mscluster: reuse control buffers and cut per-property allocations (#2673)

Co-authored-by: Claude Opus 5.5 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
Signed-off-by: Jan-Otto Kröpke <mail@jkroepke.de>

internal/collector/mscluster/AGENTS.md

@@ -32,6 +32,12 @@
   the documentation miss this. The parser validates only the structure and
   accepts zero padding. `TestDumpPropertyLists` logs real lists as hex when
   `WINDOWS_EXPORTER_TEST_CLUSAPI_DUMP` is set on a cluster node.
+- Each `Cluster` owns one control buffer (`controlScratch`). Like the handle,
+  it belongs to the running call, so calls never share it and no `sync.Pool`
+  is needed. `ParseProperties` returns `Property.Data` slices into it: copy
+  values out (`copyResourceProperties`, `readCommonProperties`) before the
+  next control, and never keep a parsed list past that point. `get` zeroes
+  the bytes, so a reused buffer reads like a new one.
 - `clusapi.Open` reports an unconfigured cluster or a missing ClusAPI with
   `errors.ErrUnsupported`; the shared collector test treats that as an
   unsupported role on hosts where `mscluster` is not a required fixture.

internal/headers/clusapi/clusapi.go

@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@ const (
 	resourceGetType               = 0x0100002d
 	resourceGetClassInfo          = 0x0100000d
 	maxBufferSize                 = 64 << 20
+	maxScratchSize                = 64 << 10
 	stateUnknown                  = ^uint32(0) // ClusterResourceStateUnknown
 	propertyListBufferSize        = 4 << 10
 	typeBufferSize                = 512
@@ -74,7 +75,7 @@ type nativeAPI struct {
 	enumName      func(enum uintptr, index, enumType uint32, deadline time.Time) (objectName, error)
 	openResource  func(cluster uintptr, name objectName) (uintptr, error)
 	closeResource func(resource uintptr) error
-	readResource  func(resource uintptr, out *Resource, deadline time.Time) error
+	readResource  func(resource uintptr, out *Resource, scratch *controlScratch, deadline time.Time) error
 }
 
 //nolint:gochecknoglobals
@@ -158,6 +159,46 @@ type Cluster struct {
 	handle  uintptr
 	closed  bool
 	running bool
+
+	// scratch belongs to the running call, like handle.
+	scratch controlScratch
+}
+
+// controlScratch is the reusable control buffer of a Cluster. Its owner runs
+// one control at a time, so no pool is needed. Values parsed from a result,
+// such as Property.Data, point into the buffer and are only valid until the
+// next control; callers copy them out first.
+type controlScratch struct {
+	buffer []byte
+}
+
+// get returns n zeroed bytes, the same contents as a new buffer.
+func (s *controlScratch) get(n int) []byte {
+	if cap(s.buffer) < n {
+		s.buffer = make([]byte, max(n, propertyListBufferSize))
+	}
+
+	buffer := s.buffer[:n]
+	clear(buffer)
+
+	return buffer
+}
+
+// keep holds on to a buffer a control had to grow, up to maxScratchSize, so
+// the next object starts with the larger size.
+func (s *controlScratch) keep(data []byte) {
+	if cap(data) > cap(s.buffer) && cap(data) <= maxScratchSize {
+		s.buffer = data[:cap(data)]
+	}
+}
+
+// resourceControl calls ClusterResourceControl starting with n bytes of the
+// scratch buffer. The result is only valid until the next control.
+func (s *controlScratch) resourceControl(handle uintptr, code uint32, n int, deadline time.Time) ([]byte, error) {
+	data, err := resourceBufferIn(handle, code, s.get(n), deadline)
+	s.keep(data)
+
+	return data, err
 }
 
 type Resource struct {
@@ -391,7 +432,7 @@ func (c *Cluster) Resources(deadline time.Time) (_ []Resource, resultErr error)
 			return fmt.Errorf("OpenClusterResourceEx: %w", err)
 		}
 
-		err = api.readResource(handle, &resource, deadline)
+		err = api.readResource(handle, &resource, &c.scratch, deadline)
 		if closeErr := api.closeResource(handle); closeErr != nil {
 			err = errors.Join(err, fmt.Errorf("CloseClusterResource: %w", closeErr))
 		}
@@ -459,13 +500,13 @@ func enumName(enum uintptr, index, enumType uint32, deadline time.Time) (objectN
 
 // readResource fills the properties of an open resource. Failed properties are
 // omitted; the identity is only valid once the state and owner are known.
-func readResource(handle uintptr, resource *Resource, deadline time.Time) error {
+func readResource(handle uintptr, resource *Resource, scratch *controlScratch, deadline time.Time) error {
 	var resultErr error
 
 	hasType := false
 
 	for _, code := range []uint32{resourceGetROCommonProperties, resourceGetCommonProperties} {
-		data, err := resourceBuffer(handle, code, propertyListBufferSize, deadline)
+		data, err := scratch.resourceControl(handle, code, propertyListBufferSize, deadline)
 		if err != nil {
 			resultErr = errors.Join(resultErr, fmt.Errorf("ClusterResourceControl %#x: %w", code, err))
 
@@ -479,23 +520,8 @@ func readResource(handle uintptr, resource *Resource, deadline time.Time) error
 			continue
 		}
 
-		for name, values := range properties {
+		if copyResourceProperties(resource, properties) {
-			if len(values) != 1 {
+			hasType = true
-				continue
-			}
-
-			if value, err := values[0].DWORD(); err == nil {
-				resource.Values[name] = value
-			}
-		}
-
-		// The read-only common Type property is the same resource type name
-		// that CLUSCTL_RESOURCE_GET_RESOURCE_TYPE returns.
-		if values := properties["Type"]; len(values) == 1 {
-			if value, err := values[0].String(); err == nil {
-				resource.Type = value
-				hasType = true
-			}
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -503,7 +529,7 @@ func readResource(handle uintptr, resource *Resource, deadline time.Time) error
 		name string
 		code uint32
 	}{{"Characteristics", resourceGetCharacteristics}, {"Flags", resourceGetFlags}} {
-		data, err := resourceBuffer(handle, field.code, 4, deadline)
+		data, err := scratch.resourceControl(handle, field.code, 4, deadline)
 		switch {
 		case err != nil:
 			resultErr = errors.Join(resultErr, fmt.Errorf("%s: %w", field.name, err))
@@ -514,7 +540,7 @@ func readResource(handle uintptr, resource *Resource, deadline time.Time) error
 		}
 	}
 
-	data, err := resourceBuffer(handle, resourceGetClassInfo, 8, deadline)
+	data, err := scratch.resourceControl(handle, resourceGetClassInfo, 8, deadline)
 	if err != nil {
 		resultErr = errors.Join(resultErr, fmt.Errorf("class information: %w", err))
 	} else {
@@ -523,7 +549,7 @@ func readResource(handle uintptr, resource *Resource, deadline time.Time) error
 
 	// The property lists normally carry the type; only ask separately without it.
 	if !hasType {
-		data, err = resourceBuffer(handle, resourceGetType, typeBufferSize, deadline)
+		data, err = scratch.resourceControl(handle, resourceGetType, typeBufferSize, deadline)
 		if err != nil {
 			return errors.Join(resultErr, fmt.Errorf("resource type: %w", err))
 		}
@@ -544,6 +570,33 @@ func readResource(handle uintptr, resource *Resource, deadline time.Time) error
 	return resultErr
 }
 
+// copyResourceProperties copies the single DWORD values and the type name out
+// of a parsed property list, so the list's buffer can be reused. It reports
+// whether the list had the type.
+func copyResourceProperties(resource *Resource, properties map[string][]Property) bool {
+	for name, values := range properties {
+		if len(values) != 1 {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if value, ok := values[0].dword(); ok {
+			resource.Values[name] = value
+		}
+	}
+
+	// The read-only common Type property is the same resource type name that
+	// CLUSCTL_RESOURCE_GET_RESOURCE_TYPE returns.
+	if values := properties["Type"]; len(values) == 1 {
+		if value, err := values[0].String(); err == nil {
+			resource.Type = value
+
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+
+	return false
+}
+
 // parseResourceClassInfo decodes CLUS_RESOURCE_CLASS_INFO. Some resource DLLs,
 // such as the Storage Spaces Direct Health Service, succeed but return only
 // the class DWORD without the subclass; the WMI provider reports their
@@ -563,8 +616,10 @@ func parseResourceClassInfo(data []byte) (uint32, uint32) {
 	return class, subclass
 }
 
-func resourceBuffer(handle uintptr, code uint32, size int, deadline time.Time) ([]byte, error) {
+// resourceBufferIn calls ClusterResourceControl starting with buffer. The
-	return controlBuffer(deadline, size, func(buffer []byte) (uint32, error) {
+// result may share buffer's memory.
+func resourceBufferIn(handle uintptr, code uint32, buffer []byte, deadline time.Time) ([]byte, error) {
+	return controlBufferIn(deadline, buffer, func(buffer []byte) (uint32, error) {
 		var (
 			size    uint32
 			pointer *byte
@@ -597,7 +652,8 @@ func readResourceState(handle uintptr, deadline time.Time) (uint32, string, stri
 }
 
 func stateBuffers(deadline time.Time, call func([]uint16, []uint16) (uint32, uint32, uint32, error)) (uint32, string, string, error) {
-	node, group := make([]uint16, 256), make([]uint16, 256)
+	units := make([]uint16, 512)
+	node, group := units[:256:256], units[256:]
 
 	for range 16 {
 		if err := checkDeadline(deadline); err != nil {
@@ -655,15 +711,20 @@ func checkDeadline(deadline time.Time) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-// controlBuffer starts with a buffer of the expected size, so most controls need
+// newControlBuffer returns a buffer of the expected size, so most controls
-// one RPC. ERROR_MORE_DATA still grows the buffer to the reported size; size 0
+// need one RPC; size 0 starts with a NULL size probe.
-// starts with a NULL size probe.
+func newControlBuffer(size int) []byte {
-func controlBuffer(deadline time.Time, size int, call func([]byte) (uint32, error)) ([]byte, error) {
+	if size <= 0 {
-	var buffer []byte
+		return nil
-	if size > 0 {
-		buffer = make([]byte, size)
 	}
 
+	return make([]byte, size)
+}
+
+// controlBufferIn calls a control starting with buffer; an empty buffer is a
+// NULL size probe. ERROR_MORE_DATA grows the buffer to the reported size,
+// within buffer's capacity when it fits. The result may share buffer's memory.
+func controlBufferIn(deadline time.Time, buffer []byte, call func([]byte) (uint32, error)) ([]byte, error) {
 	for range 16 {
 		if err := checkDeadline(deadline); err != nil {
 			return nil, err
@@ -675,7 +736,7 @@ func controlBuffer(deadline time.Time, size int, call func([]byte) (uint32, erro
 				return nil, errors.New("invalid ClusterResourceControl buffer size")
 			}
 
-			buffer = make([]byte, size)
+			buffer = growBuffer(buffer, int(size))
 
 			continue
 		}
@@ -689,7 +750,7 @@ func controlBuffer(deadline time.Time, size int, call func([]byte) (uint32, erro
 				return nil, errors.New("invalid ClusterResourceControl buffer size")
 			}
 
-			buffer = make([]byte, size)
+			buffer = growBuffer(buffer, int(size))
 
 			continue
 		}
@@ -703,3 +764,15 @@ func controlBuffer(deadline time.Time, size int, call func([]byte) (uint32, erro
 
 	return nil, errors.New("ClusterResourceControl buffer did not stabilize")
 }
+
+// growBuffer returns size zeroed bytes, reusing buffer's capacity when it fits.
+func growBuffer(buffer []byte, size int) []byte {
+	if size > cap(buffer) {
+		return make([]byte, size)
+	}
+
+	buffer = buffer[:size]
+	clear(buffer)
+
+	return buffer
+}

internal/headers/clusapi/clusapi_test.go

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ import (
 func TestControlBuffer(t *testing.T) {
 	calls := 0
 
-	data, err := controlBuffer(time.Time{}, 0, func(buffer []byte) (uint32, error) {
+	data, err := controlBufferIn(time.Time{}, newControlBuffer(0), func(buffer []byte) (uint32, error) {
 		calls++
 		switch calls {
 		case 1:
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ func TestControlBuffer(t *testing.T) {
 func TestControlBufferPresized(t *testing.T) {
 	calls := 0
 
-	data, err := controlBuffer(time.Time{}, 8, func(buffer []byte) (uint32, error) {
+	data, err := controlBufferIn(time.Time{}, newControlBuffer(8), func(buffer []byte) (uint32, error) {
 		calls++
 
 		if len(buffer) != 8 {
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ func TestControlBufferPresized(t *testing.T) {
 
 	calls = 0
 
-	data, err = controlBuffer(time.Time{}, 4, func(buffer []byte) (uint32, error) {
+	data, err = controlBufferIn(time.Time{}, newControlBuffer(4), func(buffer []byte) (uint32, error) {
 		calls++
 		if calls == 1 {
 			return 6, windows.ERROR_MORE_DATA
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ func TestControlBufferPresized(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	// A pre-sized buffer that is already large enough must not be shrunk or retried.
-	_, err = controlBuffer(time.Time{}, 8, func([]byte) (uint32, error) { return 4, windows.ERROR_MORE_DATA })
+	_, err = controlBufferIn(time.Time{}, newControlBuffer(8), func([]byte) (uint32, error) { return 4, windows.ERROR_MORE_DATA })
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatal("accepted ERROR_MORE_DATA without growth")
 	}
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ func TestControlBufferInvalidSizes(t *testing.T) {
 		{"unrelated_error", 0, windows.ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED},
 	} {
 		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			_, err := controlBuffer(time.Time{}, 0, func([]byte) (uint32, error) { return tc.size, tc.err })
+			_, err := controlBufferIn(time.Time{}, newControlBuffer(0), func([]byte) (uint32, error) { return tc.size, tc.err })
 			if err == nil {
 				t.Fatal("accepted invalid native response")
 			}
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ func TestControlBufferDeadline(t *testing.T) {
 	calls := 0
 	deadline := time.Now().Add(time.Millisecond)
 
-	_, err := controlBuffer(deadline, 0, func([]byte) (uint32, error) {
+	_, err := controlBufferIn(deadline, newControlBuffer(0), func([]byte) (uint32, error) {
 		calls++
 
 		time.Sleep(2 * time.Millisecond)
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ func TestControlBufferDeadline(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("calls = %d, err = %v", calls, err)
 	}
 
-	_, err = controlBuffer(time.Now().Add(-time.Second), 0, func([]byte) (uint32, error) {
+	_, err = controlBufferIn(time.Now().Add(-time.Second), newControlBuffer(0), func([]byte) (uint32, error) {
 		t.Fatal("started native call after deadline")
 
 		return 0, nil
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ func TestStateBuffersInvalidNativeResponses(t *testing.T) {
 func TestControlBufferSuccessfulSizeProbe(t *testing.T) {
 	calls := 0
 
-	data, err := controlBuffer(time.Time{}, 0, func(buffer []byte) (uint32, error) {
+	data, err := controlBufferIn(time.Time{}, newControlBuffer(0), func(buffer []byte) (uint32, error) {
 		calls++
 		if calls == 1 {
 			return 4, nil

internal/headers/clusapi/cluster.go

@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ func (c *Cluster) Properties(deadline time.Time) (_ Object, resultErr error) {
 
 	object := Object{Name: name, Values: make(map[string]uint32)}
 
-	if err := readCommonProperties(clusterControl, c.handle, objectCluster, object.Values, deadline); err != nil {
+	if err := readCommonProperties(clusterControl, c.handle, objectCluster, object.Values, &c.scratch, deadline); err != nil {
 		resultErr = errors.Join(resultErr, err)
 
 		if errors.Is(err, context.DeadlineExceeded) {
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ func (c *Cluster) resourceClass(name string, deadline time.Time) (_ uint32, resu
 		}
 	}()
 
-	data, err := resourceBuffer(handle, resourceGetClassInfo, 8, deadline)
+	data, err := c.scratch.resourceControl(handle, resourceGetClassInfo, 8, deadline)
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, fmt.Errorf("class information: %w", err)
 	}

internal/headers/clusapi/dump_test.go

@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ func TestDumpPropertyLists(t *testing.T) {
 	deadline := time.Now().Add(time.Minute)
 
 	for _, code := range []uint32{objectCluster<<24 | ctlGetROCommonProperties, objectCluster<<24 | ctlGetCommonProperties} {
-		data, err := controlBuffer(deadline, 0, func(buffer []byte) (uint32, error) {
+		data, err := controlBufferIn(deadline, newControlBuffer(0), func(buffer []byte) (uint32, error) {
 			var (
 				size    uint32
 				pointer *byte
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ func TestDumpPropertyLists(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 
 		for _, code := range []uint32{resourceTypeGetROCommonProperties, resourceTypeGetCommonProperties, resourceTypeGetPrivateProperties} {
-			data, err := controlBuffer(deadline, 0, func(buffer []byte) (uint32, error) {
+			data, err := controlBufferIn(deadline, newControlBuffer(0), func(buffer []byte) (uint32, error) {
 				var (
 					size    uint32
 					pointer *byte
@@ -133,11 +133,11 @@ func TestDumpPropertyLists(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 
 		for _, code := range []uint32{resourceGetROCommonProperties, resourceGetCommonProperties, resourceGetROPrivateProperties, resourceGetPrivateProperties} {
-			data, err := resourceBuffer(handle, code, 0, deadline)
+			data, err := resourceBufferIn(handle, code, nil, deadline)
 			logPropertyList(t, fmt.Sprintf("resource %q %#x", name.name, code), data, err)
 		}
 
-		data, err := resourceBuffer(handle, resourceGetType, 0, deadline)
+		data, err := resourceBufferIn(handle, resourceGetType, nil, deadline)
 		t.Logf("resource %q GET_RESOURCE_TYPE: %s err=%v", name.name, hex.EncodeToString(data), err)
 
 		closeResource.Call(handle) //nolint:errcheck

internal/headers/clusapi/lifecycle_test.go

@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ func (f *fakeAPI) api() *nativeAPI {
 			return 2, nil
 		},
 		closeResource: func(uintptr) error { return nil },
-		readResource: func(_ uintptr, resource *Resource, _ time.Time) error {
+		readResource: func(_ uintptr, resource *Resource, _ *controlScratch, _ time.Time) error {
 			resource.Values["State"] = 2
 			resource.IdentityValid = true
 

internal/headers/clusapi/objects.go

@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ func (c *Cluster) readObject(api *objectAPI, name objectName, deadline time.Time
 		}
 	}()
 
-	if err := readCommonProperties(api.control, handle, api.object, object.Values, deadline); err != nil {
+	if err := readCommonProperties(api.control, handle, api.object, object.Values, &c.scratch, deadline); err != nil {
 		resultErr = errors.Join(resultErr, err)
 
 		if errors.Is(err, context.DeadlineExceeded) {
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ func (c *Cluster) readObject(api *objectAPI, name objectName, deadline time.Time
 		name      string
 		operation uint32
 	}{{"Characteristics", ctlGetCharacteristics}, {"Flags", ctlGetFlags}} {
-		data, err := objectBuffer(api.control, handle, api.object<<24|field.operation, 4, deadline)
+		data, err := c.scratch.objectControl(api.control, handle, api.object<<24|field.operation, 4, deadline)
 
 		switch {
 		case err != nil:
@@ -252,13 +252,13 @@ func (c *Cluster) readObject(api *objectAPI, name objectName, deadline time.Time
 
 // readCommonProperties stores the single 32-bit values of the read-only and
 // read/write common property lists in values. Other formats are skipped.
-func readCommonProperties(control *windows.LazyProc, handle uintptr, object uint32, values map[string]uint32, deadline time.Time) error {
+func readCommonProperties(control *windows.LazyProc, handle uintptr, object uint32, values map[string]uint32, scratch *controlScratch, deadline time.Time) error {
 	var resultErr error
 
 	for _, operation := range []uint32{ctlGetROCommonProperties, ctlGetCommonProperties} {
 		code := object<<24 | operation
 
-		data, err := objectBuffer(control, handle, code, propertyListBufferSize, deadline)
+		data, err := scratch.objectControl(control, handle, code, propertyListBufferSize, deadline)
 		if err != nil {
 			resultErr = errors.Join(resultErr, fmt.Errorf("%s %#x: %w", control.Name, code, err))
 
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ func readCommonProperties(control *windows.LazyProc, handle uintptr, object uint
 				continue
 			}
 
-			if value, err := list[0].Value32(); err == nil {
+			if value, ok := list[0].value32(); ok {
 				values[name] = value
 			}
 		}
@@ -290,10 +290,21 @@ func readCommonProperties(control *windows.LazyProc, handle uintptr, object uint
 	return resultErr
 }
 
-// objectBuffer calls a Cluster{Group,Node,Network}Control function. They share
+// objectControl calls a Cluster{Group,Node,Network}Control function starting
-// the ClusterResourceControl signature and return a DWORD status code.
+// with n bytes of the scratch buffer. The result is only valid until the next
-func objectBuffer(proc *windows.LazyProc, handle uintptr, code uint32, size int, deadline time.Time) ([]byte, error) {
+// control.
-	return controlBuffer(deadline, size, func(buffer []byte) (uint32, error) {
+func (s *controlScratch) objectControl(proc *windows.LazyProc, handle uintptr, code uint32, n int, deadline time.Time) ([]byte, error) {
+	data, err := objectBufferIn(proc, handle, code, s.get(n), deadline)
+	s.keep(data)
+
+	return data, err
+}
+
+// objectBufferIn calls a Cluster{Group,Node,Network}Control function. They
+// share the ClusterResourceControl signature and return a DWORD status code.
+// The result may share buffer's memory.
+func objectBufferIn(proc *windows.LazyProc, handle uintptr, code uint32, buffer []byte, deadline time.Time) ([]byte, error) {
+	return controlBufferIn(deadline, buffer, func(buffer []byte) (uint32, error) {
 		var (
 			size    uint32
 			pointer *byte

internal/headers/clusapi/properties.go

@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@ import (
 	"encoding/binary"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+	"unicode"
 	"unicode/utf16"
 )
 
@@ -40,11 +42,21 @@ type Property struct {
 }
 
 func (p Property) DWORD() (uint32, error) {
-	if p.Format != formatDWORD || len(p.Data) != 4 {
+	value, ok := p.dword()
+	if !ok {
 		return 0, fmt.Errorf("expected DWORD, format %d, length %d", p.Format, len(p.Data))
 	}
 
-	return binary.LittleEndian.Uint32(p.Data), nil
+	return value, nil
+}
+
+// dword is DWORD without the error, for callers that skip other formats.
+func (p Property) dword() (uint32, bool) {
+	if p.Format != formatDWORD || len(p.Data) != 4 {
+		return 0, false
+	}
+
+	return binary.LittleEndian.Uint32(p.Data), true
 }
 
 // String decodes an SZ, EXPAND_SZ or EXPANDED_SZ value like WMI does: the value
@@ -61,11 +73,21 @@ func (p Property) String() (string, error) {
 // Value32 returns the bit pattern of a DWORD or LONG value. Callers decide the
 // signedness, matching the WMI type of the property they publish.
 func (p Property) Value32() (uint32, error) {
-	if (p.Format != formatDWORD && p.Format != formatLong) || len(p.Data) != 4 {
+	value, ok := p.value32()
+	if !ok {
 		return 0, fmt.Errorf("expected DWORD or LONG, format %d, length %d", p.Format, len(p.Data))
 	}
 
-	return binary.LittleEndian.Uint32(p.Data), nil
+	return value, nil
+}
+
+// value32 is Value32 without the error, for callers that skip other formats.
+func (p Property) value32() (uint32, bool) {
+	if (p.Format != formatDWORD && p.Format != formatLong) || len(p.Data) != 4 {
+		return 0, false
+	}
+
+	return binary.LittleEndian.Uint32(p.Data), true
 }
 
 // ParseProperties decodes CLUSPROP_LIST without casting untrusted bytes to native
@@ -86,6 +108,9 @@ func ParseProperties(data []byte) (map[string][]Property, error) {
 	}
 
 	properties := make(map[string][]Property, count)
+	// Nearly every property has a single value, so all value lists share
+	// one backing array instead of one allocation per property.
+	all := make([]Property, 0, count)
 
 	for range count {
 		if len(data) < 8 || binary.LittleEndian.Uint32(data) != propertyName {
@@ -99,7 +124,7 @@ func ParseProperties(data []byte) (map[string][]Property, error) {
 
 		name := decodeString(nameBytes)
 		data = rest
-		values := make([]Property, 0, 1)
+		start := len(all)
 
 		for {
 			if len(data) < 4 {
@@ -127,13 +152,15 @@ func ParseProperties(data []byte) (map[string][]Property, error) {
 				return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid DWORD length for %q", name)
 			}
 
-			values = append(values, Property{Format: format, Data: payload})
+			all = append(all, Property{Format: format, Data: payload})
 			data = rest
 		}
 
 		// Keep the first occurrence; a repeated name does not affect the structure.
+		// The full slice expression keeps appends for later properties from
+		// writing into this list.
 		if _, exists := properties[name]; !exists {
-			properties[name] = values
+			properties[name] = all[start:len(all):len(all)]
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -165,16 +192,32 @@ func propertyPayload(data []byte) ([]byte, []byte, error) {
 
 // decodeString decodes little-endian UTF-16 bytes. A trailing odd byte is ignored.
 func decodeString(data []byte) string {
-	units := make([]uint16, len(data)/2)
+	// Names and type strings are short; converting them on the stack leaves
-	for i := range units {
+	// the result as the only allocation.
-		units[i] = binary.LittleEndian.Uint16(data[i*2:])
+	var stack [128]uint16
+
+	units := stack[:0]
+	if len(data)/2 > len(stack) {
+		units = make([]uint16, 0, len(data)/2)
+	}
+
+	// Stop at the first NUL: fixed-size fields such as MAX_PATH names would
+	// otherwise always outgrow the stack buffer.
+	for i := 0; i+1 < len(data); i += 2 {
+		unit := binary.LittleEndian.Uint16(data[i:])
+		if unit == 0 {
+			break
+		}
+
+		units = append(units, unit)
 	}
 
 	return decodeUnits(units)
 }
 
 // decodeUnits ends the string at the first NUL and replaces invalid UTF-16 with
-// U+FFFD, matching the strings WMI returned for the same names.
+// U+FFFD, matching the strings WMI returned for the same names. It decodes like
+// utf16.Decode, but writes straight into the result instead of a []rune.
 func decodeUnits(units []uint16) string {
 	for i, unit := range units {
 		if unit == 0 {
@@ -184,5 +227,28 @@ func decodeUnits(units []uint16) string {
 		}
 	}
 
-	return string(utf16.Decode(units))
+	var builder strings.Builder
+
+	builder.Grow(len(units))
+
+	for i := 0; i < len(units); i++ {
+		r := rune(units[i])
+
+		if utf16.IsSurrogate(r) {
+			decoded := unicode.ReplacementChar
+			if i+1 < len(units) {
+				decoded = utf16.DecodeRune(r, rune(units[i+1]))
+			}
+
+			if decoded != unicode.ReplacementChar {
+				i++
+			}
+
+			r = decoded
+		}
+
+		builder.WriteRune(r)
+	}
+
+	return builder.String()
 }

internal/headers/clusapi/properties_test.go

@@ -236,3 +236,128 @@ func BenchmarkParseProperties(b *testing.B) {
 		}
 	}
 }
+
+func encodeUTF16(units ...uint16) []byte {
+	data := make([]byte, 0, len(units)*2)
+	for _, unit := range units {
+		data = binary.LittleEndian.AppendUint16(data, unit)
+	}
+
+	return data
+}
+
+// referenceDecode is the utf16.Decode based decoding decodeString replaced.
+func referenceDecode(data []byte) string {
+	units := make([]uint16, len(data)/2)
+	for i := range units {
+		units[i] = binary.LittleEndian.Uint16(data[i*2:])
+	}
+
+	for i, unit := range units {
+		if unit == 0 {
+			units = units[:i]
+
+			break
+		}
+	}
+
+	return string(utf16.Decode(units))
+}
+
+func TestDecodeString(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := map[string][]uint16{
+		"empty":                {},
+		"ascii":                utf16.Encode([]rune("Cluster IP Address")),
+		"nul":                  append(utf16.Encode([]rune("Type")), 0, 'x'),
+		"pair":                 utf16.Encode([]rune("disk 💾")),
+		"unpaired_high":        {'a', 0xd83d, 'b'},
+		"unpaired_low":         {'a', 0xdcbe, 'b'},
+		"high_before_nul":      {'a', 0xd83d, 0, 'b'},
+		"high_at_end":          {'a', 0xd83d},
+		"two_highs_then_low":   {0xd83d, 0xd83d, 0xdcbe},
+		"replacement_char_bmp": {0xfffd},
+	}
+	for name, units := range tests {
+		t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			data := encodeUTF16(units...)
+			if got, want := decodeString(data), referenceDecode(data); got != want {
+				t.Errorf("decodeString = %q, want %q", got, want)
+			}
+
+			if got, want := decodeUnits(units), referenceDecode(data); got != want {
+				t.Errorf("decodeUnits = %q, want %q", got, want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+
+	if got := decodeString([]byte{'a', 0, 'b'}); got != "a" {
+		t.Errorf("odd length = %q, want %q", got, "a")
+	}
+}
+
+func FuzzDecodeString(f *testing.F) {
+	f.Add(encodeUTF16(utf16.Encode([]rune("Name 💾"))...))
+	f.Add(encodeUTF16('a', 0xd83d, 'b'))
+	f.Fuzz(func(t *testing.T, data []byte) {
+		if got, want := decodeString(data), referenceDecode(data); got != want {
+			t.Fatalf("decodeString(% x) = %q, want %q", data, got, want)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func appendTestProperty(data []byte, name string, values ...uint32) []byte {
+	encoded := encodeUTF16(append(utf16.Encode([]rune(name)), 0)...)
+
+	data = binary.LittleEndian.AppendUint32(data, propertyName)
+	data = binary.LittleEndian.AppendUint32(data, uint32(len(encoded)))
+
+	data = append(data, encoded...)
+	for len(data)%4 != 0 {
+		data = append(data, 0)
+	}
+
+	for _, value := range values {
+		data = binary.LittleEndian.AppendUint32(data, propertyValue|formatDWORD)
+		data = binary.LittleEndian.AppendUint32(data, 4)
+		data = binary.LittleEndian.AppendUint32(data, value)
+	}
+
+	return binary.LittleEndian.AppendUint32(data, 0)
+}
+
+// The value lists share one backing array; values of one property must not
+// leak into another.
+func TestParsePropertiesMultipleValues(t *testing.T) {
+	data := binary.LittleEndian.AppendUint32(nil, 3)
+	data = appendTestProperty(data, "First", 1, 2)
+	data = appendTestProperty(data, "Second", 3)
+	data = appendTestProperty(data, "Third", 4, 5, 6)
+
+	properties, err := ParseProperties(data)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	for name, want := range map[string][]uint32{"First": {1, 2}, "Second": {3}, "Third": {4, 5, 6}} {
+		values := properties[name]
+		if len(values) != len(want) {
+			t.Fatalf("%s: got %d values, want %d", name, len(values), len(want))
+		}
+
+		for i, value := range values {
+			if got, err := value.DWORD(); err != nil || got != want[i] {
+				t.Errorf("%s[%d] = %d, %v, want %d", name, i, got, err, want[i])
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkDecodeString(b *testing.B) {
+	data := encodeUTF16(utf16.Encode([]rune("Microsoft Windows Server 2022 Datacenter"))...)
+
+	b.ReportAllocs()
+
+	for b.Loop() {
+		_ = decodeString(data)
+	}
+}

internal/headers/clusapi/scratch_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+//
+// Copyright The Prometheus Authors
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+//go:build windows
+
+package clusapi
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"maps"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"golang.org/x/sys/windows"
+)
+
+// controlFromList answers a control with list, like ClusterResourceControl
+// filling the caller's buffer.
+func controlFromList(list []byte) func([]byte) (uint32, error) {
+	return func(buffer []byte) (uint32, error) {
+		if len(buffer) < len(list) {
+			return uint32(len(list)), windows.ERROR_MORE_DATA
+		}
+
+		return uint32(copy(buffer, list)), nil
+	}
+}
+
+// readListsIntoResource replays the property list part of readResource: both
+// lists go through the same scratch buffer, one after the other.
+func readListsIntoResource(tb testing.TB, scratch *controlScratch, resource *Resource, lists ...[]byte) bool {
+	tb.Helper()
+
+	hasType := false
+
+	for _, list := range lists {
+		data, err := controlBufferIn(time.Time{}, scratch.get(propertyListBufferSize), controlFromList(list))
+		if err != nil {
+			tb.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		scratch.keep(data)
+
+		properties, err := ParseProperties(data)
+		if err != nil {
+			tb.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		if copyResourceProperties(resource, properties) {
+			hasType = true
+		}
+	}
+
+	return hasType
+}
+
+func TestCopyResourceProperties(t *testing.T) {
+	var scratch controlScratch
+
+	resource := Resource{Values: make(map[string]uint32)}
+	hasType := readListsIntoResource(t, &scratch, &resource,
+		readPropertyFixture(t, "resource_ro_common_generic_service.hex"),
+		readPropertyFixture(t, "resource_common_generic_service.hex"),
+	)
+
+	// The second list overwrote the buffer of the first; the values must have
+	// been copied out before.
+	want := map[string]uint32{
+		"MonitorProcessId":       9092,
+		"DeadlockTimeout":        300000,
+		"EmbeddedFailureAction":  2,
+		"IsAlivePollInterval":    ^uint32(0),
+		"LooksAlivePollInterval": ^uint32(0),
+		"PendingTimeout":         180000,
+		"PersistentState":        1,
+		"RestartAction":          2,
+		"RestartDelay":           500,
+		"RestartPeriod":          600000,
+		"RestartThreshold":       1,
+		"RetryPeriodOnFailure":   600000,
+		"SeparateMonitor":        0,
+	}
+	if !maps.Equal(resource.Values, want) {
+		t.Errorf("Values = %v, want %v", resource.Values, want)
+	}
+
+	if !hasType || resource.Type != "Generic Service" {
+		t.Errorf("Type = %q, hasType = %t", resource.Type, hasType)
+	}
+
+	clear(scratch.buffer)
+
+	if resource.Type != "Generic Service" {
+		t.Errorf("Type changed with the buffer: %q", resource.Type)
+	}
+
+	// The read-only list has no Type property.
+	resource = Resource{Values: make(map[string]uint32)}
+	if readListsIntoResource(t, &scratch, &resource, readPropertyFixture(t, "resource_ro_common_generic_service.hex")) {
+		t.Errorf("hasType for a list without Type, Type = %q", resource.Type)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestControlScratch(t *testing.T) {
+	var scratch controlScratch
+
+	buffer := scratch.get(8)
+	if len(buffer) != 8 || cap(buffer) != propertyListBufferSize {
+		t.Fatalf("get(8): len %d, cap %d", len(buffer), cap(buffer))
+	}
+
+	// A reused buffer must look like a new one: the cluster service may
+	// report more bytes than it wrote, and parsing relies on zero padding.
+	copy(buffer, "leftover")
+
+	if buffer := scratch.get(8); !bytes.Equal(buffer, make([]byte, 8)) {
+		t.Errorf("get after use = % x, want zeros", buffer)
+	}
+
+	// A buffer grown by ERROR_MORE_DATA is kept for the next object, up to
+	// maxScratchSize.
+	grown := make([]byte, 16<<10)
+	scratch.keep(grown[:100])
+
+	if cap(scratch.buffer) != len(grown) {
+		t.Errorf("keep: cap %d, want %d", cap(scratch.buffer), len(grown))
+	}
+
+	scratch.keep(make([]byte, maxScratchSize+1))
+
+	if cap(scratch.buffer) != len(grown) {
+		t.Errorf("kept a buffer above maxScratchSize: cap %d", cap(scratch.buffer))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestControlBufferInGrowsWithinCapacity(t *testing.T) {
+	var scratch controlScratch
+
+	list := bytes.Repeat([]byte{1}, 1000)
+	start := scratch.get(typeBufferSize)
+	copy(start[:cap(start)], bytes.Repeat([]byte{0xff}, cap(start)))
+
+	data, err := controlBufferIn(time.Time{}, start, controlFromList(list))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	if !bytes.Equal(data, list) {
+		t.Fatalf("data = % x", data[:16])
+	}
+
+	// ERROR_MORE_DATA reused the scratch buffer instead of allocating.
+	if &data[0] != &scratch.buffer[0] {
+		t.Error("grew into a new buffer although the capacity was enough")
+	}
+}
+
+// BenchmarkReadResourceProperties replays the property list work readResource
+// does for one resource with the captured CI lists.
+func BenchmarkReadResourceProperties(b *testing.B) {
+	lists := [][]byte{
+		readPropertyFixture(b, "resource_ro_common_generic_service.hex"),
+		readPropertyFixture(b, "resource_common_generic_service.hex"),
+	}
+
+	var scratch controlScratch
+
+	b.ReportAllocs()
+
+	for b.Loop() {
+		resource := Resource{Values: make(map[string]uint32)}
+		readListsIntoResource(b, &scratch, &resource, lists...)
+	}
+}

internal/headers/clusapi/storage.go

@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ func (c *Cluster) readResourcePartitions(name objectName, deadline time.Time) (_
 		}
 	}()
 
-	data, err := resourceBuffer(handle, resourceGetClassInfo, 8, deadline)
+	data, err := c.scratch.resourceControl(handle, resourceGetClassInfo, 8, deadline)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("class information: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ func (c *Cluster) readResourcePartitions(name objectName, deadline time.Time) (_
 		return nil, nil
 	}
 
-	data, err = resourceBuffer(handle, resourceStorageGetDiskInfoEx, propertyListBufferSize, deadline)
+	data, err = c.scratch.resourceControl(handle, resourceStorageGetDiskInfoEx, propertyListBufferSize, deadline)
 	if errors.Is(err, windows.ERROR_INVALID_FUNCTION) || errors.Is(err, windows.ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED) {
 		// Storage class resources such as storage pools have no disk layout.
 		return nil, nil