates found in the local store, signing each challenge nonce for our peer key.
func (e *Engine) attachCertificateProofs(info *system.Info, checks []*mgmProto.Checks) {
peerKey := e.config.WgPrivateKey.PublicKey()
info.CertificateProofs = certproof.Collect(e.ctx, certproof.NewFileStore(certproof.StoreDir()), checks, peerKey[:])
info.CertificateProofs = certproof.Collect(e.ctx, certproof.DefaultStore(), checks, peerKey[:])
}
func (e *Engine) currentSystemInfo(ctx context.Context) *system.Info {