release: 1.8.1

Co-authored-by: Alessandro (Ale) Segala <43508+ItalyPaleAle@users.noreply.github.com>

.dockerignore

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-node_modules
+**/node_modules
 
 # Output
 .output

.github/CODEOWNERS

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+*       @pocket-id/maintainers

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug.yml

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 name: "🐛 Bug Report"
 description: "Report something that is not working as expected"
 title: "🐛 Bug Report: "
-labels: [bug]
+type: 'Bug'
 body:
   - type: markdown
     attributes:
@@ -36,13 +36,29 @@ body:
       value: |
         ### Additional Information
   - type: textarea
-    id: extra-information
+    id: version
     validations:
       required: true
     attributes:
-      label: "Version and Environment"
+      label: "Pocket ID Version"
-      description: "Please specify the version of Pocket ID, along with any environment-specific configurations, such your reverse proxy, that might be relevant."
+      description: "Please specify the version of Pocket ID."
       placeholder: "e.g., v0.24.1"
+  - type: textarea
+    id: database
+    validations:
+      required: true
+    attributes:
+      label: "Database"
+      description: "Please specify the database in use: SQLite or Postgres (including version)."
+      placeholder: "e.g., SQLite or Postgres 17"
+  - type: textarea
+    id: environment
+    validations:
+      required: true
+    attributes:
+      label: "OS and Environment"
+      description: "Please include the OS, whether you're using containers (Docker, Podman, etc) along with any environment-specific configurations, such your reverse proxy, that might be relevant."
+      placeholder: "e.g., Docker on Ubuntu 24.04, served using Traefik"
   - type: textarea
     id: log-files
     validations:

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature.yml

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 name: 🚀 Feature
 description: "Submit a proposal for a new feature"
 title: "🚀 Feature: "
-labels: [feature]
+type: 'Feature'
 body:
   - type: textarea
     id: feature-description

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/language-request.yml

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 name: "🌐 Language request"
 description: "You want to contribute to a language that isn't on Crowdin yet?"
 title: "🌐 Language Request: <language name in english>"
-labels: [language-request]
+type: 'Language Request'
 body:
   - type: input
     id: language-name-native

.github/workflows/backend-linter.yml

@@ -32,9 +32,9 @@ jobs:
           go-version-file: backend/go.mod
 
       - name: Run Golangci-lint
-        uses: golangci/golangci-lint-action@dec74fa03096ff515422f71d18d41307cacde373 # v7.0.0
+        uses: golangci/golangci-lint-action@v8.0.0
         with:
-          version: v2.0.2
+          version: v2.4.0
           args: --build-tags=exclude_frontend
           working-directory: backend
           only-new-issues: ${{ github.event_name == 'pull_request' }}

.github/workflows/build-next.yml

@@ -5,6 +5,10 @@ on:
     branches:
       - main
 
+concurrency:
+  group: build-next-image
+  cancel-in-progress: true
+
 jobs:
   build-next:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
@@ -17,17 +21,22 @@ jobs:
       - name: Checkout code
         uses: actions/checkout@v4
 
+      - name: Setup pnpm
+        uses: pnpm/action-setup@v4
+        with:
+          version: 10
+
       - name: Setup Node.js
         uses: actions/setup-node@v4
         with:
           node-version: 22
-          cache: "npm"
+          cache: 'pnpm'
-          cache-dependency-path: frontend/package-lock.json
+          cache-dependency-path: pnpm-lock.yaml
 
       - name: Setup Go
         uses: actions/setup-go@v5
         with:
-          go-version-file: "backend/go.mod"
+          go-version-file: 'backend/go.mod'
 
       - name: Set up QEMU
         uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v3
@@ -50,15 +59,14 @@ jobs:
           password: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
 
       - name: Install frontend dependencies
-        working-directory: frontend
+        run: pnpm install --frozen-lockfile
-        run: npm ci
 
       - name: Build frontend
         working-directory: frontend
-        run: npm run build
+        run: pnpm run build
 
       - name: Build binaries
-        run: sh scripts/development/build-binaries.sh
+        run: sh scripts/development/build-binaries.sh --docker-only
 
       - name: Build and push container image
         id: build-push-image
@@ -69,10 +77,24 @@ jobs:
           push: true
           tags: ${{ env.DOCKER_IMAGE_NAME }}:next
           file: Dockerfile-prebuilt
-
+      - name: Build and push container image (distroless)
+        uses: docker/build-push-action@v6
+        id: container-build-push-distroless
+        with:
+          context: .
+          platforms: linux/amd64,linux/arm64
+          push: true
+          tags: ${{ env.DOCKER_IMAGE_NAME }}:next-distroless
+          file: Dockerfile-distroless
       - name: Container image attestation
         uses: actions/attest-build-provenance@v2
         with:
-          subject-name: "${{ env.DOCKER_IMAGE_NAME }}"
+          subject-name: '${{ env.DOCKER_IMAGE_NAME }}'
           subject-digest: ${{ steps.build-push-image.outputs.digest }}
           push-to-registry: true
+      - name: Container image attestation (distroless)
+        uses: actions/attest-build-provenance@v2
+        with:
+          subject-name: '${{ env.DOCKER_IMAGE_NAME }}'
+          subject-digest: ${{ steps.container-build-push-distroless.outputs.digest }}
+          push-to-registry: true

.github/workflows/e2e-tests.yml

@@ -3,15 +3,15 @@ on:
   push:
     branches: [main]
     paths-ignore:
-      - "docs/**"
+      - 'docs/**'
-      - "**.md"
+      - '**.md'
-      - ".github/**"
+      - '.github/**'
   pull_request:
     branches: [main]
     paths-ignore:
-      - "docs/**"
+      - 'docs/**'
-      - "**.md"
+      - '**.md'
-      - ".github/**"
+      - '.github/**'
 
 jobs:
   build:
@@ -54,18 +54,22 @@ jobs:
     needs: build
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - name: Setup pnpm
+        uses: pnpm/action-setup@v4
+        with:
+          version: 10
       - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
         with:
           node-version: 22
-          cache: "npm"
+          cache: 'pnpm'
-          cache-dependency-path: frontend/package-lock.json
+          cache-dependency-path: pnpm-lock.yaml
 
       - name: Cache Playwright Browsers
         uses: actions/cache@v3
         id: playwright-cache
         with:
           path: ~/.cache/ms-playwright
-          key: ${{ runner.os }}-playwright-${{ hashFiles('frontend/package-lock.json') }}
+          key: ${{ runner.os }}-playwright-${{ hashFiles('pnpm-lock.yaml') }}
           restore-keys: |
             ${{ runner.os }}-playwright-
 
@@ -96,13 +100,12 @@ jobs:
         run: docker load < /tmp/lldap-image.tar
 
       - name: Install test dependencies
-        working-directory: ./tests
+        run: pnpm --filter pocket-id-tests install --frozen-lockfile
-        run: npm ci
 
       - name: Install Playwright Browsers
         working-directory: ./tests
         if: steps.playwright-cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
-        run: npx playwright install --with-deps chromium
+        run: pnpm dlx playwright install --with-deps chromium
 
       - name: Run Docker Container with Sqlite DB and LDAP
         working-directory: ./tests/setup
@@ -111,8 +114,8 @@ jobs:
           docker compose logs -f pocket-id &> /tmp/backend.log &
 
       - name: Run Playwright tests
-        working-directory: ./tests
+        working-directory: tests
-        run: npx playwright test
+        run: pnpm exec playwright test
 
       - name: Upload Test Report
         uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
@@ -141,18 +144,22 @@ jobs:
     needs: build
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - name: Setup pnpm
+        uses: pnpm/action-setup@v4
+        with:
+          version: 10
       - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
         with:
           node-version: 22
-          cache: "npm"
+          cache: 'pnpm'
-          cache-dependency-path: frontend/package-lock.json
+          cache-dependency-path: pnpm-lock.yaml
 
       - name: Cache Playwright Browsers
         uses: actions/cache@v3
         id: playwright-cache
         with:
           path: ~/.cache/ms-playwright
-          key: ${{ runner.os }}-playwright-${{ hashFiles('frontend/package-lock.json') }}
+          key: ${{ runner.os }}-playwright-${{ hashFiles('pnpm-lock.yaml') }}
           restore-keys: |
             ${{ runner.os }}-playwright-
 
@@ -200,13 +207,12 @@ jobs:
         run: docker load -i /tmp/docker-image.tar
 
       - name: Install test dependencies
-        working-directory: ./tests
+        run: pnpm --filter pocket-id-tests install
-        run: npm ci
 
       - name: Install Playwright Browsers
         working-directory: ./tests
         if: steps.playwright-cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
-        run: npx playwright install --with-deps chromium
+        run: pnpm dlx playwright install --with-deps chromium
 
       - name: Run Docker Container with Postgres DB and LDAP
         working-directory: ./tests/setup
@@ -216,7 +222,7 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Run Playwright tests
         working-directory: ./tests
-        run: npx playwright test
+        run: pnpm exec playwright test
 
       - name: Upload Test Report
         uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4

.github/workflows/release.yml

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ name: Release
 on:
   push:
     tags:
-      - "v*.*.*"
+      - 'v*.*.*'
 
 jobs:
   build:
@@ -16,27 +16,29 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       - name: Checkout code
         uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - name: Setup pnpm
+        uses: pnpm/action-setup@v4
+        with:
+          version: 10
       - name: Setup Node.js
         uses: actions/setup-node@v4
         with:
           node-version: 22
-          cache: "npm"
+          cache: 'pnpm'
-          cache-dependency-path: frontend/package-lock.json
+          cache-dependency-path: pnpm-lock.yaml
       - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
         with:
-          go-version-file: "backend/go.mod"
+          go-version-file: 'backend/go.mod'
       - name: Set up QEMU
         uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v3
       - name: Set up Docker Buildx
         uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3
-
       - name: Set DOCKER_IMAGE_NAME
         run: |
           # Lowercase REPO_OWNER which is required for containers
           REPO_OWNER=${{ github.repository_owner }}
           DOCKER_IMAGE_NAME="ghcr.io/${REPO_OWNER,,}/pocket-id"
           echo "DOCKER_IMAGE_NAME=${DOCKER_IMAGE_NAME}" >>${GITHUB_ENV}
-
       - name: Login to GitHub Container Registry
         uses: docker/login-action@v3
         with:
@@ -53,17 +55,24 @@ jobs:
             type=semver,pattern={{version}},prefix=v
             type=semver,pattern={{major}}.{{minor}},prefix=v
             type=semver,pattern={{major}},prefix=v
-
+      - name: Docker metadata (distroless)
+        id: meta-distroless
+        uses: docker/metadata-action@v5
+        with:
+          images: |
+            ${{ env.DOCKER_IMAGE_NAME }}
+          flavor: |
+            suffix=-distroless,onlatest=true
+          tags: |
+            type=semver,pattern={{version}},prefix=v
+            type=semver,pattern={{major}}.{{minor}},prefix=v
+            type=semver,pattern={{major}},prefix=v
       - name: Install frontend dependencies
-        working-directory: frontend
+        run: pnpm --filter pocket-id-frontend install --frozen-lockfile
-        run: npm ci
       - name: Build frontend
-        working-directory: frontend
+        run: pnpm --filter pocket-id-frontend build
-        run: npm run build
-
       - name: Build binaries
         run: sh scripts/development/build-binaries.sh
-
       - name: Build and push container image
         uses: docker/build-push-action@v6
         id: container-build-push
@@ -74,19 +83,32 @@ jobs:
           tags: ${{ steps.meta.outputs.tags }}
           labels: ${{ steps.meta.outputs.labels }}
           file: Dockerfile-prebuilt
-
+      - name: Build and push container image (distroless)
+        uses: docker/build-push-action@v6
+        id: container-build-push-distroless
+        with:
+          context: .
+          platforms: linux/amd64,linux/arm64
+          push: true
+          tags: ${{ steps.meta-distroless.outputs.tags }}
+          labels: ${{ steps.meta-distroless.outputs.labels }}
+          file: Dockerfile-distroless
       - name: Binary attestation
         uses: actions/attest-build-provenance@v2
         with:
-          subject-path: "backend/.bin/pocket-id-**"
+          subject-path: 'backend/.bin/pocket-id-**'
-
       - name: Container image attestation
         uses: actions/attest-build-provenance@v2
         with:
-          subject-name: "${{ env.DOCKER_IMAGE_NAME }}"
+          subject-name: '${{ env.DOCKER_IMAGE_NAME }}'
           subject-digest: ${{ steps.container-build-push.outputs.digest }}
           push-to-registry: true
-
+      - name: Container image attestation (distroless)
+        uses: actions/attest-build-provenance@v2
+        with:
+          subject-name: '${{ env.DOCKER_IMAGE_NAME }}'
+          subject-digest: ${{ steps.container-build-push-distroless.outputs.digest }}
+          push-to-registry: true
       - name: Upload binaries to release
         env:
           GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
@@ -101,6 +123,6 @@ jobs:
       GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
     steps:
       - name: Checkout code
-        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
       - name: Mark release as published
         run: gh release edit ${{ github.ref_name }} --draft=false

.github/workflows/svelte-check.yml

@@ -4,21 +4,21 @@ on:
   push:
     branches: [main]
     paths:
-      - "frontend/src/**"
+      - 'frontend/src/**'
-      - ".github/svelte-check-matcher.json"
+      - '.github/svelte-check-matcher.json'
-      - "frontend/package.json"
+      - 'frontend/package.json'
-      - "frontend/package-lock.json"
+      - 'frontend/package-lock.json'
-      - "frontend/tsconfig.json"
+      - 'frontend/tsconfig.json'
-      - "frontend/svelte.config.js"
+      - 'frontend/svelte.config.js'
   pull_request:
     branches: [main]
     paths:
-      - "frontend/src/**"
+      - 'frontend/src/**'
-      - ".github/svelte-check-matcher.json"
+      - '.github/svelte-check-matcher.json'
-      - "frontend/package.json"
+      - 'frontend/package.json'
-      - "frontend/package-lock.json"
+      - 'frontend/package-lock.json'
-      - "frontend/tsconfig.json"
+      - 'frontend/tsconfig.json'
-      - "frontend/svelte.config.js"
+      - 'frontend/svelte.config.js'
   workflow_dispatch:
 
 jobs:
@@ -36,24 +36,28 @@ jobs:
       - name: Checkout code
         uses: actions/checkout@v4
 
+      - name: Setup pnpm
+        uses: pnpm/action-setup@v4
+        with:
+          version: 10
+
       - name: Setup Node.js
         uses: actions/setup-node@v4
         with:
           node-version: 22
-          cache: "npm"
+          cache: 'pnpm'
-          cache-dependency-path: frontend/package-lock.json
+          cache-dependency-path: pnpm-lock.yaml
 
       - name: Install dependencies
-        working-directory: frontend
+        run: pnpm --filter pocket-id-frontend install --frozen-lockfile
-        run: npm ci
 
       - name: Build Pocket ID Frontend
         working-directory: frontend
-        run: npm run build
+        run: pnpm --filter pocket-id-frontend build
 
       - name: Add svelte-check problem matcher
         run: echo "::add-matcher::.github/svelte-check-matcher.json"
 
       - name: Run svelte-check
         working-directory: frontend
-        run: npm run check
+        run: pnpm --filter pocket-id-frontend check

.version

@@ -1 +1 @@
-1.3.1
+1.8.1

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -1,3 +1,147 @@
+## [](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/compare/v1.8.0...v) (2025-08-24)
+
+
+### Bug Fixes
+
+* migration clears allowed users groups ([5971bfb](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/5971bfbfa66ecfebf2b1c08d34fcbd8c18cdc046))
+* wrong column type for reauthentication tokens in Postgres ([#869](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/issues/869)) ([1283314](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/1283314f776a0ba43be7d796e7e2243e31f860de))
+
+## [](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/compare/v1.7.0...v) (2025-08-23)
+
+
+### Features
+
+* add option to OIDC client to require re-authentication ([#747](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/issues/747)) ([0cb039d](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/0cb039d35d49206011064e622f3bfd3d8f88720f))
+* allow custom client IDs ([#864](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/issues/864)) ([a5efb95](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/a5efb9506582884c70b9b1fd737ebdd44b101b47))
+* display all accessible oidc clients in the dashboard ([#832](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/issues/832)) ([3188e92](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/3188e92257afcaf7a16dd418e4c40626d7e1d034))
+* login code font change ([#851](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/issues/851)) ([d28bfac](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/d28bfac81fc24ee79e4896538a616f0a89ab30a5))
+* **signup:** add default user groups and claims for new users ([#812](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/issues/812)) ([182d809](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/182d8090286f9953171c6c410283be679889aca7))
+
+
+### Bug Fixes
+
+* authorization can't be revoked ([0aab3f3](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/0aab3f3c7ad8c1b14939de3ded60c9f201eab8fc))
+* delete webauthn session after login to prevent replay attacks ([fe003b9](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/fe003b927ce7772692439992860c804de89ce424))
+* **deps:** bump rollup from 4.45.3 to 4.46.3 ([#845](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/issues/845)) ([b5e6371](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/b5e6371eaaf3d9e85d8b05c457487c4425fa8381))
+* enable foreign key check for sqlite ([#863](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/issues/863)) ([625f235](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/625f23574001ebd7074b8d98d448a2811847be16))
+* ferated identities can't be cleared ([24e2742](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/24e274200fe4002d01c58cc3fa74094b598d7599))
+* for one-time access tokens and signup tokens, pass TTLs instead of absolute expiration date ([#855](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/issues/855)) ([7ab0fd3](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/7ab0fd30286e6b67b5ce586484d82a20c42b471d))
+* ignore client secret if client is public ([#836](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/issues/836)) ([7b1f6b8](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/7b1f6b88572bac1f3e838a9e904917fbd5fbdf61))
+* move audit log call before TX is committed ([#854](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/issues/854)) ([9339e88](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/9339e88a5a26ff77a5e40149cbb1a5b339b7ec6a))
+* non admin users can't revoke oidc client but see edit link ([0e44f24](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/0e44f245afcdf8179bf619613ca9ef4bffa176ca))
+* oidc client advanced options color ([fc0c99a](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/fc0c99a232b0efb1a5b5d2c551102418b1080293))
+
+## [](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/compare/v1.6.4...v) (2025-08-10)
+
+
+### Features
+
+* add robots.txt to block indexing ([#806](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/issues/806)) ([06e1656](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/06e1656923eb2f4531be497716f9147c09d60b65))
+* add support for `code_challenge_methods_supported` ([#794](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/issues/794)) ([d479817](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/d479817b6a7ca4807b5de500b3ba713d436b0770))
+* Support OTel and JSON for logs (via log/slog) ([#760](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/issues/760)) ([78266e3](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/78266e3e4cab2b23249c3baf20f4387d00eebd9e))
+* support reading secret env vars from _FILE ([#799](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/issues/799)) ([0a3b1c6](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/0a3b1c653050f2237d30ec437c5de88baa704a25))
+* user application dashboard ([#727](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/issues/727)) ([484c2f6](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/484c2f6ef20efc1fade1a41e2aeace54c7bb4f1b))
+
+
+### Bug Fixes
+
+* admins can not delete or disable their own account ([f0c144c](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/f0c144c51c635bc348222a00d3bc88bc4e0711ef))
+* authorization animation not working ([9ac5d51](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/9ac5d5118710cad59c8c4ce7cef7ab09be3de664))
+* custom claims input suggestions instantly close after opening ([4d59e72](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/4d59e7286666480e20c728787a95e82513509240))
+* delete WebAuthn registration session after use ([#783](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/issues/783)) ([c8478d7](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/c8478d75bed7295625cd3cf62ef46fcd95902410))
+* set input type 'email' for email-based login ([#776](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/issues/776)) ([d541c9a](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/d541c9ab4af8d7283891a80f886dd5d4ebc52f53))
+
+## [](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/compare/v1.6.3...v) (2025-07-21)
+
+### Bug Fixes
+
+* migration fails on postgres ([#762](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/issues/762)) ([35d5f88](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/35d5f887ce7c88933d7e4c2f0acd2aeedd18c214))
+## [](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/compare/v1.6.2...v) (2025-07-21)
+
+### Bug Fixes
+
+* allow passkey names up to 50 characters ([b03e91b](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/b03e91b6530c2393ad20ac49aa2cb2b4962651b2))
+* ensure user inputs are normalized ([#724](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/issues/724)) ([7b4ccd1](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/7b4ccd1f306f4882c52fe30133fcda114ef0d18b))
+* show rename and delete buttons for passkeys without hovering over the row ([2952b15](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/2952b1575542ecd0062fe740e2d6a3caad05190d))
+* use object-contain for images on oidc-client list ([d3bc179](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/d3bc1797b65ec8bc9201c55d06f3612093f3a873))
+* use user-agent for identifying known device signins ([ef1d599](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/ef1d5996624fc534190f80a26f2c48bbad206f49))
+## [](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/compare/v1.6.1...v) (2025-07-09)
+
+### Bug Fixes
+
+* ensure confirmation dialog shows on top of other components ([f103a54](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/f103a547904070c5b192e519c8b5a8fed9d80e96))
+* login failures on Postgres when IP is null ([#737](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/issues/737)) ([e1de593](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/e1de593dcd30b7b04da3b003455134992b702595))
+## [](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/compare/v1.5.0...v) (2025-07-06)
+
+
+### Features
+
+* add "key-rotate" command ([#709](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/issues/709)) ([8c8fc23](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/8c8fc2304d8f33c1fea54b1138b109f282e78b8b))
+* add support for OAuth 2.0 Authorization Server Issuer Identification ([bf04256](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/bf042563e997d57bb087705a5789fd72ffbed467))
+* distroless container additional variant + healthcheck command ([#716](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/issues/716)) ([1a41b05](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/1a41b05f60d487fff78703bec1d4e832f96fd071))
+* encrypt private keys saved on disk and in database ([#682](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/issues/682)) ([5550729](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/5550729120ac9f5e9361c7f9cf25b9075a33a94a))
+* enhance language selection message and add translation contribution link ([be52660](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/be526602273c1689cb4057ca96d4214e7f817d1d))
+
+
+### Bug Fixes
+
+* actually fix linter issues ([#720](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/issues/720)) ([7fe83f8](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/7fe83f8087f033f957bb6e0eee5e0c159417e1cd))
+* add missing error check in initial user setup ([fceb6fa](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/fceb6fa7b4701a3645c4c2353bcd108b15d69ded))
+* allow profile picture update even if "allow own account edit" enabled ([9872608](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/9872608d61a486f7b775f314d9392e0620bcd891))
+* app config forms not updating with latest values ([#696](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/issues/696)) ([92c57ad](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/92c57ada1a11f76963e36ca0a81bca8f52dbc84e))
+* auth fails when client IP is empty on Postgres ([#695](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/issues/695)) ([031181a](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/031181ad2ae8fae94cc5793dd1c614e79476a766))
+* custom claims input suggestions flickering ([49f1ab2](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/49f1ab2f75df97d551fff5acbadcd55df74af617))
+* keep sidebar in settings sticky ([e46f60a](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/e46f60ac8d6944bcea54d0708af1950d98f66c3c))
+* linter issues ([#719](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/issues/719)) ([43f0114](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/43f0114c579f7b5b32b372e09f46bcb2a9d7796e))
+* show friendly name in user group selection ([5c9e504](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/5c9e504291b3bffe947bcbe907701806e301d1fe))
+* support non UTF-8 LDAP IDs ([#714](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/issues/714)) ([8131579](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/81315790a8aa601a2565a1b54807df1e68f06dc5))
+* token introspection authentication not handled correctly ([#704](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/issues/704)) ([aefb308](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/aefb30853677baf7ed29ac8b539e1aadf56e14a4))
+
+## [](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/compare/v1.4.1...v) (2025-06-27)
+
+
+### Features
+
+* improve initial admin creation workflow ([287314f](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/287314f01644e42ddb2ce1b1115bd14f2f0c1768))
+* redact sensitive app config variables if set with env variable ([ba61cdb](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/ba61cdba4eb3d5659f3ae6b6c21249985c0aa630))
+* self-service user signup ([#672](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/issues/672)) ([dcd1ae9](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/dcd1ae96e048115be34b0cce275054e990462ebf))
+
+
+### Bug Fixes
+
+* double double full stops for certain error messages ([d070b9a](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/d070b9a778d7d1a51f2fa62d003f2331a96d6c91))
+* error page flickering after sign out ([1a77bd9](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/1a77bd9914ea01e445ff3d6e116c9ed3bcfbf153))
+* improve accent color picker disabled state ([d976bf5](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/d976bf5965eda10e3ecb71821c23e93e5d712a02))
+* less noisy logging for certain GET requests ([#681](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/issues/681)) ([043f82a](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/043f82ad794eb64a5550d8b80703114a055701d9))
+* margin of user sign up description ([052ac00](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/052ac008c3a8c910d1ce79ee99b2b2f75e4090f4))
+* remove duplicate request logging ([#678](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/issues/678)) ([988c425](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/988c425150556b32cff1d341a21fcc9c69d9aaf8))
+* users can't be updated by admin if self account editing is disabled ([29cb551](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/29cb5513a03d1a9571969c8a42deec9b2bdee037))
+
+## [](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/compare/v1.4.0...v) (2025-06-22)
+
+
+### Bug Fixes
+
+* app not starting if UI config is disabled and Postgres is used ([7d36bda](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/7d36bda769e25497dec6b76206a4f7e151b0bd72))
+
+## [](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/compare/v1.3.1...v) (2025-06-19)
+
+### Features
+
+* allow setting unix socket mode ([#661](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/issues/661)) ([7677a3d](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/7677a3de2c923c11a58bc8c4d1b2121d403a1504))
+* auto-focus on the login buttons ([#647](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/issues/647)) ([d679530](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/d6795300b158b85dd9feadd561b6ecd891f5db0d))
+* configurable local ipv6 ranges for audit log ([#657](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/issues/657)) ([d548523](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/d5485238b8fd4cc566af00eae2b17d69a119f991))
+* location filter for global audit log ([#662](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/issues/662)) ([ac5a121](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/ac5a121f664b8127d0faf30c0f93432f30e7f33a))
+* ui accent colors ([#643](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/issues/643)) ([883877a](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/883877adec6fc3e65bd5a705499449959b894fb5))
+* use icon instead of text on application image update hover state ([215531d](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/215531d65c6683609b0b4a5505fdb72696fdb93e))
+
+### Bug Fixes
+
+* allow images with uppercase file extension ([1bcb50e](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/1bcb50edc335886dd722a4c69960c48cc3cd1687))
+* center oidc client images if they are smaller than the box ([946c534](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/946c534b0877a074a6b658060f9af27e4061397c))
+* explicitly cache images to prevent unexpected behavior ([2e5d268](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/2e5d2687982186c12e530492292d49895cb6043a))
+* reduce duration of animations on login and signin page ([#648](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/issues/648)) ([d770448](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/d77044882d5a41da22df1c0099c1eb1f20bcbc5b))
+* use inline style for dynamic background image URL instead of Tailwind class ([bef77ac](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/commit/bef77ac8dca2b98b6732677aaafbc28f79d00487))
 ## [](https://github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/compare/v1.3.0...v) (2025-06-09)
 
 

CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ Before you submit the pull request for review please ensure that
   - **refactor** - code change that neither fixes a bug nor adds a feature
 
 - Your pull request has a detailed description
-- You run `npm run format` to format the code
+- You run `pnpm format` to format the code
 
 ## Development Environment
 
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ If you use [Dev Containers](https://code.visualstudio.com/docs/remote/containers
 If you don't use Dev Containers, you need to install the following tools manually:
 
 - [Node.js](https://nodejs.org/en/download/) >= 22
-- [Go](https://golang.org/doc/install) >= 1.24
+- [Go](https://golang.org/doc/install) >= 1.25
 - [Git](https://git-scm.com/downloads)
 
 ### 2. Setup
@@ -69,10 +69,10 @@ The backend is built with [Gin](https://gin-gonic.com) and written in Go. To set
 
 The frontend is built with [SvelteKit](https://kit.svelte.dev) and written in TypeScript. To set it up, follow these steps:
 
-1. Open the `frontend` folder
+1. Open the `pocket-id` project folder
-2. Copy the `.env.development-example` file to `.env` and edit the variables as needed
+2. Copy the `frontend/.env.development-example` file to `frontend/.env` and edit the variables as needed
-3. Install the dependencies with `npm install`
+3. Install the dependencies with `pnpm install`
-4. Start the frontend with `npm run dev`
+4. Start the frontend with `pnpm dev`
 
 You're all set! The application is now listening on `localhost:3000`. The backend gets proxied trough the frontend in development mode.
 
@@ -84,11 +84,13 @@ If you are contributing to a new feature please ensure that you add tests for it
 
 The tests can be run like this:
 
-1. Visit the setup folder by running `cd tests/setup`
+1. Install the dependencies from the root of the project `pnpm install`
 
-2. Start the test environment by running `docker compose up -d --build`
+2. Visit the setup folder by running `cd tests/setup`
 
-3. Go back to the test folder by running `cd ..`
+3. Start the test environment by running `docker compose up -d --build`
-4. Run the tests with `npx playwright test`
+
+4. Go back to the test folder by running `cd ..`
+5. Run the tests with `pnpm dlx playwright test` or from the root project folder `pnpm test`
 
 If you make any changes to the application, you have to rebuild the test environment by running `docker compose up -d --build` again.

Dockerfile

@@ -5,21 +5,27 @@ ARG BUILD_TAGS=""
 
 # Stage 1: Build Frontend
 FROM node:22-alpine AS frontend-builder
+RUN corepack enable
+
 WORKDIR /build
-COPY ./frontend/package*.json ./
+
-RUN npm ci
+COPY pnpm-workspace.yaml pnpm-lock.yaml ./
-COPY ./frontend ./
+COPY frontend/package.json ./frontend/
-RUN BUILD_OUTPUT_PATH=dist npm run build
+RUN pnpm --filter pocket-id-frontend install --frozen-lockfile
+
+COPY ./frontend ./frontend/
+
+RUN BUILD_OUTPUT_PATH=dist pnpm --filter pocket-id-frontend run build
 
 # Stage 2: Build Backend
-FROM golang:1.24-alpine AS backend-builder
+FROM golang:1.25-alpine AS backend-builder
 ARG BUILD_TAGS
 WORKDIR /build
 COPY ./backend/go.mod ./backend/go.sum ./
 RUN go mod download
 
 COPY ./backend ./
-COPY --from=frontend-builder /build/dist ./frontend/dist
+COPY --from=frontend-builder /build/frontend/dist ./frontend/dist
 COPY .version .version
 
 WORKDIR /build/cmd
@@ -30,7 +36,7 @@ RUN VERSION=$(cat /build/.version) \
     -tags "${BUILD_TAGS}" \
     -ldflags="-X github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/common.Version=${VERSION} -buildid=${VERSION}" \
     -trimpath \
-    -o /build/pocket-id-backend \
+    -o /build/pocket-id \
     .
 
 # Stage 3: Production Image
@@ -39,7 +45,7 @@ WORKDIR /app
 
 RUN apk add --no-cache curl su-exec
 
-COPY --from=backend-builder /build/pocket-id-backend /app/pocket-id
+COPY --from=backend-builder /build/pocket-id /app/pocket-id
 COPY ./scripts/docker /app/docker
 
 RUN chmod +x /app/pocket-id && \
@@ -48,5 +54,7 @@ RUN chmod +x /app/pocket-id && \
 EXPOSE 1411
 ENV APP_ENV=production
 
+HEALTHCHECK --interval=90s --timeout=5s --start-period=10s --retries=3 CMD [ "/app/pocket-id", "healthcheck" ]
+
 ENTRYPOINT ["sh", "/app/docker/entrypoint.sh"]
 CMD ["/app/pocket-id"]

Dockerfile-distroless

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# This Dockerfile embeds a pre-built binary for the given Linux architecture
+# Binaries must be built using "./scripts/development/build-binaries.sh --docker-only"
+
+FROM gcr.io/distroless/static-debian12:nonroot
+
+# TARGETARCH can be "amd64" or "arm64"
+ARG TARGETARCH
+
+WORKDIR /app
+
+COPY ./backend/.bin/pocket-id-linux-${TARGETARCH} /app/pocket-id
+
+EXPOSE 1411
+ENV APP_ENV=production
+
+HEALTHCHECK --interval=90s --timeout=5s --start-period=10s --retries=3 CMD [ "/app/pocket-id", "healthcheck" ]
+
+CMD ["/app/pocket-id"]

Dockerfile-prebuilt

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # This Dockerfile embeds a pre-built binary for the given Linux architecture
-# Binaries must be built using ./scripts/development/build-binaries.sh first
+# Binaries must be built using "./scripts/development/build-binaries.sh --docker-only"
 
 FROM alpine
 
@@ -16,5 +16,7 @@ COPY ./scripts/docker /app/docker
 EXPOSE 1411
 ENV APP_ENV=production
 
+HEALTHCHECK --interval=90s --timeout=5s --start-period=10s --retries=3 CMD [ "/app/pocket-id", "healthcheck" ]
+
 ENTRYPOINT ["/app/docker/entrypoint.sh"]
 CMD ["/app/pocket-id"]

backend/.air.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+root = "."
+tmp_dir = ".bin"
+
+[build]
+  bin = "./.bin/pocket-id"
+  cmd = "CGO_ENABLED=0 go build -o ./.bin/pocket-id ./cmd"
+  exclude_dir = ["resources", ".bin", "data"]
+  exclude_regex = [".*_test\\.go"]
+  stop_on_error = true
+
+[misc]
+  clean_on_exit = true

backend/cmd/main.go

@@ -1,15 +1,9 @@
 package main
 
 import (
-	"flag"
-	"fmt"
-	"log"
-
 	_ "time/tzdata"
 
-	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/bootstrap"
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/cmds"
-	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/common"
 )
 
 // @title Pocket ID API
@@ -17,27 +11,5 @@ import (
 // @description.markdown
 
 func main() {
-	// Get the command
+	cmds.Execute()
-	// By default, this starts the server
-	var cmd string
-	flag.Parse()
-	args := flag.Args()
-	if len(args) > 0 {
-		cmd = args[0]
-	}
-
-	var err error
-	switch cmd {
-	case "version":
-		fmt.Println("pocket-id " + common.Version)
-	case "one-time-access-token":
-		err = cmds.OneTimeAccessToken(args)
-	default:
-		// Start the server
-		err = bootstrap.Bootstrap()
-	}
-
-	if err != nil {
-		log.Fatal(err.Error())
-	}
 }

backend/go.mod

@@ -1,95 +1,106 @@
 module github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend
 
-go 1.24.0
+go 1.25
 
 require (
 	github.com/caarlos0/env/v11 v11.3.1
-	github.com/cenkalti/backoff/v5 v5.0.2
+	github.com/cenkalti/backoff/v5 v5.0.3
 	github.com/disintegration/imageorient v0.0.0-20180920195336-8147d86e83ec
 	github.com/disintegration/imaging v1.6.2
 	github.com/emersion/go-sasl v0.0.0-20200509203442-7bfe0ed36a21
 	github.com/emersion/go-smtp v0.21.3
-	github.com/fxamacker/cbor/v2 v2.7.0
+	github.com/fxamacker/cbor/v2 v2.9.0
-	github.com/gin-gonic/gin v1.10.0
+	github.com/gin-gonic/gin v1.10.1
+	github.com/glebarez/go-sqlite v1.22.0
 	github.com/glebarez/sqlite v1.11.0
-	github.com/go-co-op/gocron/v2 v2.15.0
+	github.com/go-co-op/gocron/v2 v2.16.3
 	github.com/go-ldap/ldap/v3 v3.4.10
-	github.com/go-playground/validator/v10 v10.25.0
+	github.com/go-playground/validator/v10 v10.27.0
 	github.com/go-webauthn/webauthn v0.11.2
-	github.com/golang-migrate/migrate/v4 v4.18.2
+	github.com/golang-migrate/migrate/v4 v4.18.3
 	github.com/google/uuid v1.6.0
 	github.com/hashicorp/go-uuid v1.0.3
+	github.com/jinzhu/copier v0.4.0
 	github.com/joho/godotenv v1.5.1
-	github.com/lestrrat-go/httprc/v3 v3.0.0-beta2
+	github.com/lestrrat-go/httprc/v3 v3.0.0
-	github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v3 v3.0.1
+	github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v3 v3.0.10
+	github.com/lmittmann/tint v1.1.2
+	github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.20
 	github.com/mileusna/useragent v1.3.5
-	github.com/oschwald/maxminddb-golang/v2 v2.0.0-beta.2
+	github.com/orandin/slog-gorm v1.4.0
+	github.com/oschwald/maxminddb-golang/v2 v2.0.0-beta.8
+	github.com/samber/slog-gin v1.15.1
+	github.com/spf13/cobra v1.9.1
 	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.10.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/bridges/otelslog v0.12.0
 	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/exporters/autoexport v0.59.0
 	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/github.com/gin-gonic/gin/otelgin v0.60.0
 	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/net/http/otelhttp v0.54.0
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.35.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.37.0
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric v1.35.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/log v0.13.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric v1.37.0
 	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk v1.35.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/log v0.10.0
 	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/metric v1.35.0
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.35.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.37.0
-	golang.org/x/crypto v0.37.0
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.41.0
-	golang.org/x/image v0.24.0
+	golang.org/x/image v0.30.0
-	golang.org/x/time v0.9.0
+	golang.org/x/text v0.28.0
-	gorm.io/driver/postgres v1.5.11
+	golang.org/x/time v0.12.0
-	gorm.io/gorm v1.25.12
+	gorm.io/driver/postgres v1.6.0
+	gorm.io/gorm v1.30.1
 )
 
 require (
 	github.com/Azure/go-ntlmssp v0.0.0-20221128193559-754e69321358 // indirect
 	github.com/beorn7/perks v1.0.1 // indirect
-	github.com/bytedance/sonic v1.12.10 // indirect
+	github.com/bytedance/sonic v1.14.0 // indirect
-	github.com/bytedance/sonic/loader v0.2.3 // indirect
+	github.com/bytedance/sonic/loader v0.3.0 // indirect
 	github.com/cenkalti/backoff/v4 v4.3.0 // indirect
 	github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.3.0 // indirect
-	github.com/cloudwego/base64x v0.1.5 // indirect
+	github.com/cloudwego/base64x v0.1.6 // indirect
 	github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 // indirect
 	github.com/decred/dcrd/dcrec/secp256k1/v4 v4.4.0 // indirect
 	github.com/disintegration/gift v1.1.2 // indirect
 	github.com/dustin/go-humanize v1.0.1 // indirect
 	github.com/felixge/httpsnoop v1.0.4 // indirect
-	github.com/gabriel-vasile/mimetype v1.4.8 // indirect
+	github.com/gabriel-vasile/mimetype v1.4.9 // indirect
-	github.com/gin-contrib/sse v1.0.0 // indirect
+	github.com/gin-contrib/sse v1.1.0 // indirect
-	github.com/glebarez/go-sqlite v1.21.2 // indirect
 	github.com/go-asn1-ber/asn1-ber v1.5.7 // indirect
-	github.com/go-logr/logr v1.4.2 // indirect
+	github.com/go-logr/logr v1.4.3 // indirect
 	github.com/go-logr/stdr v1.2.2 // indirect
 	github.com/go-playground/locales v0.14.1 // indirect
 	github.com/go-playground/universal-translator v0.18.1 // indirect
-	github.com/go-webauthn/x v0.1.16 // indirect
+	github.com/go-webauthn/x v0.1.23 // indirect
 	github.com/goccy/go-json v0.10.5 // indirect
-	github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v5 v5.2.2 // indirect
+	github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v5 v5.2.3 // indirect
-	github.com/google/go-tpm v0.9.3 // indirect
+	github.com/google/go-tpm v0.9.5 // indirect
 	github.com/grpc-ecosystem/grpc-gateway/v2 v2.26.1 // indirect
 	github.com/hashicorp/errwrap v1.1.0 // indirect
 	github.com/hashicorp/go-multierror v1.1.1 // indirect
+	github.com/inconshreveable/mousetrap v1.1.0 // indirect
 	github.com/jackc/pgpassfile v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/jackc/pgservicefile v0.0.0-20240606120523-5a60cdf6a761 // indirect
-	github.com/jackc/pgx/v5 v5.7.2 // indirect
+	github.com/jackc/pgx/v5 v5.7.5 // indirect
 	github.com/jackc/puddle/v2 v2.2.2 // indirect
 	github.com/jinzhu/inflection v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/jinzhu/now v1.1.5 // indirect
 	github.com/jonboulle/clockwork v0.5.0 // indirect
 	github.com/json-iterator/go v1.1.12 // indirect
-	github.com/klauspost/cpuid/v2 v2.2.10 // indirect
+	github.com/klauspost/cpuid/v2 v2.3.0 // indirect
 	github.com/leodido/go-urn v1.4.0 // indirect
-	github.com/lestrrat-go/blackmagic v1.0.3 // indirect
+	github.com/lestrrat-go/blackmagic v1.0.4 // indirect
 	github.com/lestrrat-go/httpcc v1.0.1 // indirect
 	github.com/lestrrat-go/option v1.0.1 // indirect
+	github.com/lestrrat-go/option/v2 v2.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/lib/pq v1.10.9 // indirect
-	github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.20 // indirect
 	github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3 v1.14.24 // indirect
 	github.com/mitchellh/mapstructure v1.5.0 // indirect
 	github.com/modern-go/concurrent v0.0.0-20180306012644-bacd9c7ef1dd // indirect
 	github.com/modern-go/reflect2 v1.0.2 // indirect
 	github.com/munnerz/goautoneg v0.0.0-20191010083416-a7dc8b61c822 // indirect
 	github.com/ncruces/go-strftime v0.1.9 // indirect
-	github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2 v2.2.3 // indirect
+	github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2 v2.2.4 // indirect
 	github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.22.0 // indirect
 	github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.6.1 // indirect
@@ -98,8 +109,10 @@ require (
 	github.com/remyoudompheng/bigfft v0.0.0-20230129092748-24d4a6f8daec // indirect
 	github.com/robfig/cron/v3 v3.0.1 // indirect
 	github.com/segmentio/asm v1.2.0 // indirect
+	github.com/spf13/pflag v1.0.6 // indirect
 	github.com/twitchyliquid64/golang-asm v0.15.1 // indirect
-	github.com/ugorji/go/codec v1.2.12 // indirect
+	github.com/ugorji/go/codec v1.3.0 // indirect
+	github.com/valyala/fastjson v1.6.4 // indirect
 	github.com/x448/float16 v0.8.4 // indirect
 	go.opentelemetry.io/auto/sdk v1.1.0 // indirect
 	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/bridges/prometheus v0.59.0 // indirect
@@ -114,23 +127,20 @@ require (
 	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/stdout/stdoutlog v0.10.0 // indirect
 	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/stdout/stdoutmetric v1.35.0 // indirect
 	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/stdout/stdouttrace v1.35.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/log v0.10.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/log v0.10.0 // indirect
 	go.opentelemetry.io/proto/otlp v1.5.0 // indirect
 	go.uber.org/atomic v1.11.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/arch v0.14.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/arch v0.20.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20250506013437-ce4c2cf36ca6 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20250813145105-42675adae3e6 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/net v0.38.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/net v0.43.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/sync v0.14.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/sync v0.16.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/sys v0.33.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.35.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/text v0.24.0 // indirect
 	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20250218202821-56aae31c358a // indirect
 	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250218202821-56aae31c358a // indirect
 	google.golang.org/grpc v1.71.0 // indirect
-	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.5 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.7 // indirect
 	gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 // indirect
-	modernc.org/libc v1.65.6 // indirect
+	modernc.org/libc v1.66.7 // indirect
 	modernc.org/mathutil v1.7.1 // indirect
-	modernc.org/memory v1.10.0 // indirect
+	modernc.org/memory v1.11.0 // indirect
-	modernc.org/sqlite v1.37.0 // indirect
+	modernc.org/sqlite v1.38.2 // indirect
 )

backend/go.sum

@@ -8,29 +8,28 @@ github.com/alexbrainman/sspi v0.0.0-20231016080023-1a75b4708caa h1:LHTHcTQiSGT7V
 github.com/alexbrainman/sspi v0.0.0-20231016080023-1a75b4708caa/go.mod h1:cEWa1LVoE5KvSD9ONXsZrj0z6KqySlCCNKHlLzbqAt4=
 github.com/beorn7/perks v1.0.1 h1:VlbKKnNfV8bJzeqoa4cOKqO6bYr3WgKZxO8Z16+hsOM=
 github.com/beorn7/perks v1.0.1/go.mod h1:G2ZrVWU2WbWT9wwq4/hrbKbnv/1ERSJQ0ibhJ6rlkpw=
-github.com/bytedance/sonic v1.12.10 h1:uVCQr6oS5669E9ZVW0HyksTLfNS7Q/9hV6IVS4nEMsI=
+github.com/bytedance/sonic v1.14.0 h1:/OfKt8HFw0kh2rj8N0F6C/qPGRESq0BbaNZgcNXXzQQ=
-github.com/bytedance/sonic v1.12.10/go.mod h1:uVvFidNmlt9+wa31S1urfwwthTWteBgG0hWuoKAXTx8=
+github.com/bytedance/sonic v1.14.0/go.mod h1:WoEbx8WTcFJfzCe0hbmyTGrfjt8PzNEBdxlNUO24NhA=
-github.com/bytedance/sonic/loader v0.1.1/go.mod h1:ncP89zfokxS5LZrJxl5z0UJcsk4M4yY2JpfqGeCtNLU=
+github.com/bytedance/sonic/loader v0.3.0 h1:dskwH8edlzNMctoruo8FPTJDF3vLtDT0sXZwvZJyqeA=
-github.com/bytedance/sonic/loader v0.2.3 h1:yctD0Q3v2NOGfSWPLPvG2ggA2kV6TS6s4wioyEqssH0=
+github.com/bytedance/sonic/loader v0.3.0/go.mod h1:N8A3vUdtUebEY2/VQC0MyhYeKUFosQU6FxH2JmUe6VI=
-github.com/bytedance/sonic/loader v0.2.3/go.mod h1:N8A3vUdtUebEY2/VQC0MyhYeKUFosQU6FxH2JmUe6VI=
 github.com/caarlos0/env/v11 v11.3.1 h1:cArPWC15hWmEt+gWk7YBi7lEXTXCvpaSdCiZE2X5mCA=
 github.com/caarlos0/env/v11 v11.3.1/go.mod h1:qupehSf/Y0TUTsxKywqRt/vJjN5nz6vauiYEUUr8P4U=
 github.com/cenkalti/backoff/v4 v4.3.0 h1:MyRJ/UdXutAwSAT+s3wNd7MfTIcy71VQueUuFK343L8=
 github.com/cenkalti/backoff/v4 v4.3.0/go.mod h1:Y3VNntkOUPxTVeUxJ/G5vcM//AlwfmyYozVcomhLiZE=
-github.com/cenkalti/backoff/v5 v5.0.2 h1:rIfFVxEf1QsI7E1ZHfp/B4DF/6QBAUhmgkxc0H7Zss8=
+github.com/cenkalti/backoff/v5 v5.0.3 h1:ZN+IMa753KfX5hd8vVaMixjnqRZ3y8CuJKRKj1xcsSM=
-github.com/cenkalti/backoff/v5 v5.0.2/go.mod h1:rkhZdG3JZukswDf7f0cwqPNk4K0sa+F97BxZthm/crw=
+github.com/cenkalti/backoff/v5 v5.0.3/go.mod h1:rkhZdG3JZukswDf7f0cwqPNk4K0sa+F97BxZthm/crw=
 github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.3.0 h1:UL815xU9SqsFlibzuggzjXhog7bL6oX9BbNZnL2UFvs=
 github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.3.0/go.mod h1:VGX0DQ3Q6kWi7AoAeZDth3/j3BFtOZR5XLFGgcrjCOs=
-github.com/cloudwego/base64x v0.1.5 h1:XPciSp1xaq2VCSt6lF0phncD4koWyULpl5bUxbfCyP4=
+github.com/cloudwego/base64x v0.1.6 h1:t11wG9AECkCDk5fMSoxmufanudBtJ+/HemLstXDLI2M=
-github.com/cloudwego/base64x v0.1.5/go.mod h1:0zlkT4Wn5C6NdauXdJRhSKRlJvmclQ1hhJgA0rcu/8w=
+github.com/cloudwego/base64x v0.1.6/go.mod h1:OFcloc187FXDaYHvrNIjxSe8ncn0OOM8gEHfghB2IPU=
-github.com/cloudwego/iasm v0.2.0/go.mod h1:8rXZaNYT2n95jn+zTI1sDr+IgcD2GVs0nlbbQPiEFhY=
+github.com/cpuguy83/go-md2man/v2 v2.0.6/go.mod h1:oOW0eioCTA6cOiMLiUPZOpcVxMig6NIQQ7OS05n1F4g=
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.0/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 h1:vj9j/u1bqnvCEfJOwUhtlOARqs3+rkHYY13jYWTU97c=
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
 github.com/decred/dcrd/dcrec/secp256k1/v4 v4.4.0 h1:NMZiJj8QnKe1LgsbDayM4UoHwbvwDRwnI3hwNaAHRnc=
 github.com/decred/dcrd/dcrec/secp256k1/v4 v4.4.0/go.mod h1:ZXNYxsqcloTdSy/rNShjYzMhyjf0LaoftYK0p+A3h40=
-github.com/dhui/dktest v0.4.4 h1:+I4s6JRE1yGuqflzwqG+aIaMdgXIorCf5P98JnaAWa8=
+github.com/dhui/dktest v0.4.5 h1:uUfYBIVREmj/Rw6MvgmqNAYzTiKOHJak+enB5Di73MM=
-github.com/dhui/dktest v0.4.4/go.mod h1:4+22R4lgsdAXrDyaH4Nqx2JEz2hLp49MqQmm9HLCQhM=
+github.com/dhui/dktest v0.4.5/go.mod h1:tmcyeHDKagvlDrz7gDKq4UAJOLIfVZYkfD5OnHDwcCo=
 github.com/disintegration/gift v1.1.2 h1:9ZyHJr+kPamiH10FX3Pynt1AxFUob812bU9Wt4GMzhs=
 github.com/disintegration/gift v1.1.2/go.mod h1:Jh2i7f7Q2BM7Ezno3PhfezbR1xpUg9dUg3/RlKGr4HI=
 github.com/disintegration/imageorient v0.0.0-20180920195336-8147d86e83ec h1:YrB6aVr9touOt75I9O1SiancmR2GMg45U9UYf0gtgWg=
@@ -53,27 +52,27 @@ github.com/emersion/go-smtp v0.21.3 h1:7uVwagE8iPYE48WhNsng3RRpCUpFvNl39JGNSIyGV
 github.com/emersion/go-smtp v0.21.3/go.mod h1:qm27SGYgoIPRot6ubfQ/GpiPy/g3PaZAVRxiO/sDUgQ=
 github.com/felixge/httpsnoop v1.0.4 h1:NFTV2Zj1bL4mc9sqWACXbQFVBBg2W3GPvqp8/ESS2Wg=
 github.com/felixge/httpsnoop v1.0.4/go.mod h1:m8KPJKqk1gH5J9DgRY2ASl2lWCfGKXixSwevea8zH2U=
-github.com/fxamacker/cbor/v2 v2.7.0 h1:iM5WgngdRBanHcxugY4JySA0nk1wZorNOpTgCMedv5E=
+github.com/fxamacker/cbor/v2 v2.9.0 h1:NpKPmjDBgUfBms6tr6JZkTHtfFGcMKsw3eGcmD/sapM=
-github.com/fxamacker/cbor/v2 v2.7.0/go.mod h1:pxXPTn3joSm21Gbwsv0w9OSA2y1HFR9qXEeXQVeNoDQ=
+github.com/fxamacker/cbor/v2 v2.9.0/go.mod h1:vM4b+DJCtHn+zz7h3FFp/hDAI9WNWCsZj23V5ytsSxQ=
-github.com/gabriel-vasile/mimetype v1.4.8 h1:FfZ3gj38NjllZIeJAmMhr+qKL8Wu+nOoI3GqacKw1NM=
+github.com/gabriel-vasile/mimetype v1.4.9 h1:5k+WDwEsD9eTLL8Tz3L0VnmVh9QxGjRmjBvAG7U/oYY=
-github.com/gabriel-vasile/mimetype v1.4.8/go.mod h1:ByKUIKGjh1ODkGM1asKUbQZOLGrPjydw3hYPU2YU9t8=
+github.com/gabriel-vasile/mimetype v1.4.9/go.mod h1:WnSQhFKJuBlRyLiKohA/2DtIlPFAbguNaG7QCHcyGok=
-github.com/gin-contrib/sse v1.0.0 h1:y3bT1mUWUxDpW4JLQg/HnTqV4rozuW4tC9eFKTxYI9E=
+github.com/gin-contrib/sse v1.1.0 h1:n0w2GMuUpWDVp7qSpvze6fAu9iRxJY4Hmj6AmBOU05w=
-github.com/gin-contrib/sse v1.0.0/go.mod h1:zNuFdwarAygJBht0NTKiSi3jRf6RbqeILZ9Sp6Slhe0=
+github.com/gin-contrib/sse v1.1.0/go.mod h1:hxRZ5gVpWMT7Z0B0gSNYqqsSCNIJMjzvm6fqCz9vjwM=
-github.com/gin-gonic/gin v1.10.0 h1:nTuyha1TYqgedzytsKYqna+DfLos46nTv2ygFy86HFU=
+github.com/gin-gonic/gin v1.10.1 h1:T0ujvqyCSqRopADpgPgiTT63DUQVSfojyME59Ei63pQ=
-github.com/gin-gonic/gin v1.10.0/go.mod h1:4PMNQiOhvDRa013RKVbsiNwoyezlm2rm0uX/T7kzp5Y=
+github.com/gin-gonic/gin v1.10.1/go.mod h1:4PMNQiOhvDRa013RKVbsiNwoyezlm2rm0uX/T7kzp5Y=
-github.com/glebarez/go-sqlite v1.21.2 h1:3a6LFC4sKahUunAmynQKLZceZCOzUthkRkEAl9gAXWo=
+github.com/glebarez/go-sqlite v1.22.0 h1:uAcMJhaA6r3LHMTFgP0SifzgXg46yJkgxqyuyec+ruQ=
-github.com/glebarez/go-sqlite v1.21.2/go.mod h1:sfxdZyhQjTM2Wry3gVYWaW072Ri1WMdWJi0k6+3382k=
+github.com/glebarez/go-sqlite v1.22.0/go.mod h1:PlBIdHe0+aUEFn+r2/uthrWq4FxbzugL0L8Li6yQJbc=
 github.com/glebarez/sqlite v1.11.0 h1:wSG0irqzP6VurnMEpFGer5Li19RpIRi2qvQz++w0GMw=
 github.com/glebarez/sqlite v1.11.0/go.mod h1:h8/o8j5wiAsqSPoWELDUdJXhjAhsVliSn7bWZjOhrgQ=
 github.com/go-asn1-ber/asn1-ber v1.5.7 h1:DTX+lbVTWaTw1hQ+PbZPlnDZPEIs0SS/GCZAl535dDk=
 github.com/go-asn1-ber/asn1-ber v1.5.7/go.mod h1:hEBeB/ic+5LoWskz+yKT7vGhhPYkProFKoKdwZRWMe0=
-github.com/go-co-op/gocron/v2 v2.15.0 h1:Kpvo71VSihE+RImmpA+3ta5CcMhoRzMGw4dJawrj4zo=
+github.com/go-co-op/gocron/v2 v2.16.3 h1:kYqukZqBa8RC2+AFAHnunmKcs9GRTjwBo8WRF3I6cbI=
-github.com/go-co-op/gocron/v2 v2.15.0/go.mod h1:ZF70ZwEqz0OO4RBXE1sNxnANy/zvwLcattWEFsqpKig=
+github.com/go-co-op/gocron/v2 v2.16.3/go.mod h1:aTf7/+5Jo2E+cyAqq625UQ6DzpkV96b22VHIUAt6l3c=
 github.com/go-ldap/ldap/v3 v3.4.10 h1:ot/iwPOhfpNVgB1o+AVXljizWZ9JTp7YF5oeyONmcJU=
 github.com/go-ldap/ldap/v3 v3.4.10/go.mod h1:JXh4Uxgi40P6E9rdsYqpUtbW46D9UTjJ9QSwGRznplY=
 github.com/go-logr/logr v1.2.2/go.mod h1:jdQByPbusPIv2/zmleS9BjJVeZ6kBagPoEUsqbVz/1A=
-github.com/go-logr/logr v1.4.2 h1:6pFjapn8bFcIbiKo3XT4j/BhANplGihG6tvd+8rYgrY=
+github.com/go-logr/logr v1.4.3 h1:CjnDlHq8ikf6E492q6eKboGOC0T8CDaOvkHCIg8idEI=
-github.com/go-logr/logr v1.4.2/go.mod h1:9T104GzyrTigFIr8wt5mBrctHMim0Nb2HLGrmQ40KvY=
+github.com/go-logr/logr v1.4.3/go.mod h1:9T104GzyrTigFIr8wt5mBrctHMim0Nb2HLGrmQ40KvY=
 github.com/go-logr/stdr v1.2.2 h1:hSWxHoqTgW2S2qGc0LTAI563KZ5YKYRhT3MFKZMbjag=
 github.com/go-logr/stdr v1.2.2/go.mod h1:mMo/vtBO5dYbehREoey6XUKy/eSumjCCveDpRre4VKE=
 github.com/go-playground/assert/v2 v2.2.0 h1:JvknZsQTYeFEAhQwI4qEt9cyV5ONwRHC+lYKSsYSR8s=
@@ -82,27 +81,27 @@ github.com/go-playground/locales v0.14.1 h1:EWaQ/wswjilfKLTECiXz7Rh+3BjFhfDFKv/o
 github.com/go-playground/locales v0.14.1/go.mod h1:hxrqLVvrK65+Rwrd5Fc6F2O76J/NuW9t0sjnWqG1slY=
 github.com/go-playground/universal-translator v0.18.1 h1:Bcnm0ZwsGyWbCzImXv+pAJnYK9S473LQFuzCbDbfSFY=
 github.com/go-playground/universal-translator v0.18.1/go.mod h1:xekY+UJKNuX9WP91TpwSH2VMlDf28Uj24BCp08ZFTUY=
-github.com/go-playground/validator/v10 v10.25.0 h1:5Dh7cjvzR7BRZadnsVOzPhWsrwUr0nmsZJxEAnFLNO8=
+github.com/go-playground/validator/v10 v10.27.0 h1:w8+XrWVMhGkxOaaowyKH35gFydVHOvC0/uWoy2Fzwn4=
-github.com/go-playground/validator/v10 v10.25.0/go.mod h1:GGzBIJMuE98Ic/kJsBXbz1x/7cByt++cQ+YOuDM5wus=
+github.com/go-playground/validator/v10 v10.27.0/go.mod h1:I5QpIEbmr8On7W0TktmJAumgzX4CA1XNl4ZmDuVHKKo=
 github.com/go-webauthn/webauthn v0.11.2 h1:Fgx0/wlmkClTKlnOsdOQ+K5HcHDsDcYIvtYmfhEOSUc=
 github.com/go-webauthn/webauthn v0.11.2/go.mod h1:aOtudaF94pM71g3jRwTYYwQTG1KyTILTcZqN1srkmD0=
-github.com/go-webauthn/x v0.1.16 h1:EaVXZntpyHviN9ykjdRBQIw9B0Ed3LO5FW7mDiMQEa8=
+github.com/go-webauthn/x v0.1.23 h1:9lEO0s+g8iTyz5Vszlg/rXTGrx3CjcD0RZQ1GPZCaxI=
-github.com/go-webauthn/x v0.1.16/go.mod h1:jhYjfwe/AVYaUs2mUXArj7vvZj+SpooQPyyQGNab+Us=
+github.com/go-webauthn/x v0.1.23/go.mod h1:AJd3hI7NfEp/4fI6T4CHD753u91l510lglU7/NMN6+E=
 github.com/goccy/go-json v0.10.5 h1:Fq85nIqj+gXn/S5ahsiTlK3TmC85qgirsdTP/+DeaC4=
 github.com/goccy/go-json v0.10.5/go.mod h1:oq7eo15ShAhp70Anwd5lgX2pLfOS3QCiwU/PULtXL6M=
 github.com/gogo/protobuf v1.3.2 h1:Ov1cvc58UF3b5XjBnZv7+opcTcQFZebYjWzi34vdm4Q=
 github.com/gogo/protobuf v1.3.2/go.mod h1:P1XiOD3dCwIKUDQYPy72D8LYyHL2YPYrpS2s69NZV8Q=
-github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v5 v5.2.2 h1:Rl4B7itRWVtYIHFrSNd7vhTiz9UpLdi6gZhZ3wEeDy8=
+github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v5 v5.2.3 h1:kkGXqQOBSDDWRhWNXTFpqGSCMyh/PLnqUvMGJPDJDs0=
-github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v5 v5.2.2/go.mod h1:pqrtFR0X4osieyHYxtmOUWsAWrfe1Q5UVIyoH402zdk=
+github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v5 v5.2.3/go.mod h1:pqrtFR0X4osieyHYxtmOUWsAWrfe1Q5UVIyoH402zdk=
-github.com/golang-migrate/migrate/v4 v4.18.2 h1:2VSCMz7x7mjyTXx3m2zPokOY82LTRgxK1yQYKo6wWQ8=
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@@ -120,12 +119,14 @@ github.com/hashicorp/go-multierror v1.1.1/go.mod h1:iw975J/qwKPdAO1clOe2L8331t/9
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@@ -140,6 +141,8 @@ github.com/jcmturner/gokrb5/v8 v8.4.4 h1:x1Sv4HaTpepFkXbt2IkL29DXRf8sOfZXo8eRKh6
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@@ -152,10 +155,8 @@ github.com/json-iterator/go v1.1.12 h1:PV8peI4a0ysnczrg+LtxykD8LfKY9ML6u2jnxaEnr
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@@ -164,18 +165,22 @@ github.com/kylelemons/godebug v1.1.0 h1:RPNrshWIDI6G2gRW9EHilWtl7Z6Sb1BR0xunSBf0
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@@ -203,10 +208,12 @@ github.com/opencontainers/go-digest v1.0.0 h1:apOUWs51W5PlhuyGyz9FCeeBIOUDA/6nW8
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@@ -225,12 +232,18 @@ github.com/robfig/cron/v3 v3.0.1 h1:WdRxkvbJztn8LMz/QEvLN5sBU+xKpSqwwUO1Pjr4qDs=
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 github.com/x448/float16 v0.8.4/go.mod h1:14CWIYCyZA/cWjXOioeEpHeN/83MdbZDRQHoFcYsOfg=
 github.com/yuin/goldmark v1.4.13/go.mod h1:6yULJ656Px+3vBD8DxQVa3kxgyrAnzto9xy5taEt/CY=
 go.opentelemetry.io/auto/sdk v1.1.0 h1:cH53jehLUN6UFLY71z+NDOiNJqDdPRaXzTel0sJySYA=
 go.opentelemetry.io/auto/sdk v1.1.0/go.mod h1:3wSPjt5PWp2RhlCcmmOial7AvC4DQqZb7a7wCow3W8A=
+go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/bridges/otelslog v0.12.0 h1:lFM7SZo8Ce01RzRfnUFQZEYeWRf/MtOA3A5MobOqk2g=
+go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/bridges/otelslog v0.12.0/go.mod h1:Dw05mhFtrKAYu72Tkb3YBYeQpRUJ4quDgo2DQw3No5A=
 go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/bridges/prometheus v0.59.0 h1:HY2hJ7yn3KuEBBBsKxvF3ViSmzLwsgeNvD+0utRMgzc=
 go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/bridges/prometheus v0.59.0/go.mod h1:H4H7vs8766kwFnOZVEGMJFVF+phpBSmTckvvNRdJeDI=
 go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/exporters/autoexport v0.59.0 h1:dKhAFwh7SSoOw+gwMtSv+XLkUGTFAwAGMT3X3XSE4FA=
@@ -258,8 +274,8 @@ go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/github.com/gin-gonic/gin/otelgin v0.
 go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/github.com/gin-gonic/gin/otelgin v0.60.0/go.mod h1:ZvRTVaYYGypytG0zRp2A60lpj//cMq3ZnxYdZaljVBM=
 go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/net/http/otelhttp v0.54.0 h1:TT4fX+nBOA/+LUkobKGW1ydGcn+G3vRw9+g5HwCphpk=
 go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/net/http/otelhttp v0.54.0/go.mod h1:L7UH0GbB0p47T4Rri3uHjbpCFYrVrwc1I25QhNPiGK8=
-go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.35.0 h1:xKWKPxrxB6OtMCbmMY021CqC45J+3Onta9MqjhnusiQ=
+go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.37.0 h1:9zhNfelUvx0KBfu/gb+ZgeAfAgtWrfHJZcAqFC228wQ=
-go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.35.0/go.mod h1:UEqy8Zp11hpkUrL73gSlELM0DupHoiq72dR+Zqel/+Y=
+go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.37.0/go.mod h1:ehE/umFRLnuLa/vSccNq9oS1ErUlkkK71gMcN34UG8I=
 go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlplog/otlploggrpc v0.10.0 h1:5dTKu4I5Dn4P2hxyW3l3jTaZx9ACgg0ECos1eAVrheY=
 go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlplog/otlploggrpc v0.10.0/go.mod h1:P5HcUI8obLrCCmM3sbVBohZFH34iszk/+CPWuakZWL8=
 go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlplog/otlploghttp v0.10.0 h1:q/heq5Zh8xV1+7GoMGJpTxM2Lhq5+bFxB29tshuRuw0=
@@ -282,26 +298,26 @@ go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/stdout/stdoutmetric v1.35.0 h1:PB3Zrjs1sG1GBX
 go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/stdout/stdoutmetric v1.35.0/go.mod h1:U2R3XyVPzn0WX7wOIypPuptulsMcPDPs/oiSVOMVnHY=
 go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/stdout/stdouttrace v1.35.0 h1:T0Ec2E+3YZf5bgTNQVet8iTDW7oIk03tXHq+wkwIDnE=
 go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/stdout/stdouttrace v1.35.0/go.mod h1:30v2gqH+vYGJsesLWFov8u47EpYTcIQcBjKpI6pJThg=
-go.opentelemetry.io/otel/log v0.10.0 h1:1CXmspaRITvFcjA4kyVszuG4HjA61fPDxMb7q3BuyF0=
+go.opentelemetry.io/otel/log v0.13.0 h1:yoxRoIZcohB6Xf0lNv9QIyCzQvrtGZklVbdCoyb7dls=
-go.opentelemetry.io/otel/log v0.10.0/go.mod h1:PbVdm9bXKku/gL0oFfUF4wwsQsOPlpo4VEqjvxih+FM=
+go.opentelemetry.io/otel/log v0.13.0/go.mod h1:INKfG4k1O9CL25BaM1qLe0zIedOpvlS5Z7XgSbmN83E=
-go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric v1.35.0 h1:0znxYu2SNyuMSQT4Y9WDWej0VpcsxkuklLa4/siN90M=
+go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric v1.37.0 h1:mvwbQS5m0tbmqML4NqK+e3aDiO02vsf/WgbsdpcPoZE=
-go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric v1.35.0/go.mod h1:nKVFgxBZ2fReX6IlyW28MgZojkoAkJGaE8CpgeAU3oE=
+go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric v1.37.0/go.mod h1:04wGrZurHYKOc+RKeye86GwKiTb9FKm1WHtO+4EVr2E=
 go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk v1.35.0 h1:iPctf8iprVySXSKJffSS79eOjl9pvxV9ZqOWT0QejKY=
 go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk v1.35.0/go.mod h1:+ga1bZliga3DxJ3CQGg3updiaAJoNECOgJREo9KHGQg=
 go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/log v0.10.0 h1:lR4teQGWfeDVGoute6l0Ou+RpFqQ9vaPdrNJlST0bvw=
 go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/log v0.10.0/go.mod h1:A+V1UTWREhWAittaQEG4bYm4gAZa6xnvVu+xKrIRkzo=
 go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/metric v1.35.0 h1:1RriWBmCKgkeHEhM7a2uMjMUfP7MsOF5JpUCaEqEI9o=
 go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/metric v1.35.0/go.mod h1:is6XYCUMpcKi+ZsOvfluY5YstFnhW0BidkR+gL+qN+w=
-go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.35.0 h1:dPpEfJu1sDIqruz7BHFG3c7528f6ddfSWfFDVt/xgMs=
+go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.37.0 h1:HLdcFNbRQBE2imdSEgm/kwqmQj1Or1l/7bW6mxVK7z4=
-go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.35.0/go.mod h1:WUk7DtFp1Aw2MkvqGdwiXYDZZNvA/1J8o6xRXLrIkyc=
+go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.37.0/go.mod h1:TlgrlQ+PtQO5XFerSPUYG0JSgGyryXewPGyayAWSBS0=
 go.opentelemetry.io/proto/otlp v1.5.0 h1:xJvq7gMzB31/d406fB8U5CBdyQGw4P399D1aQWU/3i4=
 go.opentelemetry.io/proto/otlp v1.5.0/go.mod h1:keN8WnHxOy8PG0rQZjJJ5A2ebUoafqWp0eVQ4yIXvJ4=
 go.uber.org/atomic v1.11.0 h1:ZvwS0R+56ePWxUNi+Atn9dWONBPp/AUETXlHW0DxSjE=
 go.uber.org/atomic v1.11.0/go.mod h1:LUxbIzbOniOlMKjJjyPfpl4v+PKK2cNJn91OQbhoJI0=
 go.uber.org/goleak v1.3.0 h1:2K3zAYmnTNqV73imy9J1T3WC+gmCePx2hEGkimedGto=
 go.uber.org/goleak v1.3.0/go.mod h1:CoHD4mav9JJNrW/WLlf7HGZPjdw8EucARQHekz1X6bE=
-golang.org/x/arch v0.14.0 h1:z9JUEZWr8x4rR0OU6c4/4t6E6jOZ8/QBS2bBYBm4tx4=
+golang.org/x/arch v0.20.0 h1:dx1zTU0MAE98U+TQ8BLl7XsJbgze2WnNKF/8tGp/Q6c=
-golang.org/x/arch v0.14.0/go.mod h1:FEVrYAQjsQXMVJ1nsMoVVXPZg6p2JE2mx8psSWTDQys=
+golang.org/x/arch v0.20.0/go.mod h1:bdwinDaKcfZUGpH09BB7ZmOfhalA8lQdzl62l8gGWsk=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20190308221718-c2843e01d9a2/go.mod h1:djNgcEr1/C05ACkg1iLfiJU5Ep61QUkGW8qpdssI0+w=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20210921155107-089bfa567519/go.mod h1:GvvjBRRGRdwPK5ydBHafDWAxML/pGHZbMvKqRZ5+Abc=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.6.0/go.mod h1:OFC/31mSvZgRz0V1QTNCzfAI1aIRzbiufJtkMIlEp58=
@@ -309,20 +325,20 @@ golang.org/x/crypto v0.13.0/go.mod h1:y6Z2r+Rw4iayiXXAIxJIDAJ1zMW4yaTpebo8fPOliY
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.19.0/go.mod h1:Iy9bg/ha4yyC70EfRS8jz+B6ybOBKMaSxLj6P6oBDfU=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.23.0/go.mod h1:CKFgDieR+mRhux2Lsu27y0fO304Db0wZe70UKqHu0v8=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.31.0/go.mod h1:kDsLvtWBEx7MV9tJOj9bnXsPbxwJQ6csT/x4KIN4Ssk=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.37.0 h1:kJNSjF/Xp7kU0iB2Z+9viTPMW4EqqsrywMXLJOOsXSE=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.41.0 h1:WKYxWedPGCTVVl5+WHSSrOBT0O8lx32+zxmHxijgXp4=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.37.0/go.mod h1:vg+k43peMZ0pUMhYmVAWysMK35e6ioLh3wB8ZCAfbVc=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.41.0/go.mod h1:pO5AFd7FA68rFak7rOAGVuygIISepHftHnr8dr6+sUc=
-golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20250506013437-ce4c2cf36ca6 h1:y5zboxd6LQAqYIhHnB48p0ByQ/GnQx2BE33L8BOHQkI=
+golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20250813145105-42675adae3e6 h1:SbTAbRFnd5kjQXbczszQ0hdk3ctwYf3qBNH9jIsGclE=
-golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20250506013437-ce4c2cf36ca6/go.mod h1:U6Lno4MTRCDY+Ba7aCcauB9T60gsv5s4ralQzP72ZoQ=
+golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20250813145105-42675adae3e6/go.mod h1:4QTo5u+SEIbbKW1RacMZq1YEfOBqeXa19JeshGi+zc4=
 golang.org/x/image v0.0.0-20191009234506-e7c1f5e7dbb8/go.mod h1:FeLwcggjj3mMvU+oOTbSwawSJRM1uh48EjtB4UJZlP0=
-golang.org/x/image v0.24.0 h1:AN7zRgVsbvmTfNyqIbbOraYL8mSwcKncEj8ofjgzcMQ=
+golang.org/x/image v0.30.0 h1:jD5RhkmVAnjqaCUXfbGBrn3lpxbknfN9w2UhHHU+5B4=
-golang.org/x/image v0.24.0/go.mod h1:4b/ITuLfqYq1hqZcjofwctIhi7sZh2WaCjvsBNjjya8=
+golang.org/x/image v0.30.0/go.mod h1:SAEUTxCCMWSrJcCy/4HwavEsfZZJlYxeHLc6tTiAe/c=
 golang.org/x/mod v0.6.0-dev.0.20220419223038-86c51ed26bb4/go.mod h1:jJ57K6gSWd91VN4djpZkiMVwK6gcyfeH4XE8wZrZaV4=
 golang.org/x/mod v0.8.0/go.mod h1:iBbtSCu2XBx23ZKBPSOrRkjjQPZFPuis4dIYUhu/chs=
 golang.org/x/mod v0.12.0/go.mod h1:iBbtSCu2XBx23ZKBPSOrRkjjQPZFPuis4dIYUhu/chs=
 golang.org/x/mod v0.15.0/go.mod h1:hTbmBsO62+eylJbnUtE2MGJUyE7QWk4xUqPFrRgJ+7c=
 golang.org/x/mod v0.17.0/go.mod h1:hTbmBsO62+eylJbnUtE2MGJUyE7QWk4xUqPFrRgJ+7c=
-golang.org/x/mod v0.24.0 h1:ZfthKaKaT4NrhGVZHO1/WDTwGES4De8KtWO0SIbNJMU=
+golang.org/x/mod v0.27.0 h1:kb+q2PyFnEADO2IEF935ehFUXlWiNjJWtRNgBLSfbxQ=
-golang.org/x/mod v0.24.0/go.mod h1:IXM97Txy2VM4PJ3gI61r1YEk/gAj6zAHN3AdZt6S9Ww=
+golang.org/x/mod v0.27.0/go.mod h1:rWI627Fq0DEoudcK+MBkNkCe0EetEaDSwJJkCcjpazc=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20190620200207-3b0461eec859/go.mod h1:z5CRVTTTmAJ677TzLLGU+0bjPO0LkuOLi4/5GtJWs/s=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20200114155413-6afb5195e5aa/go.mod h1:z5CRVTTTmAJ677TzLLGU+0bjPO0LkuOLi4/5GtJWs/s=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20210226172049-e18ecbb05110/go.mod h1:m0MpNAwzfU5UDzcl9v0D8zg8gWTRqZa9RBIspLL5mdg=
@@ -334,8 +350,8 @@ golang.org/x/net v0.15.0/go.mod h1:idbUs1IY1+zTqbi8yxTbhexhEEk5ur9LInksu6HrEpk=
 golang.org/x/net v0.21.0/go.mod h1:bIjVDfnllIU7BJ2DNgfnXvpSvtn8VRwhlsaeUTyUS44=
 golang.org/x/net v0.25.0/go.mod h1:JkAGAh7GEvH74S6FOH42FLoXpXbE/aqXSrIQjXgsiwM=
 golang.org/x/net v0.33.0/go.mod h1:HXLR5J+9DxmrqMwG9qjGCxZ+zKXxBru04zlTvWlWuN4=
-golang.org/x/net v0.38.0 h1:vRMAPTMaeGqVhG5QyLJHqNDwecKTomGeqbnfZyKlBI8=
+golang.org/x/net v0.43.0 h1:lat02VYK2j4aLzMzecihNvTlJNQUq316m2Mr9rnM6YE=
-golang.org/x/net v0.38.0/go.mod h1:ivrbrMbzFq5J41QOQh0siUuly180yBYtLp+CKbEaFx8=
+golang.org/x/net v0.43.0/go.mod h1:vhO1fvI4dGsIjh73sWfUVjj3N7CA9WkKJNQm2svM6Jg=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20190423024810-112230192c58/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20220722155255-886fb9371eb4/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.1.0/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
@@ -343,8 +359,8 @@ golang.org/x/sync v0.3.0/go.mod h1:FU7BRWz2tNW+3quACPkgCx/L+uEAv1htQ0V83Z9Rj+Y=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.6.0/go.mod h1:Czt+wKu1gCyEFDUtn0jG5QVvpJ6rzVqr5aXyt9drQfk=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.7.0/go.mod h1:Czt+wKu1gCyEFDUtn0jG5QVvpJ6rzVqr5aXyt9drQfk=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.10.0/go.mod h1:Czt+wKu1gCyEFDUtn0jG5QVvpJ6rzVqr5aXyt9drQfk=
-golang.org/x/sync v0.14.0 h1:woo0S4Yywslg6hp4eUFjTVOyKt0RookbpAHG4c1HmhQ=
+golang.org/x/sync v0.16.0 h1:ycBJEhp9p4vXvUZNszeOq0kGTPghopOL8q0fq3vstxw=
-golang.org/x/sync v0.14.0/go.mod h1:1dzgHSNfp02xaA81J2MS99Qcpr2w7fw1gpm99rleRqA=
+golang.org/x/sync v0.16.0/go.mod h1:1dzgHSNfp02xaA81J2MS99Qcpr2w7fw1gpm99rleRqA=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190215142949-d0b11bdaac8a/go.mod h1:STP8DvDyc/dI5b8T5hshtkjS+E42TnysNCUPdjciGhY=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20201119102817-f84b799fce68/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20210615035016-665e8c7367d1/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
@@ -357,8 +373,8 @@ golang.org/x/sys v0.12.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.17.0/go.mod h1:/VUhepiaJMQUp4+oa/7Zr1D23ma6VTLIYjOOTFZPUcA=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.20.0/go.mod h1:/VUhepiaJMQUp4+oa/7Zr1D23ma6VTLIYjOOTFZPUcA=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.28.0/go.mod h1:/VUhepiaJMQUp4+oa/7Zr1D23ma6VTLIYjOOTFZPUcA=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.33.0 h1:q3i8TbbEz+JRD9ywIRlyRAQbM0qF7hu24q3teo2hbuw=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.35.0 h1:vz1N37gP5bs89s7He8XuIYXpyY0+QlsKmzipCbUtyxI=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.33.0/go.mod h1:BJP2sWEmIv4KK5OTEluFJCKSidICx8ciO85XgH3Ak8k=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.35.0/go.mod h1:BJP2sWEmIv4KK5OTEluFJCKSidICx8ciO85XgH3Ak8k=
 golang.org/x/telemetry v0.0.0-20240228155512-f48c80bd79b2/go.mod h1:TeRTkGYfJXctD9OcfyVLyj2J3IxLnKwHJR8f4D8a3YE=
 golang.org/x/term v0.0.0-20201126162022-7de9c90e9dd1/go.mod h1:bj7SfCRtBDWHUb9snDiAeCFNEtKQo2Wmx5Cou7ajbmo=
 golang.org/x/term v0.0.0-20210927222741-03fcf44c2211/go.mod h1:jbD1KX2456YbFQfuXm/mYQcufACuNUgVhRMnK/tPxf8=
@@ -377,18 +393,18 @@ golang.org/x/text v0.13.0/go.mod h1:TvPlkZtksWOMsz7fbANvkp4WM8x/WCo/om8BMLbz+aE=
 golang.org/x/text v0.14.0/go.mod h1:18ZOQIKpY8NJVqYksKHtTdi31H5itFRjB5/qKTNYzSU=
 golang.org/x/text v0.15.0/go.mod h1:18ZOQIKpY8NJVqYksKHtTdi31H5itFRjB5/qKTNYzSU=
 golang.org/x/text v0.21.0/go.mod h1:4IBbMaMmOPCJ8SecivzSH54+73PCFmPWxNTLm+vZkEQ=
-golang.org/x/text v0.24.0 h1:dd5Bzh4yt5KYA8f9CJHCP4FB4D51c2c6JvN37xJJkJ0=
+golang.org/x/text v0.28.0 h1:rhazDwis8INMIwQ4tpjLDzUhx6RlXqZNPEM0huQojng=
-golang.org/x/text v0.24.0/go.mod h1:L8rBsPeo2pSS+xqN0d5u2ikmjtmoJbDBT1b7nHvFCdU=
+golang.org/x/text v0.28.0/go.mod h1:U8nCwOR8jO/marOQ0QbDiOngZVEBB7MAiitBuMjXiNU=
-golang.org/x/time v0.9.0 h1:EsRrnYcQiGH+5FfbgvV4AP7qEZstoyrHB0DzarOQ4ZY=
+golang.org/x/time v0.12.0 h1:ScB/8o8olJvc+CQPWrK3fPZNfh7qgwCrY0zJmoEQLSE=
-golang.org/x/time v0.9.0/go.mod h1:3BpzKBy/shNhVucY/MWOyx10tF3SFh9QdLuxbVysPQM=
+golang.org/x/time v0.12.0/go.mod h1:CDIdPxbZBQxdj6cxyCIdrNogrJKMJ7pr37NYpMcMDSg=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20180917221912-90fa682c2a6e/go.mod h1:n7NCudcB/nEzxVGmLbDWY5pfWTLqBcC2KZ6jyYvM4mQ=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20191119224855-298f0cb1881e/go.mod h1:b+2E5dAYhXwXZwtnZ6UAqBI28+e2cm9otk0dWdXHAEo=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.1.12/go.mod h1:hNGJHUnrk76NpqgfD5Aqm5Crs+Hm0VOH/i9J2+nxYbc=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.6.0/go.mod h1:Xwgl3UAJ/d3gWutnCtw505GrjyAbvKui8lOU390QaIU=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.13.0/go.mod h1:HvlwmtVNQAhOuCjW7xxvovg8wbNq7LwfXh/k7wXUl58=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.21.1-0.20240508182429-e35e4ccd0d2d/go.mod h1:aiJjzUbINMkxbQROHiO6hDPo2LHcIPhhQsa9DLh0yGk=
-golang.org/x/tools v0.33.0 h1:4qz2S3zmRxbGIhDIAgjxvFutSvH5EfnsYrRBj0UI0bc=
+golang.org/x/tools v0.36.0 h1:kWS0uv/zsvHEle1LbV5LE8QujrxB3wfQyxHfhOk0Qkg=
-golang.org/x/tools v0.33.0/go.mod h1:CIJMaWEY88juyUfo7UbgPqbC8rU2OqfAV1h2Qp0oMYI=
+golang.org/x/tools v0.36.0/go.mod h1:WBDiHKJK8YgLHlcQPYQzNCkUxUypCaa5ZegCVutKm+s=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20190717185122-a985d3407aa7/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
 google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20250218202821-56aae31c358a h1:nwKuGPlUAt+aR+pcrkfFRrTU1BVrSmYyYMxYbUIVHr0=
 google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20250218202821-56aae31c358a/go.mod h1:3kWAYMk1I75K4vykHtKt2ycnOgpA6974V7bREqbsenU=
@@ -396,8 +412,8 @@ google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250218202821-56aae31c358a h1:
 google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250218202821-56aae31c358a/go.mod h1:uRxBH1mhmO8PGhU89cMcHaXKZqO+OfakD8QQO0oYwlQ=
 google.golang.org/grpc v1.71.0 h1:kF77BGdPTQ4/JZWMlb9VpJ5pa25aqvVqogsxNHHdeBg=
 google.golang.org/grpc v1.71.0/go.mod h1:H0GRtasmQOh9LkFoCPDu3ZrwUtD1YGE+b2vYBYd/8Ec=
-google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.5 h1:tPhr+woSbjfYvY6/GPufUoYizxw1cF/yFoxJ2fmpwlM=
+google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.7 h1:IgrO7UwFQGJdRNXH/sQux4R1Dj1WAKcLElzeeRaXV2A=
-google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.5/go.mod h1:9fA7Ob0pmnwhb644+1+CVWFRbNajQ6iRojtC/QF5bRE=
+google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.7/go.mod h1:jduwjTPXsFjZGTmRluh+L6NjiWu7pchiJ2/5YcXBHnY=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v0.0.0-20161208181325-20d25e280405/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20201130134442-10cb98267c6c h1:Hei/4ADfdWqJk1ZMxUNpqntNwaWcugrBjAiHlqqRiVk=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20201130134442-10cb98267c6c/go.mod h1:JHkPIbrfpd72SG/EVd6muEfDQjcINNoR0C8j2r3qZ4Q=
@@ -405,32 +421,33 @@ gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.2.2/go.mod h1:hI93XBmqTisBFMUTm0b8Fm+jr3Dg1NNxqwp+5A1VGuI=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.0-20200313102051-9f266ea9e77c/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C64Yfv1cQ7kz7rIZviUmN+EgEM=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 h1:fxVm/GzAzEWqLHuvctI91KS9hhNmmWOoWu0XTYJS7CA=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C64Yfv1cQ7kz7rIZviUmN+EgEM=
-gorm.io/driver/postgres v1.5.11 h1:ubBVAfbKEUld/twyKZ0IYn9rSQh448EdelLYk9Mv314=
+gorm.io/driver/postgres v1.6.0 h1:2dxzU8xJ+ivvqTRph34QX+WrRaJlmfyPqXmoGVjMBa4=
-gorm.io/driver/postgres v1.5.11/go.mod h1:DX3GReXH+3FPWGrrgffdvCk3DQ1dwDPdmbenSkweRGI=
+gorm.io/driver/postgres v1.6.0/go.mod h1:vUw0mrGgrTK+uPHEhAdV4sfFELrByKVGnaVRkXDhtWo=
-gorm.io/gorm v1.25.12 h1:I0u8i2hWQItBq1WfE0o2+WuL9+8L21K9e2HHSTE/0f8=
+gorm.io/gorm v1.30.1 h1:lSHg33jJTBxs2mgJRfRZeLDG+WZaHYCk3Wtfl6Ngzo4=
-gorm.io/gorm v1.25.12/go.mod h1:xh7N7RHfYlNc5EmcI/El95gXusucDrQnHXe0+CgWcLQ=
+gorm.io/gorm v1.30.1/go.mod h1:8Z33v652h4//uMA76KjeDH8mJXPm1QNCYrMeatR0DOE=
-modernc.org/cc/v4 v4.26.1 h1:+X5NtzVBn0KgsBCBe+xkDC7twLb/jNVj9FPgiwSQO3s=
+modernc.org/cc/v4 v4.26.3 h1:yEN8dzrkRFnn4PUUKXLYIqVf2PJYAEjMTFjO3BDGc3I=
-modernc.org/cc/v4 v4.26.1/go.mod h1:uVtb5OGqUKpoLWhqwNQo/8LwvoiEBLvZXIQ/SmO6mL0=
+modernc.org/cc/v4 v4.26.3/go.mod h1:uVtb5OGqUKpoLWhqwNQo/8LwvoiEBLvZXIQ/SmO6mL0=
 modernc.org/ccgo/v4 v4.28.0 h1:rjznn6WWehKq7dG4JtLRKxb52Ecv8OUGah8+Z/SfpNU=
 modernc.org/ccgo/v4 v4.28.0/go.mod h1:JygV3+9AV6SmPhDasu4JgquwU81XAKLd3OKTUDNOiKE=
-modernc.org/fileutil v1.3.1 h1:8vq5fe7jdtEvoCf3Zf9Nm0Q05sH6kGx0Op2CPx1wTC8=
+modernc.org/fileutil v1.3.15 h1:rJAXTP6ilMW/1+kzDiqmBlHLWszheUFXIyGQIAvjJpY=
-modernc.org/fileutil v1.3.1/go.mod h1:HxmghZSZVAz/LXcMNwZPA/DRrQZEVP9VX0V4LQGQFOc=
+modernc.org/fileutil v1.3.15/go.mod h1:HxmghZSZVAz/LXcMNwZPA/DRrQZEVP9VX0V4LQGQFOc=
 modernc.org/gc/v2 v2.6.5 h1:nyqdV8q46KvTpZlsw66kWqwXRHdjIlJOhG6kxiV/9xI=
 modernc.org/gc/v2 v2.6.5/go.mod h1:YgIahr1ypgfe7chRuJi2gD7DBQiKSLMPgBQe9oIiito=
-modernc.org/libc v1.65.6 h1:OhJUhmuJ6MVZdqL5qmnd0/my46DKGFhSX4WOR7ijfyE=
+modernc.org/goabi0 v0.2.0 h1:HvEowk7LxcPd0eq6mVOAEMai46V+i7Jrj13t4AzuNks=
-modernc.org/libc v1.65.6/go.mod h1:MOiGAM9lrMBT9L8xT1nO41qYl5eg9gCp9/kWhz5L7WA=
+modernc.org/goabi0 v0.2.0/go.mod h1:CEFRnnJhKvWT1c1JTI3Avm+tgOWbkOu5oPA8eH8LnMI=
+modernc.org/libc v1.66.7 h1:rjhZ8OSCybKWxS1CJr0hikpEi6Vg+944Ouyrd+bQsoY=
+modernc.org/libc v1.66.7/go.mod h1:ln6tbWX0NH+mzApEoDRvilBvAWFt1HX7AUA4VDdVDPM=
 modernc.org/mathutil v1.7.1 h1:GCZVGXdaN8gTqB1Mf/usp1Y/hSqgI2vAGGP4jZMCxOU=
 modernc.org/mathutil v1.7.1/go.mod h1:4p5IwJITfppl0G4sUEDtCr4DthTaT47/N3aT6MhfgJg=
-modernc.org/memory v1.10.0 h1:fzumd51yQ1DxcOxSO+S6X7+QTuVU+n8/Aj7swYjFfC4=
+modernc.org/memory v1.11.0 h1:o4QC8aMQzmcwCK3t3Ux/ZHmwFPzE6hf2Y5LbkRs+hbI=
-modernc.org/memory v1.10.0/go.mod h1:/JP4VbVC+K5sU2wZi9bHoq2MAkCnrt2r98UGeSK7Mjw=
+modernc.org/memory v1.11.0/go.mod h1:/JP4VbVC+K5sU2wZi9bHoq2MAkCnrt2r98UGeSK7Mjw=
 modernc.org/opt v0.1.4 h1:2kNGMRiUjrp4LcaPuLY2PzUfqM/w9N23quVwhKt5Qm8=
 modernc.org/opt v0.1.4/go.mod h1:03fq9lsNfvkYSfxrfUhZCWPk1lm4cq4N+Bh//bEtgns=
 modernc.org/sortutil v1.2.1 h1:+xyoGf15mM3NMlPDnFqrteY07klSFxLElE2PVuWIJ7w=
 modernc.org/sortutil v1.2.1/go.mod h1:7ZI3a3REbai7gzCLcotuw9AC4VZVpYMjDzETGsSMqJE=
-modernc.org/sqlite v1.37.0 h1:s1TMe7T3Q3ovQiK2Ouz4Jwh7dw4ZDqbebSDTlSJdfjI=
+modernc.org/sqlite v1.38.2 h1:Aclu7+tgjgcQVShZqim41Bbw9Cho0y/7WzYptXqkEek=
-modernc.org/sqlite v1.37.0/go.mod h1:5YiWv+YviqGMuGw4V+PNplcyaJ5v+vQd7TQOgkACoJM=
+modernc.org/sqlite v1.38.2/go.mod h1:cPTJYSlgg3Sfg046yBShXENNtPrWrDX8bsbAQBzgQ5E=
 modernc.org/strutil v1.2.1 h1:UneZBkQA+DX2Rp35KcM69cSsNES9ly8mQWD71HKlOA0=
 modernc.org/strutil v1.2.1/go.mod h1:EHkiggD70koQxjVdSBM3JKM7k6L0FbGE5eymy9i3B9A=
 modernc.org/token v1.1.0 h1:Xl7Ap9dKaEs5kLoOQeQmPWevfnk/DM5qcLcYlA8ys6Y=
 modernc.org/token v1.1.0/go.mod h1:UGzOrNV1mAFSEB63lOFHIpNRUVMvYTc6yu1SMY/XTDM=
-nullprogram.com/x/optparse v1.0.0/go.mod h1:KdyPE+Igbe0jQUrVfMqDMeJQIJZEuyV7pjYmp6pbG50=

backend/internal/bootstrap/application_images_bootstrap.go

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 package bootstrap
 
 import (
-	"log"
+	"fmt"
 	"os"
 	"path"
 	"strings"
@@ -12,17 +12,17 @@ import (
 )
 
 // initApplicationImages copies the images from the images directory to the application-images directory
-func initApplicationImages() {
+func initApplicationImages() error {
 	dirPath := common.EnvConfig.UploadPath + "/application-images"
 
 	sourceFiles, err := resources.FS.ReadDir("images")
 	if err != nil && !os.IsNotExist(err) {
-		log.Fatalf("Error reading directory: %v", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to read directory: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	destinationFiles, err := os.ReadDir(dirPath)
 	if err != nil && !os.IsNotExist(err) {
-		log.Fatalf("Error reading directory: %v", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to read directory: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	// Copy images from the images directory to the application-images directory if they don't already exist
@@ -35,9 +35,11 @@ func initApplicationImages() {
 
 		err := utils.CopyEmbeddedFileToDisk(srcFilePath, destFilePath)
 		if err != nil {
-			log.Fatalf("Error copying file: %v", err)
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to copy file: %w", err)
 		}
 	}
+
+	return nil
 }
 
 func imageAlreadyExists(fileName string, destinationFiles []os.DirEntry) bool {

backend/internal/bootstrap/bootstrap.go

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ package bootstrap
 import (
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
-	"log"
+	"log/slog"
 	"time"
 
 	_ "github.com/golang-migrate/migrate/v4/source/file"
@@ -11,23 +11,26 @@ import (
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/common"
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/job"
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/utils"
-	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/utils/signals"
 )
 
-func Bootstrap() error {
+func Bootstrap(ctx context.Context) error {
-	// Get a context that is canceled when the application is stopping
+	// Initialize the observability stack, including the logger, distributed tracing, and metrics
-	ctx := signals.SignalContext(context.Background())
+	shutdownFns, httpClient, err := initObservability(ctx, common.EnvConfig.MetricsEnabled, common.EnvConfig.TracingEnabled)
-
-	initApplicationImages()
-
-	// Initialize the tracer and metrics exporter
-	shutdownFns, httpClient, err := initOtel(ctx, common.EnvConfig.MetricsEnabled, common.EnvConfig.TracingEnabled)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to initialize OpenTelemetry: %w", err)
 	}
+	slog.InfoContext(ctx, "Pocket ID is starting")
+
+	err = initApplicationImages()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to initialize application images: %w", err)
+	}
 
 	// Connect to the database
-	db := NewDatabase()
+	db, err := NewDatabase()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to initialize database: %w", err)
+	}
 
 	// Create all services
 	svc, err := initServices(ctx, db, httpClient)
@@ -59,13 +62,14 @@ func Bootstrap() error {
 
 	// Invoke all shutdown functions
 	// We give these a timeout of 5s
+	// Note: we use a background context because the run context has been canceled already
 	shutdownCtx, shutdownCancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 5*time.Second)
 	defer shutdownCancel()
 	err = utils.
 		NewServiceRunner(shutdownFns...).
-		Run(shutdownCtx)
+		Run(shutdownCtx) //nolint:contextcheck
 	if err != nil {
-		log.Printf("Error shutting down services: %v", err)
+		slog.Error("Error shutting down services", slog.Any("error", err))
 	}
 
 	return nil

backend/internal/bootstrap/db_bootstrap.go

@@ -3,9 +3,8 @@ package bootstrap
 import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	"log"
+	"log/slog"
 	"net/url"
-	"os"
 	"strings"
 	"time"
 
@@ -15,22 +14,24 @@ import (
 	postgresMigrate "github.com/golang-migrate/migrate/v4/database/postgres"
 	sqliteMigrate "github.com/golang-migrate/migrate/v4/database/sqlite3"
 	"github.com/golang-migrate/migrate/v4/source/iofs"
+	slogGorm "github.com/orandin/slog-gorm"
 	"gorm.io/driver/postgres"
 	"gorm.io/gorm"
-	"gorm.io/gorm/logger"
+	gormLogger "gorm.io/gorm/logger"
 
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/common"
+	sqliteutil "github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/utils/sqlite"
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/resources"
 )
 
-func NewDatabase() (db *gorm.DB) {
+func NewDatabase() (db *gorm.DB, err error) {
-	db, err := connectDatabase()
+	db, err = connectDatabase()
 	if err != nil {
-		log.Fatalf("failed to connect to database: %v", err)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to connect to database: %w", err)
 	}
 	sqlDb, err := db.DB()
 	if err != nil {
-		log.Fatalf("failed to get sql.DB: %v", err)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to get sql.DB: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	// Choose the correct driver for the database provider
@@ -42,18 +43,18 @@ func NewDatabase() (db *gorm.DB) {
 		driver, err = postgresMigrate.WithInstance(sqlDb, &postgresMigrate.Config{})
 	default:
 		// Should never happen at this point
-		log.Fatalf("unsupported database provider: %s", common.EnvConfig.DbProvider)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported database provider: %s", common.EnvConfig.DbProvider)
 	}
 	if err != nil {
-		log.Fatalf("failed to create migration driver: %v", err)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create migration driver: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	// Run migrations
 	if err := migrateDatabase(driver); err != nil {
-		log.Fatalf("failed to run migrations: %v", err)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to run migrations: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	return db
+	return db, nil
 }
 
 func migrateDatabase(driver database.Driver) error {
@@ -85,9 +86,7 @@ func connectDatabase() (db *gorm.DB, err error) {
 		if common.EnvConfig.DbConnectionString == "" {
 			return nil, errors.New("missing required env var 'DB_CONNECTION_STRING' for SQLite database")
 		}
-		if !strings.HasPrefix(common.EnvConfig.DbConnectionString, "file:") {
+		sqliteutil.RegisterSqliteFunctions()
-			return nil, errors.New("invalid value for env var 'DB_CONNECTION_STRING': does not begin with 'file:'")
-		}
 		connString, err := parseSqliteConnectionString(common.EnvConfig.DbConnectionString)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
@@ -105,38 +104,59 @@ func connectDatabase() (db *gorm.DB, err error) {
 	for i := 1; i <= 3; i++ {
 		db, err = gorm.Open(dialector, &gorm.Config{
 			TranslateError: true,
-			Logger:         getLogger(),
+			Logger:         getGormLogger(),
 		})
 		if err == nil {
+			slog.Info("Connected to database", slog.String("provider", string(common.EnvConfig.DbProvider)))
 			return db, nil
 		}
 
-		log.Printf("Attempt %d: Failed to initialize database. Retrying...", i)
+		slog.Warn("Failed to connect to database, will retry in 3s", slog.Int("attempt", i), slog.String("provider", string(common.EnvConfig.DbProvider)), slog.Any("error", err))
 		time.Sleep(3 * time.Second)
 	}
 
+	slog.Error("Failed to connect to database after 3 attempts", slog.String("provider", string(common.EnvConfig.DbProvider)), slog.Any("error", err))
+
 	return nil, err
 }
 
+func parseSqliteConnectionString(connString string) (string, error) {
+	if !strings.HasPrefix(connString, "file:") {
+		connString = "file:" + connString
+	}
+
+	// Check if we're using an in-memory database
+	isMemoryDB := isSqliteInMemory(connString)
+
+	// Parse the connection string
+	connStringUrl, err := url.Parse(connString)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to parse SQLite connection string: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Convert options for the old SQLite driver to the new one
+	convertSqlitePragmaArgs(connStringUrl)
+
+	// Add the default and required params
+	err = addSqliteDefaultParameters(connStringUrl, isMemoryDB)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("invalid SQLite connection string: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return connStringUrl.String(), nil
+}
+
 // The official C implementation of SQLite allows some additional properties in the connection string
 // that are not supported in the in the modernc.org/sqlite driver, and which must be passed as PRAGMA args instead.
 // To ensure that people can use similar args as in the C driver, which was also used by Pocket ID
 // previously (via github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3), we are converting some options.
-func parseSqliteConnectionString(connString string) (string, error) {
+// Note this function updates connStringUrl.
-	if !strings.HasPrefix(connString, "file:") {
+func convertSqlitePragmaArgs(connStringUrl *url.URL) {
-		connString = "file:" + connString
-	}
-
-	connStringUrl, err := url.Parse(connString)
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to parse SQLite connection string: %w", err)
-	}
-
 	// Reference: https://github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3?tab=readme-ov-file#connection-string
 	// This only includes a subset of options, excluding those that are not relevant to us
 	qs := make(url.Values, len(connStringUrl.Query()))
 	for k, v := range connStringUrl.Query() {
-		switch k {
+		switch strings.ToLower(k) {
 		case "_auto_vacuum", "_vacuum":
 			qs.Add("_pragma", "auto_vacuum("+v[0]+")")
 		case "_busy_timeout", "_timeout":
@@ -157,29 +177,144 @@ func parseSqliteConnectionString(connString string) (string, error) {
 		}
 	}
 
+	// Update the connStringUrl object
 	connStringUrl.RawQuery = qs.Encode()
-
-	return connStringUrl.String(), nil
 }
 
-func getLogger() logger.Interface {
+// Adds the default (and some required) parameters to the SQLite connection string.
-	isProduction := common.EnvConfig.AppEnv == "production"
+// Note this function updates connStringUrl.
+func addSqliteDefaultParameters(connStringUrl *url.URL, isMemoryDB bool) error {
+	// This function include code adapted from https://github.com/dapr/components-contrib/blob/v1.14.6/
+	// Copyright (C) 2023 The Dapr Authors
+	// License: Apache2
+	const defaultBusyTimeout = 2500 * time.Millisecond
 
-	var logLevel logger.LogLevel
+	// Get the "query string" from the connection string if present
-	if isProduction {
+	qs := connStringUrl.Query()
-		logLevel = logger.Error
+	if len(qs) == 0 {
-	} else {
+		qs = make(url.Values, 2)
-		logLevel = logger.Info
 	}
 
-	return logger.New(
+	// If the database is in-memory, we must ensure that cache=shared is set
-		log.New(os.Stdout, "\r\n", log.LstdFlags),
+	if isMemoryDB {
-		logger.Config{
+		qs["cache"] = []string{"shared"}
-			SlowThreshold:             200 * time.Millisecond,
+	}
-			LogLevel:                  logLevel,
+
-			IgnoreRecordNotFoundError: isProduction,
+	// Check if the database is read-only or immutable
-			ParameterizedQueries:      isProduction,
+	isReadOnly := false
-			Colorful:                  !isProduction,
+	if len(qs["mode"]) > 0 {
-		},
+		// Keep the first value only
-	)
+		qs["mode"] = []string{
+			strings.ToLower(qs["mode"][0]),
+		}
+		if qs["mode"][0] == "ro" {
+			isReadOnly = true
+		}
+	}
+	if len(qs["immutable"]) > 0 {
+		// Keep the first value only
+		qs["immutable"] = []string{
+			strings.ToLower(qs["immutable"][0]),
+		}
+		if qs["immutable"][0] == "1" {
+			isReadOnly = true
+		}
+	}
+
+	// We do not want to override a _txlock if set, but we'll show a warning if it's not "immediate"
+	if len(qs["_txlock"]) > 0 {
+		// Keep the first value only
+		qs["_txlock"] = []string{
+			strings.ToLower(qs["_txlock"][0]),
+		}
+		if qs["_txlock"][0] != "immediate" {
+			slog.Warn("SQLite connection is being created with a _txlock different from the recommended value 'immediate'")
+		}
+	} else {
+		qs["_txlock"] = []string{"immediate"}
+	}
+
+	// Add pragma values
+	var hasBusyTimeout, hasJournalMode bool
+	if len(qs["_pragma"]) == 0 {
+		qs["_pragma"] = make([]string, 0, 3)
+	} else {
+		for _, p := range qs["_pragma"] {
+			p = strings.ToLower(p)
+			switch {
+			case strings.HasPrefix(p, "busy_timeout"):
+				hasBusyTimeout = true
+			case strings.HasPrefix(p, "journal_mode"):
+				hasJournalMode = true
+			case strings.HasPrefix(p, "foreign_keys"):
+				return errors.New("found forbidden option '_pragma=foreign_keys' in the connection string")
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	if !hasBusyTimeout {
+		qs["_pragma"] = append(qs["_pragma"], fmt.Sprintf("busy_timeout(%d)", defaultBusyTimeout.Milliseconds()))
+	}
+	if !hasJournalMode {
+		switch {
+		case isMemoryDB:
+			// For in-memory databases, set the journal to MEMORY, the only allowed option besides OFF (which would make transactions ineffective)
+			qs["_pragma"] = append(qs["_pragma"], "journal_mode(MEMORY)")
+		case isReadOnly:
+			// Set the journaling mode to "DELETE" (the default) if the database is read-only
+			qs["_pragma"] = append(qs["_pragma"], "journal_mode(DELETE)")
+		default:
+			// Enable WAL
+			qs["_pragma"] = append(qs["_pragma"], "journal_mode(WAL)")
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Forcefully enable foreign keys
+	qs["_pragma"] = append(qs["_pragma"], "foreign_keys(1)")
+
+	// Update the connStringUrl object
+	connStringUrl.RawQuery = qs.Encode()
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// isSqliteInMemory returns true if the connection string is for an in-memory database.
+func isSqliteInMemory(connString string) bool {
+	lc := strings.ToLower(connString)
+
+	// First way to define an in-memory database is to use ":memory:" or "file::memory:" as connection string
+	if strings.HasPrefix(lc, ":memory:") || strings.HasPrefix(lc, "file::memory:") {
+		return true
+	}
+
+	// Another way is to pass "mode=memory" in the "query string"
+	idx := strings.IndexRune(lc, '?')
+	if idx < 0 {
+		return false
+	}
+	qs, _ := url.ParseQuery(lc[(idx + 1):])
+
+	return len(qs["mode"]) > 0 && qs["mode"][0] == "memory"
+}
+
+func getGormLogger() gormLogger.Interface {
+	loggerOpts := make([]slogGorm.Option, 0, 5)
+	loggerOpts = append(loggerOpts,
+		slogGorm.WithSlowThreshold(200*time.Millisecond),
+		slogGorm.WithErrorField("error"),
+	)
+
+	if common.EnvConfig.AppEnv == "production" {
+		loggerOpts = append(loggerOpts,
+			slogGorm.SetLogLevel(slogGorm.DefaultLogType, slog.LevelWarn),
+			slogGorm.WithIgnoreTrace(),
+		)
+	} else {
+		loggerOpts = append(loggerOpts,
+			slogGorm.SetLogLevel(slogGorm.DefaultLogType, slog.LevelDebug),
+			slogGorm.WithRecordNotFoundError(),
+			slogGorm.WithTraceAll(),
+		)
+	}
+
+	return slogGorm.New(loggerOpts...)
 }

backend/internal/bootstrap/db_bootstrap_test.go

@@ -8,23 +8,93 @@ import (
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )
 
-func TestParseSqliteConnectionString(t *testing.T) {
+func TestIsSqliteInMemory(t *testing.T) {
 	tests := []struct {
-		name          string
+		name     string
-		input         string
+		connStr  string
-		expected      string
+		expected bool
-		expectedError bool
+	}{
+		{
+			name:     "memory database with :memory:",
+			connStr:  ":memory:",
+			expected: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "memory database with file::memory:",
+			connStr:  "file::memory:",
+			expected: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "memory database with :MEMORY: (uppercase)",
+			connStr:  ":MEMORY:",
+			expected: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "memory database with FILE::MEMORY: (uppercase)",
+			connStr:  "FILE::MEMORY:",
+			expected: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "memory database with mixed case",
+			connStr:  ":Memory:",
+			expected: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "has mode=memory",
+			connStr:  "file:data?mode=memory",
+			expected: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "file database",
+			connStr:  "data.db",
+			expected: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "file database with path",
+			connStr:  "/path/to/data.db",
+			expected: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "file database with file: prefix",
+			connStr:  "file:data.db",
+			expected: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "empty string",
+			connStr:  "",
+			expected: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "string containing memory but not at start",
+			connStr:  "data:memory:.db",
+			expected: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "has mode=ro",
+			connStr:  "file:data?mode=ro",
+			expected: false,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			result := isSqliteInMemory(tt.connStr)
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.expected, result)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestConvertSqlitePragmaArgs(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name     string
+		input    string
+		expected string
 	}{
 		{
 			name:     "basic file path",
 			input:    "file:test.db",
 			expected: "file:test.db",
 		},
-		{
-			name:     "adds file: prefix if missing",
-			input:    "test.db",
-			expected: "file:test.db",
-		},
 		{
 			name:     "converts _busy_timeout to pragma",
 			input:    "file:test.db?_busy_timeout=5000",
@@ -100,46 +170,161 @@ func TestParseSqliteConnectionString(t *testing.T) {
 			input:    "file:test.db?_fk=1&mode=rw&_timeout=5000",
 			expected: "file:test.db?_pragma=foreign_keys%281%29&_pragma=busy_timeout%285000%29&mode=rw",
 		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			resultURL, _ := url.Parse(tt.input)
+			convertSqlitePragmaArgs(resultURL)
+
+			// Parse both URLs to compare components independently
+			expectedURL, err := url.Parse(tt.expected)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+
+			// Compare scheme and path components
+			compareQueryStrings(t, expectedURL, resultURL)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAddSqliteDefaultParameters(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name        string
+		input       string
+		isMemoryDB  bool
+		expected    string
+		expectError bool
+	}{
 		{
-			name:          "invalid URL format",
+			name:       "basic file database",
-			input:         "file:invalid#$%^&*@test.db",
+			input:      "file:test.db",
-			expectedError: true,
+			isMemoryDB: false,
+			expected:   "file:test.db?_pragma=busy_timeout%282500%29&_pragma=foreign_keys%281%29&_pragma=journal_mode%28WAL%29&_txlock=immediate",
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "in-memory database",
+			input:      "file::memory:",
+			isMemoryDB: true,
+			expected:   "file::memory:?_pragma=busy_timeout%282500%29&_pragma=foreign_keys%281%29&_pragma=journal_mode%28MEMORY%29&_txlock=immediate&cache=shared",
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "read-only database with mode=ro",
+			input:      "file:test.db?mode=ro",
+			isMemoryDB: false,
+			expected:   "file:test.db?_pragma=busy_timeout%282500%29&_pragma=foreign_keys%281%29&_pragma=journal_mode%28DELETE%29&_txlock=immediate&mode=ro",
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "immutable database",
+			input:      "file:test.db?immutable=1",
+			isMemoryDB: false,
+			expected:   "file:test.db?_pragma=busy_timeout%282500%29&_pragma=foreign_keys%281%29&_pragma=journal_mode%28DELETE%29&_txlock=immediate&immutable=1",
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "database with existing _txlock",
+			input:      "file:test.db?_txlock=deferred",
+			isMemoryDB: false,
+			expected:   "file:test.db?_pragma=busy_timeout%282500%29&_pragma=foreign_keys%281%29&_pragma=journal_mode%28WAL%29&_txlock=deferred",
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "database with existing busy_timeout pragma",
+			input:      "file:test.db?_pragma=busy_timeout%285000%29",
+			isMemoryDB: false,
+			expected:   "file:test.db?_pragma=busy_timeout%285000%29&_pragma=foreign_keys%281%29&_pragma=journal_mode%28WAL%29&_txlock=immediate",
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "database with existing journal_mode pragma",
+			input:      "file:test.db?_pragma=journal_mode%28DELETE%29",
+			isMemoryDB: false,
+			expected:   "file:test.db?_pragma=busy_timeout%282500%29&_pragma=foreign_keys%281%29&_pragma=journal_mode%28DELETE%29&_txlock=immediate",
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "database with forbidden foreign_keys pragma",
+			input:       "file:test.db?_pragma=foreign_keys%280%29",
+			isMemoryDB:  false,
+			expectError: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "database with multiple existing pragmas",
+			input:      "file:test.db?_pragma=busy_timeout%283000%29&_pragma=journal_mode%28TRUNCATE%29&_pragma=synchronous%28NORMAL%29",
+			isMemoryDB: false,
+			expected:   "file:test.db?_pragma=busy_timeout%283000%29&_pragma=foreign_keys%281%29&_pragma=journal_mode%28TRUNCATE%29&_pragma=synchronous%28NORMAL%29&_txlock=immediate",
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "in-memory database with cache already set",
+			input:      "file::memory:?cache=private",
+			isMemoryDB: true,
+			expected:   "file::memory:?_pragma=busy_timeout%282500%29&_pragma=foreign_keys%281%29&_pragma=journal_mode%28MEMORY%29&_txlock=immediate&cache=shared",
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "database with mode=rw (not read-only)",
+			input:      "file:test.db?mode=rw",
+			isMemoryDB: false,
+			expected:   "file:test.db?_pragma=busy_timeout%282500%29&_pragma=foreign_keys%281%29&_pragma=journal_mode%28WAL%29&_txlock=immediate&mode=rw",
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "database with immutable=0 (not immutable)",
+			input:      "file:test.db?immutable=0",
+			isMemoryDB: false,
+			expected:   "file:test.db?_pragma=busy_timeout%282500%29&_pragma=foreign_keys%281%29&_pragma=journal_mode%28WAL%29&_txlock=immediate&immutable=0",
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "database with mixed case mode=RO",
+			input:      "file:test.db?mode=RO",
+			isMemoryDB: false,
+			expected:   "file:test.db?_pragma=busy_timeout%282500%29&_pragma=foreign_keys%281%29&_pragma=journal_mode%28DELETE%29&_txlock=immediate&mode=ro",
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "database with mixed case immutable=1",
+			input:      "file:test.db?immutable=1",
+			isMemoryDB: false,
+			expected:   "file:test.db?_pragma=busy_timeout%282500%29&_pragma=foreign_keys%281%29&_pragma=journal_mode%28DELETE%29&_txlock=immediate&immutable=1",
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "complex database configuration",
+			input:      "file:test.db?cache=shared&mode=rwc&_txlock=immediate&_pragma=synchronous%28FULL%29",
+			isMemoryDB: false,
+			expected:   "file:test.db?_pragma=busy_timeout%282500%29&_pragma=foreign_keys%281%29&_pragma=journal_mode%28WAL%29&_pragma=synchronous%28FULL%29&_txlock=immediate&cache=shared&mode=rwc",
 		},
 	}
 
 	for _, tt := range tests {
 		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			result, err := parseSqliteConnectionString(tt.input)
+			resultURL, err := url.Parse(tt.input)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
 
-			if tt.expectedError {
+			err = addSqliteDefaultParameters(resultURL, tt.isMemoryDB)
+
+			if tt.expectError {
 				require.Error(t, err)
 				return
 			}
 
 			require.NoError(t, err)
 
-			// Parse both URLs to compare components independently
 			expectedURL, err := url.Parse(tt.expected)
 			require.NoError(t, err)
 
-			resultURL, err := url.Parse(result)
+			compareQueryStrings(t, expectedURL, resultURL)
-			require.NoError(t, err)
-
-			// Compare scheme and path components
-			assert.Equal(t, expectedURL.Scheme, resultURL.Scheme)
-			assert.Equal(t, expectedURL.Path, resultURL.Path)
-
-			// Compare query parameters regardless of order
-			expectedQuery := expectedURL.Query()
-			resultQuery := resultURL.Query()
-
-			assert.Len(t, expectedQuery, len(resultQuery))
-
-			for key, expectedValues := range expectedQuery {
-				resultValues, ok := resultQuery[key]
-				_ = assert.True(t, ok) &&
-					assert.ElementsMatch(t, expectedValues, resultValues)
-			}
 		})
 	}
 }
+
+func compareQueryStrings(t *testing.T, expectedURL *url.URL, resultURL *url.URL) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	// Compare scheme and path components
+	assert.Equal(t, expectedURL.Scheme, resultURL.Scheme)
+	assert.Equal(t, expectedURL.Path, resultURL.Path)
+
+	// Compare query parameters regardless of order
+	expectedQuery := expectedURL.Query()
+	resultQuery := resultURL.Query()
+
+	assert.Len(t, expectedQuery, len(resultQuery))
+
+	for key, expectedValues := range expectedQuery {
+		resultValues, ok := resultQuery[key]
+		_ = assert.True(t, ok) &&
+			assert.ElementsMatch(t, expectedValues, resultValues)
+	}
+}

backend/internal/bootstrap/e2etest_router_bootstrap.go

@@ -3,7 +3,8 @@
 package bootstrap
 
 import (
-	"log"
+	"log/slog"
+	"os"
 
 	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
 	"gorm.io/gorm"
@@ -18,7 +19,8 @@ func init() {
 		func(apiGroup *gin.RouterGroup, db *gorm.DB, svc *services) {
 			testService, err := service.NewTestService(db, svc.appConfigService, svc.jwtService, svc.ldapService)
 			if err != nil {
-				log.Fatalf("failed to initialize test service: %v", err)
+				slog.Error("Failed to initialize test service", slog.Any("error", err))
+				os.Exit(1)
 				return
 			}
 

backend/internal/bootstrap/observability_boostrap.go

@@ -0,0 +1,210 @@
+package bootstrap
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"log/slog"
+	"net/http"
+	"os"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/lmittmann/tint"
+	"github.com/mattn/go-isatty"
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/bridges/otelslog"
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/exporters/autoexport"
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/net/http/otelhttp"
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel"
+	globallog "go.opentelemetry.io/otel/log/global"
+	metricnoop "go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric/noop"
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/propagation"
+	sdklog "go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/log"
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/metric"
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/resource"
+	sdktrace "go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/trace"
+	semconv "go.opentelemetry.io/otel/semconv/v1.30.0"
+	tracenoop "go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace/noop"
+
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/common"
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/utils"
+)
+
+func defaultResource() (*resource.Resource, error) {
+	return resource.Merge(
+		resource.Default(),
+		resource.NewSchemaless(
+			semconv.ServiceName(common.Name),
+			semconv.ServiceVersion(common.Version),
+		),
+	)
+}
+
+func initObservability(ctx context.Context, metrics, traces bool) (shutdownFns []utils.Service, httpClient *http.Client, err error) {
+	resource, err := defaultResource()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create OpenTelemetry resource: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	shutdownFns = make([]utils.Service, 0, 2)
+
+	httpClient = &http.Client{}
+	defaultTransport, ok := http.DefaultTransport.(*http.Transport)
+	if !ok {
+		// Indicates a development-time error
+		panic("Default transport is not of type *http.Transport")
+	}
+	httpClient.Transport = defaultTransport.Clone()
+
+	// Logging
+	err = initOtelLogging(ctx, resource)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+
+	// Tracing
+	tracingShutdownFn, err := initOtelTracing(ctx, traces, resource, httpClient)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	} else if tracingShutdownFn != nil {
+		shutdownFns = append(shutdownFns, tracingShutdownFn)
+	}
+
+	// Metrics
+	metricsShutdownFn, err := initOtelMetrics(ctx, metrics, resource)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	} else if metricsShutdownFn != nil {
+		shutdownFns = append(shutdownFns, metricsShutdownFn)
+	}
+
+	return shutdownFns, httpClient, nil
+}
+
+func initOtelLogging(ctx context.Context, resource *resource.Resource) error {
+	// If the env var OTEL_LOGS_EXPORTER is empty, we set it to "none", for autoexport to work
+	if os.Getenv("OTEL_LOGS_EXPORTER") == "" {
+		os.Setenv("OTEL_LOGS_EXPORTER", "none")
+	}
+	exp, err := autoexport.NewLogExporter(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to initialize OpenTelemetry log exporter: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	level := slog.LevelDebug
+	if common.EnvConfig.AppEnv == "production" {
+		level = slog.LevelInfo
+	}
+
+	// Create the handler
+	var handler slog.Handler
+	switch {
+	case common.EnvConfig.LogJSON:
+		// Log as JSON if configured
+		handler = slog.NewJSONHandler(os.Stdout, &slog.HandlerOptions{
+			Level: level,
+		})
+	case isatty.IsTerminal(os.Stdout.Fd()):
+		// Enable colors if we have a TTY
+		handler = tint.NewHandler(os.Stdout, &tint.Options{
+			TimeFormat: time.StampMilli,
+			Level:      level,
+		})
+	default:
+		handler = slog.NewTextHandler(os.Stdout, &slog.HandlerOptions{
+			Level: level,
+		})
+	}
+
+	// Create the logger provider
+	provider := sdklog.NewLoggerProvider(
+		sdklog.WithProcessor(
+			sdklog.NewBatchProcessor(exp),
+		),
+		sdklog.WithResource(resource),
+	)
+
+	// Set the logger provider globally
+	globallog.SetLoggerProvider(provider)
+
+	// Wrap the handler in a "fanout" one
+	handler = utils.LogFanoutHandler{
+		handler,
+		otelslog.NewHandler(common.Name, otelslog.WithLoggerProvider(provider)),
+	}
+
+	// Set the default slog to send logs to OTel and add the app name
+	log := slog.New(handler).
+		With(slog.String("app", common.Name)).
+		With(slog.String("version", common.Version))
+	slog.SetDefault(log)
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func initOtelTracing(ctx context.Context, traces bool, resource *resource.Resource, httpClient *http.Client) (shutdownFn utils.Service, err error) {
+	if !traces {
+		otel.SetTracerProvider(tracenoop.NewTracerProvider())
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	tr, err := autoexport.NewSpanExporter(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to initialize OpenTelemetry span exporter: %w", err)
+	}
+	tp := sdktrace.NewTracerProvider(
+		sdktrace.WithResource(resource),
+		sdktrace.WithBatcher(tr),
+	)
+
+	otel.SetTracerProvider(tp)
+	otel.SetTextMapPropagator(
+		propagation.NewCompositeTextMapPropagator(
+			propagation.TraceContext{},
+			propagation.Baggage{},
+		),
+	)
+
+	shutdownFn = func(shutdownCtx context.Context) error { //nolint:contextcheck
+		tpCtx, tpCancel := context.WithTimeout(shutdownCtx, 10*time.Second)
+		defer tpCancel()
+		shutdownErr := tp.Shutdown(tpCtx)
+		if shutdownErr != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to gracefully shut down traces exporter: %w", shutdownErr)
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// Add tracing to the HTTP client
+	httpClient.Transport = otelhttp.NewTransport(httpClient.Transport)
+
+	return shutdownFn, nil
+}
+
+func initOtelMetrics(ctx context.Context, metrics bool, resource *resource.Resource) (shutdownFn utils.Service, err error) {
+	if !metrics {
+		otel.SetMeterProvider(metricnoop.NewMeterProvider())
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	mr, err := autoexport.NewMetricReader(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to initialize OpenTelemetry metric reader: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	mp := metric.NewMeterProvider(
+		metric.WithResource(resource),
+		metric.WithReader(mr),
+	)
+	otel.SetMeterProvider(mp)
+
+	shutdownFn = func(shutdownCtx context.Context) error { //nolint:contextcheck
+		mpCtx, mpCancel := context.WithTimeout(shutdownCtx, 10*time.Second)
+		defer mpCancel()
+		shutdownErr := mp.Shutdown(mpCtx)
+		if shutdownErr != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to gracefully shut down metrics exporter: %w", shutdownErr)
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	return shutdownFn, nil
+}

backend/internal/bootstrap/otel_boostrap.go

@@ -1,107 +0,0 @@
-package bootstrap
-
-import (
-	"context"
-	"fmt"
-	"net/http"
-	"time"
-
-	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/common"
-	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/utils"
-	"go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/exporters/autoexport"
-	"go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/net/http/otelhttp"
-	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel"
-	metricnoop "go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric/noop"
-	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/propagation"
-	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/metric"
-	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/resource"
-	sdktrace "go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/trace"
-	semconv "go.opentelemetry.io/otel/semconv/v1.30.0"
-	tracenoop "go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace/noop"
-)
-
-func defaultResource() (*resource.Resource, error) {
-	return resource.Merge(
-		resource.Default(),
-		resource.NewSchemaless(
-			semconv.ServiceName("pocket-id-backend"),
-			semconv.ServiceVersion(common.Version),
-		),
-	)
-}
-
-func initOtel(ctx context.Context, metrics, traces bool) (shutdownFns []utils.Service, httpClient *http.Client, err error) {
-	resource, err := defaultResource()
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create OpenTelemetry resource: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	shutdownFns = make([]utils.Service, 0, 2)
-
-	httpClient = &http.Client{}
-	defaultTransport, ok := http.DefaultTransport.(*http.Transport)
-	if !ok {
-		// Indicates a development-time error
-		panic("Default transport is not of type *http.Transport")
-	}
-	httpClient.Transport = defaultTransport.Clone()
-
-	if traces {
-		tr, err := autoexport.NewSpanExporter(ctx)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to initialize OpenTelemetry span exporter: %w", err)
-		}
-		tp := sdktrace.NewTracerProvider(
-			sdktrace.WithResource(resource),
-			sdktrace.WithBatcher(tr),
-		)
-
-		otel.SetTracerProvider(tp)
-		otel.SetTextMapPropagator(
-			propagation.NewCompositeTextMapPropagator(
-				propagation.TraceContext{},
-				propagation.Baggage{},
-			),
-		)
-
-		shutdownFns = append(shutdownFns, func(shutdownCtx context.Context) error { //nolint:contextcheck
-			tpCtx, tpCancel := context.WithTimeout(shutdownCtx, 10*time.Second)
-			defer tpCancel()
-			shutdownErr := tp.Shutdown(tpCtx)
-			if shutdownErr != nil {
-				return fmt.Errorf("failed to gracefully shut down traces exporter: %w", shutdownErr)
-			}
-			return nil
-		})
-
-		httpClient.Transport = otelhttp.NewTransport(httpClient.Transport)
-	} else {
-		otel.SetTracerProvider(tracenoop.NewTracerProvider())
-	}
-
-	if metrics {
-		mr, err := autoexport.NewMetricReader(ctx)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to initialize OpenTelemetry metric reader: %w", err)
-		}
-		mp := metric.NewMeterProvider(
-			metric.WithResource(resource),
-			metric.WithReader(mr),
-		)
-
-		otel.SetMeterProvider(mp)
-		shutdownFns = append(shutdownFns, func(shutdownCtx context.Context) error { //nolint:contextcheck
-			mpCtx, mpCancel := context.WithTimeout(shutdownCtx, 10*time.Second)
-			defer mpCancel()
-			shutdownErr := mp.Shutdown(mpCtx)
-			if shutdownErr != nil {
-				return fmt.Errorf("failed to gracefully shut down metrics exporter: %w", shutdownErr)
-			}
-			return nil
-		})
-	} else {
-		otel.SetMeterProvider(metricnoop.NewMeterProvider())
-	}
-
-	return shutdownFns, httpClient, nil
-}

backend/internal/bootstrap/router_bootstrap.go

@@ -4,18 +4,21 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	"log"
+	"log/slog"
 	"net"
 	"net/http"
+	"os"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/frontend"
-
 	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+	sloggin "github.com/samber/slog-gin"
 	"go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/github.com/gin-gonic/gin/otelgin"
 	"golang.org/x/time/rate"
 	"gorm.io/gorm"
 
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/frontend"
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/common"
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/controller"
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/middleware"
@@ -29,7 +32,8 @@ var registerTestControllers []func(apiGroup *gin.RouterGroup, db *gorm.DB, svc *
 func initRouter(db *gorm.DB, svc *services) utils.Service {
 	runner, err := initRouterInternal(db, svc)
 	if err != nil {
-		log.Fatalf("failed to init router: %v", err)
+		slog.Error("Failed to init router", "error", err)
+		os.Exit(1)
 	}
 	return runner
 }
@@ -45,15 +49,37 @@ func initRouterInternal(db *gorm.DB, svc *services) (utils.Service, error) {
 		gin.SetMode(gin.TestMode)
 	}
 
-	r := gin.Default()
+	// do not log these URLs
-	r.Use(gin.Logger())
+	loggerSkipPathsPrefix := []string{
+		"GET /application-configuration/logo",
+		"GET /application-configuration/background-image",
+		"GET /application-configuration/favicon",
+		"GET /_app",
+		"GET /fonts",
+		"GET /healthz",
+		"HEAD /healthz",
+	}
+
+	r := gin.New()
+	r.Use(sloggin.NewWithConfig(slog.Default(), sloggin.Config{
+		Filters: []sloggin.Filter{
+			func(c *gin.Context) bool {
+				for _, prefix := range loggerSkipPathsPrefix {
+					if strings.HasPrefix(c.Request.Method+" "+c.Request.URL.String(), prefix) {
+						return false
+					}
+				}
+				return true
+			},
+		},
+	}))
 
 	if !common.EnvConfig.TrustProxy {
 		_ = r.SetTrustedProxies(nil)
 	}
 
 	if common.EnvConfig.TracingEnabled {
-		r.Use(otelgin.Middleware("pocket-id-backend"))
+		r.Use(otelgin.Middleware(common.Name))
 	}
 
 	rateLimitMiddleware := middleware.NewRateLimitMiddleware().Add(rate.Every(time.Second), 60)
@@ -64,7 +90,7 @@ func initRouterInternal(db *gorm.DB, svc *services) (utils.Service, error) {
 
 	err := frontend.RegisterFrontend(r)
 	if errors.Is(err, frontend.ErrFrontendNotIncluded) {
-		log.Println("Frontend is not included in the build. Skipping frontend registration.")
+		slog.Warn("Frontend is not included in the build. Skipping frontend registration.")
 	} else if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to register frontend: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -114,14 +140,26 @@ func initRouterInternal(db *gorm.DB, svc *services) (utils.Service, error) {
 		addr = common.EnvConfig.UnixSocket
 	}
 
-	listener, err := net.Listen(network, addr)
+	listener, err := net.Listen(network, addr) //nolint:noctx
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create %s listener: %w", network, err)
 	}
 
+	// Set the socket mode if using a Unix socket
+	if network == "unix" && common.EnvConfig.UnixSocketMode != "" {
+		mode, err := strconv.ParseUint(common.EnvConfig.UnixSocketMode, 8, 32)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to parse UNIX socket mode '%s': %w", common.EnvConfig.UnixSocketMode, err)
+		}
+
+		if err := os.Chmod(addr, os.FileMode(mode)); err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to set UNIX socket mode '%s': %w", common.EnvConfig.UnixSocketMode, err)
+		}
+	}
+
 	// Service runner function
 	runFn := func(ctx context.Context) error {
-		log.Printf("Server listening on %s", addr)
+		slog.Info("Server listening", slog.String("addr", addr))
 
 		// Start the server in a background goroutine
 		go func() {
@@ -130,7 +168,8 @@ func initRouterInternal(db *gorm.DB, svc *services) (utils.Service, error) {
 			// Next call blocks until the server is shut down
 			srvErr := srv.Serve(listener)
 			if srvErr != http.ErrServerClosed {
-				log.Fatalf("Error starting app server: %v", srvErr)
+				slog.Error("Error starting app server", "error", srvErr)
+				os.Exit(1)
 			}
 		}()
 
@@ -138,7 +177,7 @@ func initRouterInternal(db *gorm.DB, svc *services) (utils.Service, error) {
 		err = systemd.SdNotifyReady()
 		if err != nil {
 			// Log the error only
-			log.Printf("[WARN] Unable to notify systemd that the service is ready: %v", err)
+			slog.Warn("Unable to notify systemd that the service is ready", "error", err)
 		}
 
 		// Block until the context is canceled
@@ -151,7 +190,7 @@ func initRouterInternal(db *gorm.DB, svc *services) (utils.Service, error) {
 		shutdownCancel()
 		if shutdownErr != nil {
 			// Log the error only (could be context canceled)
-			log.Printf("[WARN] App server shutdown error: %v", shutdownErr)
+			slog.Warn("App server shutdown error", "error", shutdownErr)
 		}
 
 		return nil

backend/internal/bootstrap/services_bootstrap.go

@@ -29,7 +29,10 @@ type services struct {
 func initServices(ctx context.Context, db *gorm.DB, httpClient *http.Client) (svc *services, err error) {
 	svc = &services{}
 
-	svc.appConfigService = service.NewAppConfigService(ctx, db)
+	svc.appConfigService, err = service.NewAppConfigService(ctx, db)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create app config service: %w", err)
+	}
 
 	svc.emailService, err = service.NewEmailService(db, svc.appConfigService)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -38,19 +41,26 @@ func initServices(ctx context.Context, db *gorm.DB, httpClient *http.Client) (sv
 
 	svc.geoLiteService = service.NewGeoLiteService(httpClient)
 	svc.auditLogService = service.NewAuditLogService(db, svc.appConfigService, svc.emailService, svc.geoLiteService)
-	svc.jwtService = service.NewJwtService(svc.appConfigService)
+	svc.jwtService, err = service.NewJwtService(db, svc.appConfigService)
-	svc.userService = service.NewUserService(db, svc.jwtService, svc.auditLogService, svc.emailService, svc.appConfigService)
+	if err != nil {
-	svc.customClaimService = service.NewCustomClaimService(db)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create JWT service: %w", err)
+	}
 
-	svc.oidcService, err = service.NewOidcService(ctx, db, svc.jwtService, svc.appConfigService, svc.auditLogService, svc.customClaimService)
+	svc.customClaimService = service.NewCustomClaimService(db)
+	svc.webauthnService, err = service.NewWebAuthnService(db, svc.jwtService, svc.auditLogService, svc.appConfigService)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create WebAuthn service: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	svc.oidcService, err = service.NewOidcService(ctx, db, svc.jwtService, svc.appConfigService, svc.auditLogService, svc.customClaimService, svc.webauthnService)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create OIDC service: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	svc.userGroupService = service.NewUserGroupService(db, svc.appConfigService)
+	svc.userService = service.NewUserService(db, svc.jwtService, svc.auditLogService, svc.emailService, svc.appConfigService, svc.customClaimService)
 	svc.ldapService = service.NewLdapService(db, httpClient, svc.appConfigService, svc.userService, svc.userGroupService)
 	svc.apiKeyService = service.NewApiKeyService(db, svc.emailService)
-	svc.webauthnService = service.NewWebAuthnService(db, svc.jwtService, svc.auditLogService, svc.appConfigService)
 
 	return svc, nil
 }

backend/internal/cmds/healthcheck.go

@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+package cmds
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"log/slog"
+	"net/http"
+	"os"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/common"
+)
+
+type healthcheckFlags struct {
+	Endpoint string
+	Verbose  bool
+}
+
+func init() {
+	var flags healthcheckFlags
+
+	healthcheckCmd := &cobra.Command{
+		Use:   "healthcheck",
+		Short: "Performs a healthcheck of a running Pocket ID instance",
+		Run: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
+			start := time.Now()
+
+			ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(cmd.Context(), 5*time.Second)
+			defer cancel()
+
+			url := flags.Endpoint + "/healthz"
+			req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodGet, url, nil)
+			if err != nil {
+				slog.ErrorContext(ctx,
+					"Failed to create request object",
+					"error", err,
+					"url", url,
+					"ms", time.Since(start).Milliseconds(),
+				)
+				os.Exit(1)
+			}
+
+			res, err := http.DefaultClient.Do(req)
+			if err != nil {
+				slog.ErrorContext(ctx,
+					"Failed to perform request",
+					"error", err,
+					"url", url,
+					"ms", time.Since(start).Milliseconds(),
+				)
+				os.Exit(1)
+			}
+			defer res.Body.Close()
+
+			if res.StatusCode < 200 || res.StatusCode >= 300 {
+				if err != nil {
+					slog.ErrorContext(ctx,
+						"Healthcheck failed",
+						"status", res.StatusCode,
+						"url", url,
+						"ms", time.Since(start).Milliseconds(),
+					)
+					os.Exit(1)
+				}
+			}
+
+			if flags.Verbose {
+				slog.InfoContext(ctx,
+					"Healthcheck succeeded",
+					"status", res.StatusCode,
+					"url", url,
+					"ms", time.Since(start).Milliseconds(),
+				)
+			}
+		},
+	}
+
+	healthcheckCmd.Flags().StringVarP(&flags.Endpoint, "endpoint", "e", "http://localhost:"+common.EnvConfig.Port, "Endpoint for Pocket ID")
+	healthcheckCmd.Flags().BoolVarP(&flags.Verbose, "verbose", "v", false, "Enable verbose mode")
+
+	rootCmd.AddCommand(healthcheckCmd)
+}

backend/internal/cmds/key_rotate.go

@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+package cmds
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v3/jwa"
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
+
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/bootstrap"
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/common"
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/service"
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/utils"
+	jwkutils "github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/utils/jwk"
+)
+
+type keyRotateFlags struct {
+	Alg string
+	Crv string
+	Yes bool
+}
+
+func init() {
+	var flags keyRotateFlags
+
+	keyRotateCmd := &cobra.Command{
+		Use:   "key-rotate",
+		Short: "Generates a new token signing key and replaces the current one",
+		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
+			db, err := bootstrap.NewDatabase()
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+
+			return keyRotate(cmd.Context(), flags, db, &common.EnvConfig)
+		},
+	}
+
+	keyRotateCmd.Flags().StringVarP(&flags.Alg, "alg", "a", "RS256", "Key algorithm. Supported values: RS256, RS384, RS512, ES256, ES384, ES512, EdDSA")
+	keyRotateCmd.Flags().StringVarP(&flags.Crv, "crv", "c", "", "Curve name when using EdDSA keys. Supported values: Ed25519")
+	keyRotateCmd.Flags().BoolVarP(&flags.Yes, "yes", "y", false, "Do not prompt for confirmation")
+
+	rootCmd.AddCommand(keyRotateCmd)
+}
+
+func keyRotate(ctx context.Context, flags keyRotateFlags, db *gorm.DB, envConfig *common.EnvConfigSchema) error {
+	// Validate the flags
+	switch strings.ToUpper(flags.Alg) {
+	case jwa.RS256().String(), jwa.RS384().String(), jwa.RS512().String(),
+		jwa.ES256().String(), jwa.ES384().String(), jwa.ES512().String():
+		// All good, but uppercase it for consistency
+		flags.Alg = strings.ToUpper(flags.Alg)
+	case strings.ToUpper(jwa.EdDSA().String()):
+		// Ensure Crv is set and valid
+		switch strings.ToUpper(flags.Crv) {
+		case strings.ToUpper(jwa.Ed25519().String()):
+			// All good, but ensure consistency in casing
+			flags.Crv = jwa.Ed25519().String()
+		case "":
+			return errors.New("a curve name is required when algorithm is EdDSA")
+		default:
+			return errors.New("unsupported EdDSA curve; supported values: Ed25519")
+		}
+	case "":
+		return errors.New("key algorithm is required")
+	default:
+		return errors.New("unsupported key algorithm; supported values: RS256, RS384, RS512, ES256, ES384, ES512, EdDSA")
+	}
+
+	if !flags.Yes {
+		fmt.Println("WARNING: Rotating the private key will invalidate all existing tokens. Both pocket-id and all client applications will likely need to be restarted.")
+		ok, err := utils.PromptForConfirmation("Confirm")
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if !ok {
+			fmt.Println("Aborted")
+			return nil
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Init the services we need
+	appConfigService, err := service.NewAppConfigService(ctx, db)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create app config service: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Get the key provider
+	keyProvider, err := jwkutils.GetKeyProvider(db, envConfig, appConfigService.GetDbConfig().InstanceID.Value)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get key provider: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Generate a new key
+	key, err := jwkutils.GenerateKey(flags.Alg, flags.Crv)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to generate key: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Save the key
+	err = keyProvider.SaveKey(key)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to store new key: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	fmt.Println("Key rotated successfully")
+	fmt.Println("Note: if pocket-id is running, you will need to restart it for the new key to be loaded")
+
+	return nil
+}

backend/internal/cmds/key_rotate_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,216 @@
+package cmds
+
+import (
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/common"
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/service"
+	jwkutils "github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/utils/jwk"
+	testingutils "github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/utils/testing"
+)
+
+func TestKeyRotate(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name    string
+		flags   keyRotateFlags
+		wantErr bool
+		errMsg  string
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "valid RS256",
+			flags: keyRotateFlags{
+				Alg: "RS256",
+				Yes: true,
+			},
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "valid EdDSA with Ed25519",
+			flags: keyRotateFlags{
+				Alg: "EdDSA",
+				Crv: "Ed25519",
+				Yes: true,
+			},
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "invalid algorithm",
+			flags: keyRotateFlags{
+				Alg: "INVALID",
+				Yes: true,
+			},
+			wantErr: true,
+			errMsg:  "unsupported key algorithm",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "EdDSA without curve",
+			flags: keyRotateFlags{
+				Alg: "EdDSA",
+				Yes: true,
+			},
+			wantErr: true,
+			errMsg:  "a curve name is required when algorithm is EdDSA",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "empty algorithm",
+			flags: keyRotateFlags{
+				Alg: "",
+				Yes: true,
+			},
+			wantErr: true,
+			errMsg:  "key algorithm is required",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Run("file storage", func(t *testing.T) {
+				testKeyRotateWithFileStorage(t, tt.flags, tt.wantErr, tt.errMsg)
+			})
+
+			t.Run("database storage", func(t *testing.T) {
+				testKeyRotateWithDatabaseStorage(t, tt.flags, tt.wantErr, tt.errMsg)
+			})
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func testKeyRotateWithFileStorage(t *testing.T, flags keyRotateFlags, wantErr bool, errMsg string) {
+	// Create temporary directory for keys
+	tempDir := t.TempDir()
+	keysPath := filepath.Join(tempDir, "keys")
+	err := os.MkdirAll(keysPath, 0755)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Set up file storage config
+	envConfig := &common.EnvConfigSchema{
+		KeysStorage: "file",
+		KeysPath:    keysPath,
+	}
+
+	// Create test database
+	db := testingutils.NewDatabaseForTest(t)
+
+	// Initialize app config service and create instance
+	appConfigService, err := service.NewAppConfigService(t.Context(), db)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	instanceID := appConfigService.GetDbConfig().InstanceID.Value
+
+	// Check if key exists before rotation
+	keyProvider, err := jwkutils.GetKeyProvider(db, envConfig, instanceID)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Run the key rotation
+	err = keyRotate(t.Context(), flags, db, envConfig)
+
+	if wantErr {
+		require.Error(t, err)
+		if errMsg != "" {
+			require.ErrorContains(t, err, errMsg)
+		}
+		return
+	}
+
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Verify key was created
+	key, err := keyProvider.LoadKey()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NotNil(t, key)
+
+	// Verify the algorithm matches what we requested
+	alg, _ := key.Algorithm()
+	assert.NotEmpty(t, alg)
+	if flags.Alg != "" {
+		expectedAlg := flags.Alg
+		if expectedAlg == "EdDSA" {
+			// EdDSA keys should have the EdDSA algorithm
+			assert.Equal(t, "EdDSA", alg.String())
+		} else {
+			assert.Equal(t, expectedAlg, alg.String())
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func testKeyRotateWithDatabaseStorage(t *testing.T, flags keyRotateFlags, wantErr bool, errMsg string) {
+	// Set up database storage config
+	envConfig := &common.EnvConfigSchema{
+		KeysStorage:   "database",
+		EncryptionKey: []byte("test-encryption-key-characters-long"),
+	}
+
+	// Create test database
+	db := testingutils.NewDatabaseForTest(t)
+
+	// Initialize app config service and create instance
+	appConfigService, err := service.NewAppConfigService(t.Context(), db)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	instanceID := appConfigService.GetDbConfig().InstanceID.Value
+
+	// Get key provider
+	keyProvider, err := jwkutils.GetKeyProvider(db, envConfig, instanceID)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Run the key rotation
+	err = keyRotate(t.Context(), flags, db, envConfig)
+
+	if wantErr {
+		require.Error(t, err)
+		if errMsg != "" {
+			require.ErrorContains(t, err, errMsg)
+		}
+		return
+	}
+
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Verify key was created
+	key, err := keyProvider.LoadKey()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NotNil(t, key)
+
+	// Verify the algorithm matches what we requested
+	alg, _ := key.Algorithm()
+	assert.NotEmpty(t, alg)
+	if flags.Alg != "" {
+		expectedAlg := flags.Alg
+		if expectedAlg == "EdDSA" {
+			// EdDSA keys should have the EdDSA algorithm
+			assert.Equal(t, "EdDSA", alg.String())
+		} else {
+			assert.Equal(t, expectedAlg, alg.String())
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestKeyRotateMultipleAlgorithms(t *testing.T) {
+	algorithms := []struct {
+		alg string
+		crv string
+	}{
+		{"RS256", ""},
+		{"RS384", ""},
+		// Skip RSA-4096 key generation test as it can take a long time
+		// {"RS512", ""},
+		{"ES256", ""},
+		{"ES384", ""},
+		{"ES512", ""},
+		{"EdDSA", "Ed25519"},
+	}
+
+	for _, algo := range algorithms {
+		t.Run(algo.alg, func(t *testing.T) {
+			// Test with database storage for all algorithms
+			testKeyRotateWithDatabaseStorage(t, keyRotateFlags{
+				Alg: algo.alg,
+				Crv: algo.crv,
+				Yes: true,
+			}, false, "")
+		})
+	}
+}

backend/internal/cmds/one_time_access_token.go

@@ -6,77 +6,80 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 	"gorm.io/gorm"
 
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/bootstrap"
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/common"
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/model"
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/service"
-	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/utils/signals"
 )
 
-// OneTimeAccessToken creates a one-time access token for the given user
+var oneTimeAccessTokenCmd = &cobra.Command{
-// Args must contain the username or email of the user
+	Use:   "one-time-access-token [username or email]",
-func OneTimeAccessToken(args []string) error {
+	Short: "Generates a one-time access token for the given user",
-	// Get a context that is canceled when the application is stopping
+	Args:  cobra.ExactArgs(1),
-	ctx := signals.SignalContext(context.Background())
+	RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
+		// Get the username or email of the user
+		userArg := args[0]
 
-	// Get the username or email of the user
+		// Connect to the database
-	// Note length is 2 because the first argument is always the command (one-time-access-token)
+		db, err := bootstrap.NewDatabase()
-	if len(args) != 2 {
+		if err != nil {
-		return errors.New("missing username or email of user; usage: one-time-access-token <username or email>")
+			return err
-	}
-	userArg := args[1]
-
-	// Connect to the database
-	db := bootstrap.NewDatabase()
-
-	// Create the access token
-	var oneTimeAccessToken *model.OneTimeAccessToken
-	err := db.Transaction(func(tx *gorm.DB) error {
-		// Load the user to retrieve the user ID
-		var user model.User
-		queryCtx, queryCancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, 10*time.Second)
-		defer queryCancel()
-		txErr := tx.
-			WithContext(queryCtx).
-			Where("username = ? OR email = ?", userArg, userArg).
-			First(&user).
-			Error
-		switch {
-		case errors.Is(txErr, gorm.ErrRecordNotFound):
-			return errors.New("user not found")
-		case txErr != nil:
-			return fmt.Errorf("failed to query for user: %w", txErr)
-		case user.ID == "":
-			return errors.New("invalid user loaded: ID is empty")
 		}
 
-		// Create a new access token that expires in 1 hour
+		// Create the access token
-		oneTimeAccessToken, txErr = service.NewOneTimeAccessToken(user.ID, time.Now().Add(time.Hour))
+		var oneTimeAccessToken *model.OneTimeAccessToken
-		if txErr != nil {
+		err = db.Transaction(func(tx *gorm.DB) error {
-			return fmt.Errorf("failed to generate access token: %w", txErr)
+			// Load the user to retrieve the user ID
+			var user model.User
+			queryCtx, queryCancel := context.WithTimeout(cmd.Context(), 10*time.Second)
+			defer queryCancel()
+			txErr := tx.
+				WithContext(queryCtx).
+				Where("username = ? OR email = ?", userArg, userArg).
+				First(&user).
+				Error
+			switch {
+			case errors.Is(txErr, gorm.ErrRecordNotFound):
+				return errors.New("user not found")
+			case txErr != nil:
+				return fmt.Errorf("failed to query for user: %w", txErr)
+			case user.ID == "":
+				return errors.New("invalid user loaded: ID is empty")
+			}
+
+			// Create a new access token that expires in 1 hour
+			oneTimeAccessToken, txErr = service.NewOneTimeAccessToken(user.ID, time.Hour)
+			if txErr != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("failed to generate access token: %w", txErr)
+			}
+
+			queryCtx, queryCancel = context.WithTimeout(cmd.Context(), 10*time.Second)
+			defer queryCancel()
+			txErr = tx.
+				WithContext(queryCtx).
+				Create(oneTimeAccessToken).
+				Error
+			if txErr != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("failed to save access token: %w", txErr)
+			}
+
+			return nil
+		})
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
 		}
 
-		queryCtx, queryCancel = context.WithTimeout(ctx, 10*time.Second)
+		// Print the result
-		defer queryCancel()
+		fmt.Printf(`A one-time access token valid for 1 hour has been created for "%s".`+"\n", userArg)
-		txErr = tx.
+		fmt.Printf("Use the following URL to sign in once: %s/lc/%s\n", common.EnvConfig.AppURL, oneTimeAccessToken.Token)
-			WithContext(queryCtx).
-			Create(oneTimeAccessToken).
-			Error
-		if txErr != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("failed to save access token: %w", txErr)
-		}
 
 		return nil
-	})
+	},
-	if err != nil {
+}
-		return err
+
-	}
+func init() {
-
+	rootCmd.AddCommand(oneTimeAccessTokenCmd)
-	// Print the result
-	fmt.Printf(`A one-time access token valid for 1 hour has been created for "%s".`+"\n", userArg)
-	fmt.Printf("Use the following URL to sign in once: %s/lc/%s\n", common.EnvConfig.AppURL, oneTimeAccessToken.Token)
-
-	return nil
 }

backend/internal/cmds/root.go

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+package cmds
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"log/slog"
+	"os"
+
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/bootstrap"
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/utils/signals"
+)
+
+var rootCmd = &cobra.Command{
+	Use:   "pocket-id",
+	Short: "A simple and easy-to-use OIDC provider that allows users to authenticate with their passkeys to your services.",
+	Long:  "By default, this command starts the pocket-id server.",
+	Run: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
+		// Start the server
+		err := bootstrap.Bootstrap(cmd.Context())
+		if err != nil {
+			slog.Error("Failed to run pocket-id", "error", err)
+			os.Exit(1)
+		}
+	},
+}
+
+func Execute() {
+	// Get a context that is canceled when the application is stopping
+	ctx := signals.SignalContext(context.Background())
+
+	err := rootCmd.ExecuteContext(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+}

backend/internal/cmds/version.go

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+package cmds
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/common"
+)
+
+func init() {
+	rootCmd.AddCommand(&cobra.Command{
+		Use:   "version",
+		Short: "Print the version number",
+		Run: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
+			fmt.Println("pocket-id " + common.Version)
+		},
+	})
+}

backend/internal/common/env_config.go

@@ -1,8 +1,13 @@
 package common
 
 import (
-	"log"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"log/slog"
 	"net/url"
+	"os"
+	"reflect"
+	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/caarlos0/env/v11"
 	_ "github.com/joho/godotenv/autoload"
@@ -18,75 +23,182 @@ const (
 )
 
 const (
-	DbProviderSqlite      DbProvider = "sqlite"
+	DbProviderSqlite        DbProvider = "sqlite"
-	DbProviderPostgres    DbProvider = "postgres"
+	DbProviderPostgres      DbProvider = "postgres"
-	MaxMindGeoLiteCityUrl string     = "https://download.maxmind.com/app/geoip_download?edition_id=GeoLite2-City&license_key=%s&suffix=tar.gz"
+	MaxMindGeoLiteCityUrl   string     = "https://download.maxmind.com/app/geoip_download?edition_id=GeoLite2-City&license_key=%s&suffix=tar.gz"
+	defaultSqliteConnString string     = "data/pocket-id.db"
 )
 
 type EnvConfigSchema struct {
 	AppEnv             string     `env:"APP_ENV"`
 	AppURL             string     `env:"APP_URL"`
 	DbProvider         DbProvider `env:"DB_PROVIDER"`
-	DbConnectionString string     `env:"DB_CONNECTION_STRING"`
+	DbConnectionString string     `env:"DB_CONNECTION_STRING" options:"file"`
 	UploadPath         string     `env:"UPLOAD_PATH"`
 	KeysPath           string     `env:"KEYS_PATH"`
+	KeysStorage        string     `env:"KEYS_STORAGE"`
+	EncryptionKey      []byte     `env:"ENCRYPTION_KEY" options:"file"`
 	Port               string     `env:"PORT"`
 	Host               string     `env:"HOST"`
 	UnixSocket         string     `env:"UNIX_SOCKET"`
-	MaxMindLicenseKey  string     `env:"MAXMIND_LICENSE_KEY"`
+	UnixSocketMode     string     `env:"UNIX_SOCKET_MODE"`
+	MaxMindLicenseKey  string     `env:"MAXMIND_LICENSE_KEY" options:"file"`
 	GeoLiteDBPath      string     `env:"GEOLITE_DB_PATH"`
 	GeoLiteDBUrl       string     `env:"GEOLITE_DB_URL"`
+	LocalIPv6Ranges    string     `env:"LOCAL_IPV6_RANGES"`
 	UiConfigDisabled   bool       `env:"UI_CONFIG_DISABLED"`
 	MetricsEnabled     bool       `env:"METRICS_ENABLED"`
 	TracingEnabled     bool       `env:"TRACING_ENABLED"`
+	LogJSON            bool       `env:"LOG_JSON"`
 	TrustProxy         bool       `env:"TRUST_PROXY"`
 	AnalyticsDisabled  bool       `env:"ANALYTICS_DISABLED"`
 }
 
-var EnvConfig = &EnvConfigSchema{
+var EnvConfig = defaultConfig()
-	AppEnv:             "production",
-	DbProvider:         "sqlite",
-	DbConnectionString: "file:data/pocket-id.db?_pragma=journal_mode(WAL)&_pragma=busy_timeout(2500)&_txlock=immediate",
-	UploadPath:         "data/uploads",
-	KeysPath:           "data/keys",
-	AppURL:             "http://localhost:1411",
-	Port:               "1411",
-	Host:               "0.0.0.0",
-	UnixSocket:         "",
-	MaxMindLicenseKey:  "",
-	GeoLiteDBPath:      "data/GeoLite2-City.mmdb",
-	GeoLiteDBUrl:       MaxMindGeoLiteCityUrl,
-	UiConfigDisabled:   false,
-	MetricsEnabled:     false,
-	TracingEnabled:     false,
-	TrustProxy:         false,
-	AnalyticsDisabled:  false,
-}
 
 func init() {
-	if err := env.ParseWithOptions(EnvConfig, env.Options{}); err != nil {
+	err := parseEnvConfig()
-		log.Fatal(err)
+	if err != nil {
+		slog.Error("Configuration error", slog.Any("error", err))
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+}
+
+func defaultConfig() EnvConfigSchema {
+	return EnvConfigSchema{
+		AppEnv:             "production",
+		DbProvider:         "sqlite",
+		DbConnectionString: "",
+		UploadPath:         "data/uploads",
+		KeysPath:           "data/keys",
+		KeysStorage:        "", // "database" or "file"
+		EncryptionKey:      nil,
+		AppURL:             "http://localhost:1411",
+		Port:               "1411",
+		Host:               "0.0.0.0",
+		UnixSocket:         "",
+		UnixSocketMode:     "",
+		MaxMindLicenseKey:  "",
+		GeoLiteDBPath:      "data/GeoLite2-City.mmdb",
+		GeoLiteDBUrl:       MaxMindGeoLiteCityUrl,
+		LocalIPv6Ranges:    "",
+		UiConfigDisabled:   false,
+		MetricsEnabled:     false,
+		TracingEnabled:     false,
+		TrustProxy:         false,
+		AnalyticsDisabled:  false,
+	}
+}
+
+func parseEnvConfig() error {
+	parsers := map[reflect.Type]env.ParserFunc{
+		reflect.TypeOf([]byte{}): func(value string) (interface{}, error) {
+			return []byte(value), nil
+		},
+	}
+
+	err := env.ParseWithOptions(&EnvConfig, env.Options{
+		FuncMap: parsers,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("error parsing env config: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	err = resolveFileBasedEnvVariables(&EnvConfig)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
 	}
 
 	// Validate the environment variables
 	switch EnvConfig.DbProvider {
 	case DbProviderSqlite:
 		if EnvConfig.DbConnectionString == "" {
-			log.Fatal("Missing required env var 'DB_CONNECTION_STRING' for SQLite database")
+			EnvConfig.DbConnectionString = defaultSqliteConnString
 		}
 	case DbProviderPostgres:
 		if EnvConfig.DbConnectionString == "" {
-			log.Fatal("Missing required env var 'DB_CONNECTION_STRING' for Postgres database")
+			return errors.New("missing required env var 'DB_CONNECTION_STRING' for Postgres database")
 		}
 	default:
-		log.Fatal("Invalid DB_PROVIDER value. Must be 'sqlite' or 'postgres'")
+		return errors.New("invalid DB_PROVIDER value. Must be 'sqlite' or 'postgres'")
 	}
 
 	parsedAppUrl, err := url.Parse(EnvConfig.AppURL)
 	if err != nil {
-		log.Fatal("APP_URL is not a valid URL")
+		return errors.New("APP_URL is not a valid URL")
 	}
 	if parsedAppUrl.Path != "" {
-		log.Fatal("APP_URL must not contain a path")
+		return errors.New("APP_URL must not contain a path")
 	}
+
+	switch EnvConfig.KeysStorage {
+	// KeysStorage defaults to "file" if empty
+	case "":
+		EnvConfig.KeysStorage = "file"
+	case "database":
+		if EnvConfig.EncryptionKey == nil {
+			return errors.New("ENCRYPTION_KEY must be non-empty when KEYS_STORAGE is database")
+		}
+	case "file":
+		// All good, these are valid values
+	default:
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid value for KEYS_STORAGE: %s", EnvConfig.KeysStorage)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// resolveFileBasedEnvVariables uses reflection to automatically resolve file-based secrets
+func resolveFileBasedEnvVariables(config *EnvConfigSchema) error {
+	val := reflect.ValueOf(config).Elem()
+	typ := val.Type()
+
+	for i := 0; i < val.NumField(); i++ {
+		field := val.Field(i)
+		fieldType := typ.Field(i)
+
+		// Only process string and []byte fields
+		isString := field.Kind() == reflect.String
+		isByteSlice := field.Kind() == reflect.Slice && field.Type().Elem().Kind() == reflect.Uint8
+		if !isString && !isByteSlice {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		// Only process fields with the "options" tag set to "file"
+		optionsTag := fieldType.Tag.Get("options")
+		if optionsTag != "file" {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		// Only process fields with the "env" tag
+		envTag := fieldType.Tag.Get("env")
+		if envTag == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		envVarName := envTag
+		if commaIndex := len(envTag); commaIndex > 0 {
+			envVarName = envTag[:commaIndex]
+		}
+
+		// If the file environment variable is not set, skip
+		envVarFileName := envVarName + "_FILE"
+		envVarFileValue := os.Getenv(envVarFileName)
+		if envVarFileValue == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		fileContent, err := os.ReadFile(envVarFileValue)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to read file for env var %s: %w", envVarFileName, err)
+		}
+
+		if isString {
+			field.SetString(strings.TrimSpace(string(fileContent)))
+		} else {
+			field.SetBytes(fileContent)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
 }

backend/internal/common/env_config_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,305 @@
+package common
+
+import (
+	"os"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestParseEnvConfig(t *testing.T) {
+	// Store original config to restore later
+	originalConfig := EnvConfig
+	t.Cleanup(func() {
+		EnvConfig = originalConfig
+	})
+
+	t.Run("should parse valid SQLite config correctly", func(t *testing.T) {
+		EnvConfig = defaultConfig()
+		t.Setenv("DB_PROVIDER", "sqlite")
+		t.Setenv("DB_CONNECTION_STRING", "file:test.db")
+		t.Setenv("APP_URL", "http://localhost:3000")
+
+		err := parseEnvConfig()
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, DbProviderSqlite, EnvConfig.DbProvider)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("should parse valid Postgres config correctly", func(t *testing.T) {
+		EnvConfig = defaultConfig()
+		t.Setenv("DB_PROVIDER", "postgres")
+		t.Setenv("DB_CONNECTION_STRING", "postgres://user:pass@localhost/db")
+		t.Setenv("APP_URL", "https://example.com")
+
+		err := parseEnvConfig()
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, DbProviderPostgres, EnvConfig.DbProvider)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("should fail with invalid DB_PROVIDER", func(t *testing.T) {
+		EnvConfig = defaultConfig()
+		t.Setenv("DB_PROVIDER", "invalid")
+		t.Setenv("DB_CONNECTION_STRING", "test")
+		t.Setenv("APP_URL", "http://localhost:3000")
+
+		err := parseEnvConfig()
+		require.Error(t, err)
+		assert.ErrorContains(t, err, "invalid DB_PROVIDER value")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("should set default SQLite connection string when DB_CONNECTION_STRING is empty", func(t *testing.T) {
+		EnvConfig = defaultConfig()
+		t.Setenv("DB_PROVIDER", "sqlite")
+		t.Setenv("DB_CONNECTION_STRING", "") // Explicitly empty
+		t.Setenv("APP_URL", "http://localhost:3000")
+
+		err := parseEnvConfig()
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, defaultSqliteConnString, EnvConfig.DbConnectionString)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("should fail when Postgres DB_CONNECTION_STRING is missing", func(t *testing.T) {
+		EnvConfig = defaultConfig()
+		t.Setenv("DB_PROVIDER", "postgres")
+		t.Setenv("APP_URL", "http://localhost:3000")
+
+		err := parseEnvConfig()
+		require.Error(t, err)
+		assert.ErrorContains(t, err, "missing required env var 'DB_CONNECTION_STRING' for Postgres")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("should fail with invalid APP_URL", func(t *testing.T) {
+		EnvConfig = defaultConfig()
+		t.Setenv("DB_PROVIDER", "sqlite")
+		t.Setenv("DB_CONNECTION_STRING", "file:test.db")
+		t.Setenv("APP_URL", "€://not-a-valid-url")
+
+		err := parseEnvConfig()
+		require.Error(t, err)
+		assert.ErrorContains(t, err, "APP_URL is not a valid URL")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("should fail when APP_URL contains path", func(t *testing.T) {
+		EnvConfig = defaultConfig()
+		t.Setenv("DB_PROVIDER", "sqlite")
+		t.Setenv("DB_CONNECTION_STRING", "file:test.db")
+		t.Setenv("APP_URL", "http://localhost:3000/path")
+
+		err := parseEnvConfig()
+		require.Error(t, err)
+		assert.ErrorContains(t, err, "APP_URL must not contain a path")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("should default KEYS_STORAGE to 'file' when empty", func(t *testing.T) {
+		EnvConfig = defaultConfig()
+		t.Setenv("DB_PROVIDER", "sqlite")
+		t.Setenv("DB_CONNECTION_STRING", "file:test.db")
+		t.Setenv("APP_URL", "http://localhost:3000")
+
+		err := parseEnvConfig()
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, "file", EnvConfig.KeysStorage)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("should fail when KEYS_STORAGE is 'database' but no encryption key", func(t *testing.T) {
+		EnvConfig = defaultConfig()
+		t.Setenv("DB_PROVIDER", "sqlite")
+		t.Setenv("DB_CONNECTION_STRING", "file:test.db")
+		t.Setenv("APP_URL", "http://localhost:3000")
+		t.Setenv("KEYS_STORAGE", "database")
+
+		err := parseEnvConfig()
+		require.Error(t, err)
+		assert.ErrorContains(t, err, "ENCRYPTION_KEY must be non-empty when KEYS_STORAGE is database")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("should accept valid KEYS_STORAGE values", func(t *testing.T) {
+		validStorageTypes := []string{"file", "database"}
+
+		for _, storage := range validStorageTypes {
+			EnvConfig = defaultConfig()
+			t.Setenv("DB_PROVIDER", "sqlite")
+			t.Setenv("DB_CONNECTION_STRING", "file:test.db")
+			t.Setenv("APP_URL", "http://localhost:3000")
+			t.Setenv("KEYS_STORAGE", storage)
+			if storage == "database" {
+				t.Setenv("ENCRYPTION_KEY", "test-key")
+			}
+
+			err := parseEnvConfig()
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			assert.Equal(t, storage, EnvConfig.KeysStorage)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("should fail with invalid KEYS_STORAGE value", func(t *testing.T) {
+		EnvConfig = defaultConfig()
+		t.Setenv("DB_PROVIDER", "sqlite")
+		t.Setenv("DB_CONNECTION_STRING", "file:test.db")
+		t.Setenv("APP_URL", "http://localhost:3000")
+		t.Setenv("KEYS_STORAGE", "invalid")
+
+		err := parseEnvConfig()
+		require.Error(t, err)
+		assert.ErrorContains(t, err, "invalid value for KEYS_STORAGE")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("should parse boolean environment variables correctly", func(t *testing.T) {
+		EnvConfig = defaultConfig()
+		t.Setenv("DB_PROVIDER", "sqlite")
+		t.Setenv("DB_CONNECTION_STRING", "file:test.db")
+		t.Setenv("APP_URL", "http://localhost:3000")
+		t.Setenv("UI_CONFIG_DISABLED", "true")
+		t.Setenv("METRICS_ENABLED", "true")
+		t.Setenv("TRACING_ENABLED", "false")
+		t.Setenv("TRUST_PROXY", "true")
+		t.Setenv("ANALYTICS_DISABLED", "false")
+
+		err := parseEnvConfig()
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.True(t, EnvConfig.UiConfigDisabled)
+		assert.True(t, EnvConfig.MetricsEnabled)
+		assert.False(t, EnvConfig.TracingEnabled)
+		assert.True(t, EnvConfig.TrustProxy)
+		assert.False(t, EnvConfig.AnalyticsDisabled)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("should parse string environment variables correctly", func(t *testing.T) {
+		EnvConfig = defaultConfig()
+		t.Setenv("DB_PROVIDER", "postgres")
+		t.Setenv("DB_CONNECTION_STRING", "postgres://test")
+		t.Setenv("APP_URL", "https://prod.example.com")
+		t.Setenv("APP_ENV", "staging")
+		t.Setenv("UPLOAD_PATH", "/custom/uploads")
+		t.Setenv("KEYS_PATH", "/custom/keys")
+		t.Setenv("PORT", "8080")
+		t.Setenv("HOST", "127.0.0.1")
+		t.Setenv("UNIX_SOCKET", "/tmp/app.sock")
+		t.Setenv("MAXMIND_LICENSE_KEY", "test-license")
+		t.Setenv("GEOLITE_DB_PATH", "/custom/geolite.mmdb")
+
+		err := parseEnvConfig()
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, "staging", EnvConfig.AppEnv)
+		assert.Equal(t, "/custom/uploads", EnvConfig.UploadPath)
+		assert.Equal(t, "8080", EnvConfig.Port)
+		assert.Equal(t, "127.0.0.1", EnvConfig.Host)
+	})
+}
+
+func TestResolveFileBasedEnvVariables(t *testing.T) {
+	// Create temporary directory for test files
+	tempDir := t.TempDir()
+
+	// Create test files
+	encryptionKeyFile := tempDir + "/encryption_key.txt"
+	encryptionKeyContent := "test-encryption-key-123"
+	err := os.WriteFile(encryptionKeyFile, []byte(encryptionKeyContent), 0600)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	dbConnFile := tempDir + "/db_connection.txt"
+	dbConnContent := "postgres://user:pass@localhost/testdb"
+	err = os.WriteFile(dbConnFile, []byte(dbConnContent), 0600)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Create a binary file for testing binary data handling
+	binaryKeyFile := tempDir + "/binary_key.bin"
+	binaryKeyContent := []byte{0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07, 0x08, 0x09, 0x0A, 0x0B, 0x0C, 0x0D, 0x0E, 0x0F, 0x10}
+	err = os.WriteFile(binaryKeyFile, binaryKeyContent, 0600)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	t.Run("should read file content for fields with options:file tag", func(t *testing.T) {
+		config := defaultConfig()
+
+		// Set environment variables pointing to files
+		t.Setenv("ENCRYPTION_KEY_FILE", encryptionKeyFile)
+		t.Setenv("DB_CONNECTION_STRING_FILE", dbConnFile)
+
+		err := resolveFileBasedEnvVariables(&config)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		// Verify file contents were read correctly
+		assert.Equal(t, []byte(encryptionKeyContent), config.EncryptionKey)
+		assert.Equal(t, dbConnContent, config.DbConnectionString)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("should skip fields without options:file tag", func(t *testing.T) {
+		config := defaultConfig()
+		originalAppURL := config.AppURL
+
+		// Set a file for a field that doesn't have options:file tag
+		t.Setenv("APP_URL_FILE", "/tmp/nonexistent.txt")
+
+		err := resolveFileBasedEnvVariables(&config)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		// AppURL should remain unchanged
+		assert.Equal(t, originalAppURL, config.AppURL)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("should skip non-string fields", func(t *testing.T) {
+		// This test verifies that non-string fields are skipped
+		// We test this indirectly by ensuring the function doesn't error
+		// when processing the actual EnvConfigSchema which has bool fields
+		config := defaultConfig()
+
+		err := resolveFileBasedEnvVariables(&config)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("should skip when _FILE environment variable is not set", func(t *testing.T) {
+		config := defaultConfig()
+		originalEncryptionKey := config.EncryptionKey
+
+		// Don't set ENCRYPTION_KEY_FILE environment variable
+
+		err := resolveFileBasedEnvVariables(&config)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		// EncryptionKey should remain unchanged
+		assert.Equal(t, originalEncryptionKey, config.EncryptionKey)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("should handle multiple file-based variables simultaneously", func(t *testing.T) {
+		config := defaultConfig()
+
+		// Set multiple file environment variables
+		t.Setenv("ENCRYPTION_KEY_FILE", encryptionKeyFile)
+		t.Setenv("DB_CONNECTION_STRING_FILE", dbConnFile)
+
+		err := resolveFileBasedEnvVariables(&config)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		// All should be resolved correctly
+		assert.Equal(t, []byte(encryptionKeyContent), config.EncryptionKey)
+		assert.Equal(t, dbConnContent, config.DbConnectionString)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("should handle mixed file and non-file environment variables", func(t *testing.T) {
+		config := defaultConfig()
+
+		// Set both file and non-file environment variables
+		t.Setenv("ENCRYPTION_KEY_FILE", encryptionKeyFile)
+
+		err := resolveFileBasedEnvVariables(&config)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		// File-based should be resolved, others should remain as set by env parser
+		assert.Equal(t, []byte(encryptionKeyContent), config.EncryptionKey)
+		assert.Equal(t, "http://localhost:1411", config.AppURL)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("should handle binary data correctly", func(t *testing.T) {
+		config := defaultConfig()
+
+		// Set environment variable pointing to binary file
+		t.Setenv("ENCRYPTION_KEY_FILE", binaryKeyFile)
+
+		err := resolveFileBasedEnvVariables(&config)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		// Verify binary data was read correctly without corruption
+		assert.Equal(t, binaryKeyContent, config.EncryptionKey)
+	})
+}

backend/internal/common/errors.go

@@ -349,3 +349,32 @@ func (e *OidcAuthorizationPendingError) Error() string {
 func (e *OidcAuthorizationPendingError) HttpStatusCode() int {
 	return http.StatusBadRequest
 }
+
+type ReauthenticationRequiredError struct{}
+
+func (e *ReauthenticationRequiredError) Error() string {
+	return "reauthentication required"
+}
+func (e *ReauthenticationRequiredError) HttpStatusCode() int {
+	return http.StatusUnauthorized
+}
+
+type OpenSignupDisabledError struct{}
+
+func (e *OpenSignupDisabledError) Error() string {
+	return "Open user signup is not enabled"
+}
+
+func (e *OpenSignupDisabledError) HttpStatusCode() int {
+	return http.StatusForbidden
+}
+
+type ClientIdAlreadyExistsError struct{}
+
+func (e *ClientIdAlreadyExistsError) Error() string {
+	return "Client ID already in use"
+}
+
+func (e *ClientIdAlreadyExistsError) HttpStatusCode() int {
+	return http.StatusBadRequest
+}

backend/internal/common/version.go

@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 package common
 
+// Name is the name of the application
+const Name = "pocket-id"
+
 // Version contains the Pocket ID version.
 //
 // It can be set at build time using -ldflags.

backend/internal/controller/api_key_controller.go

@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ func (c *ApiKeyController) createApiKeyHandler(ctx *gin.Context) {
 	userID := ctx.GetString("userID")
 
 	var input dto.ApiKeyCreateDto
-	if err := ctx.ShouldBindJSON(&input); err != nil {
+	if err := dto.ShouldBindWithNormalizedJSON(ctx, &input); err != nil {
 		_ = ctx.Error(err)
 		return
 	}

backend/internal/controller/app_config_controller.go

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package controller
 import (
 	"net/http"
 	"strconv"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/common"
@@ -108,7 +109,7 @@ func (acc *AppConfigController) listAllAppConfigHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 // @Router /api/application-configuration [put]
 func (acc *AppConfigController) updateAppConfigHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	var input dto.AppConfigUpdateDto
-	if err := c.ShouldBindJSON(&input); err != nil {
+	if err := dto.ShouldBindWithNormalizedJSON(c, &input); err != nil {
 		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
@@ -247,6 +248,8 @@ func (acc *AppConfigController) getImage(c *gin.Context, name string, imageType
 	mimeType := utils.GetImageMimeType(imageType)
 
 	c.Header("Content-Type", mimeType)
+
+	utils.SetCacheControlHeader(c, 15*time.Minute, 24*time.Hour)
 	c.File(imagePath)
 }
 

backend/internal/controller/audit_log_controller.go

@@ -89,6 +89,7 @@ func (alc *AuditLogController) listAuditLogsForUserHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 // @Param filters[userId] query string false "Filter by user ID"
 // @Param filters[event] query string false "Filter by event type"
 // @Param filters[clientName] query string false "Filter by client name"
+// @Param filters[location] query string false "Filter by location type (external or internal)"
 // @Success 200 {object} dto.Paginated[dto.AuditLogDto]
 // @Router /api/audit-logs/all [get]
 func (alc *AuditLogController) listAllAuditLogsHandler(c *gin.Context) {

backend/internal/controller/custom_claim_controller.go

@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ func (ccc *CustomClaimController) getSuggestionsHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 func (ccc *CustomClaimController) UpdateCustomClaimsForUserHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	var input []dto.CustomClaimCreateDto
 
-	if err := c.ShouldBindJSON(&input); err != nil {
+	if err := dto.ShouldBindWithNormalizedJSON(c, &input); err != nil {
 		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ func (ccc *CustomClaimController) UpdateCustomClaimsForUserHandler(c *gin.Contex
 func (ccc *CustomClaimController) UpdateCustomClaimsForUserGroupHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	var input []dto.CustomClaimCreateDto
 
-	if err := c.ShouldBindJSON(&input); err != nil {
+	if err := dto.ShouldBindWithNormalizedJSON(c, &input); err != nil {
 		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}

backend/internal/controller/e2etest_controller.go

@@ -33,20 +33,23 @@ func (tc *TestController) resetAndSeedHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	}
 
 	skipLdap := c.Query("skip-ldap") == "true"
+	skipSeed := c.Query("skip-seed") == "true"
 
 	if err := tc.TestService.ResetDatabase(); err != nil {
 		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
-	if err := tc.TestService.ResetApplicationImages(); err != nil {
+	if err := tc.TestService.ResetApplicationImages(c.Request.Context()); err != nil {
 		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
 
-	if err := tc.TestService.SeedDatabase(baseURL); err != nil {
+	if !skipSeed {
-		_ = c.Error(err)
+		if err := tc.TestService.SeedDatabase(baseURL); err != nil {
-		return
+			_ = c.Error(err)
+			return
+		}
 	}
 
 	if err := tc.TestService.ResetAppConfig(c.Request.Context()); err != nil {

backend/internal/controller/oidc_controller.go

@@ -2,10 +2,11 @@ package controller
 
 import (
 	"errors"
-	"log"
+	"log/slog"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/url"
 	"strings"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
 
@@ -54,8 +55,13 @@ func NewOidcController(group *gin.RouterGroup, authMiddleware *middleware.AuthMi
 	group.POST("/oidc/device/verify", authMiddleware.WithAdminNotRequired().Add(), oc.verifyDeviceCodeHandler)
 	group.GET("/oidc/device/info", authMiddleware.WithAdminNotRequired().Add(), oc.getDeviceCodeInfoHandler)
 
-	group.GET("/oidc/users/me/clients", authMiddleware.WithAdminNotRequired().Add(), oc.listOwnAuthorizedClientsHandler)
+	group.GET("/oidc/users/me/authorized-clients", authMiddleware.WithAdminNotRequired().Add(), oc.listOwnAuthorizedClientsHandler)
-	group.GET("/oidc/users/:id/clients", authMiddleware.Add(), oc.listAuthorizedClientsHandler)
+	group.GET("/oidc/users/:id/authorized-clients", authMiddleware.Add(), oc.listAuthorizedClientsHandler)
+
+	group.DELETE("/oidc/users/me/authorized-clients/:clientId", authMiddleware.WithAdminNotRequired().Add(), oc.revokeOwnClientAuthorizationHandler)
+
+	group.GET("/oidc/users/me/clients", authMiddleware.WithAdminNotRequired().Add(), oc.listOwnAccessibleClientsHandler)
+
 }
 
 type OidcController struct {
@@ -88,6 +94,7 @@ func (oc *OidcController) authorizeHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	response := dto.AuthorizeOidcClientResponseDto{
 		Code:        code,
 		CallbackURL: callbackURL,
+		Issuer:      common.EnvConfig.AppURL,
 	}
 
 	c.JSON(http.StatusOK, response)
@@ -255,7 +262,7 @@ func (oc *OidcController) EndSessionHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	callbackURL, err := oc.oidcService.ValidateEndSession(c.Request.Context(), input, c.GetString("userID"))
 	if err != nil {
 		// If the validation fails, the user has to confirm the logout manually and doesn't get redirected
-		log.Printf("Error getting logout callback URL, the user has to confirm the logout manually: %v", err)
+		slog.WarnContext(c.Request.Context(), "Error getting logout callback URL, the user has to confirm the logout manually", "error", err)
 		c.Redirect(http.StatusFound, common.EnvConfig.AppURL+"/logout")
 		return
 	}
@@ -485,11 +492,11 @@ func (oc *OidcController) deleteClientHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 // @Accept json
 // @Produce json
 // @Param id path string true "Client ID"
-// @Param client body dto.OidcClientCreateDto true "Client information"
+// @Param client body dto.OidcClientUpdateDto true "Client information"
 // @Success 200 {object} dto.OidcClientWithAllowedUserGroupsDto "Updated client"
 // @Router /api/oidc/clients/{id} [put]
 func (oc *OidcController) updateClientHandler(c *gin.Context) {
-	var input dto.OidcClientCreateDto
+	var input dto.OidcClientUpdateDto
 	if err := c.ShouldBindJSON(&input); err != nil {
 		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
@@ -545,6 +552,8 @@ func (oc *OidcController) getClientLogoHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 		return
 	}
 
+	utils.SetCacheControlHeader(c, 15*time.Minute, 12*time.Hour)
+
 	c.Header("Content-Type", mimeType)
 	c.File(imagePath)
 }
@@ -653,7 +662,7 @@ func (oc *OidcController) deviceAuthorizationHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 // @Param sort[column] query string false "Column to sort by"
 // @Param sort[direction] query string false "Sort direction (asc or desc)" default("asc")
 // @Success 200 {object} dto.Paginated[dto.AuthorizedOidcClientDto]
-// @Router /api/oidc/users/me/clients [get]
+// @Router /api/oidc/users/me/authorized-clients [get]
 func (oc *OidcController) listOwnAuthorizedClientsHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	userID := c.GetString("userID")
 	oc.listAuthorizedClients(c, userID)
@@ -669,7 +678,7 @@ func (oc *OidcController) listOwnAuthorizedClientsHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 // @Param sort[column] query string false "Column to sort by"
 // @Param sort[direction] query string false "Sort direction (asc or desc)" default("asc")
 // @Success 200 {object} dto.Paginated[dto.AuthorizedOidcClientDto]
-// @Router /api/oidc/users/{id}/clients [get]
+// @Router /api/oidc/users/{id}/authorized-clients [get]
 func (oc *OidcController) listAuthorizedClientsHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	userID := c.Param("id")
 	oc.listAuthorizedClients(c, userID)
@@ -700,6 +709,58 @@ func (oc *OidcController) listAuthorizedClients(c *gin.Context, userID string) {
 	})
 }
 
+// revokeOwnClientAuthorizationHandler godoc
+// @Summary Revoke authorization for an OIDC client
+// @Description Revoke the authorization for a specific OIDC client for the current user
+// @Tags OIDC
+// @Param clientId path string true "Client ID to revoke authorization for"
+// @Success 204 "No Content"
+// @Router /api/oidc/users/me/authorized-clients/{clientId} [delete]
+func (oc *OidcController) revokeOwnClientAuthorizationHandler(c *gin.Context) {
+	clientID := c.Param("clientId")
+
+	userID := c.GetString("userID")
+
+	err := oc.oidcService.RevokeAuthorizedClient(c.Request.Context(), userID, clientID)
+	if err != nil {
+		_ = c.Error(err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	c.Status(http.StatusNoContent)
+}
+
+// listOwnAccessibleClientsHandler godoc
+// @Summary List accessible OIDC clients for current user
+// @Description Get a list of OIDC clients that the current user can access
+// @Tags OIDC
+// @Param pagination[page] query int false "Page number for pagination" default(1)
+// @Param pagination[limit] query int false "Number of items per page" default(20)
+// @Param sort[column] query string false "Column to sort by"
+// @Param sort[direction] query string false "Sort direction (asc or desc)" default("asc")
+// @Success 200 {object} dto.Paginated[dto.AccessibleOidcClientDto]
+// @Router /api/oidc/users/me/clients [get]
+func (oc *OidcController) listOwnAccessibleClientsHandler(c *gin.Context) {
+	userID := c.GetString("userID")
+
+	var sortedPaginationRequest utils.SortedPaginationRequest
+	if err := c.ShouldBindQuery(&sortedPaginationRequest); err != nil {
+		_ = c.Error(err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	clients, pagination, err := oc.oidcService.ListAccessibleOidcClients(c.Request.Context(), userID, sortedPaginationRequest)
+	if err != nil {
+		_ = c.Error(err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	c.JSON(http.StatusOK, dto.Paginated[dto.AccessibleOidcClientDto]{
+		Data:       clients,
+		Pagination: pagination,
+	})
+}
+
 func (oc *OidcController) verifyDeviceCodeHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	userCode := c.Query("code")
 	if userCode == "" {

backend/internal/controller/user_controller.go

@@ -14,6 +14,11 @@ import (
 	"golang.org/x/time/rate"
 )
 
+const (
+	defaultOneTimeAccessTokenDuration = 15 * time.Minute
+	defaultSignupTokenDuration        = time.Hour
+)
+
 // NewUserController creates a new controller for user management endpoints
 // @Summary User management controller
 // @Description Initializes all user-related API endpoints
@@ -44,11 +49,17 @@ func NewUserController(group *gin.RouterGroup, authMiddleware *middleware.AuthMi
 	group.POST("/users/:id/one-time-access-token", authMiddleware.Add(), uc.createAdminOneTimeAccessTokenHandler)
 	group.POST("/users/:id/one-time-access-email", authMiddleware.Add(), uc.RequestOneTimeAccessEmailAsAdminHandler)
 	group.POST("/one-time-access-token/:token", rateLimitMiddleware.Add(rate.Every(10*time.Second), 5), uc.exchangeOneTimeAccessTokenHandler)
-	group.POST("/one-time-access-token/setup", uc.getSetupAccessTokenHandler)
 	group.POST("/one-time-access-email", rateLimitMiddleware.Add(rate.Every(10*time.Minute), 3), uc.RequestOneTimeAccessEmailAsUnauthenticatedUserHandler)
 
 	group.DELETE("/users/:id/profile-picture", authMiddleware.Add(), uc.resetUserProfilePictureHandler)
 	group.DELETE("/users/me/profile-picture", authMiddleware.WithAdminNotRequired().Add(), uc.resetCurrentUserProfilePictureHandler)
+
+	group.POST("/signup-tokens", authMiddleware.Add(), uc.createSignupTokenHandler)
+	group.GET("/signup-tokens", authMiddleware.Add(), uc.listSignupTokensHandler)
+	group.DELETE("/signup-tokens/:id", authMiddleware.Add(), uc.deleteSignupTokenHandler)
+	group.POST("/signup", rateLimitMiddleware.Add(rate.Every(1*time.Minute), 10), uc.signupHandler)
+	group.POST("/signup/setup", uc.signUpInitialAdmin)
+
 }
 
 type UserController struct {
@@ -187,7 +198,7 @@ func (uc *UserController) deleteUserHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 // @Router /api/users [post]
 func (uc *UserController) createUserHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	var input dto.UserCreateDto
-	if err := c.ShouldBindJSON(&input); err != nil {
+	if err := dto.ShouldBindWithNormalizedJSON(c, &input); err != nil {
 		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
@@ -250,10 +261,7 @@ func (uc *UserController) getUserProfilePictureHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 		defer picture.Close()
 	}
 
-	_, ok := c.GetQuery("skipCache")
+	utils.SetCacheControlHeader(c, 15*time.Minute, 1*time.Hour)
-	if !ok {
-		c.Header("Cache-Control", "public, max-age=900")
-	}
 
 	c.DataFromReader(http.StatusOK, size, "image/png", picture, nil)
 }
@@ -328,10 +336,17 @@ func (uc *UserController) createOneTimeAccessTokenHandler(c *gin.Context, own bo
 		return
 	}
 
+	var ttl time.Duration
 	if own {
 		input.UserID = c.GetString("userID")
+		ttl = defaultOneTimeAccessTokenDuration
+	} else {
+		ttl = input.TTL.Duration
+		if ttl <= 0 {
+			ttl = defaultOneTimeAccessTokenDuration
+		}
 	}
-	token, err := uc.userService.CreateOneTimeAccessToken(c.Request.Context(), input.UserID, input.ExpiresAt)
+	token, err := uc.userService.CreateOneTimeAccessToken(c.Request.Context(), input.UserID, ttl)
 	if err != nil {
 		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
@@ -375,7 +390,7 @@ func (uc *UserController) createAdminOneTimeAccessTokenHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 // @Router /api/one-time-access-email [post]
 func (uc *UserController) RequestOneTimeAccessEmailAsUnauthenticatedUserHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	var input dto.OneTimeAccessEmailAsUnauthenticatedUserDto
-	if err := c.ShouldBindJSON(&input); err != nil {
+	if err := dto.ShouldBindWithNormalizedJSON(c, &input); err != nil {
 		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
@@ -408,7 +423,11 @@ func (uc *UserController) RequestOneTimeAccessEmailAsAdminHandler(c *gin.Context
 
 	userID := c.Param("id")
 
-	err := uc.userService.RequestOneTimeAccessEmailAsAdmin(c.Request.Context(), userID, input.ExpiresAt)
+	ttl := input.TTL.Duration
+	if ttl <= 0 {
+		ttl = defaultOneTimeAccessTokenDuration
+	}
+	err := uc.userService.RequestOneTimeAccessEmailAsAdmin(c.Request.Context(), userID, ttl)
 	if err != nil {
 		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
@@ -443,14 +462,23 @@ func (uc *UserController) exchangeOneTimeAccessTokenHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	c.JSON(http.StatusOK, userDto)
 }
 
-// getSetupAccessTokenHandler godoc
+// signUpInitialAdmin godoc
-// @Summary Setup initial admin
+// @Summary Sign up initial admin user
-// @Description Generate setup access token for initial admin user configuration
+// @Description Sign up and generate setup access token for initial admin user
 // @Tags Users
+// @Accept json
+// @Produce json
+// @Param body body dto.SignUpDto true "User information"
 // @Success 200 {object} dto.UserDto
-// @Router /api/one-time-access-token/setup [post]
+// @Router /api/signup/setup [post]
-func (uc *UserController) getSetupAccessTokenHandler(c *gin.Context) {
+func (uc *UserController) signUpInitialAdmin(c *gin.Context) {
-	user, token, err := uc.userService.SetupInitialAdmin(c.Request.Context())
+	var input dto.SignUpDto
+	if err := dto.ShouldBindWithNormalizedJSON(c, &input); err != nil {
+		_ = c.Error(err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	user, token, err := uc.userService.SignUpInitialAdmin(c.Request.Context(), input)
 	if err != nil {
 		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
@@ -498,10 +526,138 @@ func (uc *UserController) updateUserGroups(c *gin.Context) {
 	c.JSON(http.StatusOK, userDto)
 }
 
+// createSignupTokenHandler godoc
+// @Summary Create signup token
+// @Description Create a new signup token that allows user registration
+// @Tags Users
+// @Accept json
+// @Produce json
+// @Param token body dto.SignupTokenCreateDto true "Signup token information"
+// @Success 201 {object} dto.SignupTokenDto
+// @Router /api/signup-tokens [post]
+func (uc *UserController) createSignupTokenHandler(c *gin.Context) {
+	var input dto.SignupTokenCreateDto
+	if err := c.ShouldBindJSON(&input); err != nil {
+		_ = c.Error(err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	ttl := input.TTL.Duration
+	if ttl <= 0 {
+		ttl = defaultSignupTokenDuration
+	}
+
+	signupToken, err := uc.userService.CreateSignupToken(c.Request.Context(), ttl, input.UsageLimit)
+	if err != nil {
+		_ = c.Error(err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	var tokenDto dto.SignupTokenDto
+	err = dto.MapStruct(signupToken, &tokenDto)
+	if err != nil {
+		_ = c.Error(err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	c.JSON(http.StatusCreated, tokenDto)
+}
+
+// listSignupTokensHandler godoc
+// @Summary List signup tokens
+// @Description Get a paginated list of signup tokens
+// @Tags Users
+// @Param pagination[page] query int false "Page number for pagination" default(1)
+// @Param pagination[limit] query int false "Number of items per page" default(20)
+// @Param sort[column] query string false "Column to sort by"
+// @Param sort[direction] query string false "Sort direction (asc or desc)" default("asc")
+// @Success 200 {object} dto.Paginated[dto.SignupTokenDto]
+// @Router /api/signup-tokens [get]
+func (uc *UserController) listSignupTokensHandler(c *gin.Context) {
+	var sortedPaginationRequest utils.SortedPaginationRequest
+	if err := c.ShouldBindQuery(&sortedPaginationRequest); err != nil {
+		_ = c.Error(err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	tokens, pagination, err := uc.userService.ListSignupTokens(c.Request.Context(), sortedPaginationRequest)
+	if err != nil {
+		_ = c.Error(err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	var tokensDto []dto.SignupTokenDto
+	if err := dto.MapStructList(tokens, &tokensDto); err != nil {
+		_ = c.Error(err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	c.JSON(http.StatusOK, dto.Paginated[dto.SignupTokenDto]{
+		Data:       tokensDto,
+		Pagination: pagination,
+	})
+}
+
+// deleteSignupTokenHandler godoc
+// @Summary Delete signup token
+// @Description Delete a signup token by ID
+// @Tags Users
+// @Param id path string true "Token ID"
+// @Success 204 "No Content"
+// @Router /api/signup-tokens/{id} [delete]
+func (uc *UserController) deleteSignupTokenHandler(c *gin.Context) {
+	tokenID := c.Param("id")
+
+	err := uc.userService.DeleteSignupToken(c.Request.Context(), tokenID)
+	if err != nil {
+		_ = c.Error(err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	c.Status(http.StatusNoContent)
+}
+
+// signupWithTokenHandler godoc
+// @Summary Sign up
+// @Description Create a new user account
+// @Tags Users
+// @Accept json
+// @Produce json
+// @Param user body dto.SignUpDto true "User information"
+// @Success 201 {object} dto.SignUpDto
+// @Router /api/signup [post]
+func (uc *UserController) signupHandler(c *gin.Context) {
+	var input dto.SignUpDto
+	if err := dto.ShouldBindWithNormalizedJSON(c, &input); err != nil {
+		_ = c.Error(err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	ipAddress := c.ClientIP()
+	userAgent := c.GetHeader("User-Agent")
+
+	user, accessToken, err := uc.userService.SignUp(c.Request.Context(), input, ipAddress, userAgent)
+	if err != nil {
+		_ = c.Error(err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	maxAge := int(uc.appConfigService.GetDbConfig().SessionDuration.AsDurationMinutes().Seconds())
+	cookie.AddAccessTokenCookie(c, maxAge, accessToken)
+
+	var userDto dto.UserDto
+	if err := dto.MapStruct(user, &userDto); err != nil {
+		_ = c.Error(err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	c.JSON(http.StatusCreated, userDto)
+}
+
 // updateUser is an internal helper method, not exposed as an API endpoint
 func (uc *UserController) updateUser(c *gin.Context, updateOwnUser bool) {
 	var input dto.UserCreateDto
-	if err := c.ShouldBindJSON(&input); err != nil {
+	if err := dto.ShouldBindWithNormalizedJSON(c, &input); err != nil {
 		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}

backend/internal/controller/user_group_controller.go

@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ func (ugc *UserGroupController) get(c *gin.Context) {
 // @Router /api/user-groups [post]
 func (ugc *UserGroupController) create(c *gin.Context) {
 	var input dto.UserGroupCreateDto
-	if err := c.ShouldBindJSON(&input); err != nil {
+	if err := dto.ShouldBindWithNormalizedJSON(c, &input); err != nil {
 		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ func (ugc *UserGroupController) create(c *gin.Context) {
 // @Router /api/user-groups/{id} [put]
 func (ugc *UserGroupController) update(c *gin.Context) {
 	var input dto.UserGroupCreateDto
-	if err := c.ShouldBindJSON(&input); err != nil {
+	if err := dto.ShouldBindWithNormalizedJSON(c, &input); err != nil {
 		_ = c.Error(err)
 		return
 	}

backend/internal/controller/webauthn_controller.go

@@ -25,6 +25,8 @@ func NewWebauthnController(group *gin.RouterGroup, authMiddleware *middleware.Au
 
 	group.POST("/webauthn/logout", authMiddleware.WithAdminNotRequired().Add(), wc.logoutHandler)
 
+	group.POST("/webauthn/reauthenticate", authMiddleware.WithAdminNotRequired().Add(), rateLimitMiddleware.Add(rate.Every(10*time.Second), 5), wc.reauthenticateHandler)
+
 	group.GET("/webauthn/credentials", authMiddleware.WithAdminNotRequired().Add(), wc.listCredentialsHandler)
 	group.PATCH("/webauthn/credentials/:id", authMiddleware.WithAdminNotRequired().Add(), wc.updateCredentialHandler)
 	group.DELETE("/webauthn/credentials/:id", authMiddleware.WithAdminNotRequired().Add(), wc.deleteCredentialHandler)
@@ -171,3 +173,33 @@ func (wc *WebauthnController) logoutHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	cookie.AddAccessTokenCookie(c, 0, "")
 	c.Status(http.StatusNoContent)
 }
+
+func (wc *WebauthnController) reauthenticateHandler(c *gin.Context) {
+	sessionID, err := c.Cookie(cookie.SessionIdCookieName)
+	if err != nil {
+		_ = c.Error(&common.MissingSessionIdError{})
+		return
+	}
+
+	var token string
+
+	// Try to create a reauthentication token with WebAuthn
+	credentialAssertionData, err := protocol.ParseCredentialRequestResponseBody(c.Request.Body)
+	if err == nil {
+		token, err = wc.webAuthnService.CreateReauthenticationTokenWithWebauthn(c.Request.Context(), sessionID, credentialAssertionData)
+		if err != nil {
+			_ = c.Error(err)
+			return
+		}
+	} else {
+		// If WebAuthn fails, try to create a reauthentication token with the access token
+		accessToken, _ := c.Cookie(cookie.AccessTokenCookieName)
+		token, err = wc.webAuthnService.CreateReauthenticationTokenWithAccessToken(c.Request.Context(), accessToken)
+		if err != nil {
+			_ = c.Error(err)
+			return
+		}
+	}
+
+	c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"reauthenticationToken": token})
+}

backend/internal/controller/well_known_controller.go

@@ -3,8 +3,9 @@ package controller
 import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
-	"log"
+	"log/slog"
 	"net/http"
+	"os"
 
 	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
 
@@ -23,7 +24,9 @@ func NewWellKnownController(group *gin.RouterGroup, jwtService *service.JwtServi
 	var err error
 	wkc.oidcConfig, err = wkc.computeOIDCConfiguration()
 	if err != nil {
-		log.Fatalf("Failed to pre-compute OpenID Connect configuration document: %v", err)
+		slog.Error("Failed to pre-compute OpenID Connect configuration document", slog.Any("error", err))
+		os.Exit(1)
+		return
 	}
 
 	group.GET("/.well-known/jwks.json", wkc.jwksHandler)
@@ -69,20 +72,22 @@ func (wkc *WellKnownController) computeOIDCConfiguration() ([]byte, error) {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to get key algorithm: %w", err)
 	}
 	config := map[string]any{
-		"issuer":                                appUrl,
+		"issuer":                                         appUrl,
-		"authorization_endpoint":                appUrl + "/authorize",
+		"authorization_endpoint":                         appUrl + "/authorize",
-		"token_endpoint":                        appUrl + "/api/oidc/token",
+		"token_endpoint":                                 appUrl + "/api/oidc/token",
-		"userinfo_endpoint":                     appUrl + "/api/oidc/userinfo",
+		"userinfo_endpoint":                              appUrl + "/api/oidc/userinfo",
-		"end_session_endpoint":                  appUrl + "/api/oidc/end-session",
+		"end_session_endpoint":                           appUrl + "/api/oidc/end-session",
-		"introspection_endpoint":                appUrl + "/api/oidc/introspect",
+		"introspection_endpoint":                         appUrl + "/api/oidc/introspect",
-		"device_authorization_endpoint":         appUrl + "/api/oidc/device/authorize",
+		"device_authorization_endpoint":                  appUrl + "/api/oidc/device/authorize",
-		"jwks_uri":                              appUrl + "/.well-known/jwks.json",
+		"jwks_uri":                                       appUrl + "/.well-known/jwks.json",
-		"grant_types_supported":                 []string{service.GrantTypeAuthorizationCode, service.GrantTypeRefreshToken, service.GrantTypeDeviceCode},
+		"grant_types_supported":                          []string{service.GrantTypeAuthorizationCode, service.GrantTypeRefreshToken, service.GrantTypeDeviceCode},
-		"scopes_supported":                      []string{"openid", "profile", "email", "groups"},
+		"scopes_supported":                               []string{"openid", "profile", "email", "groups"},
-		"claims_supported":                      []string{"sub", "given_name", "family_name", "name", "email", "email_verified", "preferred_username", "picture", "groups"},
+		"claims_supported":                               []string{"sub", "given_name", "family_name", "name", "email", "email_verified", "preferred_username", "picture", "groups"},
-		"response_types_supported":              []string{"code", "id_token"},
+		"response_types_supported":                       []string{"code", "id_token"},
-		"subject_types_supported":               []string{"public"},
+		"subject_types_supported":                        []string{"public"},
-		"id_token_signing_alg_values_supported": []string{alg.String()},
+		"id_token_signing_alg_values_supported":          []string{alg.String()},
+		"authorization_response_iss_parameter_supported": true,
+		"code_challenge_methods_supported":               []string{"plain", "S256"},
 	}
 	return json.Marshal(config)
 }

backend/internal/dto/api_key_dto.go

@@ -5,15 +5,15 @@ import (
 )
 
 type ApiKeyCreateDto struct {
-	Name        string            `json:"name" binding:"required,min=3,max=50"`
+	Name        string            `json:"name" binding:"required,min=3,max=50" unorm:"nfc"`
-	Description string            `json:"description"`
+	Description *string           `json:"description" unorm:"nfc"`
 	ExpiresAt   datatype.DateTime `json:"expiresAt" binding:"required"`
 }
 
 type ApiKeyDto struct {
 	ID                  string             `json:"id"`
 	Name                string             `json:"name"`
-	Description         string             `json:"description"`
+	Description         *string            `json:"description"`
 	ExpiresAt           datatype.DateTime  `json:"expiresAt"`
 	LastUsedAt          *datatype.DateTime `json:"lastUsedAt"`
 	CreatedAt           datatype.DateTime  `json:"createdAt"`

backend/internal/dto/app_config_dto.go

@@ -12,11 +12,15 @@ type AppConfigVariableDto struct {
 }
 
 type AppConfigUpdateDto struct {
-	AppName                                    string `json:"appName" binding:"required,min=1,max=30"`
+	AppName                                    string `json:"appName" binding:"required,min=1,max=30" unorm:"nfc"`
 	SessionDuration                            string `json:"sessionDuration" binding:"required"`
 	EmailsVerified                             string `json:"emailsVerified" binding:"required"`
 	DisableAnimations                          string `json:"disableAnimations" binding:"required"`
 	AllowOwnAccountEdit                        string `json:"allowOwnAccountEdit" binding:"required"`
+	AllowUserSignups                           string `json:"allowUserSignups" binding:"required,oneof=disabled withToken open"`
+	SignupDefaultUserGroupIDs                  string `json:"signupDefaultUserGroupIDs" binding:"omitempty,json"`
+	SignupDefaultCustomClaims                  string `json:"signupDefaultCustomClaims" binding:"omitempty,json"`
+	AccentColor                                string `json:"accentColor"`
 	SmtpHost                                   string `json:"smtpHost"`
 	SmtpPort                                   string `json:"smtpPort"`
 	SmtpFrom                                   string `json:"smtpFrom" binding:"omitempty,email"`

backend/internal/dto/audit_log_dto.go

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 package dto
 
 import (
-	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/model"
 	datatype "github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/model/types"
 )
 
@@ -9,18 +8,19 @@ type AuditLogDto struct {
 	ID        string            `json:"id"`
 	CreatedAt datatype.DateTime `json:"createdAt"`
 
-	Event     model.AuditLogEvent `json:"event"`
+	Event     string            `json:"event"`
-	IpAddress string              `json:"ipAddress"`
+	IpAddress string            `json:"ipAddress"`
-	Country   string              `json:"country"`
+	Country   string            `json:"country"`
-	City      string              `json:"city"`
+	City      string            `json:"city"`
-	Device    string              `json:"device"`
+	Device    string            `json:"device"`
-	UserID    string              `json:"userID"`
+	UserID    string            `json:"userID"`
-	Username  string              `json:"username"`
+	Username  string            `json:"username"`
-	Data      model.AuditLogData  `json:"data"`
+	Data      map[string]string `json:"data"`
 }
 
 type AuditLogFilterDto struct {
 	UserID     string `form:"filters[userId]"`
 	Event      string `form:"filters[event]"`
 	ClientName string `form:"filters[clientName]"`
+	Location   string `form:"filters[location]"`
 }

backend/internal/dto/custom_claim_dto.go

@@ -6,6 +6,6 @@ type CustomClaimDto struct {
 }
 
 type CustomClaimCreateDto struct {
-	Key   string `json:"key" binding:"required"`
+	Key   string `json:"key" binding:"required" unorm:"nfc"`
-	Value string `json:"value" binding:"required"`
+	Value string `json:"value" binding:"required" unorm:"nfc"`
 }

backend/internal/dto/dto_mapper.go

@@ -1,162 +1,27 @@
 package dto
 
 import (
-	"errors"
+	"fmt"
-	"reflect"
-	"time"
 
-	datatype "github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/model/types"
+	"github.com/jinzhu/copier"
 )
 
 // MapStructList maps a list of source structs to a list of destination structs
-func MapStructList[S any, D any](source []S, destination *[]D) error {
+func MapStructList[S any, D any](source []S, destination *[]D) (err error) {
-	*destination = make([]D, 0, len(source))
+	*destination = make([]D, len(source))
 
-	for _, item := range source {
+	for i, item := range source {
-		var destItem D
+		err = MapStruct(item, &((*destination)[i]))
-		if err := MapStruct(item, &destItem); err != nil {
+		if err != nil {
-			return err
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to map field %d: %w", i, err)
 		}
-		*destination = append(*destination, destItem)
 	}
 	return nil
 }
 
 // MapStruct maps a source struct to a destination struct
-func MapStruct[S any, D any](source S, destination *D) error {
+func MapStruct(source any, destination any) error {
-	// Ensure destination is a non-nil pointer
+	return copier.CopyWithOption(destination, source, copier.Option{
-	destValue := reflect.ValueOf(destination)
+		DeepCopy: true,
-	if destValue.Kind() != reflect.Ptr || destValue.IsNil() {
+	})
-		return errors.New("destination must be a non-nil pointer to a struct")
-	}
-
-	// Ensure source is a struct
-	sourceValue := reflect.ValueOf(source)
-	if sourceValue.Kind() != reflect.Struct {
-		return errors.New("source must be a struct")
-	}
-
-	return mapStructInternal(sourceValue, destValue.Elem())
-}
-
-func mapStructInternal(sourceVal reflect.Value, destVal reflect.Value) error {
-	for i := 0; i < destVal.NumField(); i++ {
-		destField := destVal.Field(i)
-		destFieldType := destVal.Type().Field(i)
-
-		if destFieldType.Anonymous {
-			if err := mapStructInternal(sourceVal, destField); err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-			continue
-		}
-
-		sourceField := sourceVal.FieldByName(destFieldType.Name)
-
-		if sourceField.IsValid() && destField.CanSet() {
-			if err := mapField(sourceField, destField); err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
-//nolint:gocognit
-func mapField(sourceField reflect.Value, destField reflect.Value) error {
-	// Handle pointer to struct in source
-	if sourceField.Kind() == reflect.Ptr && !sourceField.IsNil() {
-		switch {
-		case sourceField.Elem().Kind() == reflect.Struct:
-			switch {
-			case destField.Kind() == reflect.Struct:
-				// Map from pointer to struct -> struct
-				return mapStructInternal(sourceField.Elem(), destField)
-			case destField.Kind() == reflect.Ptr && destField.CanSet():
-				// Map from pointer to struct -> pointer to struct
-				if destField.IsNil() {
-					destField.Set(reflect.New(destField.Type().Elem()))
-				}
-				return mapStructInternal(sourceField.Elem(), destField.Elem())
-			}
-		case destField.Kind() == reflect.Ptr &&
-			destField.CanSet() &&
-			sourceField.Elem().Type().AssignableTo(destField.Type().Elem()):
-			// Handle primitive pointer types (e.g., *string to *string)
-			if destField.IsNil() {
-				destField.Set(reflect.New(destField.Type().Elem()))
-			}
-			destField.Elem().Set(sourceField.Elem())
-			return nil
-		case destField.Kind() != reflect.Ptr &&
-			destField.CanSet() &&
-			sourceField.Elem().Type().AssignableTo(destField.Type()):
-			// Handle *T to T conversion for primitive types
-			destField.Set(sourceField.Elem())
-			return nil
-		}
-	}
-
-	// Handle pointer to struct in destination
-	if destField.Kind() == reflect.Ptr && destField.CanSet() {
-		switch {
-		case sourceField.Kind() == reflect.Struct:
-			// Map from struct -> pointer to struct
-			if destField.IsNil() {
-				destField.Set(reflect.New(destField.Type().Elem()))
-			}
-			return mapStructInternal(sourceField, destField.Elem())
-		case !sourceField.IsZero() && sourceField.Type().AssignableTo(destField.Type().Elem()):
-			// Handle T to *T conversion for primitive types
-			if destField.IsNil() {
-				destField.Set(reflect.New(destField.Type().Elem()))
-			}
-			destField.Elem().Set(sourceField)
-			return nil
-		}
-	}
-
-	switch {
-	case sourceField.Type() == destField.Type():
-		destField.Set(sourceField)
-	case sourceField.Kind() == reflect.Slice && destField.Kind() == reflect.Slice:
-		return mapSlice(sourceField, destField)
-	case sourceField.Kind() == reflect.Struct && destField.Kind() == reflect.Struct:
-		return mapStructInternal(sourceField, destField)
-	default:
-		return mapSpecialTypes(sourceField, destField)
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
-func mapSlice(sourceField reflect.Value, destField reflect.Value) error {
-	if sourceField.Type().Elem() == destField.Type().Elem() {
-		newSlice := reflect.MakeSlice(destField.Type(), sourceField.Len(), sourceField.Cap())
-		for j := 0; j < sourceField.Len(); j++ {
-			newSlice.Index(j).Set(sourceField.Index(j))
-		}
-		destField.Set(newSlice)
-	} else if sourceField.Type().Elem().Kind() == reflect.Struct && destField.Type().Elem().Kind() == reflect.Struct {
-		newSlice := reflect.MakeSlice(destField.Type(), sourceField.Len(), sourceField.Cap())
-		for j := 0; j < sourceField.Len(); j++ {
-			sourceElem := sourceField.Index(j)
-			destElem := reflect.New(destField.Type().Elem()).Elem()
-			if err := mapStructInternal(sourceElem, destElem); err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-			newSlice.Index(j).Set(destElem)
-		}
-		destField.Set(newSlice)
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
-func mapSpecialTypes(sourceField reflect.Value, destField reflect.Value) error {
-	if _, ok := sourceField.Interface().(datatype.DateTime); ok {
-		if sourceField.Type() == reflect.TypeOf(datatype.DateTime{}) && destField.Type() == reflect.TypeOf(time.Time{}) {
-			dateValue := sourceField.Interface().(datatype.DateTime)
-			destField.Set(reflect.ValueOf(dateValue.ToTime()))
-		}
-	}
-	return nil
 }

backend/internal/dto/dto_mapper_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+package dto
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/model"
+	datatype "github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/model/types"
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/utils"
+)
+
+type sourceStruct struct {
+	AString            string
+	AStringPtr         *string
+	ABool              bool
+	ABoolPtr           *bool
+	ACustomDateTime    datatype.DateTime
+	ACustomDateTimePtr *datatype.DateTime
+	ANilStringPtr      *string
+	ASlice             []string
+	AMap               map[string]int
+	AStruct            embeddedStruct
+	AStructPtr         *embeddedStruct
+
+	StringPtrToString      *string
+	EmptyStringPtrToString *string
+	NilStringPtrToString   *string
+	IntToInt64             int
+	AuditLogEventToString  model.AuditLogEvent
+}
+
+type destStruct struct {
+	AString            string
+	AStringPtr         *string
+	ABool              bool
+	ABoolPtr           *bool
+	ACustomDateTime    datatype.DateTime
+	ACustomDateTimePtr *datatype.DateTime
+	ANilStringPtr      *string
+	ASlice             []string
+	AMap               map[string]int
+	AStruct            embeddedStruct
+	AStructPtr         *embeddedStruct
+
+	StringPtrToString      string
+	EmptyStringPtrToString string
+	NilStringPtrToString   string
+	IntToInt64             int64
+	AuditLogEventToString  string
+}
+
+type embeddedStruct struct {
+	Foo string
+	Bar int64
+}
+
+func TestMapStruct(t *testing.T) {
+	src := sourceStruct{
+		AString:            "abcd",
+		AStringPtr:         utils.Ptr("xyz"),
+		ABool:              true,
+		ABoolPtr:           utils.Ptr(false),
+		ACustomDateTime:    datatype.DateTime(time.Date(2025, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 0, time.UTC)),
+		ACustomDateTimePtr: utils.Ptr(datatype.DateTime(time.Date(2024, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 0, time.UTC))),
+		ANilStringPtr:      nil,
+		ASlice:             []string{"a", "b", "c"},
+		AMap: map[string]int{
+			"a": 1,
+			"b": 2,
+		},
+		AStruct: embeddedStruct{
+			Foo: "bar",
+			Bar: 42,
+		},
+		AStructPtr: &embeddedStruct{
+			Foo: "quo",
+			Bar: 111,
+		},
+
+		StringPtrToString:      utils.Ptr("foobar"),
+		EmptyStringPtrToString: utils.Ptr(""),
+		NilStringPtrToString:   nil,
+		IntToInt64:             99,
+		AuditLogEventToString:  model.AuditLogEventAccountCreated,
+	}
+	var dst destStruct
+	err := MapStruct(src, &dst)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, src.AString, dst.AString)
+	_ = assert.NotNil(t, src.AStringPtr) &&
+		assert.Equal(t, *src.AStringPtr, *dst.AStringPtr)
+	assert.Equal(t, src.ABool, dst.ABool)
+	_ = assert.NotNil(t, src.ABoolPtr) &&
+		assert.Equal(t, *src.ABoolPtr, *dst.ABoolPtr)
+	assert.Equal(t, src.ACustomDateTime, dst.ACustomDateTime)
+	_ = assert.NotNil(t, src.ACustomDateTimePtr) &&
+		assert.Equal(t, *src.ACustomDateTimePtr, *dst.ACustomDateTimePtr)
+	assert.Nil(t, dst.ANilStringPtr)
+	assert.Equal(t, src.ASlice, dst.ASlice)
+	assert.Equal(t, src.AMap, dst.AMap)
+	assert.Equal(t, "bar", dst.AStruct.Foo)
+	assert.Equal(t, int64(42), dst.AStruct.Bar)
+	_ = assert.NotNil(t, src.AStructPtr) &&
+		assert.Equal(t, "quo", dst.AStructPtr.Foo) &&
+		assert.Equal(t, int64(111), dst.AStructPtr.Bar)
+	assert.Equal(t, "foobar", dst.StringPtrToString)
+	assert.Empty(t, dst.EmptyStringPtrToString)
+	assert.Empty(t, dst.NilStringPtrToString)
+	assert.Equal(t, int64(99), dst.IntToInt64)
+	assert.Equal(t, "ACCOUNT_CREATED", dst.AuditLogEventToString)
+}
+
+func TestMapStructList(t *testing.T) {
+	sources := []sourceStruct{
+		{
+			AString:            "first",
+			AStringPtr:         utils.Ptr("one"),
+			ABool:              true,
+			ABoolPtr:           utils.Ptr(false),
+			ACustomDateTime:    datatype.DateTime(time.Date(2025, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 0, time.UTC)),
+			ACustomDateTimePtr: utils.Ptr(datatype.DateTime(time.Date(2024, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 0, time.UTC))),
+			ASlice:             []string{"a", "b"},
+			AMap: map[string]int{
+				"a": 1,
+				"b": 2,
+			},
+			AStruct: embeddedStruct{
+				Foo: "first_struct",
+				Bar: 10,
+			},
+			IntToInt64: 10,
+		},
+		{
+			AString:            "second",
+			AStringPtr:         utils.Ptr("two"),
+			ABool:              false,
+			ABoolPtr:           utils.Ptr(true),
+			ACustomDateTime:    datatype.DateTime(time.Date(2026, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 0, time.UTC)),
+			ACustomDateTimePtr: utils.Ptr(datatype.DateTime(time.Date(2023, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 0, time.UTC))),
+			ASlice:             []string{"c", "d", "e"},
+			AMap: map[string]int{
+				"c": 3,
+				"d": 4,
+			},
+			AStruct: embeddedStruct{
+				Foo: "second_struct",
+				Bar: 20,
+			},
+			IntToInt64: 20,
+		},
+	}
+
+	var destinations []destStruct
+	err := MapStructList(sources, &destinations)
+
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Len(t, destinations, 2)
+
+	// Verify first element
+	assert.Equal(t, "first", destinations[0].AString)
+	assert.Equal(t, "one", *destinations[0].AStringPtr)
+	assert.True(t, destinations[0].ABool)
+	assert.False(t, *destinations[0].ABoolPtr)
+	assert.Equal(t, datatype.DateTime(time.Date(2025, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 0, time.UTC)), destinations[0].ACustomDateTime)
+	assert.Equal(t, datatype.DateTime(time.Date(2024, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 0, time.UTC)), *destinations[0].ACustomDateTimePtr)
+	assert.Equal(t, []string{"a", "b"}, destinations[0].ASlice)
+	assert.Equal(t, map[string]int{"a": 1, "b": 2}, destinations[0].AMap)
+	assert.Equal(t, "first_struct", destinations[0].AStruct.Foo)
+	assert.Equal(t, int64(10), destinations[0].AStruct.Bar)
+	assert.Equal(t, int64(10), destinations[0].IntToInt64)
+
+	// Verify second element
+	assert.Equal(t, "second", destinations[1].AString)
+	assert.Equal(t, "two", *destinations[1].AStringPtr)
+	assert.False(t, destinations[1].ABool)
+	assert.True(t, *destinations[1].ABoolPtr)
+	assert.Equal(t, datatype.DateTime(time.Date(2026, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 0, time.UTC)), destinations[1].ACustomDateTime)
+	assert.Equal(t, datatype.DateTime(time.Date(2023, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 0, time.UTC)), *destinations[1].ACustomDateTimePtr)
+	assert.Equal(t, []string{"c", "d", "e"}, destinations[1].ASlice)
+	assert.Equal(t, map[string]int{"c": 3, "d": 4}, destinations[1].AMap)
+	assert.Equal(t, "second_struct", destinations[1].AStruct.Foo)
+	assert.Equal(t, int64(20), destinations[1].AStruct.Bar)
+	assert.Equal(t, int64(20), destinations[1].IntToInt64)
+}
+
+func TestMapStructList_EmptySource(t *testing.T) {
+	var sources []sourceStruct
+	var destinations []destStruct
+
+	err := MapStructList(sources, &destinations)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Empty(t, destinations)
+}

backend/internal/dto/dto_normalize.go

@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+package dto
+
+import (
+	"net/http"
+	"reflect"
+
+	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin/binding"
+	"golang.org/x/text/unicode/norm"
+)
+
+// Normalize iterates through an object and performs Unicode normalization on all string fields with the `unorm` tag.
+func Normalize(obj any) {
+	v := reflect.ValueOf(obj)
+	if v.Kind() != reflect.Ptr || v.IsNil() {
+		return
+	}
+	v = v.Elem()
+
+	// Handle case where obj is a slice of models
+	if v.Kind() == reflect.Slice {
+		for i := 0; i < v.Len(); i++ {
+			elem := v.Index(i)
+			if elem.Kind() == reflect.Ptr && !elem.IsNil() && elem.Elem().Kind() == reflect.Struct {
+				Normalize(elem.Interface())
+			} else if elem.Kind() == reflect.Struct && elem.CanAddr() {
+				Normalize(elem.Addr().Interface())
+			}
+		}
+		return
+	}
+
+	if v.Kind() != reflect.Struct {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Iterate through all fields looking for those with the "unorm" tag
+	t := v.Type()
+loop:
+	for i := range t.NumField() {
+		field := t.Field(i)
+
+		unormTag := field.Tag.Get("unorm")
+		if unormTag == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		fv := v.Field(i)
+		if !fv.CanSet() || fv.Kind() != reflect.String {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		var form norm.Form
+		switch unormTag {
+		case "nfc":
+			form = norm.NFC
+		case "nfkc":
+			form = norm.NFKC
+		case "nfd":
+			form = norm.NFD
+		case "nfkd":
+			form = norm.NFKD
+		default:
+			continue loop
+		}
+
+		val := fv.String()
+		val = form.String(val)
+		fv.SetString(val)
+	}
+}
+
+func ShouldBindWithNormalizedJSON(ctx *gin.Context, obj any) error {
+	return ctx.ShouldBindWith(obj, binding.JSON)
+}
+
+type NormalizerJSONBinding struct{}
+
+func (NormalizerJSONBinding) Name() string {
+	return "json"
+}
+
+func (NormalizerJSONBinding) Bind(req *http.Request, obj any) error {
+	// Use the default JSON binder
+	err := binding.JSON.Bind(req, obj)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// Perform normalization
+	Normalize(obj)
+
+	return nil
+}

backend/internal/dto/dto_normalize_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+package dto
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"golang.org/x/text/unicode/norm"
+)
+
+type testDto struct {
+	Name        string `unorm:"nfc"`
+	Description string `unorm:"nfd"`
+	Other       string
+	BadForm     string `unorm:"bad"`
+}
+
+func TestNormalize(t *testing.T) {
+	input := testDto{
+		// Is in NFC form already
+		Name: norm.NFC.String("Café"),
+		// NFC form will be normalized to NFD
+		Description: norm.NFC.String("vërø"),
+		// Should be unchanged
+		Other: "NöTag",
+		// Should be unchanged
+		BadForm: "BåD",
+	}
+
+	Normalize(&input)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, norm.NFC.String("Café"), input.Name)
+	assert.Equal(t, norm.NFD.String("vërø"), input.Description)
+	assert.Equal(t, "NöTag", input.Other)
+	assert.Equal(t, "BåD", input.BadForm)
+}
+
+func TestNormalizeSlice(t *testing.T) {
+	obj1 := testDto{
+		Name:        norm.NFC.String("Café1"),
+		Description: norm.NFC.String("vërø1"),
+		Other:       "NöTag1",
+		BadForm:     "BåD1",
+	}
+	obj2 := testDto{
+		Name:        norm.NFD.String("Résumé2"),
+		Description: norm.NFD.String("accéléré2"),
+		Other:       "NöTag2",
+		BadForm:     "BåD2",
+	}
+
+	t.Run("slice of structs", func(t *testing.T) {
+		slice := []testDto{obj1, obj2}
+		Normalize(&slice)
+
+		// Verify first element
+		assert.Equal(t, norm.NFC.String("Café1"), slice[0].Name)
+		assert.Equal(t, norm.NFD.String("vërø1"), slice[0].Description)
+		assert.Equal(t, "NöTag1", slice[0].Other)
+		assert.Equal(t, "BåD1", slice[0].BadForm)
+
+		// Verify second element
+		assert.Equal(t, norm.NFC.String("Résumé2"), slice[1].Name)
+		assert.Equal(t, norm.NFD.String("accéléré2"), slice[1].Description)
+		assert.Equal(t, "NöTag2", slice[1].Other)
+		assert.Equal(t, "BåD2", slice[1].BadForm)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("slice of pointers to structs", func(t *testing.T) {
+		slice := []*testDto{&obj1, &obj2}
+		Normalize(&slice)
+
+		// Verify first element
+		assert.Equal(t, norm.NFC.String("Café1"), slice[0].Name)
+		assert.Equal(t, norm.NFD.String("vërø1"), slice[0].Description)
+		assert.Equal(t, "NöTag1", slice[0].Other)
+		assert.Equal(t, "BåD1", slice[0].BadForm)
+
+		// Verify second element
+		assert.Equal(t, norm.NFC.String("Résumé2"), slice[1].Name)
+		assert.Equal(t, norm.NFD.String("accéléré2"), slice[1].Description)
+		assert.Equal(t, "NöTag2", slice[1].Other)
+		assert.Equal(t, "BåD2", slice[1].BadForm)
+	})
+}

backend/internal/dto/oidc_dto.go

@@ -1,9 +1,13 @@
 package dto
 
+import datatype "github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/model/types"
+
 type OidcClientMetaDataDto struct {
-	ID      string `json:"id"`
+	ID                       string  `json:"id"`
-	Name    string `json:"name"`
+	Name                     string  `json:"name"`
-	HasLogo bool   `json:"hasLogo"`
+	HasLogo                  bool    `json:"hasLogo"`
+	LaunchURL                *string `json:"launchURL"`
+	RequiresReauthentication bool    `json:"requiresReauthentication"`
 }
 
 type OidcClientDto struct {
@@ -25,13 +29,20 @@ type OidcClientWithAllowedGroupsCountDto struct {
 	AllowedUserGroupsCount int64 `json:"allowedUserGroupsCount"`
 }
 
+type OidcClientUpdateDto struct {
+	Name                     string                   `json:"name" binding:"required,max=50" unorm:"nfc"`
+	CallbackURLs             []string                 `json:"callbackURLs"`
+	LogoutCallbackURLs       []string                 `json:"logoutCallbackURLs"`
+	IsPublic                 bool                     `json:"isPublic"`
+	PkceEnabled              bool                     `json:"pkceEnabled"`
+	RequiresReauthentication bool                     `json:"requiresReauthentication"`
+	Credentials              OidcClientCredentialsDto `json:"credentials"`
+	LaunchURL                *string                  `json:"launchURL" binding:"omitempty,url"`
+}
+
 type OidcClientCreateDto struct {
-	Name               string                   `json:"name" binding:"required,max=50"`
+	OidcClientUpdateDto
-	CallbackURLs       []string                 `json:"callbackURLs"`
+	ID string `json:"id" binding:"omitempty,client_id,min=2,max=128"`
-	LogoutCallbackURLs []string                 `json:"logoutCallbackURLs"`
-	IsPublic           bool                     `json:"isPublic"`
-	PkceEnabled        bool                     `json:"pkceEnabled"`
-	Credentials        OidcClientCredentialsDto `json:"credentials"`
 }
 
 type OidcClientCredentialsDto struct {
@@ -46,17 +57,19 @@ type OidcClientFederatedIdentityDto struct {
 }
 
 type AuthorizeOidcClientRequestDto struct {
-	ClientID            string `json:"clientID" binding:"required"`
+	ClientID              string `json:"clientID" binding:"required"`
-	Scope               string `json:"scope" binding:"required"`
+	Scope                 string `json:"scope" binding:"required"`
-	CallbackURL         string `json:"callbackURL"`
+	CallbackURL           string `json:"callbackURL"`
-	Nonce               string `json:"nonce"`
+	Nonce                 string `json:"nonce"`
-	CodeChallenge       string `json:"codeChallenge"`
+	CodeChallenge         string `json:"codeChallenge"`
-	CodeChallengeMethod string `json:"codeChallengeMethod"`
+	CodeChallengeMethod   string `json:"codeChallengeMethod"`
+	ReauthenticationToken string `json:"reauthenticationToken"`
 }
 
 type AuthorizeOidcClientResponseDto struct {
 	Code        string `json:"code"`
 	CallbackURL string `json:"callbackURL"`
+	Issuer      string `json:"issuer"`
 }
 
 type AuthorizationRequiredDto struct {
@@ -144,12 +157,18 @@ type DeviceCodeInfoDto struct {
 }
 
 type AuthorizedOidcClientDto struct {
-	Scope  string                `json:"scope"`
+	Scope      string                `json:"scope"`
-	Client OidcClientMetaDataDto `json:"client"`
+	Client     OidcClientMetaDataDto `json:"client"`
+	LastUsedAt datatype.DateTime     `json:"lastUsedAt"`
 }
 
 type OidcClientPreviewDto struct {
-	IdToken     map[string]interface{} `json:"idToken"`
+	IdToken     map[string]any `json:"idToken"`
-	AccessToken map[string]interface{} `json:"accessToken"`
+	AccessToken map[string]any `json:"accessToken"`
-	UserInfo    map[string]interface{} `json:"userInfo"`
+	UserInfo    map[string]any `json:"userInfo"`
+}
+
+type AccessibleOidcClientDto struct {
+	OidcClientMetaDataDto
+	LastUsedAt *datatype.DateTime `json:"lastUsedAt"`
 }

backend/internal/dto/signup_token_dto.go

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+package dto
+
+import (
+	datatype "github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/model/types"
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/utils"
+)
+
+type SignupTokenCreateDto struct {
+	TTL        utils.JSONDuration `json:"ttl" binding:"required,ttl"`
+	UsageLimit int                `json:"usageLimit" binding:"required,min=1,max=100"`
+}
+
+type SignupTokenDto struct {
+	ID         string            `json:"id"`
+	Token      string            `json:"token"`
+	ExpiresAt  datatype.DateTime `json:"expiresAt"`
+	UsageLimit int               `json:"usageLimit"`
+	UsageCount int               `json:"usageCount"`
+	CreatedAt  datatype.DateTime `json:"createdAt"`
+}

backend/internal/dto/user_dto.go

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 package dto
 
-import "time"
+import (
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/utils"
+)
 
 type UserDto struct {
 	ID           string           `json:"id"`
@@ -17,10 +19,10 @@ type UserDto struct {
 }
 
 type UserCreateDto struct {
-	Username  string  `json:"username" binding:"required,username,min=2,max=50"`
+	Username  string  `json:"username" binding:"required,username,min=2,max=50" unorm:"nfc"`
-	Email     string  `json:"email" binding:"required,email"`
+	Email     string  `json:"email" binding:"required,email" unorm:"nfc"`
-	FirstName string  `json:"firstName" binding:"required,min=1,max=50"`
+	FirstName string  `json:"firstName" binding:"required,min=1,max=50" unorm:"nfc"`
-	LastName  string  `json:"lastName" binding:"max=50"`
+	LastName  string  `json:"lastName" binding:"max=50" unorm:"nfc"`
 	IsAdmin   bool    `json:"isAdmin"`
 	Locale    *string `json:"locale"`
 	Disabled  bool    `json:"disabled"`
@@ -28,19 +30,27 @@ type UserCreateDto struct {
 }
 
 type OneTimeAccessTokenCreateDto struct {
-	UserID    string    `json:"userId"`
+	UserID string             `json:"userId"`
-	ExpiresAt time.Time `json:"expiresAt" binding:"required"`
+	TTL    utils.JSONDuration `json:"ttl" binding:"ttl"`
 }
 
 type OneTimeAccessEmailAsUnauthenticatedUserDto struct {
-	Email        string `json:"email" binding:"required,email"`
+	Email        string `json:"email" binding:"required,email" unorm:"nfc"`
 	RedirectPath string `json:"redirectPath"`
 }
 
 type OneTimeAccessEmailAsAdminDto struct {
-	ExpiresAt time.Time `json:"expiresAt" binding:"required"`
+	TTL utils.JSONDuration `json:"ttl" binding:"ttl"`
 }
 
 type UserUpdateUserGroupDto struct {
 	UserGroupIds []string `json:"userGroupIds" binding:"required"`
 }
+
+type SignUpDto struct {
+	Username  string `json:"username" binding:"required,username,min=2,max=50" unorm:"nfc"`
+	Email     string `json:"email" binding:"required,email" unorm:"nfc"`
+	FirstName string `json:"firstName" binding:"required,min=1,max=50" unorm:"nfc"`
+	LastName  string `json:"lastName" binding:"max=50" unorm:"nfc"`
+	Token     string `json:"token"`
+}

backend/internal/dto/user_group_dto.go

@@ -34,8 +34,8 @@ type UserGroupDtoWithUserCount struct {
 }
 
 type UserGroupCreateDto struct {
-	FriendlyName string `json:"friendlyName" binding:"required,min=2,max=50"`
+	FriendlyName string `json:"friendlyName" binding:"required,min=2,max=50" unorm:"nfc"`
-	Name         string `json:"name" binding:"required,min=2,max=255"`
+	Name         string `json:"name" binding:"required,min=2,max=255" unorm:"nfc"`
 	LdapID       string `json:"-"`
 }
 

backend/internal/dto/validations.go

@@ -1,26 +1,52 @@
 package dto
 
 import (
-	"log"
 	"regexp"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/utils"
 
 	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin/binding"
 	"github.com/go-playground/validator/v10"
 )
 
-var validateUsername validator.Func = func(fl validator.FieldLevel) bool {
+func init() {
+	v := binding.Validator.Engine().(*validator.Validate)
+
 	// [a-zA-Z0-9]      : The username must start with an alphanumeric character
 	// [a-zA-Z0-9_.@-]* : The rest of the username can contain alphanumeric characters, dots, underscores, hyphens, and "@" symbols
 	// [a-zA-Z0-9]$     : The username must end with an alphanumeric character
-	regex := "^[a-zA-Z0-9][a-zA-Z0-9_.@-]*[a-zA-Z0-9]$"
+	var validateUsernameRegex = regexp.MustCompile("^[a-zA-Z0-9][a-zA-Z0-9_.@-]*[a-zA-Z0-9]$")
-	matched, _ := regexp.MatchString(regex, fl.Field().String())
-	return matched
-}
 
-func init() {
+	var validateClientIDRegex = regexp.MustCompile("^[a-zA-Z0-9._-]+$")
-	if v, ok := binding.Validator.Engine().(*validator.Validate); ok {
+
-		if err := v.RegisterValidation("username", validateUsername); err != nil {
+	// Maximum allowed value for TTLs
-			log.Fatalf("Failed to register custom validation: %v", err)
+	const maxTTL = 31 * 24 * time.Hour
+
+	// Errors here are development-time ones
+	err := v.RegisterValidation("username", func(fl validator.FieldLevel) bool {
+		return validateUsernameRegex.MatchString(fl.Field().String())
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		panic("Failed to register custom validation for username: " + err.Error())
+	}
+
+	err = v.RegisterValidation("client_id", func(fl validator.FieldLevel) bool {
+		return validateClientIDRegex.MatchString(fl.Field().String())
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		panic("Failed to register custom validation for client_id: " + err.Error())
+	}
+
+	err = v.RegisterValidation("ttl", func(fl validator.FieldLevel) bool {
+		ttl, ok := fl.Field().Interface().(utils.JSONDuration)
+		if !ok {
+			return false
 		}
+		// Allow zero, which means the field wasn't set
+		return ttl.Duration == 0 || ttl.Duration > time.Second && ttl.Duration <= maxTTL
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		panic("Failed to register custom validation for ttl: " + err.Error())
 	}
 }

backend/internal/dto/webauthn_dto.go

@@ -19,5 +19,5 @@ type WebauthnCredentialDto struct {
 }
 
 type WebauthnCredentialUpdateDto struct {
-	Name string `json:"name" binding:"required,min=1,max=30"`
+	Name string `json:"name" binding:"required,min=1,max=50"`
 }

backend/internal/job/db_cleanup_job.go

@@ -22,8 +22,10 @@ func (s *Scheduler) RegisterDbCleanupJobs(ctx context.Context, db *gorm.DB) erro
 	return errors.Join(
 		s.registerJob(ctx, "ClearWebauthnSessions", def, jobs.clearWebauthnSessions, true),
 		s.registerJob(ctx, "ClearOneTimeAccessTokens", def, jobs.clearOneTimeAccessTokens, true),
+		s.registerJob(ctx, "ClearSignupTokens", def, jobs.clearSignupTokens, true),
 		s.registerJob(ctx, "ClearOidcAuthorizationCodes", def, jobs.clearOidcAuthorizationCodes, true),
 		s.registerJob(ctx, "ClearOidcRefreshTokens", def, jobs.clearOidcRefreshTokens, true),
+		s.registerJob(ctx, "ClearReauthenticationTokens", def, jobs.clearReauthenticationTokens, true),
 		s.registerJob(ctx, "ClearAuditLogs", def, jobs.clearAuditLogs, true),
 	)
 }
@@ -60,6 +62,21 @@ func (j *DbCleanupJobs) clearOneTimeAccessTokens(ctx context.Context) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
+// ClearSignupTokens deletes signup tokens that have expired
+func (j *DbCleanupJobs) clearSignupTokens(ctx context.Context) error {
+	// Delete tokens that are expired OR have reached their usage limit
+	st := j.db.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Delete(&model.SignupToken{}, "expires_at < ?", datatype.DateTime(time.Now()))
+	if st.Error != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to clean expired tokens: %w", st.Error)
+	}
+
+	slog.InfoContext(ctx, "Cleaned expired tokens", slog.Int64("count", st.RowsAffected))
+
+	return nil
+}
+
 // ClearOidcAuthorizationCodes deletes OIDC authorization codes that have expired
 func (j *DbCleanupJobs) clearOidcAuthorizationCodes(ctx context.Context) error {
 	st := j.db.
@@ -88,6 +105,20 @@ func (j *DbCleanupJobs) clearOidcRefreshTokens(ctx context.Context) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
+// ClearReauthenticationTokens deletes reauthentication tokens that have expired
+func (j *DbCleanupJobs) clearReauthenticationTokens(ctx context.Context) error {
+	st := j.db.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Delete(&model.ReauthenticationToken{}, "expires_at < ?", datatype.DateTime(time.Now()))
+	if st.Error != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to clean expired reauthentication tokens: %w", st.Error)
+	}
+
+	slog.InfoContext(ctx, "Cleaned expired reauthentication tokens", slog.Int64("count", st.RowsAffected))
+
+	return nil
+}
+
 // ClearAuditLogs deletes audit logs older than 90 days
 func (j *DbCleanupJobs) clearAuditLogs(ctx context.Context) error {
 	st := j.db.

backend/internal/middleware/rate_limit.go

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ func (m *RateLimitMiddleware) Add(limit rate.Limit, burst int) gin.HandlerFunc {
 
 		// Skip rate limiting for localhost and test environment
 		// If the client ip is localhost the request comes from the frontend
-		if ip == "127.0.0.1" || ip == "::1" || common.EnvConfig.AppEnv == "test" {
+		if ip == "" || ip == "127.0.0.1" || ip == "::1" || common.EnvConfig.AppEnv == "test" {
 			c.Next()
 			return
 		}

backend/internal/model/app_config.go

@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@ import (
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"time"
+
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/common"
 )
 
 type AppConfigVariable struct {
@@ -32,11 +34,15 @@ func (a *AppConfigVariable) AsDurationMinutes() time.Duration {
 
 type AppConfig struct {
 	// General
-	AppName             AppConfigVariable `key:"appName,public"` // Public
+	AppName                   AppConfigVariable `key:"appName,public"` // Public
-	SessionDuration     AppConfigVariable `key:"sessionDuration"`
+	SessionDuration           AppConfigVariable `key:"sessionDuration"`
-	EmailsVerified      AppConfigVariable `key:"emailsVerified"`
+	EmailsVerified            AppConfigVariable `key:"emailsVerified"`
-	DisableAnimations   AppConfigVariable `key:"disableAnimations,public"`   // Public
+	AccentColor               AppConfigVariable `key:"accentColor,public"`         // Public
-	AllowOwnAccountEdit AppConfigVariable `key:"allowOwnAccountEdit,public"` // Public
+	DisableAnimations         AppConfigVariable `key:"disableAnimations,public"`   // Public
+	AllowOwnAccountEdit       AppConfigVariable `key:"allowOwnAccountEdit,public"` // Public
+	AllowUserSignups          AppConfigVariable `key:"allowUserSignups,public"`    // Public
+	SignupDefaultUserGroupIDs AppConfigVariable `key:"signupDefaultUserGroupIDs"`
+	SignupDefaultCustomClaims AppConfigVariable `key:"signupDefaultCustomClaims"`
 	// Internal
 	BackgroundImageType AppConfigVariable `key:"backgroundImageType,internal"` // Internal
 	LogoLightImageType  AppConfigVariable `key:"logoLightImageType,internal"`  // Internal
@@ -47,7 +53,7 @@ type AppConfig struct {
 	SmtpPort                                   AppConfigVariable `key:"smtpPort"`
 	SmtpFrom                                   AppConfigVariable `key:"smtpFrom"`
 	SmtpUser                                   AppConfigVariable `key:"smtpUser"`
-	SmtpPassword                               AppConfigVariable `key:"smtpPassword"`
+	SmtpPassword                               AppConfigVariable `key:"smtpPassword,sensitive"`
 	SmtpTls                                    AppConfigVariable `key:"smtpTls"`
 	SmtpSkipCertVerify                         AppConfigVariable `key:"smtpSkipCertVerify"`
 	EmailLoginNotificationEnabled              AppConfigVariable `key:"emailLoginNotificationEnabled"`
@@ -58,7 +64,7 @@ type AppConfig struct {
 	LdapEnabled                        AppConfigVariable `key:"ldapEnabled,public"` // Public
 	LdapUrl                            AppConfigVariable `key:"ldapUrl"`
 	LdapBindDn                         AppConfigVariable `key:"ldapBindDn"`
-	LdapBindPassword                   AppConfigVariable `key:"ldapBindPassword"`
+	LdapBindPassword                   AppConfigVariable `key:"ldapBindPassword,sensitive"`
 	LdapBase                           AppConfigVariable `key:"ldapBase"`
 	LdapUserSearchFilter               AppConfigVariable `key:"ldapUserSearchFilter"`
 	LdapUserGroupSearchFilter          AppConfigVariable `key:"ldapUserGroupSearchFilter"`
@@ -76,7 +82,7 @@ type AppConfig struct {
 	LdapSoftDeleteUsers                AppConfigVariable `key:"ldapSoftDeleteUsers"`
 }
 
-func (c *AppConfig) ToAppConfigVariableSlice(showAll bool) []AppConfigVariable {
+func (c *AppConfig) ToAppConfigVariableSlice(showAll bool, redactSensitiveValues bool) []AppConfigVariable {
 	// Use reflection to iterate through all fields
 	cfgValue := reflect.ValueOf(c).Elem()
 	cfgType := cfgValue.Type()
@@ -96,11 +102,16 @@ func (c *AppConfig) ToAppConfigVariableSlice(showAll bool) []AppConfigVariable {
 			continue
 		}
 
-		fieldValue := cfgValue.Field(i)
+		value := cfgValue.Field(i).FieldByName("Value").String()
+
+		// Redact sensitive values if the value isn't empty, the UI config is disabled, and redactSensitiveValues is true
+		if value != "" && common.EnvConfig.UiConfigDisabled && redactSensitiveValues && attrs == "sensitive" {
+			value = "XXXXXXXXXX"
+		}
 
 		appConfigVariable := AppConfigVariable{
 			Key:   key,
-			Value: fieldValue.FieldByName("Value").String(),
+			Value: value,
 		}
 
 		res = append(res, appConfigVariable)
@@ -169,7 +180,7 @@ type AppConfigKeyNotFoundError struct {
 }
 
 func (e AppConfigKeyNotFoundError) Error() string {
-	return fmt.Sprintf("cannot find config key '%s'", e.field)
+	return "cannot find config key '" + e.field + "'"
 }
 
 func (e AppConfigKeyNotFoundError) Is(target error) bool {
@@ -183,7 +194,7 @@ type AppConfigInternalForbiddenError struct {
 }
 
 func (e AppConfigInternalForbiddenError) Error() string {
-	return fmt.Sprintf("field '%s' is internal and can't be updated", e.field)
+	return "field '" + e.field + "' is internal and can't be updated"
 }
 
 func (e AppConfigInternalForbiddenError) Is(target error) bool {

backend/internal/model/audit_log.go

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ type AuditLog struct {
 	Base
 
 	Event     AuditLogEvent `sortable:"true"`
-	IpAddress string        `sortable:"true"`
+	IpAddress *string       `sortable:"true"`
 	Country   string        `sortable:"true"`
 	City      string        `sortable:"true"`
 	UserAgent string        `sortable:"true"`
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ type AuditLogEvent string //nolint:recvcheck
 const (
 	AuditLogEventSignIn                     AuditLogEvent = "SIGN_IN"
 	AuditLogEventOneTimeAccessTokenSignIn   AuditLogEvent = "TOKEN_SIGN_IN"
+	AuditLogEventAccountCreated             AuditLogEvent = "ACCOUNT_CREATED"
 	AuditLogEventClientAuthorization        AuditLogEvent = "CLIENT_AUTHORIZATION"
 	AuditLogEventNewClientAuthorization     AuditLogEvent = "NEW_CLIENT_AUTHORIZATION"
 	AuditLogEventDeviceCodeAuthorization    AuditLogEvent = "DEVICE_CODE_AUTHORIZATION"

backend/internal/model/kv.go

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+package model
+
+type KV struct {
+	Key   string `gorm:"primaryKey;not null"`
+	Value *string
+}
+
+// TableName overrides the table name used by KV to `kv`
+func (KV) TableName() string {
+	return "kv"
+}

backend/internal/model/oidc.go

@@ -11,7 +11,9 @@ import (
 )
 
 type UserAuthorizedOidcClient struct {
-	Scope  string
+	Scope      string
+	LastUsedAt datatype.DateTime `sortable:"true"`
+
 	UserID string `gorm:"primary_key;"`
 	User   User
 
@@ -38,19 +40,22 @@ type OidcAuthorizationCode struct {
 type OidcClient struct {
 	Base
 
-	Name               string `sortable:"true"`
+	Name                     string `sortable:"true"`
-	Secret             string
+	Secret                   string
-	CallbackURLs       UrlList
+	CallbackURLs             UrlList
-	LogoutCallbackURLs UrlList
+	LogoutCallbackURLs       UrlList
-	ImageType          *string
+	ImageType                *string
-	HasLogo            bool `gorm:"-"`
+	HasLogo                  bool `gorm:"-"`
-	IsPublic           bool
+	IsPublic                 bool
-	PkceEnabled        bool
+	PkceEnabled              bool
-	Credentials        OidcClientCredentials
+	RequiresReauthentication bool
+	Credentials              OidcClientCredentials
+	LaunchURL                *string
 
-	AllowedUserGroups []UserGroup `gorm:"many2many:oidc_clients_allowed_user_groups;"`
+	AllowedUserGroups         []UserGroup `gorm:"many2many:oidc_clients_allowed_user_groups;"`
-	CreatedByID       string
+	CreatedByID               *string
-	CreatedBy         User
+	CreatedBy                 *User
+	UserAuthorizedOidcClients []UserAuthorizedOidcClient `gorm:"foreignKey:ClientID;references:ID"`
 }
 
 type OidcRefreshToken struct {

backend/internal/model/signup_token.go

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+package model
+
+import (
+	"time"
+
+	datatype "github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/model/types"
+)
+
+type SignupToken struct {
+	Base
+
+	Token      string            `json:"token"`
+	ExpiresAt  datatype.DateTime `json:"expiresAt" sortable:"true"`
+	UsageLimit int               `json:"usageLimit" sortable:"true"`
+	UsageCount int               `json:"usageCount" sortable:"true"`
+}
+
+func (st *SignupToken) IsExpired() bool {
+	return time.Time(st.ExpiresAt).Before(time.Now())
+}
+
+func (st *SignupToken) IsUsageLimitReached() bool {
+	return st.UsageCount >= st.UsageLimit
+}
+
+func (st *SignupToken) IsValid() bool {
+	return !st.IsExpired() && !st.IsUsageLimitReached()
+}

backend/internal/model/webauthn.go

@@ -45,6 +45,15 @@ type PublicKeyCredentialRequestOptions struct {
 	Timeout   time.Duration
 }
 
+type ReauthenticationToken struct {
+	Base
+	Token     string
+	ExpiresAt datatype.DateTime
+
+	UserID string
+	User   User
+}
+
 type AuthenticatorTransportList []protocol.AuthenticatorTransport //nolint:recvcheck
 
 // Scan and Value methods for GORM to handle the custom type

backend/internal/service/api_key_service.go

@@ -55,8 +55,8 @@ func (s *ApiKeyService) CreateApiKey(ctx context.Context, userID string, input d
 	apiKey := model.ApiKey{
 		Name:        input.Name,
 		Key:         utils.CreateSha256Hash(token), // Hash the token for storage
-		Description: &input.Description,
+		Description: input.Description,
-		ExpiresAt:   datatype.DateTime(input.ExpiresAt),
+		ExpiresAt:   input.ExpiresAt,
 		UserID:      userID,
 	}
 

backend/internal/service/app_config_service.go

@@ -4,17 +4,14 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	"log"
 	"mime/multipart"
 	"os"
 	"reflect"
-	"slices"
 	"strings"
 	"sync/atomic"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/hashicorp/go-uuid"
-
 	"gorm.io/gorm"
 	"gorm.io/gorm/clause"
 
@@ -29,22 +26,22 @@ type AppConfigService struct {
 	db       *gorm.DB
 }
 
-func NewAppConfigService(ctx context.Context, db *gorm.DB) *AppConfigService {
+func NewAppConfigService(ctx context.Context, db *gorm.DB) (*AppConfigService, error) {
 	service := &AppConfigService{
 		db: db,
 	}
 
 	err := service.LoadDbConfig(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
-		log.Fatalf("Failed to initialize app config service: %v", err)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to initialize app config service: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	err = service.initInstanceID(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
-		log.Fatalf("Failed to initialize instance ID: %v", err)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to initialize instance ID: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	return service
+	return service, nil
 }
 
 // GetDbConfig returns the application configuration.
@@ -63,11 +60,15 @@ func (s *AppConfigService) getDefaultDbConfig() *model.AppConfig {
 	// Values are the default ones
 	return &model.AppConfig{
 		// General
-		AppName:             model.AppConfigVariable{Value: "Pocket ID"},
+		AppName:                   model.AppConfigVariable{Value: "Pocket ID"},
-		SessionDuration:     model.AppConfigVariable{Value: "60"},
+		SessionDuration:           model.AppConfigVariable{Value: "60"},
-		EmailsVerified:      model.AppConfigVariable{Value: "false"},
+		EmailsVerified:            model.AppConfigVariable{Value: "false"},
-		DisableAnimations:   model.AppConfigVariable{Value: "false"},
+		DisableAnimations:         model.AppConfigVariable{Value: "false"},
-		AllowOwnAccountEdit: model.AppConfigVariable{Value: "true"},
+		AllowOwnAccountEdit:       model.AppConfigVariable{Value: "true"},
+		AllowUserSignups:          model.AppConfigVariable{Value: "disabled"},
+		SignupDefaultUserGroupIDs: model.AppConfigVariable{Value: "[]"},
+		SignupDefaultCustomClaims: model.AppConfigVariable{Value: "[]"},
+		AccentColor:               model.AppConfigVariable{Value: "default"},
 		// Internal
 		BackgroundImageType: model.AppConfigVariable{Value: "jpg"},
 		LogoLightImageType:  model.AppConfigVariable{Value: "svg"},
@@ -232,7 +233,7 @@ func (s *AppConfigService) UpdateAppConfig(ctx context.Context, input dto.AppCon
 	s.dbConfig.Store(cfg)
 
 	// Return the updated config
-	res := cfg.ToAppConfigVariableSlice(true)
+	res := cfg.ToAppConfigVariableSlice(true, false)
 	return res, nil
 }
 
@@ -317,11 +318,11 @@ func (s *AppConfigService) UpdateAppConfigValues(ctx context.Context, keysAndVal
 }
 
 func (s *AppConfigService) ListAppConfig(showAll bool) []model.AppConfigVariable {
-	return s.GetDbConfig().ToAppConfigVariableSlice(showAll)
+	return s.GetDbConfig().ToAppConfigVariableSlice(showAll, true)
 }
 
 func (s *AppConfigService) UpdateImage(ctx context.Context, uploadedFile *multipart.FileHeader, imageName string, oldImageType string) (err error) {
-	fileType := utils.GetFileExtension(uploadedFile.Filename)
+	fileType := strings.ToLower(utils.GetFileExtension(uploadedFile.Filename))
 	mimeType := utils.GetImageMimeType(fileType)
 	if mimeType == "" {
 		return &common.FileTypeNotSupportedError{}
@@ -368,7 +369,7 @@ func (s *AppConfigService) LoadDbConfig(ctx context.Context) (err error) {
 func (s *AppConfigService) loadDbConfigInternal(ctx context.Context, tx *gorm.DB) (*model.AppConfig, error) {
 	// If the UI config is disabled, only load from the env
 	if common.EnvConfig.UiConfigDisabled {
-		dest, err := s.loadDbConfigFromEnv(ctx, s.db)
+		dest, err := s.loadDbConfigFromEnv(ctx, tx)
 		return dest, err
 	}
 
@@ -412,12 +413,10 @@ func (s *AppConfigService) loadDbConfigFromEnv(ctx context.Context, tx *gorm.DB)
 		field := rt.Field(i)
 
 		// Get the key and internal tag values
-		tagValue := strings.Split(field.Tag.Get("key"), ",")
+		key, attrs, _ := strings.Cut(field.Tag.Get("key"), ",")
-		key := tagValue[0]
-		isInternal := slices.Contains(tagValue, "internal")
 
 		// Internal fields are loaded from the database as they can't be set from the environment
-		if isInternal {
+		if attrs == "internal" {
 			var value string
 			err := tx.WithContext(ctx).
 				Model(&model.AppConfigVariable{}).
@@ -436,6 +435,20 @@ func (s *AppConfigService) loadDbConfigFromEnv(ctx context.Context, tx *gorm.DB)
 		value, ok := os.LookupEnv(envVarName)
 		if ok {
 			rv.Field(i).FieldByName("Value").SetString(value)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		// If it's sensitive, we also allow reading from file
+		if attrs == "sensitive" {
+			fileName := os.Getenv(envVarName + "_FILE")
+			if fileName != "" {
+				b, err := os.ReadFile(fileName)
+				if err != nil {
+					return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to read secret '%s' from file '%s': %w", envVarName, fileName, err)
+				}
+				rv.Field(i).FieldByName("Value").SetString(string(b))
+				continue
+			}
 		}
 	}
 

backend/internal/service/app_config_service_test.go

@@ -4,10 +4,12 @@ import (
 	"sync/atomic"
 	"testing"
 
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/common"
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/dto"
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/model"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	testutils "github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/utils/testing"
 )
 
 // NewTestAppConfigService is a function used by tests to create AppConfigService objects with pre-defined configuration values
@@ -22,7 +24,7 @@ func NewTestAppConfigService(config *model.AppConfig) *AppConfigService {
 
 func TestLoadDbConfig(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("empty config table", func(t *testing.T) {
-		db := newDatabaseForTest(t)
+		db := testutils.NewDatabaseForTest(t)
 		service := &AppConfigService{
 			db: db,
 		}
@@ -36,7 +38,7 @@ func TestLoadDbConfig(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 
 	t.Run("loads value from config table", func(t *testing.T) {
-		db := newDatabaseForTest(t)
+		db := testutils.NewDatabaseForTest(t)
 
 		// Populate the config table with some initial values
 		err := db.
@@ -66,7 +68,7 @@ func TestLoadDbConfig(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 
 	t.Run("ignores unknown config keys", func(t *testing.T) {
-		db := newDatabaseForTest(t)
+		db := testutils.NewDatabaseForTest(t)
 
 		// Add an entry with a key that doesn't exist in the config struct
 		err := db.Create([]model.AppConfigVariable{
@@ -87,7 +89,7 @@ func TestLoadDbConfig(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 
 	t.Run("loading config multiple times", func(t *testing.T) {
-		db := newDatabaseForTest(t)
+		db := testutils.NewDatabaseForTest(t)
 
 		// Initial state
 		err := db.Create([]model.AppConfigVariable{
@@ -129,7 +131,7 @@ func TestLoadDbConfig(t *testing.T) {
 		common.EnvConfig.UiConfigDisabled = true
 
 		// Create database with config that should be ignored
-		db := newDatabaseForTest(t)
+		db := testutils.NewDatabaseForTest(t)
 		err := db.Create([]model.AppConfigVariable{
 			{Key: "appName", Value: "DB App"},
 			{Key: "sessionDuration", Value: "120"},
@@ -165,7 +167,7 @@ func TestLoadDbConfig(t *testing.T) {
 		common.EnvConfig.UiConfigDisabled = false
 
 		// Create database with config values that should take precedence
-		db := newDatabaseForTest(t)
+		db := testutils.NewDatabaseForTest(t)
 		err := db.Create([]model.AppConfigVariable{
 			{Key: "appName", Value: "DB App"},
 			{Key: "sessionDuration", Value: "120"},
@@ -189,7 +191,7 @@ func TestLoadDbConfig(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestUpdateAppConfigValues(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("update single value", func(t *testing.T) {
-		db := newDatabaseForTest(t)
+		db := testutils.NewDatabaseForTest(t)
 
 		// Create a service with default config
 		service := &AppConfigService{
@@ -214,7 +216,7 @@ func TestUpdateAppConfigValues(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 
 	t.Run("update multiple values", func(t *testing.T) {
-		db := newDatabaseForTest(t)
+		db := testutils.NewDatabaseForTest(t)
 
 		// Create a service with default config
 		service := &AppConfigService{
@@ -258,7 +260,7 @@ func TestUpdateAppConfigValues(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 
 	t.Run("empty value resets to default", func(t *testing.T) {
-		db := newDatabaseForTest(t)
+		db := testutils.NewDatabaseForTest(t)
 
 		// Create a service with default config
 		service := &AppConfigService{
@@ -279,7 +281,7 @@ func TestUpdateAppConfigValues(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 
 	t.Run("error with odd number of arguments", func(t *testing.T) {
-		db := newDatabaseForTest(t)
+		db := testutils.NewDatabaseForTest(t)
 
 		// Create a service with default config
 		service := &AppConfigService{
@@ -295,7 +297,7 @@ func TestUpdateAppConfigValues(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 
 	t.Run("error with invalid key", func(t *testing.T) {
-		db := newDatabaseForTest(t)
+		db := testutils.NewDatabaseForTest(t)
 
 		// Create a service with default config
 		service := &AppConfigService{
@@ -313,7 +315,7 @@ func TestUpdateAppConfigValues(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestUpdateAppConfig(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("updates configuration values from DTO", func(t *testing.T) {
-		db := newDatabaseForTest(t)
+		db := testutils.NewDatabaseForTest(t)
 
 		// Create a service with default config
 		service := &AppConfigService{
@@ -386,7 +388,7 @@ func TestUpdateAppConfig(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 
 	t.Run("empty values reset to defaults", func(t *testing.T) {
-		db := newDatabaseForTest(t)
+		db := testutils.NewDatabaseForTest(t)
 
 		// Create a service with default config and modify some values
 		service := &AppConfigService{
@@ -451,7 +453,7 @@ func TestUpdateAppConfig(t *testing.T) {
 		// Disable UI config
 		common.EnvConfig.UiConfigDisabled = true
 
-		db := newDatabaseForTest(t)
+		db := testutils.NewDatabaseForTest(t)
 		service := &AppConfigService{
 			db: db,
 		}

backend/internal/service/audit_log_service.go

@@ -3,13 +3,14 @@ package service
 import (
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
-	"log"
+	"log/slog"
 
 	userAgentParser "github.com/mileusna/useragent"
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/dto"
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/model"
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/utils"
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/utils/email"
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace"
 	"gorm.io/gorm"
 )
 
@@ -21,19 +22,24 @@ type AuditLogService struct {
 }
 
 func NewAuditLogService(db *gorm.DB, appConfigService *AppConfigService, emailService *EmailService, geoliteService *GeoLiteService) *AuditLogService {
-	return &AuditLogService{db: db, appConfigService: appConfigService, emailService: emailService, geoliteService: geoliteService}
+	return &AuditLogService{
+		db:               db,
+		appConfigService: appConfigService,
+		emailService:     emailService,
+		geoliteService:   geoliteService,
+	}
 }
 
 // Create creates a new audit log entry in the database
-func (s *AuditLogService) Create(ctx context.Context, event model.AuditLogEvent, ipAddress, userAgent, userID string, data model.AuditLogData, tx *gorm.DB) model.AuditLog {
+func (s *AuditLogService) Create(ctx context.Context, event model.AuditLogEvent, ipAddress, userAgent, userID string, data model.AuditLogData, tx *gorm.DB) (model.AuditLog, bool) {
 	country, city, err := s.geoliteService.GetLocationByIP(ipAddress)
 	if err != nil {
-		log.Printf("Failed to get IP location: %v", err)
+		// Log the error but don't interrupt the operation
+		slog.Warn("Failed to get IP location", "error", err)
 	}
 
 	auditLog := model.AuditLog{
 		Event:     event,
-		IpAddress: ipAddress,
 		Country:   country,
 		City:      city,
 		UserAgent: userAgent,
@@ -41,33 +47,47 @@ func (s *AuditLogService) Create(ctx context.Context, event model.AuditLogEvent,
 		Data:      data,
 	}
 
+	if ipAddress != "" {
+		// Only set ipAddress if not empty, because on Postgres we use INET columns that don't allow non-null empty values
+		auditLog.IpAddress = &ipAddress
+	}
+
 	// Save the audit log in the database
 	err = tx.
 		WithContext(ctx).
 		Create(&auditLog).
 		Error
 	if err != nil {
-		log.Printf("Failed to create audit log: %v", err)
+		slog.Error("Failed to create audit log", "error", err)
-		return model.AuditLog{}
+		return model.AuditLog{}, false
 	}
 
-	return auditLog
+	return auditLog, true
 }
 
 // CreateNewSignInWithEmail creates a new audit log entry in the database and sends an email if the device hasn't been used before
 func (s *AuditLogService) CreateNewSignInWithEmail(ctx context.Context, ipAddress, userAgent, userID string, tx *gorm.DB) model.AuditLog {
-	createdAuditLog := s.Create(ctx, model.AuditLogEventSignIn, ipAddress, userAgent, userID, model.AuditLogData{}, tx)
+	createdAuditLog, ok := s.Create(ctx, model.AuditLogEventSignIn, ipAddress, userAgent, userID, model.AuditLogData{}, tx)
+	if !ok {
+		// At this point the transaction has been canceled already, and error has been logged
+		return createdAuditLog
+	}
 
 	// Count the number of times the user has logged in from the same device
 	var count int64
-	err := tx.
+	stmt := tx.
 		WithContext(ctx).
 		Model(&model.AuditLog{}).
-		Where("user_id = ? AND ip_address = ? AND user_agent = ?", userID, ipAddress, userAgent).
+		Where("user_id = ? AND user_agent = ?", userID, userAgent)
-		Count(&count).
+	if ipAddress == "" {
-		Error
+		// An empty IP address is stored as NULL in the database
+		stmt = stmt.Where("ip_address IS NULL")
+	} else {
+		stmt = stmt.Where("ip_address = ?", ipAddress)
+	}
+	err := stmt.Count(&count).Error
 	if err != nil {
-		log.Printf("Failed to count audit logs: %v\n", err)
+		slog.ErrorContext(ctx, "Failed to count audit logs", slog.Any("error", err))
 		return createdAuditLog
 	}
 
@@ -76,7 +96,8 @@ func (s *AuditLogService) CreateNewSignInWithEmail(ctx context.Context, ipAddres
 		// We use a background context here as this is running in a goroutine
 		//nolint:contextcheck
 		go func() {
-			innerCtx := context.Background()
+			span := trace.SpanFromContext(ctx)
+			innerCtx := trace.ContextWithSpan(context.Background(), span)
 
 			// Note we don't use the transaction here because this is running in background
 			var user model.User
@@ -86,7 +107,8 @@ func (s *AuditLogService) CreateNewSignInWithEmail(ctx context.Context, ipAddres
 				First(&user).
 				Error
 			if innerErr != nil {
-				log.Printf("Failed to load user: %v", innerErr)
+				slog.ErrorContext(innerCtx, "Failed to load user from database to send notification email", slog.Any("error", innerErr))
+				return
 			}
 
 			innerErr = SendEmail(innerCtx, s.emailService, email.Address{
@@ -100,7 +122,8 @@ func (s *AuditLogService) CreateNewSignInWithEmail(ctx context.Context, ipAddres
 				DateTime:  createdAuditLog.CreatedAt.UTC(),
 			})
 			if innerErr != nil {
-				log.Printf("Failed to send email to '%s': %v", user.Email, innerErr)
+				slog.ErrorContext(innerCtx, "Failed to send notification email", slog.Any("error", innerErr), slog.String("address", user.Email))
+				return
 			}
 		}()
 	}
@@ -150,6 +173,14 @@ func (s *AuditLogService) ListAllAuditLogs(ctx context.Context, sortedPagination
 			return nil, utils.PaginationResponse{}, fmt.Errorf("unsupported database dialect: %s", dialect)
 		}
 	}
+	if filters.Location != "" {
+		switch filters.Location {
+		case "external":
+			query = query.Where("country != 'Internal Network'")
+		case "internal":
+			query = query.Where("country = 'Internal Network'")
+		}
+	}
 
 	pagination, err := utils.PaginateAndSort(sortedPaginationRequest, query, &logs)
 	if err != nil {

backend/internal/service/custom_claim_service.go

@@ -55,16 +55,46 @@ const (
 
 // UpdateCustomClaimsForUser updates the custom claims for a user
 func (s *CustomClaimService) UpdateCustomClaimsForUser(ctx context.Context, userID string, claims []dto.CustomClaimCreateDto) ([]model.CustomClaim, error) {
-	return s.updateCustomClaims(ctx, UserID, userID, claims)
+	tx := s.db.Begin()
+	defer func() {
+		tx.Rollback()
+	}()
+
+	updatedClaims, err := s.updateCustomClaimsInternal(ctx, UserID, userID, claims, tx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	err = tx.Commit().Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return updatedClaims, nil
 }
 
 // UpdateCustomClaimsForUserGroup updates the custom claims for a user group
 func (s *CustomClaimService) UpdateCustomClaimsForUserGroup(ctx context.Context, userGroupID string, claims []dto.CustomClaimCreateDto) ([]model.CustomClaim, error) {
-	return s.updateCustomClaims(ctx, UserGroupID, userGroupID, claims)
+	tx := s.db.Begin()
+	defer func() {
+		tx.Rollback()
+	}()
+
+	updatedClaims, err := s.updateCustomClaimsInternal(ctx, UserGroupID, userGroupID, claims, tx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	err = tx.Commit().Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return updatedClaims, nil
 }
 
-// updateCustomClaims updates the custom claims for a user or user group
+// updateCustomClaimsInternal updates the custom claims for a user or user group within a transaction
-func (s *CustomClaimService) updateCustomClaims(ctx context.Context, idType idType, value string, claims []dto.CustomClaimCreateDto) ([]model.CustomClaim, error) {
+func (s *CustomClaimService) updateCustomClaimsInternal(ctx context.Context, idType idType, value string, claims []dto.CustomClaimCreateDto, tx *gorm.DB) ([]model.CustomClaim, error) {
 	// Check for duplicate keys in the claims slice
 	seenKeys := make(map[string]struct{})
 	for _, claim := range claims {
@@ -74,11 +104,6 @@ func (s *CustomClaimService) updateCustomClaims(ctx context.Context, idType idTy
 		seenKeys[claim.Key] = struct{}{}
 	}
 
-	tx := s.db.Begin()
-	defer func() {
-		tx.Rollback()
-	}()
-
 	var existingClaims []model.CustomClaim
 	err := tx.
 		WithContext(ctx).
@@ -150,11 +175,6 @@ func (s *CustomClaimService) updateCustomClaims(ctx context.Context, idType idTy
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	err = tx.Commit().Error
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
 	return updatedClaims, nil
 }
 

backend/internal/service/e2etest_service.go

@@ -10,13 +10,14 @@ import (
 	"crypto/x509"
 	"encoding/base64"
 	"fmt"
-	"log"
+	"log/slog"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/fxamacker/cbor/v2"
 	"github.com/go-webauthn/webauthn/protocol"
+	"github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v3/jwa"
 	"github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v3/jwk"
 	"github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v3/jwt"
 	"gorm.io/gorm"
@@ -25,6 +26,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/model"
 	datatype "github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/model/types"
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/utils"
+	jwkutils "github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/utils/jwk"
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/resources"
 )
 
@@ -60,7 +62,7 @@ func (s *TestService) initExternalIdP() error {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to generate private key: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	s.externalIdPKey, err = utils.ImportRawKey(rawKey)
+	s.externalIdPKey, err = jwkutils.ImportRawKey(rawKey, jwa.ES256().String(), "")
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to import private key: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -152,11 +154,12 @@ func (s *TestService) SeedDatabase(baseURL string) error {
 					ID: "3654a746-35d4-4321-ac61-0bdcff2b4055",
 				},
 				Name:               "Nextcloud",
+				LaunchURL:          utils.Ptr("https://nextcloud.local"),
 				Secret:             "$2a$10$9dypwot8nGuCjT6wQWWpJOckZfRprhe2EkwpKizxS/fpVHrOLEJHC", // w2mUeZISmEvIDMEDvpY0PnxQIpj1m3zY
 				CallbackURLs:       model.UrlList{"http://nextcloud/auth/callback"},
 				LogoutCallbackURLs: model.UrlList{"http://nextcloud/auth/logout/callback"},
 				ImageType:          utils.StringPointer("png"),
-				CreatedByID:        users[0].ID,
+				CreatedByID:        utils.Ptr(users[0].ID),
 			},
 			{
 				Base: model.Base{
@@ -165,11 +168,21 @@ func (s *TestService) SeedDatabase(baseURL string) error {
 				Name:         "Immich",
 				Secret:       "$2a$10$Ak.FP8riD1ssy2AGGbG.gOpnp/rBpymd74j0nxNMtW0GG1Lb4gzxe", // PYjrE9u4v9GVqXKi52eur0eb2Ci4kc0x
 				CallbackURLs: model.UrlList{"http://immich/auth/callback"},
-				CreatedByID:  users[1].ID,
+				CreatedByID:  utils.Ptr(users[1].ID),
 				AllowedUserGroups: []model.UserGroup{
 					userGroups[1],
 				},
 			},
+			{
+				Base: model.Base{
+					ID: "7c21a609-96b5-4011-9900-272b8d31a9d1",
+				},
+				Name:               "Tailscale",
+				Secret:             "$2a$10$xcRReBsvkI1XI6FG8xu/pOgzeF00bH5Wy4d/NThwcdi3ZBpVq/B9a", // n4VfQeXlTzA6yKpWbR9uJcMdSx2qH0Lo
+				CallbackURLs:       model.UrlList{"http://tailscale/auth/callback"},
+				LogoutCallbackURLs: model.UrlList{"http://tailscale/auth/logout/callback"},
+				CreatedByID:        utils.Ptr(users[0].ID),
+			},
 			{
 				Base: model.Base{
 					ID: "c48232ff-ff65-45ed-ae96-7afa8a9b443b",
@@ -177,7 +190,7 @@ func (s *TestService) SeedDatabase(baseURL string) error {
 				Name:              "Federated",
 				Secret:            "$2a$10$Ak.FP8riD1ssy2AGGbG.gOpnp/rBpymd74j0nxNMtW0GG1Lb4gzxe", // PYjrE9u4v9GVqXKi52eur0eb2Ci4kc0x
 				CallbackURLs:      model.UrlList{"http://federated/auth/callback"},
-				CreatedByID:       users[1].ID,
+				CreatedByID:       utils.Ptr(users[1].ID),
 				AllowedUserGroups: []model.UserGroup{},
 				Credentials: model.OidcClientCredentials{
 					FederatedIdentities: []model.OidcClientFederatedIdentity{
@@ -243,14 +256,22 @@ func (s *TestService) SeedDatabase(baseURL string) error {
 
 		userAuthorizedClients := []model.UserAuthorizedOidcClient{
 			{
-				Scope:    "openid profile email",
+				Scope:      "openid profile email",
-				UserID:   users[0].ID,
+				UserID:     users[0].ID,
-				ClientID: oidcClients[0].ID,
+				ClientID:   oidcClients[0].ID,
+				LastUsedAt: datatype.DateTime(time.Date(2025, 8, 1, 13, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC)),
 			},
 			{
-				Scope:    "openid profile email",
+				Scope:      "openid profile email",
-				UserID:   users[1].ID,
+				UserID:     users[0].ID,
-				ClientID: oidcClients[2].ID,
+				ClientID:   oidcClients[2].ID,
+				LastUsedAt: datatype.DateTime(time.Date(2025, 8, 10, 14, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC)),
+			},
+			{
+				Scope:      "openid profile email",
+				UserID:     users[1].ID,
+				ClientID:   oidcClients[3].ID,
+				LastUsedAt: datatype.DateTime(time.Date(2025, 8, 12, 12, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC)),
 			},
 		}
 		for _, userAuthorizedClient := range userAuthorizedClients {
@@ -310,6 +331,50 @@ func (s *TestService) SeedDatabase(baseURL string) error {
 			return err
 		}
 
+		signupTokens := []model.SignupToken{
+			{
+				Base: model.Base{
+					ID: "a1b2c3d4-e5f6-7890-abcd-ef1234567890",
+				},
+				Token:      "VALID1234567890A",
+				ExpiresAt:  datatype.DateTime(time.Now().Add(24 * time.Hour)),
+				UsageLimit: 1,
+				UsageCount: 0,
+			},
+			{
+				Base: model.Base{
+					ID: "b2c3d4e5-f6g7-8901-bcde-f12345678901",
+				},
+				Token:      "PARTIAL567890ABC",
+				ExpiresAt:  datatype.DateTime(time.Now().Add(7 * 24 * time.Hour)),
+				UsageLimit: 5,
+				UsageCount: 2,
+			},
+			{
+				Base: model.Base{
+					ID: "c3d4e5f6-g7h8-9012-cdef-123456789012",
+				},
+				Token:      "EXPIRED34567890B",
+				ExpiresAt:  datatype.DateTime(time.Now().Add(-24 * time.Hour)), // Expired
+				UsageLimit: 3,
+				UsageCount: 1,
+			},
+			{
+				Base: model.Base{
+					ID: "d4e5f6g7-h8i9-0123-def0-234567890123",
+				},
+				Token:      "FULLYUSED567890C",
+				ExpiresAt:  datatype.DateTime(time.Now().Add(24 * time.Hour)),
+				UsageLimit: 1,
+				UsageCount: 1, // Usage limit reached
+			},
+		}
+		for _, token := range signupTokens {
+			if err := tx.Create(&token).Error; err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+
 		return nil
 	})
 
@@ -356,9 +421,9 @@ func (s *TestService) ResetDatabase() error {
 	return err
 }
 
-func (s *TestService) ResetApplicationImages() error {
+func (s *TestService) ResetApplicationImages(ctx context.Context) error {
 	if err := os.RemoveAll(common.EnvConfig.UploadPath); err != nil {
-		log.Printf("Error removing directory: %v", err)
+		slog.ErrorContext(ctx, "Error removing directory", slog.Any("error", err))
 		return err
 	}
 

backend/internal/service/geolite_service.go

@@ -7,12 +7,13 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
-	"log"
+	"log/slog"
 	"net"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/netip"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
 	"sync"
 	"time"
 
@@ -22,9 +23,10 @@ import (
 )
 
 type GeoLiteService struct {
-	httpClient     *http.Client
+	httpClient      *http.Client
-	disableUpdater bool
+	disableUpdater  bool
-	mutex          sync.RWMutex
+	mutex           sync.RWMutex
+	localIPv6Ranges []*net.IPNet
 }
 
 var localhostIPNets = []*net.IPNet{
@@ -50,21 +52,89 @@ func NewGeoLiteService(httpClient *http.Client) *GeoLiteService {
 
 	if common.EnvConfig.MaxMindLicenseKey == "" && common.EnvConfig.GeoLiteDBUrl == common.MaxMindGeoLiteCityUrl {
 		// Warn the user, and disable the periodic updater
-		log.Println("MAXMIND_LICENSE_KEY environment variable is empty. The GeoLite2 City database won't be updated.")
+		slog.Warn("MAXMIND_LICENSE_KEY environment variable is empty: the GeoLite2 City database won't be updated")
 		service.disableUpdater = true
 	}
 
+	// Initialize IPv6 local ranges
+	err := service.initializeIPv6LocalRanges()
+	if err != nil {
+		slog.Warn("Failed to initialize IPv6 local ranges", slog.Any("error", err))
+	}
+
 	return service
 }
 
+// initializeIPv6LocalRanges parses the LOCAL_IPV6_RANGES environment variable
+func (s *GeoLiteService) initializeIPv6LocalRanges() error {
+	rangesEnv := common.EnvConfig.LocalIPv6Ranges
+	if rangesEnv == "" {
+		return nil // No local IPv6 ranges configured
+	}
+
+	ranges := strings.Split(rangesEnv, ",")
+	localRanges := make([]*net.IPNet, 0, len(ranges))
+
+	for _, rangeStr := range ranges {
+		rangeStr = strings.TrimSpace(rangeStr)
+		if rangeStr == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		_, ipNet, err := net.ParseCIDR(rangeStr)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("invalid IPv6 range '%s': %w", rangeStr, err)
+		}
+
+		// Ensure it's an IPv6 range
+		if ipNet.IP.To4() != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("range '%s' is not a valid IPv6 range", rangeStr)
+		}
+
+		localRanges = append(localRanges, ipNet)
+	}
+
+	s.localIPv6Ranges = localRanges
+
+	if len(localRanges) > 0 {
+		slog.Info("Initialized IPv6 local ranges", slog.Int("count", len(localRanges)))
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// isLocalIPv6 checks if the given IPv6 address is within any of the configured local ranges
+func (s *GeoLiteService) isLocalIPv6(ip net.IP) bool {
+	if ip.To4() != nil {
+		return false // Not an IPv6 address
+	}
+
+	for _, localRange := range s.localIPv6Ranges {
+		if localRange.Contains(ip) {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+
+	return false
+}
+
 func (s *GeoLiteService) DisableUpdater() bool {
 	return s.disableUpdater
 }
 
 // GetLocationByIP returns the country and city of the given IP address.
 func (s *GeoLiteService) GetLocationByIP(ipAddress string) (country, city string, err error) {
+	if ipAddress == "" {
+		return "", "", nil
+	}
+
 	// Check the IP address against known private IP ranges
 	if ip := net.ParseIP(ipAddress); ip != nil {
+		// Check IPv6 local ranges first
+		if s.isLocalIPv6(ip) {
+			return "Internal Network", "LAN", nil
+		}
+
+		// Check existing IPv4 ranges
 		for _, ipNet := range tailscaleIPNets {
 			if ipNet.Contains(ip) {
 				return "Internal Network", "Tailscale", nil
@@ -82,6 +152,11 @@ func (s *GeoLiteService) GetLocationByIP(ipAddress string) (country, city string
 		}
 	}
 
+	addr, err := netip.ParseAddr(ipAddress)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", "", fmt.Errorf("failed to parse IP address: %w", err)
+	}
+
 	// Race condition between reading and writing the database.
 	s.mutex.RLock()
 	defer s.mutex.RUnlock()
@@ -92,11 +167,6 @@ func (s *GeoLiteService) GetLocationByIP(ipAddress string) (country, city string
 	}
 	defer db.Close()
 
-	addr, err := netip.ParseAddr(ipAddress)
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", "", fmt.Errorf("failed to parse IP address: %w", err)
-	}
-
 	var record struct {
 		City struct {
 			Names map[string]string `maxminddb:"names"`
@@ -117,11 +187,11 @@ func (s *GeoLiteService) GetLocationByIP(ipAddress string) (country, city string
 // UpdateDatabase checks the age of the database and updates it if it's older than 14 days.
 func (s *GeoLiteService) UpdateDatabase(parentCtx context.Context) error {
 	if s.isDatabaseUpToDate() {
-		log.Println("GeoLite2 City database is up-to-date")
+		slog.Info("GeoLite2 City database is up-to-date")
 		return nil
 	}
 
-	log.Println("Updating GeoLite2 City database")
+	slog.Info("Updating GeoLite2 City database")
 	downloadUrl := fmt.Sprintf(common.EnvConfig.GeoLiteDBUrl, common.EnvConfig.MaxMindLicenseKey)
 
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(parentCtx, 10*time.Minute)
@@ -148,7 +218,7 @@ func (s *GeoLiteService) UpdateDatabase(parentCtx context.Context) error {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to extract database: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	log.Println("GeoLite2 City database successfully updated.")
+	slog.Info("GeoLite2 City database successfully updated.")
 	return nil
 }
 

backend/internal/service/geolite_service_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,220 @@
+package service
+
+import (
+	"net"
+	"net/http"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/common"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestGeoLiteService_IPv6LocalRanges(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name            string
+		localRanges     string
+		testIP          string
+		expectedCountry string
+		expectedCity    string
+		expectError     bool
+	}{
+		{
+			name:            "IPv6 in local range",
+			localRanges:     "2001:0db8:abcd:000::/56,2001:0db8:abcd:001::/56",
+			testIP:          "2001:0db8:abcd:000::1",
+			expectedCountry: "Internal Network",
+			expectedCity:    "LAN",
+			expectError:     false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "IPv6 not in local range",
+			localRanges: "2001:0db8:abcd:000::/56",
+			testIP:      "2001:0db8:ffff:000::1",
+			expectError: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:            "Multiple ranges - second range match",
+			localRanges:     "2001:0db8:abcd:000::/56,2001:0db8:abcd:001::/56",
+			testIP:          "2001:0db8:abcd:001::1",
+			expectedCountry: "Internal Network",
+			expectedCity:    "LAN",
+			expectError:     false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "Empty local ranges",
+			localRanges: "",
+			testIP:      "2001:0db8:abcd:000::1",
+			expectError: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:            "IPv4 private address still works",
+			localRanges:     "2001:0db8:abcd:000::/56",
+			testIP:          "192.168.1.1",
+			expectedCountry: "Internal Network",
+			expectedCity:    "LAN",
+			expectError:     false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:            "IPv6 loopback",
+			localRanges:     "2001:0db8:abcd:000::/56",
+			testIP:          "::1",
+			expectedCountry: "Internal Network",
+			expectedCity:    "localhost",
+			expectError:     false,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			originalConfig := common.EnvConfig.LocalIPv6Ranges
+			common.EnvConfig.LocalIPv6Ranges = tt.localRanges
+			defer func() {
+				common.EnvConfig.LocalIPv6Ranges = originalConfig
+			}()
+
+			service := NewGeoLiteService(&http.Client{})
+
+			country, city, err := service.GetLocationByIP(tt.testIP)
+
+			if tt.expectError {
+				if err == nil && country != "Internal Network" {
+					t.Errorf("Expected error or internal network classification for external IP")
+				}
+			} else {
+				require.NoError(t, err)
+				assert.Equal(t, tt.expectedCountry, country)
+				assert.Equal(t, tt.expectedCity, city)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGeoLiteService_isLocalIPv6(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name        string
+		localRanges string
+		testIP      string
+		expected    bool
+	}{
+		{
+			name:        "Valid IPv6 in range",
+			localRanges: "2001:0db8:abcd:000::/56",
+			testIP:      "2001:0db8:abcd:000::1",
+			expected:    true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "Valid IPv6 not in range",
+			localRanges: "2001:0db8:abcd:000::/56",
+			testIP:      "2001:0db8:ffff:000::1",
+			expected:    false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "IPv4 address should return false",
+			localRanges: "2001:0db8:abcd:000::/56",
+			testIP:      "192.168.1.1",
+			expected:    false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "No ranges configured",
+			localRanges: "",
+			testIP:      "2001:0db8:abcd:000::1",
+			expected:    false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "Edge of range",
+			localRanges: "2001:0db8:abcd:000::/56",
+			testIP:      "2001:0db8:abcd:00ff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff",
+			expected:    true,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			originalConfig := common.EnvConfig.LocalIPv6Ranges
+			common.EnvConfig.LocalIPv6Ranges = tt.localRanges
+			defer func() {
+				common.EnvConfig.LocalIPv6Ranges = originalConfig
+			}()
+
+			service := NewGeoLiteService(&http.Client{})
+			ip := net.ParseIP(tt.testIP)
+			if ip == nil {
+				t.Fatalf("Invalid test IP: %s", tt.testIP)
+			}
+
+			result := service.isLocalIPv6(ip)
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.expected, result)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGeoLiteService_initializeIPv6LocalRanges(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name        string
+		envValue    string
+		expectError bool
+		expectCount int
+	}{
+		{
+			name:        "Valid IPv6 ranges",
+			envValue:    "2001:0db8:abcd:000::/56,2001:0db8:abcd:001::/56",
+			expectError: false,
+			expectCount: 2,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "Empty environment variable",
+			envValue:    "",
+			expectError: false,
+			expectCount: 0,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "Invalid CIDR notation",
+			envValue:    "2001:0db8:abcd:000::/999",
+			expectError: true,
+			expectCount: 0,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "IPv4 range in IPv6 env var",
+			envValue:    "192.168.1.0/24",
+			expectError: true,
+			expectCount: 0,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "Mixed valid and invalid ranges",
+			envValue:    "2001:0db8:abcd:000::/56,invalid-range",
+			expectError: true,
+			expectCount: 0,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "Whitespace handling",
+			envValue:    " 2001:0db8:abcd:000::/56 , 2001:0db8:abcd:001::/56 ",
+			expectError: false,
+			expectCount: 2,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			originalConfig := common.EnvConfig.LocalIPv6Ranges
+			common.EnvConfig.LocalIPv6Ranges = tt.envValue
+			defer func() {
+				common.EnvConfig.LocalIPv6Ranges = originalConfig
+			}()
+
+			service := &GeoLiteService{
+				httpClient: &http.Client{},
+			}
+
+			err := service.initializeIPv6LocalRanges()
+
+			if tt.expectError {
+				require.Error(t, err)
+			} else {
+				require.NoError(t, err)
+			}
+
+			assert.Len(t, service.localIPv6Ranges, tt.expectCount)
+		})
+	}
+}

backend/internal/service/jwt_service.go

@@ -2,23 +2,19 @@ package service
 
 import (
 	"context"
-	"crypto/rand"
-	"crypto/rsa"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	"log"
-	"os"
-	"path/filepath"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v3/jwa"
 	"github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v3/jwk"
 	"github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v3/jwt"
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
 
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/common"
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/model"
-	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/utils"
+	jwkutils "github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/utils/jwk"
 )
 
 const (
@@ -26,8 +22,9 @@ const (
 	// This is a JSON file containing a key encoded as JWK
 	PrivateKeyFile = "jwt_private_key.json"
 
-	// RsaKeySize is the size, in bits, of the RSA key to generate if none is found
+	// PrivateKeyFileEncrypted is the path in the data/keys folder where the encrypted key is stored
-	RsaKeySize = 2048
+	// This is a encrypted JSON file containing a key encoded as JWK
+	PrivateKeyFileEncrypted = "jwt_private_key.json.enc"
 
 	// KeyUsageSigning is the usage for the private keys, for the "use" property
 	KeyUsageSigning = "sig"
@@ -59,58 +56,74 @@ const (
 )
 
 type JwtService struct {
+	envConfig        *common.EnvConfigSchema
 	privateKey       jwk.Key
 	keyId            string
 	appConfigService *AppConfigService
 	jwksEncoded      []byte
 }
 
-func NewJwtService(appConfigService *AppConfigService) *JwtService {
+func NewJwtService(db *gorm.DB, appConfigService *AppConfigService) (*JwtService, error) {
 	service := &JwtService{}
 
 	// Ensure keys are generated or loaded
-	if err := service.init(appConfigService, common.EnvConfig.KeysPath); err != nil {
+	err := service.init(db, appConfigService, &common.EnvConfig)
-		log.Fatalf("Failed to initialize jwt service: %v", err)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	return service
+	return service, nil
 }
 
-func (s *JwtService) init(appConfigService *AppConfigService, keysPath string) error {
+func (s *JwtService) init(db *gorm.DB, appConfigService *AppConfigService, envConfig *common.EnvConfigSchema) (err error) {
 	s.appConfigService = appConfigService
+	s.envConfig = envConfig
 
 	// Ensure keys are generated or loaded
-	return s.loadOrGenerateKey(keysPath)
+	return s.loadOrGenerateKey(db)
 }
 
-// loadOrGenerateKey loads the private key from the given path or generates it if not existing.
+func (s *JwtService) loadOrGenerateKey(db *gorm.DB) error {
-func (s *JwtService) loadOrGenerateKey(keysPath string) error {
+	// Get the key provider
-	var key jwk.Key
+	keyProvider, err := jwkutils.GetKeyProvider(db, s.envConfig, s.appConfigService.GetDbConfig().InstanceID.Value)
-
-	// First, check if we have a JWK file
-	// If we do, then we just load that
-	jwkPath := filepath.Join(keysPath, PrivateKeyFile)
-	ok, err := utils.FileExists(jwkPath)
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to check if private key file (JWK) exists at path '%s': %w", jwkPath, err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get key provider: %w", err)
 	}
-	if ok {
-		key, err = s.loadKeyJWK(jwkPath)
-		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("failed to load private key file (JWK) at path '%s': %w", jwkPath, err)
-		}
 
-		// Set the key, and we are done
+	// Try loading a key
+	key, err := keyProvider.LoadKey()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to load key (provider type '%s'): %w", s.envConfig.KeysStorage, err)
+	}
+
+	// If we have a key, store it in the object and we're done
+	if key != nil {
 		err = s.SetKey(key)
 		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("failed to set private key: %w", err)
 		}
-
 		return nil
 	}
 
 	// If we are here, we need to generate a new key
-	key, err = s.generateNewRSAKey()
+	err = s.generateKey()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to generate key: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Save the newly-generated key
+	err = keyProvider.SaveKey(s.privateKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to save private key (provider type '%s'): %w", s.envConfig.KeysStorage, err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// generateKey generates a new key and stores it in the object
+func (s *JwtService) generateKey() error {
+	// Default is to generate RS256 (RSA-2048) keys
+	key, err := jwkutils.GenerateKey(jwa.RS256().String(), "")
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to generate new private key: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -121,12 +134,6 @@ func (s *JwtService) loadOrGenerateKey(keysPath string) error {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to set private key: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	// Save the key as JWK
-	err = SaveKeyJWK(s.privateKey, jwkPath)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to save private key file at path '%s': %w", jwkPath, err)
-	}
-
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -192,13 +199,13 @@ func (s *JwtService) GenerateAccessToken(user model.User) (string, error) {
 		Subject(user.ID).
 		Expiration(now.Add(s.appConfigService.GetDbConfig().SessionDuration.AsDurationMinutes())).
 		IssuedAt(now).
-		Issuer(common.EnvConfig.AppURL).
+		Issuer(s.envConfig.AppURL).
 		Build()
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to build token: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	err = SetAudienceString(token, common.EnvConfig.AppURL)
+	err = SetAudienceString(token, s.envConfig.AppURL)
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to set 'aud' claim in token: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -229,8 +236,8 @@ func (s *JwtService) VerifyAccessToken(tokenString string) (jwt.Token, error) {
 		jwt.WithValidate(true),
 		jwt.WithKey(alg, s.privateKey),
 		jwt.WithAcceptableSkew(clockSkew),
-		jwt.WithAudience(common.EnvConfig.AppURL),
+		jwt.WithAudience(s.envConfig.AppURL),
-		jwt.WithIssuer(common.EnvConfig.AppURL),
+		jwt.WithIssuer(s.envConfig.AppURL),
 		jwt.WithValidator(TokenTypeValidator(AccessTokenJWTType)),
 	)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -246,7 +253,7 @@ func (s *JwtService) BuildIDToken(userClaims map[string]any, clientID string, no
 	token, err := jwt.NewBuilder().
 		Expiration(now.Add(1 * time.Hour)).
 		IssuedAt(now).
-		Issuer(common.EnvConfig.AppURL).
+		Issuer(s.envConfig.AppURL).
 		Build()
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to build token: %w", err)
@@ -305,7 +312,7 @@ func (s *JwtService) VerifyIdToken(tokenString string, acceptExpiredTokens bool)
 		jwt.WithValidate(true),
 		jwt.WithKey(alg, s.privateKey),
 		jwt.WithAcceptableSkew(clockSkew),
-		jwt.WithIssuer(common.EnvConfig.AppURL),
+		jwt.WithIssuer(s.envConfig.AppURL),
 		jwt.WithValidator(TokenTypeValidator(IDTokenJWTType)),
 	)
 
@@ -335,7 +342,7 @@ func (s *JwtService) BuildOAuthAccessToken(user model.User, clientID string) (jw
 		Subject(user.ID).
 		Expiration(now.Add(1 * time.Hour)).
 		IssuedAt(now).
-		Issuer(common.EnvConfig.AppURL).
+		Issuer(s.envConfig.AppURL).
 		Build()
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to build token: %w", err)
@@ -377,7 +384,7 @@ func (s *JwtService) VerifyOAuthAccessToken(tokenString string) (jwt.Token, erro
 		jwt.WithValidate(true),
 		jwt.WithKey(alg, s.privateKey),
 		jwt.WithAcceptableSkew(clockSkew),
-		jwt.WithIssuer(common.EnvConfig.AppURL),
+		jwt.WithIssuer(s.envConfig.AppURL),
 		jwt.WithValidator(TokenTypeValidator(OAuthAccessTokenJWTType)),
 	)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -393,7 +400,7 @@ func (s *JwtService) GenerateOAuthRefreshToken(userID string, clientID string, r
 		Subject(userID).
 		Expiration(now.Add(RefreshTokenDuration)).
 		IssuedAt(now).
-		Issuer(common.EnvConfig.AppURL).
+		Issuer(s.envConfig.AppURL).
 		Build()
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to build token: %w", err)
@@ -430,7 +437,7 @@ func (s *JwtService) VerifyOAuthRefreshToken(tokenString string) (userID, client
 		jwt.WithValidate(true),
 		jwt.WithKey(alg, s.privateKey),
 		jwt.WithAcceptableSkew(clockSkew),
-		jwt.WithIssuer(common.EnvConfig.AppURL),
+		jwt.WithIssuer(s.envConfig.AppURL),
 		jwt.WithValidator(TokenTypeValidator(OAuthRefreshTokenJWTType)),
 	)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -488,7 +495,7 @@ func (s *JwtService) GetPublicJWK() (jwk.Key, error) {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to get public key: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	utils.EnsureAlgInKey(pubKey)
+	jwkutils.EnsureAlgInKey(pubKey, "", "")
 
 	return pubKey, nil
 }
@@ -517,56 +524,6 @@ func (s *JwtService) GetKeyAlg() (jwa.KeyAlgorithm, error) {
 	return alg, nil
 }
 
-func (s *JwtService) loadKeyJWK(path string) (jwk.Key, error) {
-	data, err := os.ReadFile(path)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to read key data: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	key, err := jwk.ParseKey(data)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to parse key: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	return key, nil
-}
-
-func (s *JwtService) generateNewRSAKey() (jwk.Key, error) {
-	// We generate RSA keys only
-	rawKey, err := rsa.GenerateKey(rand.Reader, RsaKeySize)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to generate RSA private key: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	// Import the raw key
-	return utils.ImportRawKey(rawKey)
-}
-
-// SaveKeyJWK saves a JWK to a file
-func SaveKeyJWK(key jwk.Key, path string) error {
-	dir := filepath.Dir(path)
-	err := os.MkdirAll(dir, 0700)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create directory '%s' for key file: %w", dir, err)
-	}
-
-	keyFile, err := os.OpenFile(path, os.O_RDWR|os.O_CREATE|os.O_TRUNC, 0600)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create key file: %w", err)
-	}
-	defer keyFile.Close()
-
-	// Write the JSON file to disk
-	enc := json.NewEncoder(keyFile)
-	enc.SetEscapeHTML(false)
-	err = enc.Encode(key)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to write key file: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
-
 // GetIsAdmin returns the value of the "isAdmin" claim in the token
 func GetIsAdmin(token jwt.Token) (bool, error) {
 	if !token.Has(IsAdminClaim) {

backend/internal/service/jwt_service_test.go

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/common"
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/model"
-	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/utils"
+	jwkutils "github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/utils/jwk"
 )
 
 func TestJwtService_Init(t *testing.T) {
@@ -33,9 +33,16 @@ func TestJwtService_Init(t *testing.T) {
 		// Create a temporary directory for the test
 		tempDir := t.TempDir()
 
+		// Setup the environment variable required by the token verification
+		mockEnvConfig := &common.EnvConfigSchema{
+			AppURL:      "https://test.example.com",
+			KeysStorage: "file",
+			KeysPath:    tempDir,
+		}
+
 		// Initialize the JWT service
 		service := &JwtService{}
-		err := service.init(mockConfig, tempDir)
+		err := service.init(nil, mockConfig, mockEnvConfig)
 		require.NoError(t, err, "Failed to initialize JWT service")
 
 		// Verify the private key was set
@@ -66,9 +73,16 @@ func TestJwtService_Init(t *testing.T) {
 		// Create a temporary directory for the test
 		tempDir := t.TempDir()
 
+		// Setup the environment variable required by the token verification
+		mockEnvConfig := &common.EnvConfigSchema{
+			AppURL:      "https://test.example.com",
+			KeysStorage: "file",
+			KeysPath:    tempDir,
+		}
+
 		// First create a service to generate a key
 		firstService := &JwtService{}
-		err := firstService.init(mockConfig, tempDir)
+		err := firstService.init(nil, mockConfig, mockEnvConfig)
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 
 		// Get the key ID of the first service
@@ -77,7 +91,7 @@ func TestJwtService_Init(t *testing.T) {
 
 		// Now create a new service that should load the existing key
 		secondService := &JwtService{}
-		err = secondService.init(mockConfig, tempDir)
+		err = secondService.init(nil, mockConfig, mockEnvConfig)
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 
 		// Verify the loaded key has the same ID as the original
@@ -90,12 +104,19 @@ func TestJwtService_Init(t *testing.T) {
 		// Create a temporary directory for the test
 		tempDir := t.TempDir()
 
+		// Setup the environment variable required by the token verification
+		mockEnvConfig := &common.EnvConfigSchema{
+			AppURL:      "https://test.example.com",
+			KeysStorage: "file",
+			KeysPath:    tempDir,
+		}
+
 		// Create a new JWK and save it to disk
 		origKeyID := createECDSAKeyJWK(t, tempDir)
 
 		// Now create a new service that should load the existing key
 		svc := &JwtService{}
-		err := svc.init(mockConfig, tempDir)
+		err := svc.init(nil, mockConfig, mockEnvConfig)
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 
 		// Ensure loaded key has the right algorithm
@@ -113,12 +134,19 @@ func TestJwtService_Init(t *testing.T) {
 		// Create a temporary directory for the test
 		tempDir := t.TempDir()
 
+		// Setup the environment variable required by the token verification
+		mockEnvConfig := &common.EnvConfigSchema{
+			AppURL:      "https://test.example.com",
+			KeysStorage: "file",
+			KeysPath:    tempDir,
+		}
+
 		// Create a new JWK and save it to disk
 		origKeyID := createEdDSAKeyJWK(t, tempDir)
 
 		// Now create a new service that should load the existing key
 		svc := &JwtService{}
-		err := svc.init(mockConfig, tempDir)
+		err := svc.init(nil, mockConfig, mockEnvConfig)
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 
 		// Ensure loaded key has the right algorithm and curve
@@ -147,9 +175,16 @@ func TestJwtService_GetPublicJWK(t *testing.T) {
 		// Create a temporary directory for the test
 		tempDir := t.TempDir()
 
+		// Setup the environment variable required by the token verification
+		mockEnvConfig := &common.EnvConfigSchema{
+			AppURL:      "https://test.example.com",
+			KeysStorage: "file",
+			KeysPath:    tempDir,
+		}
+
 		// Create a JWT service with initialized key
 		service := &JwtService{}
-		err := service.init(mockConfig, tempDir)
+		err := service.init(nil, mockConfig, mockEnvConfig)
 		require.NoError(t, err, "Failed to initialize JWT service")
 
 		// Get the JWK (public key)
@@ -178,12 +213,19 @@ func TestJwtService_GetPublicJWK(t *testing.T) {
 		// Create a temporary directory for the test
 		tempDir := t.TempDir()
 
+		// Setup the environment variable required by the token verification
+		mockEnvConfig := &common.EnvConfigSchema{
+			AppURL:      "https://test.example.com",
+			KeysStorage: "file",
+			KeysPath:    tempDir,
+		}
+
 		// Create an ECDSA key and save it as JWK
 		originalKeyID := createECDSAKeyJWK(t, tempDir)
 
 		// Create a JWT service that loads the ECDSA key
 		service := &JwtService{}
-		err := service.init(mockConfig, tempDir)
+		err := service.init(nil, mockConfig, mockEnvConfig)
 		require.NoError(t, err, "Failed to initialize JWT service")
 
 		// Get the JWK (public key)
@@ -216,12 +258,19 @@ func TestJwtService_GetPublicJWK(t *testing.T) {
 		// Create a temporary directory for the test
 		tempDir := t.TempDir()
 
+		// Setup the environment variable required by the token verification
+		mockEnvConfig := &common.EnvConfigSchema{
+			AppURL:      "https://test.example.com",
+			KeysStorage: "file",
+			KeysPath:    tempDir,
+		}
+
 		// Create an EdDSA key and save it as JWK
 		originalKeyID := createEdDSAKeyJWK(t, tempDir)
 
 		// Create a JWT service that loads the EdDSA key
 		service := &JwtService{}
-		err := service.init(mockConfig, tempDir)
+		err := service.init(nil, mockConfig, mockEnvConfig)
 		require.NoError(t, err, "Failed to initialize JWT service")
 
 		// Get the JWK (public key)
@@ -276,16 +325,16 @@ func TestGenerateVerifyAccessToken(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 
 	// Setup the environment variable required by the token verification
-	originalAppURL := common.EnvConfig.AppURL
+	mockEnvConfig := &common.EnvConfigSchema{
-	common.EnvConfig.AppURL = "https://test.example.com"
+		AppURL:      "https://test.example.com",
-	defer func() {
+		KeysStorage: "file",
-		common.EnvConfig.AppURL = originalAppURL
+		KeysPath:    tempDir,
-	}()
+	}
 
 	t.Run("generates token for regular user", func(t *testing.T) {
 		// Create a JWT service
 		service := &JwtService{}
-		err := service.init(mockConfig, tempDir)
+		err := service.init(nil, mockConfig, mockEnvConfig)
 		require.NoError(t, err, "Failed to initialize JWT service")
 
 		// Create a test user
@@ -328,7 +377,7 @@ func TestGenerateVerifyAccessToken(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("generates token for admin user", func(t *testing.T) {
 		// Create a JWT service
 		service := &JwtService{}
-		err := service.init(mockConfig, tempDir)
+		err := service.init(nil, mockConfig, mockEnvConfig)
 		require.NoError(t, err, "Failed to initialize JWT service")
 
 		// Create a test admin user
@@ -364,7 +413,7 @@ func TestGenerateVerifyAccessToken(t *testing.T) {
 		})
 
 		service := &JwtService{}
-		err := service.init(customMockConfig, tempDir)
+		err := service.init(nil, customMockConfig, mockEnvConfig)
 		require.NoError(t, err, "Failed to initialize JWT service")
 
 		// Create a test user
@@ -399,7 +448,10 @@ func TestGenerateVerifyAccessToken(t *testing.T) {
 
 		// Create a JWT service that loads the key
 		service := &JwtService{}
-		err := service.init(mockConfig, tempDir)
+		err := service.init(nil, mockConfig, &common.EnvConfigSchema{
+			KeysStorage: "file",
+			KeysPath:    tempDir,
+		})
 		require.NoError(t, err, "Failed to initialize JWT service")
 
 		// Verify it loaded the right key
@@ -453,7 +505,10 @@ func TestGenerateVerifyAccessToken(t *testing.T) {
 
 		// Create a JWT service that loads the key
 		service := &JwtService{}
-		err := service.init(mockConfig, tempDir)
+		err := service.init(nil, mockConfig, &common.EnvConfigSchema{
+			KeysStorage: "file",
+			KeysPath:    tempDir,
+		})
 		require.NoError(t, err, "Failed to initialize JWT service")
 
 		// Verify it loaded the right key
@@ -507,7 +562,10 @@ func TestGenerateVerifyAccessToken(t *testing.T) {
 
 		// Create a JWT service that loads the key
 		service := &JwtService{}
-		err := service.init(mockConfig, tempDir)
+		err := service.init(nil, mockConfig, &common.EnvConfigSchema{
+			KeysStorage: "file",
+			KeysPath:    tempDir,
+		})
 		require.NoError(t, err, "Failed to initialize JWT service")
 
 		// Verify it loaded the right key
@@ -563,16 +621,16 @@ func TestGenerateVerifyIdToken(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 
 	// Setup the environment variable required by the token verification
-	originalAppURL := common.EnvConfig.AppURL
+	mockEnvConfig := &common.EnvConfigSchema{
-	common.EnvConfig.AppURL = "https://test.example.com"
+		AppURL:      "https://test.example.com",
-	defer func() {
+		KeysStorage: "file",
-		common.EnvConfig.AppURL = originalAppURL
+		KeysPath:    tempDir,
-	}()
+	}
 
 	t.Run("generates and verifies ID token with standard claims", func(t *testing.T) {
 		// Create a JWT service
 		service := &JwtService{}
-		err := service.init(mockConfig, tempDir)
+		err := service.init(nil, mockConfig, mockEnvConfig)
 		require.NoError(t, err, "Failed to initialize JWT service")
 
 		// Create test claims
@@ -601,7 +659,7 @@ func TestGenerateVerifyIdToken(t *testing.T) {
 			assert.Equal(t, []string{clientID}, audience, "Audience should contain the client ID")
 		issuer, ok := claims.Issuer()
 		_ = assert.True(t, ok, "Issuer not found in token") &&
-			assert.Equal(t, common.EnvConfig.AppURL, issuer, "Issuer should match app URL")
+			assert.Equal(t, service.envConfig.AppURL, issuer, "Issuer should match app URL")
 
 		// Check token expiration time is approximately 1 hour from now
 		expectedExp := time.Now().Add(1 * time.Hour)
@@ -614,7 +672,7 @@ func TestGenerateVerifyIdToken(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("can accept expired tokens if told so", func(t *testing.T) {
 		// Create a JWT service
 		service := &JwtService{}
-		err := service.init(mockConfig, tempDir)
+		err := service.init(nil, mockConfig, mockEnvConfig)
 		require.NoError(t, err, "Failed to initialize JWT service")
 
 		// Create test claims
@@ -628,7 +686,7 @@ func TestGenerateVerifyIdToken(t *testing.T) {
 		// Create a token that's already expired
 		token, err := jwt.NewBuilder().
 			Subject(userClaims["sub"].(string)).
-			Issuer(common.EnvConfig.AppURL).
+			Issuer(service.envConfig.AppURL).
 			Audience([]string{clientID}).
 			IssuedAt(time.Now().Add(-2 * time.Hour)).
 			Expiration(time.Now().Add(-1 * time.Hour)). // Expired 1 hour ago
@@ -666,13 +724,13 @@ func TestGenerateVerifyIdToken(t *testing.T) {
 			assert.Equal(t, userClaims["sub"], subject, "Token subject should match user ID")
 		issuer, ok := claims.Issuer()
 		_ = assert.True(t, ok, "Issuer not found in token") &&
-			assert.Equal(t, common.EnvConfig.AppURL, issuer, "Issuer should match app URL")
+			assert.Equal(t, service.envConfig.AppURL, issuer, "Issuer should match app URL")
 	})
 
 	t.Run("generates and verifies ID token with nonce", func(t *testing.T) {
 		// Create a JWT service
 		service := &JwtService{}
-		err := service.init(mockConfig, tempDir)
+		err := service.init(nil, mockConfig, mockEnvConfig)
 		require.NoError(t, err, "Failed to initialize JWT service")
 
 		// Create test claims with nonce
@@ -703,7 +761,7 @@ func TestGenerateVerifyIdToken(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("fails verification with incorrect issuer", func(t *testing.T) {
 		// Create a JWT service
 		service := &JwtService{}
-		err := service.init(mockConfig, tempDir)
+		err := service.init(nil, mockConfig, mockEnvConfig)
 		require.NoError(t, err, "Failed to initialize JWT service")
 
 		// Generate a token with standard claims
@@ -714,7 +772,7 @@ func TestGenerateVerifyIdToken(t *testing.T) {
 		require.NoError(t, err, "Failed to generate ID token")
 
 		// Temporarily change the app URL to simulate wrong issuer
-		common.EnvConfig.AppURL = "https://wrong-issuer.com"
+		service.envConfig.AppURL = "https://wrong-issuer.com"
 
 		// Verify should fail due to issuer mismatch
 		_, err = service.VerifyIdToken(tokenString, false)
@@ -731,7 +789,10 @@ func TestGenerateVerifyIdToken(t *testing.T) {
 
 		// Create a JWT service that loads the key
 		service := &JwtService{}
-		err := service.init(mockConfig, tempDir)
+		err := service.init(nil, mockConfig, &common.EnvConfigSchema{
+			KeysStorage: "file",
+			KeysPath:    tempDir,
+		})
 		require.NoError(t, err, "Failed to initialize JWT service")
 
 		// Verify it loaded the right key
@@ -762,7 +823,7 @@ func TestGenerateVerifyIdToken(t *testing.T) {
 			assert.Equal(t, "eddsauser456", subject, "Token subject should match user ID")
 		issuer, ok := claims.Issuer()
 		_ = assert.True(t, ok, "Issuer not found in token") &&
-			assert.Equal(t, common.EnvConfig.AppURL, issuer, "Issuer should match app URL")
+			assert.Equal(t, service.envConfig.AppURL, issuer, "Issuer should match app URL")
 
 		// Verify the key type is OKP
 		publicKey, err := service.GetPublicJWK()
@@ -784,7 +845,10 @@ func TestGenerateVerifyIdToken(t *testing.T) {
 
 		// Create a JWT service that loads the key
 		service := &JwtService{}
-		err := service.init(mockConfig, tempDir)
+		err := service.init(nil, mockConfig, &common.EnvConfigSchema{
+			KeysStorage: "file",
+			KeysPath:    tempDir,
+		})
 		require.NoError(t, err, "Failed to initialize JWT service")
 
 		// Verify it loaded the right key
@@ -795,7 +859,6 @@ func TestGenerateVerifyIdToken(t *testing.T) {
 		// Create test claims
 		userClaims := map[string]interface{}{
 			"sub":   "ecdsauser456",
-			"name":  "ECDSA User",
 			"email": "ecdsauser@example.com",
 		}
 		const clientID = "ecdsa-client-123"
@@ -815,7 +878,7 @@ func TestGenerateVerifyIdToken(t *testing.T) {
 			assert.Equal(t, "ecdsauser456", subject, "Token subject should match user ID")
 		issuer, ok := claims.Issuer()
 		_ = assert.True(t, ok, "Issuer not found in token") &&
-			assert.Equal(t, common.EnvConfig.AppURL, issuer, "Issuer should match app URL")
+			assert.Equal(t, service.envConfig.AppURL, issuer, "Issuer should match app URL")
 
 		// Verify the key type is EC
 		publicKey, err := service.GetPublicJWK()
@@ -837,7 +900,10 @@ func TestGenerateVerifyIdToken(t *testing.T) {
 
 		// Create a JWT service that loads the key
 		service := &JwtService{}
-		err := service.init(mockConfig, tempDir)
+		err := service.init(nil, mockConfig, &common.EnvConfigSchema{
+			KeysStorage: "file",
+			KeysPath:    tempDir,
+		})
 		require.NoError(t, err, "Failed to initialize JWT service")
 
 		// Verify it loaded the right key
@@ -868,17 +934,7 @@ func TestGenerateVerifyIdToken(t *testing.T) {
 			assert.Equal(t, "rsauser456", subject, "Token subject should match user ID")
 		issuer, ok := claims.Issuer()
 		_ = assert.True(t, ok, "Issuer not found in token") &&
-			assert.Equal(t, common.EnvConfig.AppURL, issuer, "Issuer should match app URL")
+			assert.Equal(t, service.envConfig.AppURL, issuer, "Issuer should match app URL")
-
-		// Verify the key type is RSA
-		publicKey, err := service.GetPublicJWK()
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-		assert.Equal(t, jwa.RSA().String(), publicKey.KeyType().String(), "Key type should be RSA")
-
-		// Verify the algorithm is RS256
-		alg, ok := publicKey.Algorithm()
-		require.True(t, ok)
-		assert.Equal(t, jwa.RS256().String(), alg.String(), "Algorithm should be RS256")
 	})
 }
 
@@ -892,16 +948,16 @@ func TestGenerateVerifyOAuthAccessToken(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 
 	// Setup the environment variable required by the token verification
-	originalAppURL := common.EnvConfig.AppURL
+	mockEnvConfig := &common.EnvConfigSchema{
-	common.EnvConfig.AppURL = "https://test.example.com"
+		AppURL:      "https://test.example.com",
-	defer func() {
+		KeysStorage: "file",
-		common.EnvConfig.AppURL = originalAppURL
+		KeysPath:    tempDir,
-	}()
+	}
 
 	t.Run("generates and verifies OAuth access token with standard claims", func(t *testing.T) {
 		// Create a JWT service
 		service := &JwtService{}
-		err := service.init(mockConfig, tempDir)
+		err := service.init(nil, mockConfig, mockEnvConfig)
 		require.NoError(t, err, "Failed to initialize JWT service")
 
 		// Create a test user
@@ -931,7 +987,7 @@ func TestGenerateVerifyOAuthAccessToken(t *testing.T) {
 			assert.Equal(t, []string{clientID}, audience, "Audience should contain the client ID")
 		issuer, ok := claims.Issuer()
 		_ = assert.True(t, ok, "Issuer not found in token") &&
-			assert.Equal(t, common.EnvConfig.AppURL, issuer, "Issuer should match app URL")
+			assert.Equal(t, service.envConfig.AppURL, issuer, "Issuer should match app URL")
 
 		// Check token expiration time is approximately 1 hour from now
 		expectedExp := time.Now().Add(1 * time.Hour)
@@ -944,7 +1000,7 @@ func TestGenerateVerifyOAuthAccessToken(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("fails verification for expired token", func(t *testing.T) {
 		// Create a JWT service with a mock function to generate an expired token
 		service := &JwtService{}
-		err := service.init(mockConfig, tempDir)
+		err := service.init(nil, mockConfig, mockEnvConfig)
 		require.NoError(t, err, "Failed to initialize JWT service")
 
 		// Create a test user
@@ -961,7 +1017,7 @@ func TestGenerateVerifyOAuthAccessToken(t *testing.T) {
 			Expiration(time.Now().Add(-1 * time.Hour)). // Expired 1 hour ago
 			IssuedAt(time.Now().Add(-2 * time.Hour)).
 			Audience([]string{clientID}).
-			Issuer(common.EnvConfig.AppURL).
+			Issuer(service.envConfig.AppURL).
 			Build()
 		require.NoError(t, err, "Failed to build token")
 
@@ -980,11 +1036,17 @@ func TestGenerateVerifyOAuthAccessToken(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("fails verification with invalid signature", func(t *testing.T) {
 		// Create two JWT services with different keys
 		service1 := &JwtService{}
-		err := service1.init(mockConfig, t.TempDir()) // Use a different temp dir
+		err := service1.init(nil, mockConfig, &common.EnvConfigSchema{
+			KeysStorage: "file",
+			KeysPath:    t.TempDir(), // Use a different temp dir
+		})
 		require.NoError(t, err, "Failed to initialize first JWT service")
 
 		service2 := &JwtService{}
-		err = service2.init(mockConfig, t.TempDir()) // Use a different temp dir
+		err = service2.init(nil, mockConfig, &common.EnvConfigSchema{
+			KeysStorage: "file",
+			KeysPath:    t.TempDir(), // Use a different temp dir
+		})
 		require.NoError(t, err, "Failed to initialize second JWT service")
 
 		// Create a test user
@@ -1014,7 +1076,10 @@ func TestGenerateVerifyOAuthAccessToken(t *testing.T) {
 
 		// Create a JWT service that loads the key
 		service := &JwtService{}
-		err := service.init(mockConfig, tempDir)
+		err := service.init(nil, mockConfig, &common.EnvConfigSchema{
+			KeysStorage: "file",
+			KeysPath:    tempDir,
+		})
 		require.NoError(t, err, "Failed to initialize JWT service")
 
 		// Verify it loaded the right key
@@ -1068,7 +1133,10 @@ func TestGenerateVerifyOAuthAccessToken(t *testing.T) {
 
 		// Create a JWT service that loads the key
 		service := &JwtService{}
-		err := service.init(mockConfig, tempDir)
+		err := service.init(nil, mockConfig, &common.EnvConfigSchema{
+			KeysStorage: "file",
+			KeysPath:    tempDir,
+		})
 		require.NoError(t, err, "Failed to initialize JWT service")
 
 		// Verify it loaded the right key
@@ -1122,7 +1190,10 @@ func TestGenerateVerifyOAuthAccessToken(t *testing.T) {
 
 		// Create a JWT service that loads the key
 		service := &JwtService{}
-		err := service.init(mockConfig, tempDir)
+		err := service.init(nil, mockConfig, &common.EnvConfigSchema{
+			KeysStorage: "file",
+			KeysPath:    tempDir,
+		})
 		require.NoError(t, err, "Failed to initialize JWT service")
 
 		// Verify it loaded the right key
@@ -1176,16 +1247,16 @@ func TestGenerateVerifyOAuthRefreshToken(t *testing.T) {
 	mockConfig := NewTestAppConfigService(&model.AppConfig{})
 
 	// Setup the environment variable required by the token verification
-	originalAppURL := common.EnvConfig.AppURL
+	mockEnvConfig := &common.EnvConfigSchema{
-	common.EnvConfig.AppURL = "https://test.example.com"
+		AppURL:      "https://test.example.com",
-	defer func() {
+		KeysStorage: "file",
-		common.EnvConfig.AppURL = originalAppURL
+		KeysPath:    tempDir,
-	}()
+	}
 
 	t.Run("generates and verifies refresh token", func(t *testing.T) {
 		// Create a JWT service
 		service := &JwtService{}
-		err := service.init(mockConfig, tempDir)
+		err := service.init(nil, mockConfig, mockEnvConfig)
 		require.NoError(t, err, "Failed to initialize JWT service")
 
 		// Create a test user
@@ -1211,7 +1282,7 @@ func TestGenerateVerifyOAuthRefreshToken(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("fails verification for expired token", func(t *testing.T) {
 		// Create a JWT service
 		service := &JwtService{}
-		err := service.init(mockConfig, tempDir)
+		err := service.init(nil, mockConfig, mockEnvConfig)
 		require.NoError(t, err, "Failed to initialize JWT service")
 
 		// Generate a token using JWT directly to create an expired token
@@ -1220,7 +1291,7 @@ func TestGenerateVerifyOAuthRefreshToken(t *testing.T) {
 			Expiration(time.Now().Add(-1 * time.Hour)). // Expired 1 hour ago
 			IssuedAt(time.Now().Add(-2 * time.Hour)).
 			Audience([]string{"client123"}).
-			Issuer(common.EnvConfig.AppURL).
+			Issuer(service.envConfig.AppURL).
 			Build()
 		require.NoError(t, err, "Failed to build token")
 
@@ -1236,11 +1307,17 @@ func TestGenerateVerifyOAuthRefreshToken(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("fails verification with invalid signature", func(t *testing.T) {
 		// Create two JWT services with different keys
 		service1 := &JwtService{}
-		err := service1.init(mockConfig, t.TempDir())
+		err := service1.init(nil, mockConfig, &common.EnvConfigSchema{
+			KeysStorage: "file",
+			KeysPath:    t.TempDir(), // Use a different temp dir
+		})
 		require.NoError(t, err, "Failed to initialize first JWT service")
 
 		service2 := &JwtService{}
-		err = service2.init(mockConfig, t.TempDir())
+		err = service2.init(nil, mockConfig, &common.EnvConfigSchema{
+			KeysStorage: "file",
+			KeysPath:    t.TempDir(), // Use a different temp dir
+		})
 		require.NoError(t, err, "Failed to initialize second JWT service")
 
 		// Generate a token with the first service
@@ -1308,7 +1385,10 @@ func TestGetTokenType(t *testing.T) {
 	// Initialize the JWT service
 	mockConfig := NewTestAppConfigService(&model.AppConfig{})
 	service := &JwtService{}
-	err := service.init(mockConfig, tempDir)
+	err := service.init(nil, mockConfig, &common.EnvConfigSchema{
+		KeysStorage: "file",
+		KeysPath:    tempDir,
+	})
 	require.NoError(t, err, "Failed to initialize JWT service")
 
 	buildTokenForType := func(t *testing.T, typ string, setClaimsFn func(b *jwt.Builder)) string {
@@ -1402,10 +1482,19 @@ func TestGetTokenType(t *testing.T) {
 func importKey(t *testing.T, privateKeyRaw any, path string) string {
 	t.Helper()
 
-	privateKey, err := utils.ImportRawKey(privateKeyRaw)
+	privateKey, err := jwkutils.ImportRawKey(privateKeyRaw, "", "")
 	require.NoError(t, err, "Failed to import private key")
 
-	err = SaveKeyJWK(privateKey, filepath.Join(path, PrivateKeyFile))
+	keyProvider := &jwkutils.KeyProviderFile{}
+	err = keyProvider.Init(jwkutils.KeyProviderOpts{
+		EnvConfig: &common.EnvConfigSchema{
+			KeysStorage: "file",
+			KeysPath:    path,
+		},
+	})
+	require.NoError(t, err, "Failed to init file key provider")
+
+	err = keyProvider.SaveKey(privateKey)
 	require.NoError(t, err, "Failed to save key")
 
 	kid, _ := privateKey.KeyID()

backend/internal/service/ldap_service.go

@@ -8,17 +8,21 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
-	"log"
+	"log/slog"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/url"
 	"strings"
 	"time"
+	"unicode/utf8"
 
 	"github.com/go-ldap/ldap/v3"
+	"github.com/google/uuid"
+	"golang.org/x/text/unicode/norm"
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
+
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/common"
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/dto"
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/model"
-	"gorm.io/gorm"
 )
 
 type LdapService struct {
@@ -122,11 +126,11 @@ func (s *LdapService) SyncGroups(ctx context.Context, tx *gorm.DB, client *ldap.
 	ldapGroupIDs := make(map[string]struct{}, len(result.Entries))
 
 	for _, value := range result.Entries {
-		ldapId := value.GetAttributeValue(dbConfig.LdapAttributeGroupUniqueIdentifier.Value)
+		ldapId := convertLdapIdToString(value.GetAttributeValue(dbConfig.LdapAttributeGroupUniqueIdentifier.Value))
 
 		// Skip groups without a valid LDAP ID
 		if ldapId == "" {
-			log.Printf("Skipping LDAP group without a valid unique identifier (attribute: %s)", dbConfig.LdapAttributeGroupUniqueIdentifier.Value)
+			slog.Warn("Skipping LDAP group without a valid unique identifier", slog.String("attribute", dbConfig.LdapAttributeGroupUniqueIdentifier.Value))
 			continue
 		}
 
@@ -164,13 +168,13 @@ func (s *LdapService) SyncGroups(ctx context.Context, tx *gorm.DB, client *ldap.
 
 				userResult, err := client.Search(userSearchReq)
 				if err != nil || len(userResult.Entries) == 0 {
-					log.Printf("Could not resolve group member DN '%s': %v", member, err)
+					slog.WarnContext(ctx, "Could not resolve group member DN", slog.String("member", member), slog.Any("error", err))
 					continue
 				}
 
 				username = userResult.Entries[0].GetAttributeValue(dbConfig.LdapAttributeUserUsername.Value)
 				if username == "" {
-					log.Printf("Could not extract username from group member DN '%s'", member)
+					slog.WarnContext(ctx, "Could not extract username from group member DN", slog.String("member", member))
 					continue
 				}
 			}
@@ -178,7 +182,7 @@ func (s *LdapService) SyncGroups(ctx context.Context, tx *gorm.DB, client *ldap.
 			var databaseUser model.User
 			err = tx.
 				WithContext(ctx).
-				Where("username = ? AND ldap_id IS NOT NULL", username).
+				Where("username = ? AND ldap_id IS NOT NULL", norm.NFC.String(username)).
 				First(&databaseUser).
 				Error
 			if errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrRecordNotFound) {
@@ -194,8 +198,9 @@ func (s *LdapService) SyncGroups(ctx context.Context, tx *gorm.DB, client *ldap.
 		syncGroup := dto.UserGroupCreateDto{
 			Name:         value.GetAttributeValue(dbConfig.LdapAttributeGroupName.Value),
 			FriendlyName: value.GetAttributeValue(dbConfig.LdapAttributeGroupName.Value),
-			LdapID:       value.GetAttributeValue(dbConfig.LdapAttributeGroupUniqueIdentifier.Value),
+			LdapID:       ldapId,
 		}
+		dto.Normalize(syncGroup)
 
 		if databaseGroup.ID == "" {
 			newGroup, err := s.groupService.createInternal(ctx, syncGroup, tx)
@@ -245,7 +250,7 @@ func (s *LdapService) SyncGroups(ctx context.Context, tx *gorm.DB, client *ldap.
 			return fmt.Errorf("failed to delete group '%s': %w", group.Name, err)
 		}
 
-		log.Printf("Deleted group '%s'", group.Name)
+		slog.Info("Deleted group", slog.String("group", group.Name))
 	}
 
 	return nil
@@ -286,11 +291,11 @@ func (s *LdapService) SyncUsers(ctx context.Context, tx *gorm.DB, client *ldap.C
 	ldapUserIDs := make(map[string]struct{}, len(result.Entries))
 
 	for _, value := range result.Entries {
-		ldapId := value.GetAttributeValue(dbConfig.LdapAttributeUserUniqueIdentifier.Value)
+		ldapId := convertLdapIdToString(value.GetAttributeValue(dbConfig.LdapAttributeUserUniqueIdentifier.Value))
 
 		// Skip users without a valid LDAP ID
 		if ldapId == "" {
-			log.Printf("Skipping LDAP user without a valid unique identifier (attribute: %s)", dbConfig.LdapAttributeUserUniqueIdentifier.Value)
+			slog.Warn("Skipping LDAP user without a valid unique identifier", slog.String("attribute", dbConfig.LdapAttributeUserUniqueIdentifier.Value))
 			continue
 		}
 
@@ -306,7 +311,6 @@ func (s *LdapService) SyncUsers(ctx context.Context, tx *gorm.DB, client *ldap.C
 
 		// If a user is found (even if disabled), enable them since they're now back in LDAP
 		if databaseUser.ID != "" && databaseUser.Disabled {
-			// Use the transaction instead of the direct context
 			err = tx.
 				WithContext(ctx).
 				Model(&model.User{}).
@@ -315,7 +319,7 @@ func (s *LdapService) SyncUsers(ctx context.Context, tx *gorm.DB, client *ldap.C
 				Error
 
 			if err != nil {
-				log.Printf("Failed to enable user %s: %v", databaseUser.Username, err)
+				return fmt.Errorf("failed to enable user %s: %w", databaseUser.Username, err)
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -341,11 +345,12 @@ func (s *LdapService) SyncUsers(ctx context.Context, tx *gorm.DB, client *ldap.C
 			IsAdmin:   isAdmin,
 			LdapID:    ldapId,
 		}
+		dto.Normalize(newUser)
 
 		if databaseUser.ID == "" {
 			_, err = s.userService.createUserInternal(ctx, newUser, true, tx)
 			if errors.Is(err, &common.AlreadyInUseError{}) {
-				log.Printf("Skipping creating LDAP user '%s': %v", newUser.Username, err)
+				slog.Warn("Skipping creating LDAP user", slog.String("username", newUser.Username), slog.Any("error", err))
 				continue
 			} else if err != nil {
 				return fmt.Errorf("error creating user '%s': %w", newUser.Username, err)
@@ -353,7 +358,7 @@ func (s *LdapService) SyncUsers(ctx context.Context, tx *gorm.DB, client *ldap.C
 		} else {
 			_, err = s.userService.updateUserInternal(ctx, databaseUser.ID, newUser, false, true, tx)
 			if errors.Is(err, &common.AlreadyInUseError{}) {
-				log.Printf("Skipping updating LDAP user '%s': %v", newUser.Username, err)
+				slog.Warn("Skipping updating LDAP user", slog.String("username", newUser.Username), slog.Any("error", err))
 				continue
 			} else if err != nil {
 				return fmt.Errorf("error updating user '%s': %w", newUser.Username, err)
@@ -366,7 +371,7 @@ func (s *LdapService) SyncUsers(ctx context.Context, tx *gorm.DB, client *ldap.C
 			err = s.saveProfilePicture(ctx, databaseUser.ID, pictureString)
 			if err != nil {
 				// This is not a fatal error
-				log.Printf("Error saving profile picture for user %s: %v", newUser.Username, err)
+				slog.Warn("Error saving profile picture for user", slog.String("username", newUser.Username), slog.Any("error", err))
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -395,7 +400,7 @@ func (s *LdapService) SyncUsers(ctx context.Context, tx *gorm.DB, client *ldap.C
 				return fmt.Errorf("failed to disable user %s: %w", user.Username, err)
 			}
 
-			log.Printf("Disabled user '%s'", user.Username)
+			slog.Info("Disabled user", slog.String("username", user.Username))
 		} else {
 			err = s.userService.deleteUserInternal(ctx, user.ID, true, tx)
 			target := &common.LdapUserUpdateError{}
@@ -405,7 +410,7 @@ func (s *LdapService) SyncUsers(ctx context.Context, tx *gorm.DB, client *ldap.C
 				return fmt.Errorf("failed to delete user %s: %w", user.Username, err)
 			}
 
-			log.Printf("Deleted user '%s'", user.Username)
+			slog.Info("Deleted user", slog.String("username", user.Username))
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -468,3 +473,21 @@ func getDNProperty(property string, str string) string {
 	// CN not found, return an empty string
 	return ""
 }
+
+// convertLdapIdToString converts LDAP IDs to valid UTF-8 strings.
+// LDAP servers may return binary UUIDs (16 bytes) or other non-UTF-8 data.
+func convertLdapIdToString(ldapId string) string {
+	if utf8.ValidString(ldapId) {
+		return norm.NFC.String(ldapId)
+	}
+
+	// Try to parse as binary UUID (16 bytes)
+	if len(ldapId) == 16 {
+		if parsedUUID, err := uuid.FromBytes([]byte(ldapId)); err == nil {
+			return parsedUUID.String()
+		}
+	}
+
+	// As a last resort, encode as base64 to make it UTF-8 safe
+	return base64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString([]byte(ldapId))
+}

backend/internal/service/ldap_service_test.go

@@ -71,3 +71,36 @@ func TestGetDNProperty(t *testing.T) {
 		})
 	}
 }
+
+func TestConvertLdapIdToString(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name     string
+		input    string
+		expected string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:     "valid UTF-8 string",
+			input:    "simple-utf8-id",
+			expected: "simple-utf8-id",
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "binary UUID (16 bytes)",
+			input:    string([]byte{0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0x78, 0x9a, 0xbc, 0xde, 0xf0, 0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0x78, 0x9a, 0xbc, 0xde, 0xf1}),
+			expected: "12345678-9abc-def0-1234-56789abcdef1",
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "non-UTF8, non-UUID returns base64",
+			input:    string([]byte{0xff, 0xfe, 0xfd, 0xfc}),
+			expected: "//79/A==",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			got := convertLdapIdToString(tt.input)
+			if got != tt.expected {
+				t.Errorf("Expected %q, got %q", tt.expected, got)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

backend/internal/service/oidc_service.go

@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	"log"
 	"log/slog"
 	"mime/multipart"
 	"net/http"
@@ -51,6 +50,7 @@ type OidcService struct {
 	appConfigService   *AppConfigService
 	auditLogService    *AuditLogService
 	customClaimService *CustomClaimService
+	webAuthnService    *WebAuthnService
 
 	httpClient *http.Client
 	jwkCache   *jwk.Cache
@@ -63,6 +63,7 @@ func NewOidcService(
 	appConfigService *AppConfigService,
 	auditLogService *AuditLogService,
 	customClaimService *CustomClaimService,
+	webAuthnService *WebAuthnService,
 ) (s *OidcService, err error) {
 	s = &OidcService{
 		db:                 db,
@@ -70,6 +71,7 @@ func NewOidcService(
 		appConfigService:   appConfigService,
 		auditLogService:    auditLogService,
 		customClaimService: customClaimService,
+		webAuthnService:    webAuthnService,
 	}
 
 	// Note: we don't pass the HTTP Client with OTel instrumented to this because requests are always made in background and not tied to a specific trace
@@ -124,6 +126,16 @@ func (s *OidcService) Authorize(ctx context.Context, input dto.AuthorizeOidcClie
 		return "", "", err
 	}
 
+	if client.RequiresReauthentication {
+		if input.ReauthenticationToken == "" {
+			return "", "", &common.ReauthenticationRequiredError{}
+		}
+		err = s.webAuthnService.ConsumeReauthenticationToken(ctx, tx, input.ReauthenticationToken, userID)
+		if err != nil {
+			return "", "", err
+		}
+	}
+
 	// If the client is not public, the code challenge must be provided
 	if client.IsPublic && input.CodeChallenge == "" {
 		return "", "", &common.OidcMissingCodeChallengeError{}
@@ -150,20 +162,11 @@ func (s *OidcService) Authorize(ctx context.Context, input dto.AuthorizeOidcClie
 		return "", "", &common.OidcAccessDeniedError{}
 	}
 
-	// Check if the user has already authorized the client with the given scope
+	hasAlreadyAuthorizedClient, err := s.createAuthorizedClientInternal(ctx, userID, input.ClientID, input.Scope, tx)
-	hasAuthorizedClient, err := s.hasAuthorizedClientInternal(ctx, input.ClientID, userID, input.Scope, tx)
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", "", err
 	}
 
-	// If the user has not authorized the client, create a new authorization in the database
-	if !hasAuthorizedClient {
-		err := s.createAuthorizedClientInternal(ctx, userID, input.ClientID, input.Scope, tx)
-		if err != nil {
-			return "", "", err
-		}
-	}
-
 	// Create the authorization code
 	code, err := s.createAuthorizationCode(ctx, input.ClientID, userID, input.Scope, input.Nonce, input.CodeChallenge, input.CodeChallengeMethod, tx)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -171,7 +174,7 @@ func (s *OidcService) Authorize(ctx context.Context, input dto.AuthorizeOidcClie
 	}
 
 	// Log the authorization event
-	if hasAuthorizedClient {
+	if hasAlreadyAuthorizedClient {
 		s.auditLogService.Create(ctx, model.AuditLogEventClientAuthorization, ipAddress, userAgent, userID, model.AuditLogData{"clientName": client.Name}, tx)
 	} else {
 		s.auditLogService.Create(ctx, model.AuditLogEventNewClientAuthorization, ipAddress, userAgent, userID, model.AuditLogData{"clientName": client.Name}, tx)
@@ -255,7 +258,7 @@ func (s *OidcService) createTokenFromDeviceCode(ctx context.Context, input dto.O
 		tx.Rollback()
 	}()
 
-	_, err := s.verifyClientCredentialsInternal(ctx, tx, clientAuthCredentialsFromCreateTokensDto(&input))
+	_, err := s.verifyClientCredentialsInternal(ctx, tx, clientAuthCredentialsFromCreateTokensDto(&input), true)
 	if err != nil {
 		return CreatedTokens{}, err
 	}
@@ -336,7 +339,7 @@ func (s *OidcService) createTokenFromAuthorizationCode(ctx context.Context, inpu
 		tx.Rollback()
 	}()
 
-	client, err := s.verifyClientCredentialsInternal(ctx, tx, clientAuthCredentialsFromCreateTokensDto(&input))
+	client, err := s.verifyClientCredentialsInternal(ctx, tx, clientAuthCredentialsFromCreateTokensDto(&input), true)
 	if err != nil {
 		return CreatedTokens{}, err
 	}
@@ -420,7 +423,7 @@ func (s *OidcService) createTokenFromRefreshToken(ctx context.Context, input dto
 		tx.Rollback()
 	}()
 
-	client, err := s.verifyClientCredentialsInternal(ctx, tx, clientAuthCredentialsFromCreateTokensDto(&input))
+	client, err := s.verifyClientCredentialsInternal(ctx, tx, clientAuthCredentialsFromCreateTokensDto(&input), true)
 	if err != nil {
 		return CreatedTokens{}, err
 	}
@@ -490,6 +493,11 @@ func (s *OidcService) createTokenFromRefreshToken(ctx context.Context, input dto
 }
 
 func (s *OidcService) IntrospectToken(ctx context.Context, creds ClientAuthCredentials, tokenString string) (introspectDto dto.OidcIntrospectionResponseDto, err error) {
+	client, err := s.verifyClientCredentialsInternal(ctx, s.db, creds, false)
+	if err != nil {
+		return introspectDto, err
+	}
+
 	// Get the type of the token and the client ID
 	tokenType, token, err := s.jwtService.GetTokenType(tokenString)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -498,24 +506,16 @@ func (s *OidcService) IntrospectToken(ctx context.Context, creds ClientAuthCrede
 		return introspectDto, nil //nolint:nilerr
 	}
 
-	// If we don't have a client ID, get it from the token
+	// Get the audience from the token
-	// Otherwise, we need to make sure that the client ID passed as credential matches
 	tokenAudiences, _ := token.Audience()
 	if len(tokenAudiences) != 1 || tokenAudiences[0] == "" {
-		// We just treat the token as invalid
 		introspectDto.Active = false
 		return introspectDto, nil
 	}
-	if creds.ClientID == "" {
-		creds.ClientID = tokenAudiences[0]
-	} else if creds.ClientID != tokenAudiences[0] {
-		return introspectDto, &common.OidcMissingClientCredentialsError{}
-	}
 
-	// Verify the credentials for the call
+	// Audience must match the client ID
-	client, err := s.verifyClientCredentialsInternal(ctx, s.db, creds)
+	if client.ID != tokenAudiences[0] {
-	if err != nil {
+		return introspectDto, &common.OidcMissingClientCredentialsError{}
-		return introspectDto, err
 	}
 
 	// Introspect the token
@@ -654,8 +654,7 @@ func (s *OidcService) ListClients(ctx context.Context, name string, sortedPagina
 	}
 
 	// As allowedUserGroupsCount is not a column, we need to manually sort it
-	isValidSortDirection := sortedPaginationRequest.Sort.Direction == "asc" || sortedPaginationRequest.Sort.Direction == "desc"
+	if sortedPaginationRequest.Sort.Column == "allowedUserGroupsCount" && utils.IsValidSortDirection(sortedPaginationRequest.Sort.Direction) {
-	if sortedPaginationRequest.Sort.Column == "allowedUserGroupsCount" && isValidSortDirection {
 		query = query.Select("oidc_clients.*, COUNT(oidc_clients_allowed_user_groups.oidc_client_id)").
 			Joins("LEFT JOIN oidc_clients_allowed_user_groups ON oidc_clients.id = oidc_clients_allowed_user_groups.oidc_client_id").
 			Group("oidc_clients.id").
@@ -671,22 +670,28 @@ func (s *OidcService) ListClients(ctx context.Context, name string, sortedPagina
 
 func (s *OidcService) CreateClient(ctx context.Context, input dto.OidcClientCreateDto, userID string) (model.OidcClient, error) {
 	client := model.OidcClient{
-		CreatedByID: userID,
+		Base: model.Base{
+			ID: input.ID,
+		},
+		CreatedByID: utils.Ptr(userID),
 	}
-	updateOIDCClientModelFromDto(&client, &input)
+	updateOIDCClientModelFromDto(&client, &input.OidcClientUpdateDto)
 
 	err := s.db.
 		WithContext(ctx).
 		Create(&client).
 		Error
 	if err != nil {
+		if errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrDuplicatedKey) {
+			return model.OidcClient{}, &common.ClientIdAlreadyExistsError{}
+		}
 		return model.OidcClient{}, err
 	}
 
 	return client, nil
 }
 
-func (s *OidcService) UpdateClient(ctx context.Context, clientID string, input dto.OidcClientCreateDto) (model.OidcClient, error) {
+func (s *OidcService) UpdateClient(ctx context.Context, clientID string, input dto.OidcClientUpdateDto) (model.OidcClient, error) {
 	tx := s.db.Begin()
 	defer func() {
 		tx.Rollback()
@@ -720,7 +725,7 @@ func (s *OidcService) UpdateClient(ctx context.Context, clientID string, input d
 	return client, nil
 }
 
-func updateOIDCClientModelFromDto(client *model.OidcClient, input *dto.OidcClientCreateDto) {
+func updateOIDCClientModelFromDto(client *model.OidcClient, input *dto.OidcClientUpdateDto) {
 	// Base fields
 	client.Name = input.Name
 	client.CallbackURLs = input.CallbackURLs
@@ -728,19 +733,20 @@ func updateOIDCClientModelFromDto(client *model.OidcClient, input *dto.OidcClien
 	client.IsPublic = input.IsPublic
 	// PKCE is required for public clients
 	client.PkceEnabled = input.IsPublic || input.PkceEnabled
+	client.RequiresReauthentication = input.RequiresReauthentication
+	client.LaunchURL = input.LaunchURL
 
 	// Credentials
-	if len(input.Credentials.FederatedIdentities) > 0 {
+	client.Credentials.FederatedIdentities = make([]model.OidcClientFederatedIdentity, len(input.Credentials.FederatedIdentities))
-		client.Credentials.FederatedIdentities = make([]model.OidcClientFederatedIdentity, len(input.Credentials.FederatedIdentities))
+	for i, fi := range input.Credentials.FederatedIdentities {
-		for i, fi := range input.Credentials.FederatedIdentities {
+		client.Credentials.FederatedIdentities[i] = model.OidcClientFederatedIdentity{
-			client.Credentials.FederatedIdentities[i] = model.OidcClientFederatedIdentity{
+			Issuer:   fi.Issuer,
-				Issuer:   fi.Issuer,
+			Audience: fi.Audience,
-				Audience: fi.Audience,
+			Subject:  fi.Subject,
-				Subject:  fi.Subject,
+			JWKS:     fi.JWKS,
-				JWKS:     fi.JWKS,
-			}
 		}
 	}
+
 }
 
 func (s *OidcService) DeleteClient(ctx context.Context, clientID string) error {
@@ -820,7 +826,7 @@ func (s *OidcService) GetClientLogo(ctx context.Context, clientID string) (strin
 }
 
 func (s *OidcService) UpdateClientLogo(ctx context.Context, clientID string, file *multipart.FileHeader) error {
-	fileType := utils.GetFileExtension(file.Filename)
+	fileType := strings.ToLower(utils.GetFileExtension(file.Filename))
 	if mimeType := utils.GetImageMimeType(fileType); mimeType == "" {
 		return &common.FileTypeNotSupportedError{}
 	}
@@ -1137,7 +1143,7 @@ func (s *OidcService) CreateDeviceAuthorization(ctx context.Context, input dto.O
 		ClientSecret:        input.ClientSecret,
 		ClientAssertionType: input.ClientAssertionType,
 		ClientAssertion:     input.ClientAssertion,
-	})
+	}, true)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -1183,9 +1189,13 @@ func (s *OidcService) VerifyDeviceCode(ctx context.Context, userCode string, use
 	}()
 
 	var deviceAuth model.OidcDeviceCode
-	if err := tx.WithContext(ctx).Preload("Client.AllowedUserGroups").First(&deviceAuth, "user_code = ?", userCode).Error; err != nil {
+	err := tx.
-		log.Printf("Error finding device code with user_code %s: %v", userCode, err)
+		WithContext(ctx).
-		return err
+		Preload("Client.AllowedUserGroups").
+		First(&deviceAuth, "user_code = ?", userCode).
+		Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("error finding device code: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	if time.Now().After(deviceAuth.ExpiresAt.ToTime()) {
@@ -1194,17 +1204,26 @@ func (s *OidcService) VerifyDeviceCode(ctx context.Context, userCode string, use
 
 	// Check if the user group is allowed to authorize the client
 	var user model.User
-	if err := tx.WithContext(ctx).Preload("UserGroups").First(&user, "id = ?", userID).Error; err != nil {
+	err = tx.
-		return err
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Preload("UserGroups").
+		First(&user, "id = ?", userID).
+		Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("error finding user groups: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	if !s.IsUserGroupAllowedToAuthorize(user, deviceAuth.Client) {
 		return &common.OidcAccessDeniedError{}
 	}
 
-	if err := tx.WithContext(ctx).Preload("Client").First(&deviceAuth, "user_code = ?", userCode).Error; err != nil {
+	err = tx.
-		log.Printf("Error finding device code with user_code %s: %v", userCode, err)
+		WithContext(ctx).
-		return err
+		Preload("Client").
+		First(&deviceAuth, "user_code = ?", userCode).
+		Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("error finding device code: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	if time.Now().After(deviceAuth.ExpiresAt.ToTime()) {
@@ -1214,33 +1233,24 @@ func (s *OidcService) VerifyDeviceCode(ctx context.Context, userCode string, use
 	deviceAuth.UserID = &userID
 	deviceAuth.IsAuthorized = true
 
-	if err := tx.WithContext(ctx).Save(&deviceAuth).Error; err != nil {
+	err = tx.
-		log.Printf("Error saving device auth: %v", err)
+		WithContext(ctx).
-		return err
+		Save(&deviceAuth).
+		Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("error saving device auth: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	// Verify the update was successful
+	hasAlreadyAuthorizedClient, err := s.createAuthorizedClientInternal(ctx, userID, deviceAuth.ClientID, deviceAuth.Scope, tx)
-	var verifiedAuth model.OidcDeviceCode
-	if err := tx.WithContext(ctx).First(&verifiedAuth, "device_code = ?", deviceAuth.DeviceCode).Error; err != nil {
-		log.Printf("Error verifying update: %v", err)
-		return err
-	}
-
-	// Create user authorization if needed
-	hasAuthorizedClient, err := s.hasAuthorizedClientInternal(ctx, deviceAuth.ClientID, userID, deviceAuth.Scope, tx)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	if !hasAuthorizedClient {
+	auditLogData := model.AuditLogData{"clientName": deviceAuth.Client.Name}
-		err := s.createAuthorizedClientInternal(ctx, userID, deviceAuth.ClientID, deviceAuth.Scope, tx)
+	if hasAlreadyAuthorizedClient {
-		if err != nil {
+		s.auditLogService.Create(ctx, model.AuditLogEventDeviceCodeAuthorization, ipAddress, userAgent, userID, auditLogData, tx)
-			return err
-		}
-
-		s.auditLogService.Create(ctx, model.AuditLogEventNewDeviceCodeAuthorization, ipAddress, userAgent, userID, model.AuditLogData{"clientName": deviceAuth.Client.Name}, tx)
 	} else {
-		s.auditLogService.Create(ctx, model.AuditLogEventDeviceCodeAuthorization, ipAddress, userAgent, userID, model.AuditLogData{"clientName": deviceAuth.Client.Name}, tx)
+		s.auditLogService.Create(ctx, model.AuditLogEventNewDeviceCodeAuthorization, ipAddress, userAgent, userID, auditLogData, tx)
 	}
 
 	return tx.Commit().Error
@@ -1316,6 +1326,109 @@ func (s *OidcService) ListAuthorizedClients(ctx context.Context, userID string,
 	return authorizedClients, response, err
 }
 
+func (s *OidcService) RevokeAuthorizedClient(ctx context.Context, userID string, clientID string) error {
+	tx := s.db.Begin()
+	defer func() {
+		tx.Rollback()
+	}()
+
+	var authorizedClient model.UserAuthorizedOidcClient
+	err := tx.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Where("user_id = ? AND client_id = ?", userID, clientID).
+		First(&authorizedClient).Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	err = tx.WithContext(ctx).Delete(&authorizedClient).Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	err = tx.Commit().Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (s *OidcService) ListAccessibleOidcClients(ctx context.Context, userID string, sortedPaginationRequest utils.SortedPaginationRequest) ([]dto.AccessibleOidcClientDto, utils.PaginationResponse, error) {
+	tx := s.db.Begin()
+	defer func() {
+		tx.Rollback()
+	}()
+
+	var user model.User
+	err := tx.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Preload("UserGroups").
+		First(&user, "id = ?", userID).
+		Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, utils.PaginationResponse{}, err
+	}
+
+	userGroupIDs := make([]string, len(user.UserGroups))
+	for i, group := range user.UserGroups {
+		userGroupIDs[i] = group.ID
+	}
+
+	// Build the query for accessible clients
+	query := tx.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Model(&model.OidcClient{}).
+		Preload("UserAuthorizedOidcClients", "user_id = ?", userID).
+		Distinct()
+
+	// If user has no groups, only return clients with no allowed user groups
+	if len(userGroupIDs) == 0 {
+		query = query.
+			Joins("LEFT JOIN oidc_clients_allowed_user_groups ON oidc_clients.id = oidc_clients_allowed_user_groups.oidc_client_id").
+			Where("oidc_clients_allowed_user_groups.oidc_client_id IS NULL")
+	} else {
+		// Return clients with no allowed user groups OR clients where user is in allowed groups
+		query = query.
+			Joins("LEFT JOIN oidc_clients_allowed_user_groups ON oidc_clients.id = oidc_clients_allowed_user_groups.oidc_client_id").
+			Where("oidc_clients_allowed_user_groups.oidc_client_id IS NULL OR oidc_clients_allowed_user_groups.user_group_id IN (?)", userGroupIDs)
+	}
+
+	var clients []model.OidcClient
+
+	// Handle custom sorting for lastUsedAt column
+	var response utils.PaginationResponse
+	if sortedPaginationRequest.Sort.Column == "lastUsedAt" && utils.IsValidSortDirection(sortedPaginationRequest.Sort.Direction) {
+		query = query.
+			Joins("LEFT JOIN user_authorized_oidc_clients ON oidc_clients.id = user_authorized_oidc_clients.client_id AND user_authorized_oidc_clients.user_id = ?", userID).
+			Order("user_authorized_oidc_clients.last_used_at " + sortedPaginationRequest.Sort.Direction)
+	}
+
+	response, err = utils.PaginateAndSort(sortedPaginationRequest, query, &clients)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, utils.PaginationResponse{}, err
+	}
+
+	dtos := make([]dto.AccessibleOidcClientDto, len(clients))
+	for i, client := range clients {
+		var lastUsedAt *datatype.DateTime
+		if len(client.UserAuthorizedOidcClients) > 0 {
+			lastUsedAt = &client.UserAuthorizedOidcClients[0].LastUsedAt
+		}
+		dtos[i] = dto.AccessibleOidcClientDto{
+			OidcClientMetaDataDto: dto.OidcClientMetaDataDto{
+				ID:        client.ID,
+				Name:      client.Name,
+				LaunchURL: client.LaunchURL,
+				HasLogo:   client.HasLogo,
+			},
+			LastUsedAt: lastUsedAt,
+		}
+	}
+
+	return dtos, response, err
+}
+
 func (s *OidcService) createRefreshToken(ctx context.Context, clientID string, userID string, scope string, tx *gorm.DB) (string, error) {
 	refreshToken, err := utils.GenerateRandomAlphanumericString(40)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -1351,14 +1464,37 @@ func (s *OidcService) createRefreshToken(ctx context.Context, clientID string, u
 	return signed, nil
 }
 
-func (s *OidcService) createAuthorizedClientInternal(ctx context.Context, userID string, clientID string, scope string, tx *gorm.DB) error {
+func (s *OidcService) createAuthorizedClientInternal(ctx context.Context, userID string, clientID string, scope string, tx *gorm.DB) (hasAlreadyAuthorizedClient bool, err error) {
-	userAuthorizedClient := model.UserAuthorizedOidcClient{
+
-		UserID:   userID,
+	// Check if the user has already authorized the client with the given scope
-		ClientID: clientID,
+	hasAlreadyAuthorizedClient, err = s.hasAuthorizedClientInternal(ctx, clientID, userID, scope, tx)
-		Scope:    scope,
+	if err != nil {
+		return false, err
 	}
 
-	err := tx.WithContext(ctx).
+	if hasAlreadyAuthorizedClient {
+		err = tx.
+			WithContext(ctx).
+			Model(&model.UserAuthorizedOidcClient{}).
+			Where("user_id = ? AND client_id = ?", userID, clientID).
+			Update("last_used_at", datatype.DateTime(time.Now())).
+			Error
+
+		if err != nil {
+			return hasAlreadyAuthorizedClient, err
+		}
+
+		return hasAlreadyAuthorizedClient, nil
+	}
+
+	userAuthorizedClient := model.UserAuthorizedOidcClient{
+		UserID:     userID,
+		ClientID:   clientID,
+		Scope:      scope,
+		LastUsedAt: datatype.DateTime(time.Now()),
+	}
+
+	err = tx.WithContext(ctx).
 		Clauses(clause.OnConflict{
 			Columns:   []clause.Column{{Name: "user_id"}, {Name: "client_id"}},
 			DoUpdates: clause.AssignmentColumns([]string{"scope"}),
@@ -1366,7 +1502,7 @@ func (s *OidcService) createAuthorizedClientInternal(ctx context.Context, userID
 		Create(&userAuthorizedClient).
 		Error
 
-	return err
+	return hasAlreadyAuthorizedClient, err
 }
 
 type ClientAuthCredentials struct {
@@ -1385,46 +1521,61 @@ func clientAuthCredentialsFromCreateTokensDto(d *dto.OidcCreateTokensDto) Client
 	}
 }
 
-func (s *OidcService) verifyClientCredentialsInternal(ctx context.Context, tx *gorm.DB, input ClientAuthCredentials) (*model.OidcClient, error) {
+func (s *OidcService) verifyClientCredentialsInternal(ctx context.Context, tx *gorm.DB, input ClientAuthCredentials, allowPublicClientsWithoutAuth bool) (client *model.OidcClient, err error) {
-	// First, ensure we have a valid client ID
+	isClientAssertion := input.ClientAssertionType == ClientAssertionTypeJWTBearer && input.ClientAssertion != ""
-	if input.ClientID == "" {
+
+	// Determine the client ID based on the authentication method
+	var clientID string
+	switch {
+	case isClientAssertion:
+		// Extract client ID from the JWT assertion's 'sub' claim
+		clientID, err = s.extractClientIDFromAssertion(input.ClientAssertion)
+		if err != nil {
+			slog.Error("Failed to extract client ID from assertion", "error", err)
+			return nil, &common.OidcClientAssertionInvalidError{}
+		}
+	case input.ClientID != "":
+		// Use the provided client ID for other authentication methods
+		clientID = input.ClientID
+	default:
 		return nil, &common.OidcMissingClientCredentialsError{}
 	}
 
 	// Load the OIDC client's configuration
-	var client model.OidcClient
+	err = tx.
-	err := tx.
 		WithContext(ctx).
-		First(&client, "id = ?", input.ClientID).
+		First(&client, "id = ?", clientID).
 		Error
 	if err != nil {
+		if errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrRecordNotFound) && isClientAssertion {
+			return nil, &common.OidcClientAssertionInvalidError{}
+		}
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	// We have 3 options
+	// Validate credentials based on the authentication method
-	// If credentials are provided, we validate them; otherwise, we can continue without credentials for public clients only
 	switch {
-	// First, if we have a client secret, we validate it
+	// First, if we have a client secret, we validate it unless client is marked as public
-	case input.ClientSecret != "":
+	case input.ClientSecret != "" && !client.IsPublic:
 		err = bcrypt.CompareHashAndPassword([]byte(client.Secret), []byte(input.ClientSecret))
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, &common.OidcClientSecretInvalidError{}
 		}
-		return &client, nil
+		return client, nil
 
 	// Next, check if we want to use client assertions from federated identities
-	case input.ClientAssertionType == ClientAssertionTypeJWTBearer && input.ClientAssertion != "":
+	case isClientAssertion:
-		err = s.verifyClientAssertionFromFederatedIdentities(ctx, &client, input)
+		err = s.verifyClientAssertionFromFederatedIdentities(ctx, client, input)
 		if err != nil {
-			log.Printf("Invalid assertion for client '%s': %v", client.ID, err)
+			slog.WarnContext(ctx, "Invalid assertion for client", slog.String("client", client.ID), slog.Any("error", err))
 			return nil, &common.OidcClientAssertionInvalidError{}
 		}
-		return &client, nil
+		return client, nil
 
 	// There's no credentials
 	// This is allowed only if the client is public
-	case client.IsPublic:
+	case client.IsPublic && allowPublicClientsWithoutAuth:
-		return &client, nil
+		return client, nil
 
 	// If we're here, we have no credentials AND the client is not public, so credentials are required
 	default:
@@ -1523,6 +1674,23 @@ func (s *OidcService) verifyClientAssertionFromFederatedIdentities(ctx context.C
 	return nil
 }
 
+// extractClientIDFromAssertion extracts the client_id from the JWT assertion's 'sub' claim
+func (s *OidcService) extractClientIDFromAssertion(assertion string) (string, error) {
+	// Parse the JWT without verification first to get the claims
+	insecureToken, err := jwt.ParseInsecure([]byte(assertion))
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to parse JWT assertion: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Extract the subject claim which must be the client_id according to RFC 7523
+	sub, ok := insecureToken.Subject()
+	if !ok || sub == "" {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("missing or invalid 'sub' claim in JWT assertion")
+	}
+
+	return sub, nil
+}
+
 func (s *OidcService) GetClientPreview(ctx context.Context, clientID string, userID string, scopes string) (*dto.OidcClientPreviewDto, error) {
 	tx := s.db.Begin()
 	defer func() {
@@ -1666,3 +1834,19 @@ func (s *OidcService) getUserClaimsFromAuthorizedClient(ctx context.Context, aut
 
 	return claims, nil
 }
+
+func (s *OidcService) IsClientAccessibleToUser(ctx context.Context, clientID string, userID string) (bool, error) {
+	var user model.User
+	err := s.db.WithContext(ctx).Preload("UserGroups").First(&user, "id = ?", userID).Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return false, err
+	}
+
+	var client model.OidcClient
+	err = s.db.WithContext(ctx).Preload("AllowedUserGroups").First(&client, "id = ?", clientID).Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return false, err
+	}
+
+	return s.IsUserGroupAllowedToAuthorize(user, client), nil
+}

backend/internal/service/oidc_service_test.go

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/common"
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/dto"
+	testutils "github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/utils/testing"
 )
 
 // generateTestECDSAKey creates an ECDSA key for testing
@@ -62,12 +63,12 @@ func TestOidcService_jwkSetForURL(t *testing.T) {
 	)
 	mockResponses := map[string]*http.Response{
 		//nolint:bodyclose
-		url1: NewMockResponse(http.StatusOK, string(jwkSetJSON1)),
+		url1: testutils.NewMockResponse(http.StatusOK, string(jwkSetJSON1)),
 		//nolint:bodyclose
-		url2: NewMockResponse(http.StatusOK, string(jwkSetJSON2)),
+		url2: testutils.NewMockResponse(http.StatusOK, string(jwkSetJSON2)),
 	}
 	httpClient := &http.Client{
-		Transport: &MockRoundTripper{
+		Transport: &testutils.MockRoundTripper{
 			Responses: mockResponses,
 		},
 	}
@@ -134,13 +135,12 @@ func TestOidcService_verifyClientCredentialsInternal(t *testing.T) {
 	const (
 		federatedClientIssuer         = "https://external-idp.com"
 		federatedClientAudience       = "https://pocket-id.com"
-		federatedClientSubject        = "123456abcdef"
 		federatedClientIssuerDefaults = "https://external-idp-defaults.com/"
 	)
 
 	var err error
 	// Create a test database
-	db := newDatabaseForTest(t)
+	db := testutils.NewDatabaseForTest(t)
 
 	// Create two JWKs for testing
 	privateJWK, jwkSetJSON := generateTestECDSAKey(t)
@@ -150,12 +150,12 @@ func TestOidcService_verifyClientCredentialsInternal(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// Create a mock HTTP client with custom transport to return the JWKS
 	httpClient := &http.Client{
-		Transport: &MockRoundTripper{
+		Transport: &testutils.MockRoundTripper{
 			Responses: map[string]*http.Response{
 				//nolint:bodyclose
-				federatedClientIssuer + "/jwks.json": NewMockResponse(http.StatusOK, string(jwkSetJSON)),
+				federatedClientIssuer + "/jwks.json": testutils.NewMockResponse(http.StatusOK, string(jwkSetJSON)),
 				//nolint:bodyclose
-				federatedClientIssuerDefaults + ".well-known/jwks.json": NewMockResponse(http.StatusOK, string(jwkSetJSONDefaults)),
+				federatedClientIssuerDefaults + ".well-known/jwks.json": testutils.NewMockResponse(http.StatusOK, string(jwkSetJSONDefaults)),
 			},
 		},
 	}
@@ -171,8 +171,10 @@ func TestOidcService_verifyClientCredentialsInternal(t *testing.T) {
 	// Create the test clients
 	// 1. Confidential client
 	confidentialClient, err := s.CreateClient(t.Context(), dto.OidcClientCreateDto{
-		Name:         "Confidential Client",
+		OidcClientUpdateDto: dto.OidcClientUpdateDto{
-		CallbackURLs: []string{"https://example.com/callback"},
+			Name:         "Confidential Client",
+			CallbackURLs: []string{"https://example.com/callback"},
+		},
 	}, "test-user-id")
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
@@ -182,28 +184,38 @@ func TestOidcService_verifyClientCredentialsInternal(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// 2. Public client
 	publicClient, err := s.CreateClient(t.Context(), dto.OidcClientCreateDto{
-		Name:         "Public Client",
+		OidcClientUpdateDto: dto.OidcClientUpdateDto{
-		CallbackURLs: []string{"https://example.com/callback"},
+			Name:         "Public Client",
-		IsPublic:     true,
+			CallbackURLs: []string{"https://example.com/callback"},
+			IsPublic:     true,
+		},
 	}, "test-user-id")
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
 	// 3. Confidential client with federated identity
 	federatedClient, err := s.CreateClient(t.Context(), dto.OidcClientCreateDto{
-		Name:         "Federated Client",
+		OidcClientUpdateDto: dto.OidcClientUpdateDto{
-		CallbackURLs: []string{"https://example.com/callback"},
+			Name:         "Federated Client",
+			CallbackURLs: []string{"https://example.com/callback"},
+		},
+	}, "test-user-id")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	federatedClient, err = s.UpdateClient(t.Context(), federatedClient.ID, dto.OidcClientUpdateDto{
+		Name:         federatedClient.Name,
+		CallbackURLs: federatedClient.CallbackURLs,
 		Credentials: dto.OidcClientCredentialsDto{
 			FederatedIdentities: []dto.OidcClientFederatedIdentityDto{
 				{
 					Issuer:   federatedClientIssuer,
 					Audience: federatedClientAudience,
-					Subject:  federatedClientSubject,
+					Subject:  federatedClient.ID,
 					JWKS:     federatedClientIssuer + "/jwks.json",
 				},
 				{Issuer: federatedClientIssuerDefaults},
 			},
 		},
-	}, "test-user-id")
+	})
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
 	// Test cases for confidential client (using client secret)
@@ -213,7 +225,7 @@ func TestOidcService_verifyClientCredentialsInternal(t *testing.T) {
 			client, err := s.verifyClientCredentialsInternal(t.Context(), s.db, ClientAuthCredentials{
 				ClientID:     confidentialClient.ID,
 				ClientSecret: confidentialSecret,
-			})
+			}, true)
 			require.NoError(t, err)
 			require.NotNil(t, client)
 			assert.Equal(t, confidentialClient.ID, client.ID)
@@ -224,7 +236,7 @@ func TestOidcService_verifyClientCredentialsInternal(t *testing.T) {
 			client, err := s.verifyClientCredentialsInternal(t.Context(), s.db, ClientAuthCredentials{
 				ClientID:     confidentialClient.ID,
 				ClientSecret: "invalid-secret",
-			})
+			}, true)
 			require.Error(t, err)
 			require.ErrorIs(t, err, &common.OidcClientSecretInvalidError{})
 			assert.Nil(t, client)
@@ -234,7 +246,7 @@ func TestOidcService_verifyClientCredentialsInternal(t *testing.T) {
 			// Test with missing client secret
 			client, err := s.verifyClientCredentialsInternal(t.Context(), s.db, ClientAuthCredentials{
 				ClientID: confidentialClient.ID,
-			})
+			}, true)
 			require.Error(t, err)
 			require.ErrorIs(t, err, &common.OidcMissingClientCredentialsError{})
 			assert.Nil(t, client)
@@ -247,11 +259,21 @@ func TestOidcService_verifyClientCredentialsInternal(t *testing.T) {
 			// Public clients don't require client secret
 			client, err := s.verifyClientCredentialsInternal(t.Context(), s.db, ClientAuthCredentials{
 				ClientID: publicClient.ID,
-			})
+			}, true)
 			require.NoError(t, err)
 			require.NotNil(t, client)
 			assert.Equal(t, publicClient.ID, client.ID)
 		})
+
+		t.Run("Fails with no credentials if allowPublicClientsWithoutAuth is false", func(t *testing.T) {
+			// Public clients don't require client secret
+			client, err := s.verifyClientCredentialsInternal(t.Context(), s.db, ClientAuthCredentials{
+				ClientID: publicClient.ID,
+			}, false)
+			require.Error(t, err)
+			require.ErrorIs(t, err, &common.OidcMissingClientCredentialsError{})
+			assert.Nil(t, client)
+		})
 	})
 
 	// Test cases for federated client using JWT assertion
@@ -261,7 +283,7 @@ func TestOidcService_verifyClientCredentialsInternal(t *testing.T) {
 			token, err := jwt.NewBuilder().
 				Issuer(federatedClientIssuer).
 				Audience([]string{federatedClientAudience}).
-				Subject(federatedClientSubject).
+				Subject(federatedClient.ID).
 				IssuedAt(time.Now()).
 				Expiration(time.Now().Add(10 * time.Minute)).
 				Build()
@@ -274,7 +296,7 @@ func TestOidcService_verifyClientCredentialsInternal(t *testing.T) {
 				ClientID:            federatedClient.ID,
 				ClientAssertionType: ClientAssertionTypeJWTBearer,
 				ClientAssertion:     string(signedToken),
-			})
+			}, true)
 			require.NoError(t, err)
 			require.NotNil(t, client)
 			assert.Equal(t, federatedClient.ID, client.ID)
@@ -286,7 +308,7 @@ func TestOidcService_verifyClientCredentialsInternal(t *testing.T) {
 				ClientID:            federatedClient.ID,
 				ClientAssertionType: ClientAssertionTypeJWTBearer,
 				ClientAssertion:     "invalid.jwt.token",
-			})
+			}, true)
 			require.Error(t, err)
 			require.ErrorIs(t, err, &common.OidcClientAssertionInvalidError{})
 			assert.Nil(t, client)
@@ -298,7 +320,7 @@ func TestOidcService_verifyClientCredentialsInternal(t *testing.T) {
 				builder := jwt.NewBuilder().
 					Issuer(federatedClientIssuer).
 					Audience([]string{federatedClientAudience}).
-					Subject(federatedClientSubject).
+					Subject(federatedClient.ID).
 					IssuedAt(time.Now()).
 					Expiration(time.Now().Add(10 * time.Minute))
 
@@ -315,7 +337,7 @@ func TestOidcService_verifyClientCredentialsInternal(t *testing.T) {
 					ClientID:            federatedClient.ID,
 					ClientAssertionType: ClientAssertionTypeJWTBearer,
 					ClientAssertion:     string(signedToken),
-				})
+				}, true)
 				require.Error(t, err)
 				require.ErrorIs(t, err, &common.OidcClientAssertionInvalidError{})
 				require.Nil(t, client)
@@ -356,7 +378,7 @@ func TestOidcService_verifyClientCredentialsInternal(t *testing.T) {
 				ClientID:            federatedClient.ID,
 				ClientAssertionType: ClientAssertionTypeJWTBearer,
 				ClientAssertion:     string(signedToken),
-			})
+			}, true)
 			require.NoError(t, err)
 			require.NotNil(t, client)
 			assert.Equal(t, federatedClient.ID, client.ID)

backend/internal/service/user_group_service.go

@@ -32,8 +32,7 @@ func (s *UserGroupService) List(ctx context.Context, name string, sortedPaginati
 	}
 
 	// As userCount is not a column we need to manually sort it
-	isValidSortDirection := sortedPaginationRequest.Sort.Direction == "asc" || sortedPaginationRequest.Sort.Direction == "desc"
+	if sortedPaginationRequest.Sort.Column == "userCount" && utils.IsValidSortDirection(sortedPaginationRequest.Sort.Direction) {
-	if sortedPaginationRequest.Sort.Column == "userCount" && isValidSortDirection {
 		query = query.Select("user_groups.*, COUNT(user_groups_users.user_id)").
 			Joins("LEFT JOIN user_groups_users ON user_groups.id = user_groups_users.user_group_id").
 			Group("user_groups.id").

backend/internal/service/user_service.go

@@ -3,16 +3,18 @@ package service
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
-	"log"
+	"log/slog"
 	"net/url"
 	"os"
 	"strings"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/google/uuid"
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace"
 	"gorm.io/gorm"
 
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/common"
@@ -25,15 +27,23 @@ import (
 )
 
 type UserService struct {
-	db               *gorm.DB
+	db                 *gorm.DB
-	jwtService       *JwtService
+	jwtService         *JwtService
-	auditLogService  *AuditLogService
+	auditLogService    *AuditLogService
-	emailService     *EmailService
+	emailService       *EmailService
-	appConfigService *AppConfigService
+	appConfigService   *AppConfigService
+	customClaimService *CustomClaimService
 }
 
-func NewUserService(db *gorm.DB, jwtService *JwtService, auditLogService *AuditLogService, emailService *EmailService, appConfigService *AppConfigService) *UserService {
+func NewUserService(db *gorm.DB, jwtService *JwtService, auditLogService *AuditLogService, emailService *EmailService, appConfigService *AppConfigService, customClaimService *CustomClaimService) *UserService {
-	return &UserService{db: db, jwtService: jwtService, auditLogService: auditLogService, emailService: emailService, appConfigService: appConfigService}
+	return &UserService{
+		db:                 db,
+		jwtService:         jwtService,
+		auditLogService:    auditLogService,
+		emailService:       emailService,
+		appConfigService:   appConfigService,
+		customClaimService: customClaimService,
+	}
 }
 
 func (s *UserService) ListUsers(ctx context.Context, searchTerm string, sortedPaginationRequest utils.SortedPaginationRequest) ([]model.User, utils.PaginationResponse, error) {
@@ -45,7 +55,8 @@ func (s *UserService) ListUsers(ctx context.Context, searchTerm string, sortedPa
 
 	if searchTerm != "" {
 		searchPattern := "%" + searchTerm + "%"
-		query = query.Where("email LIKE ? OR first_name LIKE ? OR last_name LIKE ? OR username LIKE ?",
+		query = query.Where(
+			"email LIKE ? OR first_name LIKE ? OR last_name LIKE ? OR username LIKE ?",
 			searchPattern, searchPattern, searchPattern, searchPattern)
 	}
 
@@ -118,13 +129,14 @@ func (s *UserService) GetProfilePicture(ctx context.Context, userID string) (io.
 	defaultPictureBytes := defaultPicture.Bytes()
 	go func() {
 		// Ensure the directory exists
-		err = os.MkdirAll(defaultProfilePicturesDir, os.ModePerm)
+		errInternal := os.MkdirAll(defaultProfilePicturesDir, os.ModePerm)
-		if err != nil {
+		if errInternal != nil {
-			log.Printf("Failed to create directory for default profile picture: %v", err)
+			slog.Error("Failed to create directory for default profile picture", slog.Any("error", errInternal))
 			return
 		}
-		if err := utils.SaveFileStream(bytes.NewReader(defaultPictureBytes), defaultPicturePath); err != nil {
+		errInternal = utils.SaveFileStream(bytes.NewReader(defaultPictureBytes), defaultPicturePath)
-			log.Printf("Failed to cache default profile picture for initials %s: %v", user.Initials(), err)
+		if errInternal != nil {
+			slog.Error("Failed to cache default profile picture for initials", slog.String("initials", user.Initials()), slog.Any("error", errInternal))
 		}
 	}()
 
@@ -259,9 +271,53 @@ func (s *UserService) createUserInternal(ctx context.Context, input dto.UserCrea
 	} else if err != nil {
 		return model.User{}, err
 	}
+
+	// Apply default groups and claims for new non-LDAP users
+	if !isLdapSync {
+		if err := s.applySignupDefaults(ctx, &user, tx); err != nil {
+			return model.User{}, err
+		}
+	}
+
 	return user, nil
 }
 
+func (s *UserService) applySignupDefaults(ctx context.Context, user *model.User, tx *gorm.DB) error {
+	config := s.appConfigService.GetDbConfig()
+
+	// Apply default user groups
+	var groupIDs []string
+	if v := config.SignupDefaultUserGroupIDs.Value; v != "" && v != "[]" {
+		if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(v), &groupIDs); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("invalid SignupDefaultUserGroupIDs JSON: %w", err)
+		}
+		if len(groupIDs) > 0 {
+			var groups []model.UserGroup
+			if err := tx.WithContext(ctx).Where("id IN ?", groupIDs).Find(&groups).Error; err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("failed to find default user groups: %w", err)
+			}
+			if err := tx.WithContext(ctx).Model(user).Association("UserGroups").Replace(groups); err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("failed to associate default user groups: %w", err)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Apply default custom claims
+	var claims []dto.CustomClaimCreateDto
+	if v := config.SignupDefaultCustomClaims.Value; v != "" && v != "[]" {
+		if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(v), &claims); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("invalid SignupDefaultCustomClaims JSON: %w", err)
+		}
+		if len(claims) > 0 {
+			if _, err := s.customClaimService.updateCustomClaimsInternal(ctx, UserID, user.ID, claims, tx); err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("failed to apply default custom claims: %w", err)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
 func (s *UserService) UpdateUser(ctx context.Context, userID string, updatedUser dto.UserCreateDto, updateOwnUser bool, isLdapSync bool) (model.User, error) {
 	tx := s.db.Begin()
 	defer func() {
@@ -296,15 +352,21 @@ func (s *UserService) updateUserInternal(ctx context.Context, userID string, upd
 	isLdapUser := user.LdapID != nil && s.appConfigService.GetDbConfig().LdapEnabled.IsTrue()
 	allowOwnAccountEdit := s.appConfigService.GetDbConfig().AllowOwnAccountEdit.IsTrue()
 
-	// For LDAP users or if own account editing is not allowed, only allow updating the locale unless it's an LDAP sync
+	if !isLdapSync && (isLdapUser || (!allowOwnAccountEdit && updateOwnUser)) {
-	if !isLdapSync && (isLdapUser || (!allowOwnAccountEdit && !updateOwnUser)) {
+		// Restricted update: Only locale can be changed when:
+		// - User is from LDAP, OR
+		// - User is editing their own account but global setting disallows self-editing
+		// (Exception: LDAP sync operations can update everything)
 		user.Locale = updatedUser.Locale
 	} else {
+		// Full update: Allow updating all personal fields
 		user.FirstName = updatedUser.FirstName
 		user.LastName = updatedUser.LastName
 		user.Email = updatedUser.Email
 		user.Username = updatedUser.Username
 		user.Locale = updatedUser.Locale
+
+		// Admin-only fields: Only allow updates when not updating own account
 		if !updateOwnUser {
 			user.IsAdmin = updatedUser.IsAdmin
 			user.Disabled = updatedUser.Disabled
@@ -333,13 +395,13 @@ func (s *UserService) updateUserInternal(ctx context.Context, userID string, upd
 	return user, nil
 }
 
-func (s *UserService) RequestOneTimeAccessEmailAsAdmin(ctx context.Context, userID string, expiration time.Time) error {
+func (s *UserService) RequestOneTimeAccessEmailAsAdmin(ctx context.Context, userID string, ttl time.Duration) error {
 	isDisabled := !s.appConfigService.GetDbConfig().EmailOneTimeAccessAsAdminEnabled.IsTrue()
 	if isDisabled {
 		return &common.OneTimeAccessDisabledError{}
 	}
 
-	return s.requestOneTimeAccessEmailInternal(ctx, userID, "", expiration)
+	return s.requestOneTimeAccessEmailInternal(ctx, userID, "", ttl)
 }
 
 func (s *UserService) RequestOneTimeAccessEmailAsUnauthenticatedUser(ctx context.Context, userID, redirectPath string) error {
@@ -359,11 +421,10 @@ func (s *UserService) RequestOneTimeAccessEmailAsUnauthenticatedUser(ctx context
 		}
 	}
 
-	expiration := time.Now().Add(15 * time.Minute)
+	return s.requestOneTimeAccessEmailInternal(ctx, userId, redirectPath, 15*time.Minute)
-	return s.requestOneTimeAccessEmailInternal(ctx, userId, redirectPath, expiration)
 }
 
-func (s *UserService) requestOneTimeAccessEmailInternal(ctx context.Context, userID, redirectPath string, expiration time.Time) error {
+func (s *UserService) requestOneTimeAccessEmailInternal(ctx context.Context, userID, redirectPath string, ttl time.Duration) error {
 	tx := s.db.Begin()
 	defer func() {
 		tx.Rollback()
@@ -374,7 +435,7 @@ func (s *UserService) requestOneTimeAccessEmailInternal(ctx context.Context, use
 		return err
 	}
 
-	oneTimeAccessToken, err := s.createOneTimeAccessTokenInternal(ctx, user.ID, expiration, tx)
+	oneTimeAccessToken, err := s.createOneTimeAccessTokenInternal(ctx, user.ID, ttl, tx)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -387,7 +448,8 @@ func (s *UserService) requestOneTimeAccessEmailInternal(ctx context.Context, use
 	// We use a background context here as this is running in a goroutine
 	//nolint:contextcheck
 	go func() {
-		innerCtx := context.Background()
+		span := trace.SpanFromContext(ctx)
+		innerCtx := trace.ContextWithSpan(context.Background(), span)
 
 		link := common.EnvConfig.AppURL + "/lc"
 		linkWithCode := link + "/" + oneTimeAccessToken
@@ -405,27 +467,29 @@ func (s *UserService) requestOneTimeAccessEmailInternal(ctx context.Context, use
 			Code:              oneTimeAccessToken,
 			LoginLink:         link,
 			LoginLinkWithCode: linkWithCode,
-			ExpirationString:  utils.DurationToString(time.Until(expiration).Round(time.Second)),
+			ExpirationString:  utils.DurationToString(ttl),
 		})
 		if errInternal != nil {
-			log.Printf("Failed to send email to '%s': %v\n", user.Email, errInternal)
+			slog.ErrorContext(innerCtx, "Failed to send one-time access token email", slog.Any("error", errInternal), slog.String("address", user.Email))
+			return
 		}
 	}()
 
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (s *UserService) CreateOneTimeAccessToken(ctx context.Context, userID string, expiresAt time.Time) (string, error) {
+func (s *UserService) CreateOneTimeAccessToken(ctx context.Context, userID string, ttl time.Duration) (string, error) {
-	return s.createOneTimeAccessTokenInternal(ctx, userID, expiresAt, s.db)
+	return s.createOneTimeAccessTokenInternal(ctx, userID, ttl, s.db)
 }
 
-func (s *UserService) createOneTimeAccessTokenInternal(ctx context.Context, userID string, expiresAt time.Time, tx *gorm.DB) (string, error) {
+func (s *UserService) createOneTimeAccessTokenInternal(ctx context.Context, userID string, ttl time.Duration, tx *gorm.DB) (string, error) {
-	oneTimeAccessToken, err := NewOneTimeAccessToken(userID, expiresAt)
+	oneTimeAccessToken, err := NewOneTimeAccessToken(userID, ttl)
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", err
 	}
 
-	if err := tx.WithContext(ctx).Create(oneTimeAccessToken).Error; err != nil {
+	err = tx.WithContext(ctx).Create(oneTimeAccessToken).Error
+	if err != nil {
 		return "", err
 	}
 
@@ -463,9 +527,7 @@ func (s *UserService) ExchangeOneTimeAccessToken(ctx context.Context, token stri
 		return model.User{}, "", err
 	}
 
-	if ipAddress != "" && userAgent != "" {
+	s.auditLogService.Create(ctx, model.AuditLogEventOneTimeAccessTokenSignIn, ipAddress, userAgent, oneTimeAccessToken.User.ID, model.AuditLogData{}, tx)
-		s.auditLogService.Create(ctx, model.AuditLogEventOneTimeAccessTokenSignIn, ipAddress, userAgent, oneTimeAccessToken.User.ID, model.AuditLogData{}, tx)
-	}
 
 	err = tx.Commit().Error
 	if err != nil {
@@ -489,7 +551,7 @@ func (s *UserService) UpdateUserGroups(ctx context.Context, id string, userGroup
 	// Fetch the groups based on userGroupIds
 	var groups []model.UserGroup
 	if len(userGroupIds) > 0 {
-		err = tx.
+		err := tx.
 			WithContext(ctx).
 			Where("id IN (?)", userGroupIds).
 			Find(&groups).
@@ -523,7 +585,7 @@ func (s *UserService) UpdateUserGroups(ctx context.Context, id string, userGroup
 	return user, nil
 }
 
-func (s *UserService) SetupInitialAdmin(ctx context.Context) (model.User, string, error) {
+func (s *UserService) SignUpInitialAdmin(ctx context.Context, signUpData dto.SignUpDto) (model.User, string, error) {
 	tx := s.db.Begin()
 	defer func() {
 		tx.Rollback()
@@ -533,26 +595,23 @@ func (s *UserService) SetupInitialAdmin(ctx context.Context) (model.User, string
 	if err := tx.WithContext(ctx).Model(&model.User{}).Count(&userCount).Error; err != nil {
 		return model.User{}, "", err
 	}
-	if userCount > 1 {
+	if userCount != 0 {
 		return model.User{}, "", &common.SetupAlreadyCompletedError{}
 	}
 
-	user := model.User{
+	userToCreate := dto.UserCreateDto{
-		FirstName: "Admin",
+		FirstName: signUpData.FirstName,
-		LastName:  "Admin",
+		LastName:  signUpData.LastName,
-		Username:  "admin",
+		Username:  signUpData.Username,
-		Email:     "admin@admin.com",
+		Email:     signUpData.Email,
 		IsAdmin:   true,
 	}
 
-	if err := tx.WithContext(ctx).Model(&model.User{}).Preload("Credentials").FirstOrCreate(&user).Error; err != nil {
+	user, err := s.createUserInternal(ctx, userToCreate, false, tx)
+	if err != nil {
 		return model.User{}, "", err
 	}
 
-	if len(user.Credentials) > 0 {
-		return model.User{}, "", &common.SetupAlreadyCompletedError{}
-	}
-
 	token, err := s.jwtService.GenerateAccessToken(user)
 	if err != nil {
 		return model.User{}, "", err
@@ -630,10 +689,111 @@ func (s *UserService) disableUserInternal(ctx context.Context, userID string, tx
 		Error
 }
 
-func NewOneTimeAccessToken(userID string, expiresAt time.Time) (*model.OneTimeAccessToken, error) {
+func (s *UserService) CreateSignupToken(ctx context.Context, ttl time.Duration, usageLimit int) (model.SignupToken, error) {
+	signupToken, err := NewSignupToken(ttl, usageLimit)
+	if err != nil {
+		return model.SignupToken{}, err
+	}
+
+	err = s.db.WithContext(ctx).Create(signupToken).Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return model.SignupToken{}, err
+	}
+
+	return *signupToken, nil
+}
+
+func (s *UserService) SignUp(ctx context.Context, signupData dto.SignUpDto, ipAddress, userAgent string) (model.User, string, error) {
+	tx := s.db.Begin()
+	defer func() {
+		tx.Rollback()
+	}()
+
+	tokenProvided := signupData.Token != ""
+
+	config := s.appConfigService.GetDbConfig()
+	if config.AllowUserSignups.Value != "open" && !tokenProvided {
+		return model.User{}, "", &common.OpenSignupDisabledError{}
+	}
+
+	var signupToken model.SignupToken
+	if tokenProvided {
+		err := tx.
+			WithContext(ctx).
+			Where("token = ?", signupData.Token).
+			First(&signupToken).
+			Error
+		if err != nil {
+			if errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrRecordNotFound) {
+				return model.User{}, "", &common.TokenInvalidOrExpiredError{}
+			}
+			return model.User{}, "", err
+		}
+
+		if !signupToken.IsValid() {
+			return model.User{}, "", &common.TokenInvalidOrExpiredError{}
+		}
+	}
+
+	userToCreate := dto.UserCreateDto{
+		Username:  signupData.Username,
+		Email:     signupData.Email,
+		FirstName: signupData.FirstName,
+		LastName:  signupData.LastName,
+	}
+
+	user, err := s.createUserInternal(ctx, userToCreate, false, tx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return model.User{}, "", err
+	}
+
+	accessToken, err := s.jwtService.GenerateAccessToken(user)
+	if err != nil {
+		return model.User{}, "", err
+	}
+
+	if tokenProvided {
+		s.auditLogService.Create(ctx, model.AuditLogEventAccountCreated, ipAddress, userAgent, user.ID, model.AuditLogData{
+			"signupToken": signupToken.Token,
+		}, tx)
+
+		signupToken.UsageCount++
+
+		err = tx.WithContext(ctx).Save(&signupToken).Error
+		if err != nil {
+			return model.User{}, "", err
+
+		}
+	} else {
+		s.auditLogService.Create(ctx, model.AuditLogEventAccountCreated, ipAddress, userAgent, user.ID, model.AuditLogData{
+			"method": "open_signup",
+		}, tx)
+	}
+
+	err = tx.Commit().Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return model.User{}, "", err
+	}
+
+	return user, accessToken, nil
+}
+
+func (s *UserService) ListSignupTokens(ctx context.Context, sortedPaginationRequest utils.SortedPaginationRequest) ([]model.SignupToken, utils.PaginationResponse, error) {
+	var tokens []model.SignupToken
+	query := s.db.WithContext(ctx).Model(&model.SignupToken{})
+
+	pagination, err := utils.PaginateAndSort(sortedPaginationRequest, query, &tokens)
+	return tokens, pagination, err
+}
+
+func (s *UserService) DeleteSignupToken(ctx context.Context, tokenID string) error {
+	return s.db.WithContext(ctx).Delete(&model.SignupToken{}, "id = ?", tokenID).Error
+}
+
+func NewOneTimeAccessToken(userID string, ttl time.Duration) (*model.OneTimeAccessToken, error) {
 	// If expires at is less than 15 minutes, use a 6-character token instead of 16
 	tokenLength := 16
-	if time.Until(expiresAt) <= 15*time.Minute {
+	if ttl <= 15*time.Minute {
 		tokenLength = 6
 	}
 
@@ -642,11 +802,30 @@ func NewOneTimeAccessToken(userID string, expiresAt time.Time) (*model.OneTimeAc
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
+	now := time.Now().Round(time.Second)
 	o := &model.OneTimeAccessToken{
 		UserID:    userID,
-		ExpiresAt: datatype.DateTime(expiresAt),
+		ExpiresAt: datatype.DateTime(now.Add(ttl)),
 		Token:     randomString,
 	}
 
 	return o, nil
 }
+
+func NewSignupToken(ttl time.Duration, usageLimit int) (*model.SignupToken, error) {
+	// Generate a random token
+	randomString, err := utils.GenerateRandomAlphanumericString(16)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	now := time.Now().Round(time.Second)
+	token := &model.SignupToken{
+		Token:      randomString,
+		ExpiresAt:  datatype.DateTime(now.Add(ttl)),
+		UsageLimit: usageLimit,
+		UsageCount: 0,
+	}
+
+	return token, nil
+}

backend/internal/service/webauthn_service.go

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/go-webauthn/webauthn/protocol"
 	"github.com/go-webauthn/webauthn/webauthn"
 	"gorm.io/gorm"
+	"gorm.io/gorm/clause"
 
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/common"
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/model"
@@ -24,8 +25,8 @@ type WebAuthnService struct {
 	appConfigService *AppConfigService
 }
 
-func NewWebAuthnService(db *gorm.DB, jwtService *JwtService, auditLogService *AuditLogService, appConfigService *AppConfigService) *WebAuthnService {
+func NewWebAuthnService(db *gorm.DB, jwtService *JwtService, auditLogService *AuditLogService, appConfigService *AppConfigService) (*WebAuthnService, error) {
-	webauthnConfig := &webauthn.Config{
+	wa, err := webauthn.New(&webauthn.Config{
 		RPDisplayName: appConfigService.GetDbConfig().AppName.Value,
 		RPID:          utils.GetHostnameFromURL(common.EnvConfig.AppURL),
 		RPOrigins:     []string{common.EnvConfig.AppURL},
@@ -44,15 +45,18 @@ func NewWebAuthnService(db *gorm.DB, jwtService *JwtService, auditLogService *Au
 				TimeoutUVD: time.Second * 60,
 			},
 		},
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to init webauthn object: %w", err)
 	}
-	wa, _ := webauthn.New(webauthnConfig)
+
 	return &WebAuthnService{
 		db:               db,
 		webAuthn:         wa,
 		jwtService:       jwtService,
 		auditLogService:  auditLogService,
 		appConfigService: appConfigService,
-	}
+	}, nil
 }
 
 func (s *WebAuthnService) BeginRegistration(ctx context.Context, userID string) (*model.PublicKeyCredentialCreationOptions, error) {
@@ -70,8 +74,7 @@ func (s *WebAuthnService) BeginRegistration(ctx context.Context, userID string)
 		Find(&user, "id = ?", userID).
 		Error
 	if err != nil {
-		tx.Rollback()
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to load user: %w", err)
-		return nil, err
 	}
 
 	options, session, err := s.webAuthn.BeginRegistration(
@@ -80,7 +83,7 @@ func (s *WebAuthnService) BeginRegistration(ctx context.Context, userID string)
 		webauthn.WithExclusions(user.WebAuthnCredentialDescriptors()),
 	)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to begin WebAuthn registration: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	sessionToStore := &model.WebauthnSession{
@@ -94,12 +97,12 @@ func (s *WebAuthnService) BeginRegistration(ctx context.Context, userID string)
 		Create(&sessionToStore).
 		Error
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to save WebAuthn session: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	err = tx.Commit().Error
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to commit transaction: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	return &model.PublicKeyCredentialCreationOptions{
@@ -115,13 +118,15 @@ func (s *WebAuthnService) VerifyRegistration(ctx context.Context, sessionID, use
 		tx.Rollback()
 	}()
 
+	// Load & delete the session row
 	var storedSession model.WebauthnSession
 	err := tx.
 		WithContext(ctx).
-		First(&storedSession, "id = ?", sessionID).
+		Clauses(clause.Returning{}).
+		Delete(&storedSession, "id = ?", sessionID).
 		Error
 	if err != nil {
-		return model.WebauthnCredential{}, err
+		return model.WebauthnCredential{}, fmt.Errorf("failed to load WebAuthn session: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	session := webauthn.SessionData{
@@ -136,12 +141,12 @@ func (s *WebAuthnService) VerifyRegistration(ctx context.Context, sessionID, use
 		Find(&user, "id = ?", userID).
 		Error
 	if err != nil {
-		return model.WebauthnCredential{}, err
+		return model.WebauthnCredential{}, fmt.Errorf("failed to load user: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	credential, err := s.webAuthn.FinishRegistration(&user, session, r)
 	if err != nil {
-		return model.WebauthnCredential{}, err
+		return model.WebauthnCredential{}, fmt.Errorf("failed to finish WebAuthn registration: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	// Determine passkey name using AAGUID and User-Agent
@@ -162,12 +167,12 @@ func (s *WebAuthnService) VerifyRegistration(ctx context.Context, sessionID, use
 		Create(&credentialToStore).
 		Error
 	if err != nil {
-		return model.WebauthnCredential{}, err
+		return model.WebauthnCredential{}, fmt.Errorf("failed to store WebAuthn credential: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	err = tx.Commit().Error
 	if err != nil {
-		return model.WebauthnCredential{}, err
+		return model.WebauthnCredential{}, fmt.Errorf("failed to commit transaction: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	return credentialToStore, nil
@@ -216,13 +221,15 @@ func (s *WebAuthnService) VerifyLogin(ctx context.Context, sessionID string, cre
 		tx.Rollback()
 	}()
 
+	// Load & delete the session row
 	var storedSession model.WebauthnSession
 	err := tx.
 		WithContext(ctx).
-		First(&storedSession, "id = ?", sessionID).
+		Clauses(clause.Returning{}).
+		Delete(&storedSession, "id = ?", sessionID).
 		Error
 	if err != nil {
-		return model.User{}, "", err
+		return model.User{}, "", fmt.Errorf("failed to load WebAuthn session: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	session := webauthn.SessionData{
@@ -329,3 +336,136 @@ func (s *WebAuthnService) UpdateCredential(ctx context.Context, userID, credenti
 func (s *WebAuthnService) updateWebAuthnConfig() {
 	s.webAuthn.Config.RPDisplayName = s.appConfigService.GetDbConfig().AppName.Value
 }
+
+func (s *WebAuthnService) CreateReauthenticationTokenWithAccessToken(ctx context.Context, accessToken string) (string, error) {
+	tx := s.db.Begin()
+	defer func() {
+		tx.Rollback()
+	}()
+
+	token, err := s.jwtService.VerifyAccessToken(accessToken)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("invalid access token: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	userID, ok := token.Subject()
+	if !ok {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("access token does not contain user ID")
+	}
+
+	// Check if token is issued less than a minute ago
+	tokenExpiration, ok := token.IssuedAt()
+	if !ok || time.Since(tokenExpiration) > time.Minute {
+		return "", &common.ReauthenticationRequiredError{}
+	}
+
+	var user model.User
+	err = tx.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		First(&user, "id = ?", userID).
+		Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to load user: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	reauthToken, err := s.createReauthenticationToken(ctx, tx, user.ID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+
+	err = tx.Commit().Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+
+	return reauthToken, nil
+}
+
+func (s *WebAuthnService) CreateReauthenticationTokenWithWebauthn(ctx context.Context, sessionID string, credentialAssertionData *protocol.ParsedCredentialAssertionData) (string, error) {
+	tx := s.db.Begin()
+	defer func() {
+		tx.Rollback()
+	}()
+
+	// Retrieve and delete the session
+	var storedSession model.WebauthnSession
+	err := tx.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Clauses(clause.Returning{}).
+		Delete(&storedSession, "id = ? AND expires_at > ?", sessionID, datatype.DateTime(time.Now())).
+		Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to load WebAuthn session: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	session := webauthn.SessionData{
+		Challenge: storedSession.Challenge,
+		Expires:   storedSession.ExpiresAt.ToTime(),
+	}
+
+	// Validate the credential assertion
+	var user *model.User
+	_, err = s.webAuthn.ValidateDiscoverableLogin(func(_, userHandle []byte) (webauthn.User, error) {
+		innerErr := tx.
+			WithContext(ctx).
+			Preload("Credentials").
+			First(&user, "id = ?", string(userHandle)).
+			Error
+		if innerErr != nil {
+			return nil, innerErr
+		}
+		return user, nil
+	}, session, credentialAssertionData)
+
+	if err != nil || user == nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+
+	// Create reauthentication token
+	token, err := s.createReauthenticationToken(ctx, tx, user.ID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+
+	err = tx.Commit().Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+
+	return token, nil
+}
+
+func (s *WebAuthnService) ConsumeReauthenticationToken(ctx context.Context, tx *gorm.DB, token string, userID string) error {
+	hashedToken := utils.CreateSha256Hash(token)
+	result := tx.WithContext(ctx).
+		Clauses(clause.Returning{}).
+		Delete(&model.ReauthenticationToken{}, "token = ? AND user_id = ? AND expires_at > ?", hashedToken, userID, datatype.DateTime(time.Now()))
+
+	if result.Error != nil {
+		return result.Error
+	}
+	if result.RowsAffected == 0 {
+		return &common.ReauthenticationRequiredError{}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (s *WebAuthnService) createReauthenticationToken(ctx context.Context, tx *gorm.DB, userID string) (string, error) {
+	token, err := utils.GenerateRandomAlphanumericString(32)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+
+	reauthToken := model.ReauthenticationToken{
+		Token:     utils.CreateSha256Hash(token),
+		ExpiresAt: datatype.DateTime(time.Now().Add(3 * time.Minute)),
+		UserID:    userID,
+	}
+
+	err = tx.WithContext(ctx).Create(&reauthToken).Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+
+	return token, nil
+}

backend/internal/utils/aaguid_util.go

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"encoding/hex"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
-	"log"
+	"log/slog"
 	"sync"
 
 	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/resources"
@@ -57,12 +57,13 @@ func loadAAGUIDsFromFile() {
 	// Read from embedded file system
 	data, err := resources.FS.ReadFile("aaguids.json")
 	if err != nil {
-		log.Printf("Error reading embedded AAGUID file: %v", err)
+		slog.Error("Error reading embedded AAGUID file", slog.Any("error", err))
 		return
 	}
 
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &aaguidMap); err != nil {
+	err = json.Unmarshal(data, &aaguidMap)
-		log.Printf("Error unmarshalling AAGUID data: %v", err)
+	if err != nil {
+		slog.Error("Error unmarshalling AAGUID data", slog.Any("error", err))
 		return
 	}
 }

backend/internal/utils/cmd_util.go

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+package utils
+
+import (
+	"bufio"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+// PromptForConfirmation prompts the user to answer "y" in the terminal
+func PromptForConfirmation(prompt string) (bool, error) {
+	fmt.Print(prompt + " [y/N]: ")
+
+	reader := bufio.NewReader(os.Stdin)
+	r, err := reader.ReadString('\n')
+	if err != nil {
+		return false, fmt.Errorf("failed to read response: %w", err)
+	}
+	r = strings.TrimSpace(strings.ToLower(r))
+
+	ok := r == "yes" || r == "y"
+
+	return ok, nil
+}

backend/internal/utils/crypto/crypto.go

@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+package crypto
+
+import (
+	"crypto/aes"
+	"crypto/cipher"
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+)
+
+// ErrDecrypt is returned by Decrypt when the operation failed for any reason
+var ErrDecrypt = errors.New("failed to decrypt data")
+
+// Encrypt a byte slice using AES-GCM and a random nonce
+// Important: do not encrypt more than ~4 billion messages with the same key!
+func Encrypt(key []byte, plaintext []byte, associatedData []byte) (ciphertext []byte, err error) {
+	block, err := aes.NewCipher(key)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create block cipher: %w", err)
+	}
+	aead, err := cipher.NewGCM(block)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create AEAD cipher: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Generate a random nonce
+	nonce := make([]byte, aead.NonceSize())
+	_, err = io.ReadFull(rand.Reader, nonce)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to generate random nonce: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Allocate the slice for the result, with additional space for the nonce and overhead
+	ciphertext = make([]byte, 0, len(plaintext)+aead.NonceSize()+aead.Overhead())
+	ciphertext = append(ciphertext, nonce...)
+
+	// Encrypt the plaintext
+	// Tag is automatically added at the end
+	ciphertext = aead.Seal(ciphertext, nonce, plaintext, associatedData)
+
+	return ciphertext, nil
+}
+
+// Decrypt a byte slice using AES-GCM
+func Decrypt(key []byte, ciphertext []byte, associatedData []byte) (plaintext []byte, err error) {
+	block, err := aes.NewCipher(key)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create block cipher: %w", err)
+	}
+	aead, err := cipher.NewGCM(block)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create AEAD cipher: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Extract the nonce
+	if len(ciphertext) < (aead.NonceSize() + aead.Overhead()) {
+		return nil, ErrDecrypt
+	}
+
+	// Decrypt the data
+	plaintext, err = aead.Open(nil, ciphertext[:aead.NonceSize()], ciphertext[aead.NonceSize():], associatedData)
+	if err != nil {
+		// Note: we do not return the exact error here, to avoid disclosing information
+		return nil, ErrDecrypt
+	}
+
+	return plaintext, nil
+}

backend/internal/utils/crypto/crypto_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,208 @@
+package crypto
+
+import (
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"fmt"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestEncryptDecrypt(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name           string
+		keySize        int
+		plaintext      string
+		associatedData []byte
+	}{
+		{
+			name:           "AES-128 with short plaintext",
+			keySize:        16,
+			plaintext:      "Hello, World!",
+			associatedData: []byte("test-aad"),
+		},
+		{
+			name:           "AES-192 with medium plaintext",
+			keySize:        24,
+			plaintext:      "This is a longer message to test encryption and decryption",
+			associatedData: []byte("associated-data-192"),
+		},
+		{
+			name:           "AES-256 with unicode",
+			keySize:        32,
+			plaintext:      "Hello 世界! 🌍 Testing unicode characters", //nolint:gosmopolitan
+			associatedData: []byte("unicode-test"),
+		},
+		{
+			name:           "No associated data",
+			keySize:        32,
+			plaintext:      "Testing without associated data",
+			associatedData: nil,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			// Generate random key
+			key := make([]byte, tt.keySize)
+			_, err := rand.Read(key)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "Failed to generate random key")
+
+			plaintext := []byte(tt.plaintext)
+
+			// Test encryption
+			ciphertext, err := Encrypt(key, plaintext, tt.associatedData)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "Encrypt should succeed")
+
+			// Verify ciphertext is different from plaintext (unless empty)
+			if len(plaintext) > 0 {
+				assert.NotEqual(t, plaintext, ciphertext)
+			}
+
+			// Test decryption
+			decrypted, err := Decrypt(key, ciphertext, tt.associatedData)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "Decrypt should succeed")
+
+			// Verify decrypted text matches original
+			assert.Equal(t, plaintext, decrypted, "Decrypted text should match original")
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestEncryptWithInvalidKeySize(t *testing.T) {
+	invalidKeySizes := []int{8, 12, 33, 47, 55, 128}
+
+	for _, keySize := range invalidKeySizes {
+		t.Run(fmt.Sprintf("Key size %d", keySize), func(t *testing.T) {
+			key := make([]byte, keySize)
+			plaintext := []byte("test message")
+
+			_, err := Encrypt(key, plaintext, nil)
+			require.Error(t, err)
+			assert.ErrorContains(t, err, "invalid key size")
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestDecryptWithInvalidKeySize(t *testing.T) {
+	invalidKeySizes := []int{8, 12, 33, 47, 55, 128}
+
+	for _, keySize := range invalidKeySizes {
+		t.Run(fmt.Sprintf("Key size %d", keySize), func(t *testing.T) {
+			key := make([]byte, keySize)
+			ciphertext := []byte("fake ciphertext")
+
+			_, err := Decrypt(key, ciphertext, nil)
+			require.Error(t, err)
+			assert.ErrorContains(t, err, "invalid key size")
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestDecryptWithInvalidCiphertext(t *testing.T) {
+	key := make([]byte, 32)
+	_, err := rand.Read(key)
+	require.NoError(t, err, "Failed to generate random key")
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name       string
+		ciphertext []byte
+	}{
+		{
+			name:       "empty ciphertext",
+			ciphertext: []byte{},
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "too short ciphertext",
+			ciphertext: []byte("short"),
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "random invalid data",
+			ciphertext: []byte("this is not valid encrypted data"),
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			_, err := Decrypt(key, tt.ciphertext, nil)
+			require.Error(t, err)
+			require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrDecrypt)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestDecryptWithWrongKey(t *testing.T) {
+	// Generate two different keys
+	key1 := make([]byte, 32)
+	key2 := make([]byte, 32)
+	_, err := rand.Read(key1)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	_, err = rand.Read(key2)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	plaintext := []byte("secret message")
+
+	// Encrypt with key1
+	ciphertext, err := Encrypt(key1, plaintext, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Try to decrypt with key2
+	_, err = Decrypt(key2, ciphertext, nil)
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrDecrypt)
+}
+
+func TestDecryptWithWrongAssociatedData(t *testing.T) {
+	key := make([]byte, 32)
+	_, err := rand.Read(key)
+	require.NoError(t, err, "Failed to generate random key")
+
+	plaintext := []byte("secret message")
+	correctAAD := []byte("correct-aad")
+	wrongAAD := []byte("wrong-aad")
+
+	// Encrypt with correct AAD
+	ciphertext, err := Encrypt(key, plaintext, correctAAD)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Try to decrypt with wrong AAD
+	_, err = Decrypt(key, ciphertext, wrongAAD)
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrDecrypt)
+
+	// Verify correct AAD works
+	decrypted, err := Decrypt(key, ciphertext, correctAAD)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, plaintext, decrypted, "Decrypted text should match original when using correct AAD")
+}
+
+func TestEncryptDecryptConsistency(t *testing.T) {
+	key := make([]byte, 32)
+	_, err := rand.Read(key)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	plaintext := []byte("consistency test message")
+	associatedData := []byte("test-aad")
+
+	// Encrypt multiple times and verify we get different ciphertexts (due to random IV)
+	ciphertext1, err := Encrypt(key, plaintext, associatedData)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	ciphertext2, err := Encrypt(key, plaintext, associatedData)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Ciphertexts should be different (due to random IV)
+	assert.NotEqual(t, ciphertext1, ciphertext2, "Multiple encryptions of same plaintext should produce different ciphertexts")
+
+	// Both should decrypt to the same plaintext
+	decrypted1, err := Decrypt(key, ciphertext1, associatedData)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	decrypted2, err := Decrypt(key, ciphertext2, associatedData)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, plaintext, decrypted1, "First decrypted text should match original")
+	assert.Equal(t, plaintext, decrypted2, "Second decrypted text should match original")
+	assert.Equal(t, decrypted1, decrypted2, "Both decrypted texts should be identical")
+}

backend/internal/utils/http_util.go

@@ -2,7 +2,11 @@ package utils
 
 import (
 	"net/http"
+	"strconv"
 	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
 )
 
 // BearerAuth returns the value of the bearer token in the Authorization header if present
@@ -16,3 +20,14 @@ func BearerAuth(r *http.Request) (string, bool) {
 
 	return "", false
 }
+
+// SetCacheControlHeader sets the Cache-Control header for the response.
+func SetCacheControlHeader(ctx *gin.Context, maxAge, staleWhileRevalidate time.Duration) {
+	_, ok := ctx.GetQuery("skipCache")
+	if !ok {
+		maxAgeSeconds := strconv.Itoa(int(maxAge.Seconds()))
+		staleWhileRevalidateSeconds := strconv.Itoa(int(staleWhileRevalidate.Seconds()))
+		ctx.Header("Cache-Control", "public, max-age="+maxAgeSeconds+", stale-while-revalidate="+staleWhileRevalidateSeconds)
+	}
+
+}

backend/internal/utils/image/profile_picture.go

@@ -29,9 +29,9 @@ func CreateProfilePicture(file io.Reader) (io.Reader, error) {
 
 	pr, pw := io.Pipe()
 	go func() {
-		err = imaging.Encode(pw, img, imaging.PNG)
+		innerErr := imaging.Encode(pw, img, imaging.PNG)
-		if err != nil {
+		if innerErr != nil {
-			_ = pw.CloseWithError(fmt.Errorf("failed to encode image: %w", err))
+			_ = pw.CloseWithError(fmt.Errorf("failed to encode image: %w", innerErr))
 			return
 		}
 		pw.Close()

backend/internal/utils/json_util.go

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+package utils
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// JSONDuration is a type that allows marshalling/unmarshalling a Duration
+type JSONDuration struct {
+	time.Duration
+}
+
+func (d JSONDuration) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+	return json.Marshal(d.String())
+}
+
+func (d *JSONDuration) UnmarshalJSON(b []byte) error {
+	var v any
+	err := json.Unmarshal(b, &v)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	switch value := v.(type) {
+	case float64:
+		// If the value is a number, interpret it as a number of seconds
+		d.Duration = time.Duration(value) * time.Second
+		return nil
+	case string:
+		if v == "" {
+			return nil
+		}
+		var err error
+		d.Duration, err = time.ParseDuration(value)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		return nil
+	default:
+		return errors.New("invalid duration")
+	}
+}

backend/internal/utils/json_util_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+package utils
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestJSONDuration_MarshalJSON(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		duration time.Duration
+		want     string
+	}{
+		{time.Minute + 30*time.Second, "1m30s"},
+		{0, "0s"},
+	}
+	for _, tc := range tests {
+		d := JSONDuration{Duration: tc.duration}
+		b, err := json.Marshal(d)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, `"`+tc.want+`"`, string(b))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestJSONDuration_UnmarshalJSON_String(t *testing.T) {
+	var d JSONDuration
+	err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(`"2h15m5s"`), &d)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	want := 2*time.Hour + 15*time.Minute + 5*time.Second
+	assert.Equal(t, want, d.Duration)
+}
+
+func TestJSONDuration_UnmarshalJSON_NumberSeconds(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		json string
+		want time.Duration
+	}{
+		{"0", 0},
+		{"1", 1 * time.Second},
+		{"2.25", 2 * time.Second}, // Milliseconds are truncated
+	}
+	for _, tc := range tests {
+		var d JSONDuration
+		err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(tc.json), &d)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "input: %s", tc.json)
+		assert.Equal(t, tc.want, d.Duration, "input: %s", tc.json)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestJSONDuration_UnmarshalJSON_Invalid(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := [][]byte{
+		[]byte(`true`),
+		[]byte(`{}`),
+		[]byte(`"not-a-duration"`),
+	}
+	for _, b := range cases {
+		var d JSONDuration
+		err := json.Unmarshal(b, &d)
+		require.Error(t, err, "input: %s", string(b))
+	}
+}

backend/internal/utils/jwk/key_provider.go

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+package jwk
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v3/jwk"
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
+
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/common"
+)
+
+type KeyProviderOpts struct {
+	EnvConfig *common.EnvConfigSchema
+	DB        *gorm.DB
+	Kek       []byte
+}
+
+type KeyProvider interface {
+	Init(opts KeyProviderOpts) error
+	LoadKey() (jwk.Key, error)
+	SaveKey(key jwk.Key) error
+}
+
+func GetKeyProvider(db *gorm.DB, envConfig *common.EnvConfigSchema, instanceID string) (keyProvider KeyProvider, err error) {
+	// Load the encryption key (KEK) if present
+	kek, err := LoadKeyEncryptionKey(envConfig, instanceID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to load encryption key: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Get the key provider
+	switch envConfig.KeysStorage {
+	case "file", "":
+		keyProvider = &KeyProviderFile{}
+	case "database":
+		keyProvider = &KeyProviderDatabase{}
+	default:
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid key storage '%s'", envConfig.KeysStorage)
+	}
+	err = keyProvider.Init(KeyProviderOpts{
+		DB:        db,
+		EnvConfig: envConfig,
+		Kek:       kek,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to init key provider of type '%s': %w", envConfig.KeysStorage, err)
+	}
+
+	return keyProvider, nil
+}

backend/internal/utils/jwk/key_provider_database.go

@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+package jwk
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/base64"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v3/jwk"
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
+
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/model"
+	cryptoutils "github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/utils/crypto"
+)
+
+const PrivateKeyDBKey = "jwt_private_key.json"
+
+type KeyProviderDatabase struct {
+	db  *gorm.DB
+	kek []byte
+}
+
+func (f *KeyProviderDatabase) Init(opts KeyProviderOpts) error {
+	if len(opts.Kek) == 0 {
+		return errors.New("an encryption key is required when using the 'database' key provider")
+	}
+
+	f.db = opts.DB
+	f.kek = opts.Kek
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (f *KeyProviderDatabase) LoadKey() (key jwk.Key, err error) {
+	row := model.KV{
+		Key: PrivateKeyDBKey,
+	}
+
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 10*time.Second)
+	defer cancel()
+	err = f.db.WithContext(ctx).First(&row).Error
+	if errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrRecordNotFound) {
+		// Key not present in the database - return nil so a new one can be generated
+		return nil, nil
+	} else if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to retrieve private key from the database: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if row.Value == nil || *row.Value == "" {
+		// Key not present in the database - return nil so a new one can be generated
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	// Decode from base64
+	enc, err := base64.StdEncoding.DecodeString(*row.Value)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to read encrypted private key: not a valid base64-encoded value: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Decrypt the data
+	data, err := cryptoutils.Decrypt(f.kek, enc, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to decrypt private key: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Parse the key
+	key, err = jwk.ParseKey(data)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to parse encrypted private key: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return key, nil
+}
+
+func (f *KeyProviderDatabase) SaveKey(key jwk.Key) error {
+	// Encode the key to JSON
+	data, err := EncodeJWKBytes(key)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to encode key to JSON: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Encrypt the key then encode to Base64
+	enc, err := cryptoutils.Encrypt(f.kek, data, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to encrypt key: %w", err)
+	}
+	encB64 := base64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString(enc)
+
+	// Save to database
+	row := model.KV{
+		Key:   PrivateKeyDBKey,
+		Value: &encB64,
+	}
+
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 10*time.Second)
+	defer cancel()
+	err = f.db.WithContext(ctx).Create(&row).Error
+	if err != nil {
+		// There's one scenario where if Pocket ID is started fresh with more than 1 replica, they both could be trying to create the private key in the database at the same time
+		// In this case, only one of the replicas will succeed; the other one(s) will return an error here, which will cascade down and cause the replica(s) to crash and be restarted (at that point they'll load the then-existing key from the database)
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to store private key in database: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Compile-time interface check
+var _ KeyProvider = (*KeyProviderDatabase)(nil)

backend/internal/utils/jwk/key_provider_database_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,275 @@
+package jwk
+
+import (
+	"crypto/ecdsa"
+	"crypto/elliptic"
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"encoding/base64"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v3/jwk"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/model"
+	cryptoutils "github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/utils/crypto"
+	testutils "github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/utils/testing"
+)
+
+func TestKeyProviderDatabase_Init(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("Init fails when KEK is not provided", func(t *testing.T) {
+		db := testutils.NewDatabaseForTest(t)
+		provider := &KeyProviderDatabase{}
+		err := provider.Init(KeyProviderOpts{
+			DB:  db,
+			Kek: nil, // No KEK
+		})
+		require.Error(t, err, "Expected error when KEK is not provided")
+		require.ErrorContains(t, err, "encryption key is required")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("Init succeeds with KEK", func(t *testing.T) {
+		db := testutils.NewDatabaseForTest(t)
+		provider := &KeyProviderDatabase{}
+		err := provider.Init(KeyProviderOpts{
+			DB:  db,
+			Kek: generateTestKEK(t),
+		})
+		require.NoError(t, err, "Expected no error when KEK is provided")
+	})
+}
+
+func TestKeyProviderDatabase_LoadKey(t *testing.T) {
+	// Generate a test key to use in our tests
+	pk, err := ecdsa.GenerateKey(elliptic.P256(), rand.Reader)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	key, err := jwk.Import(pk)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	t.Run("LoadKey with no existing key", func(t *testing.T) {
+		db := testutils.NewDatabaseForTest(t)
+		kek := generateTestKEK(t)
+
+		provider := &KeyProviderDatabase{}
+		err := provider.Init(KeyProviderOpts{
+			DB:  db,
+			Kek: kek,
+		})
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		// Load key when none exists
+		loadedKey, err := provider.LoadKey()
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.Nil(t, loadedKey, "Expected nil key when no key exists in database")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("LoadKey with existing key", func(t *testing.T) {
+		db := testutils.NewDatabaseForTest(t)
+		kek := generateTestKEK(t)
+
+		provider := &KeyProviderDatabase{}
+		err := provider.Init(KeyProviderOpts{
+			DB:  db,
+			Kek: kek,
+		})
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		// Save a key
+		err = provider.SaveKey(key)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		// Load the key
+		loadedKey, err := provider.LoadKey()
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.NotNil(t, loadedKey, "Expected non-nil key when key exists in database")
+
+		// Verify the loaded key is the same as the original
+		keyBytes, err := EncodeJWKBytes(key)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		loadedKeyBytes, err := EncodeJWKBytes(loadedKey)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		assert.Equal(t, keyBytes, loadedKeyBytes, "Expected loaded key to match original key")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("LoadKey with invalid base64", func(t *testing.T) {
+		db := testutils.NewDatabaseForTest(t)
+		kek := generateTestKEK(t)
+
+		provider := &KeyProviderDatabase{}
+		err := provider.Init(KeyProviderOpts{
+			DB:  db,
+			Kek: kek,
+		})
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		// Insert invalid base64 data
+		invalidBase64 := "not-valid-base64"
+		err = db.Create(&model.KV{
+			Key:   PrivateKeyDBKey,
+			Value: &invalidBase64,
+		}).Error
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		// Attempt to load the key
+		loadedKey, err := provider.LoadKey()
+		require.Error(t, err, "Expected error when loading key with invalid base64")
+		require.ErrorContains(t, err, "not a valid base64-encoded value")
+		assert.Nil(t, loadedKey, "Expected nil key when loading fails")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("LoadKey with invalid encrypted data", func(t *testing.T) {
+		db := testutils.NewDatabaseForTest(t)
+		kek := generateTestKEK(t)
+
+		provider := &KeyProviderDatabase{}
+		err := provider.Init(KeyProviderOpts{
+			DB:  db,
+			Kek: kek,
+		})
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		// Insert valid base64 but invalid encrypted data
+		invalidData := base64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString([]byte("not-valid-encrypted-data"))
+		err = db.Create(&model.KV{
+			Key:   PrivateKeyDBKey,
+			Value: &invalidData,
+		}).Error
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		// Attempt to load the key
+		loadedKey, err := provider.LoadKey()
+		require.Error(t, err, "Expected error when loading key with invalid encrypted data")
+		require.ErrorContains(t, err, "failed to decrypt")
+		assert.Nil(t, loadedKey, "Expected nil key when loading fails")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("LoadKey with valid encrypted data but wrong KEK", func(t *testing.T) {
+		db := testutils.NewDatabaseForTest(t)
+		originalKek := generateTestKEK(t)
+
+		// Save a key with the original KEK
+		originalProvider := &KeyProviderDatabase{}
+		err := originalProvider.Init(KeyProviderOpts{
+			DB:  db,
+			Kek: originalKek,
+		})
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		err = originalProvider.SaveKey(key)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		// Now try to load with a different KEK
+		differentKek := generateTestKEK(t)
+		differentProvider := &KeyProviderDatabase{}
+		err = differentProvider.Init(KeyProviderOpts{
+			DB:  db,
+			Kek: differentKek,
+		})
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		// Attempt to load the key with the wrong KEK
+		loadedKey, err := differentProvider.LoadKey()
+		require.Error(t, err, "Expected error when loading key with wrong KEK")
+		require.ErrorContains(t, err, "failed to decrypt")
+		assert.Nil(t, loadedKey, "Expected nil key when loading fails")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("LoadKey with invalid key data", func(t *testing.T) {
+		db := testutils.NewDatabaseForTest(t)
+		kek := generateTestKEK(t)
+
+		provider := &KeyProviderDatabase{}
+		err := provider.Init(KeyProviderOpts{
+			DB:  db,
+			Kek: kek,
+		})
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		// Create invalid key data (valid JSON but not a valid JWK)
+		invalidKeyData := []byte(`{"not": "a valid jwk"}`)
+
+		// Encrypt the invalid key data
+		encryptedData, err := cryptoutils.Encrypt(kek, invalidKeyData, nil)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		// Base64 encode the encrypted data
+		encodedData := base64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString(encryptedData)
+
+		// Save to database
+		err = db.Create(&model.KV{
+			Key:   PrivateKeyDBKey,
+			Value: &encodedData,
+		}).Error
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		// Attempt to load the key
+		loadedKey, err := provider.LoadKey()
+		require.Error(t, err, "Expected error when loading invalid key data")
+		require.ErrorContains(t, err, "failed to parse")
+		assert.Nil(t, loadedKey, "Expected nil key when loading fails")
+	})
+}
+
+func TestKeyProviderDatabase_SaveKey(t *testing.T) {
+	// Generate a test key to use in our tests
+	pk, err := ecdsa.GenerateKey(elliptic.P256(), rand.Reader)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	key, err := jwk.Import(pk)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	t.Run("SaveKey and verify database record", func(t *testing.T) {
+		db := testutils.NewDatabaseForTest(t)
+		kek := generateTestKEK(t)
+
+		provider := &KeyProviderDatabase{}
+		err := provider.Init(KeyProviderOpts{
+			DB:  db,
+			Kek: kek,
+		})
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		// Save the key
+		err = provider.SaveKey(key)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "Expected no error when saving key")
+
+		// Verify record exists in database
+		var kv model.KV
+		err = db.Where("key = ?", PrivateKeyDBKey).First(&kv).Error
+		require.NoError(t, err, "Expected to find key in database")
+		require.NotNil(t, kv.Value, "Expected non-nil value in database")
+		assert.NotEmpty(t, *kv.Value, "Expected non-empty value in database")
+
+		// Decode and decrypt to verify content
+		encBytes, err := base64.StdEncoding.DecodeString(*kv.Value)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "Expected valid base64 encoding")
+
+		decBytes, err := cryptoutils.Decrypt(kek, encBytes, nil)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "Expected valid encrypted data")
+
+		parsedKey, err := jwk.ParseKey(decBytes)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "Expected valid JWK data")
+
+		// Compare keys
+		keyBytes, err := EncodeJWKBytes(key)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		parsedKeyBytes, err := EncodeJWKBytes(parsedKey)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		assert.Equal(t, keyBytes, parsedKeyBytes, "Expected saved key to match original key")
+	})
+}
+
+func generateTestKEK(t *testing.T) []byte {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	// Generate a 32-byte kek
+	kek := make([]byte, 32)
+	_, err := rand.Read(kek)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	return kek
+}

backend/internal/utils/jwk/key_provider_file.go

@@ -0,0 +1,202 @@
+package jwk
+
+import (
+	"encoding/base64"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+
+	"github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v3/jwk"
+
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/common"
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/utils"
+	cryptoutils "github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/utils/crypto"
+)
+
+const (
+	// PrivateKeyFile is the path in the data/keys folder where the key is stored
+	// This is a JSON file containing a key encoded as JWK
+	PrivateKeyFile = "jwt_private_key.json"
+
+	// PrivateKeyFileEncrypted is the path in the data/keys folder where the encrypted key is stored
+	// This is a encrypted JSON file containing a key encoded as JWK
+	PrivateKeyFileEncrypted = "jwt_private_key.json.enc"
+)
+
+type KeyProviderFile struct {
+	envConfig *common.EnvConfigSchema
+	kek       []byte
+}
+
+func (f *KeyProviderFile) Init(opts KeyProviderOpts) error {
+	f.envConfig = opts.EnvConfig
+	f.kek = opts.Kek
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (f *KeyProviderFile) LoadKey() (jwk.Key, error) {
+	if len(f.kek) > 0 {
+		return f.loadEncryptedKey()
+	}
+	return f.loadKey()
+}
+
+func (f *KeyProviderFile) SaveKey(key jwk.Key) error {
+	if len(f.kek) > 0 {
+		return f.saveKeyEncrypted(key)
+	}
+	return f.saveKey(key)
+}
+
+func (f *KeyProviderFile) loadKey() (jwk.Key, error) {
+	var key jwk.Key
+
+	// First, check if we have a JWK file
+	// If we do, then we just load that
+	jwkPath := f.jwkPath()
+	ok, err := utils.FileExists(jwkPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to check if private key file exists at path '%s': %w", jwkPath, err)
+	}
+	if !ok {
+		// File doesn't exist, no key was loaded
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	data, err := os.ReadFile(jwkPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to read private key file at path '%s': %w", jwkPath, err)
+	}
+
+	key, err = jwk.ParseKey(data)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to parse private key file at path '%s': %w", jwkPath, err)
+	}
+
+	return key, nil
+}
+
+func (f *KeyProviderFile) loadEncryptedKey() (key jwk.Key, err error) {
+	// First, check if we have an encrypted JWK file
+	// If we do, then we just load that
+	encJwkPath := f.encJwkPath()
+	ok, err := utils.FileExists(encJwkPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to check if encrypted private key file exists at path '%s': %w", encJwkPath, err)
+	}
+	if ok {
+		encB64, err := os.ReadFile(encJwkPath)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to read encrypted private key file at path '%s': %w", encJwkPath, err)
+		}
+
+		// Decode from base64
+		enc := make([]byte, base64.StdEncoding.DecodedLen(len(encB64)))
+		n, err := base64.StdEncoding.Decode(enc, encB64)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to read encrypted private key file at path '%s': not a valid base64-encoded file: %w", encJwkPath, err)
+		}
+
+		// Decrypt the data
+		data, err := cryptoutils.Decrypt(f.kek, enc[:n], nil)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to decrypt private key file at path '%s': %w", encJwkPath, err)
+		}
+
+		// Parse the key
+		key, err = jwk.ParseKey(data)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to parse encrypted private key file at path '%s': %w", encJwkPath, err)
+		}
+
+		return key, nil
+	}
+
+	// Check if we have an un-encrypted JWK file
+	key, err = f.loadKey()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to load un-encrypted key file: %w", err)
+	}
+	if key == nil {
+		// No key exists, encrypted or un-encrypted
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	// If we are here, we have loaded a key that was un-encrypted
+	// We need to replace the plaintext key with the encrypted one before we return
+	err = f.saveKeyEncrypted(key)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to save encrypted key file: %w", err)
+	}
+	jwkPath := f.jwkPath()
+	err = os.Remove(jwkPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to remove un-encrypted key file at path '%s': %w", jwkPath, err)
+	}
+
+	return key, nil
+}
+
+func (f *KeyProviderFile) saveKey(key jwk.Key) error {
+	err := os.MkdirAll(f.envConfig.KeysPath, 0700)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create directory '%s' for key file: %w", f.envConfig.KeysPath, err)
+	}
+
+	jwkPath := f.jwkPath()
+	keyFile, err := os.OpenFile(jwkPath, os.O_RDWR|os.O_CREATE|os.O_TRUNC, 0600)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create key file at path '%s': %w", jwkPath, err)
+	}
+	defer keyFile.Close()
+
+	// Write the JSON file to disk
+	err = EncodeJWK(keyFile, key)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to write key file at path '%s': %w", jwkPath, err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (f *KeyProviderFile) saveKeyEncrypted(key jwk.Key) error {
+	err := os.MkdirAll(f.envConfig.KeysPath, 0700)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create directory '%s' for encrypted key file: %w", f.envConfig.KeysPath, err)
+	}
+
+	// Encode the key to JSON
+	data, err := EncodeJWKBytes(key)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to encode key to JSON: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Encrypt the key then encode to Base64
+	enc, err := cryptoutils.Encrypt(f.kek, data, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to encrypt key: %w", err)
+	}
+	encB64 := make([]byte, base64.StdEncoding.EncodedLen(len(enc)))
+	base64.StdEncoding.Encode(encB64, enc)
+
+	// Write to disk
+	encJwkPath := f.encJwkPath()
+	err = os.WriteFile(encJwkPath, encB64, 0600)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to write encrypted key file at path '%s': %w", encJwkPath, err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (f *KeyProviderFile) jwkPath() string {
+	return filepath.Join(f.envConfig.KeysPath, PrivateKeyFile)
+}
+
+func (f *KeyProviderFile) encJwkPath() string {
+	return filepath.Join(f.envConfig.KeysPath, PrivateKeyFileEncrypted)
+}
+
+// Compile-time interface check
+var _ KeyProvider = (*KeyProviderFile)(nil)