From fbd4730f0bb302a52c9458eba1acd025930f1b17 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Zoltan Papp <zoltan.pmail@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 3 Sep 2026 11:47:32 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 01/21] [client] Expose the remote jobs opt-in in the Android
 and iOS SDK preferences (#7406)

Remote jobs (debug bundle requests from management) are gated behind
Config.RemoteJobsAllowed, which defaults to false and could only be
enabled through the CLI flag or an MDM policy. The mobile SDKs had no
way to set it, so the mobile clients always refused the job.

Add GetRemoteJobsAllowed/SetRemoteJobsAllowed to both mobile
Preferences types, following the existing ServerSSHAllowed accessors,
so the apps can offer a settings toggle for it.
---
 client/android/preferences.go        | 21 +++++++++++++++++++++
 client/ios/NetBirdSDK/preferences.go | 21 +++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 42 insertions(+)

diff --git a/client/android/preferences.go b/client/android/preferences.go
index 066477293..d90365518 100644
--- a/client/android/preferences.go
+++ b/client/android/preferences.go
@@ -325,6 +325,27 @@ func (p *Preferences) SetDisableIPv6(disable bool) {
 	p.configInput.DisableIPv6 = &disable
 }
 
+// GetRemoteJobsAllowed reads the remote jobs opt-in from config file
+func (p *Preferences) GetRemoteJobsAllowed() (bool, error) {
+	if p.configInput.RemoteJobsAllowed != nil {
+		return *p.configInput.RemoteJobsAllowed, nil
+	}
+
+	cfg, err := profilemanager.ReadConfig(p.configInput.ConfigPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		return false, err
+	}
+	if cfg.RemoteJobsAllowed == nil {
+		return false, nil
+	}
+	return *cfg.RemoteJobsAllowed, err
+}
+
+// SetRemoteJobsAllowed stores the given value and waits for commit
+func (p *Preferences) SetRemoteJobsAllowed(allowed bool) {
+	p.configInput.RemoteJobsAllowed = &allowed
+}
+
 // Commit writes out the changes to the config file
 func (p *Preferences) Commit() error {
 	_, err := profilemanager.UpdateOrCreateConfig(p.configInput)
diff --git a/client/ios/NetBirdSDK/preferences.go b/client/ios/NetBirdSDK/preferences.go
index ed49ccddb..39aa7ed83 100644
--- a/client/ios/NetBirdSDK/preferences.go
+++ b/client/ios/NetBirdSDK/preferences.go
@@ -128,6 +128,27 @@ func (p *Preferences) SetDisableIPv6(disable bool) {
 	p.configInput.DisableIPv6 = &disable
 }
 
+// GetRemoteJobsAllowed reads the remote jobs opt-in from config file
+func (p *Preferences) GetRemoteJobsAllowed() (bool, error) {
+	if p.configInput.RemoteJobsAllowed != nil {
+		return *p.configInput.RemoteJobsAllowed, nil
+	}
+
+	cfg, err := profilemanager.ReadConfig(p.configInput.ConfigPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		return false, err
+	}
+	if cfg.RemoteJobsAllowed == nil {
+		return false, nil
+	}
+	return *cfg.RemoteJobsAllowed, err
+}
+
+// SetRemoteJobsAllowed stores the given value and waits for commit
+func (p *Preferences) SetRemoteJobsAllowed(allowed bool) {
+	p.configInput.RemoteJobsAllowed = &allowed
+}
+
 // Commit write out the changes into config file
 func (p *Preferences) Commit() error {
 	// Use DirectUpdateOrCreateConfig to avoid atomic file operations (temp file + rename)

From bb233c72b6a00c8e84bc72bca62264a31f79896c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Viktor Liu <17948409+lixmal@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 3 Sep 2026 19:22:00 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 02/21] [client] Rebuild the overlay listeners when the TUN is
 renewed (#7397)

---
 client/internal/dnsfwd/forwarder.go      | 125 ++++++++++++++++++++---
 client/internal/dnsfwd/forwarder_test.go |  52 ++++++++++
 client/internal/dnsfwd/manager.go        |  10 ++
 client/internal/engine.go                |  87 +++++++++++++++-
 client/internal/engine_ssh.go            |  36 ++++++-
 client/ssh/auth/auth.go                  |  19 ++++
 client/ssh/server/server.go              |  33 +++++-
 7 files changed, 341 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)

diff --git a/client/internal/dnsfwd/forwarder.go b/client/internal/dnsfwd/forwarder.go
index b7e5a10e3..e3cb597be 100644
--- a/client/internal/dnsfwd/forwarder.go
+++ b/client/internal/dnsfwd/forwarder.go
@@ -54,12 +54,20 @@ type DNSForwarder struct {
 	ttl            uint32
 	statusRecorder *peer.Status
 
-	dnsServer *dns.Server
-	mux       *dns.ServeMux
-	tcpServer *dns.Server
-	tcpMux    *dns.ServeMux
+	mux    *dns.ServeMux
+	tcpMux *dns.ServeMux
 
-	mutex      sync.RWMutex
+	mutex sync.RWMutex
+	// closed records that Close has run, so a Listen still in flight does not
+	// go on to serve sockets nobody will shut down.
+	closed bool
+	// The sockets are kept alongside the servers because closing them is the
+	// only stop that always works: a server whose ActivateAndServe has not run
+	// yet refuses to shut down, and would otherwise start serving afterwards.
+	udpConn    net.PacketConn
+	tcpLn      net.Listener
+	dnsServer  *dns.Server
+	tcpServer  *dns.Server
 	fwdEntries []*ForwarderEntry
 	firewall   firewaller
 	resolver   resolver
@@ -106,7 +114,7 @@ func (f *DNSForwarder) Listen(entries []*ForwarderEntry) error {
 	mux := dns.NewServeMux()
 	f.mux = mux
 	mux.HandleFunc(".", f.handleDNSQueryUDP)
-	f.dnsServer = &dns.Server{
+	dnsServer := &dns.Server{
 		PacketConn: udpLn,
 		Handler:    mux,
 	}
@@ -114,22 +122,32 @@ func (f *DNSForwarder) Listen(entries []*ForwarderEntry) error {
 	tcpMux := dns.NewServeMux()
 	f.tcpMux = tcpMux
 	tcpMux.HandleFunc(".", f.handleDNSQueryTCP)
-	f.tcpServer = &dns.Server{
+	tcpServer := &dns.Server{
 		Listener: tcpLn,
 		Handler:  tcpMux,
 	}
 
-	f.UpdateDomains(entries)
+	if !f.publish(udpLn, tcpLn, dnsServer, tcpServer, entries) {
+		log.Infof("DNS forwarder on %s was closed before it started serving", addrDesc)
+		if err := udpLn.Close(); err != nil {
+			log.Debugf("close UDP listener of a closed forwarder: %v", err)
+		}
+		if err := tcpLn.Close(); err != nil {
+			log.Debugf("close TCP listener of a closed forwarder: %v", err)
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+	log.Debugf("DNS forwarder serving %d domains", len(entries))
 
 	errCh := make(chan error, 2)
 
 	go func() {
 		log.Infof("DNS UDP listener running on %s", addrDesc)
-		errCh <- f.dnsServer.ActivateAndServe()
+		errCh <- dnsServer.ActivateAndServe()
 	}()
 	go func() {
 		log.Infof("DNS TCP listener running on %s", addrDesc)
-		errCh <- f.tcpServer.ActivateAndServe()
+		errCh <- tcpServer.ActivateAndServe()
 	}()
 
 	return <-errCh
@@ -151,6 +169,46 @@ func (f *DNSForwarder) createTCPListener(netstackNet *netstack.Net) (net.Listene
 	return net.ListenTCP("tcp", net.TCPAddrFromAddrPort(f.listenAddress))
 }
 
+// publish hands the sockets, servers and entries to the forwarder so Close can
+// reach them and Domains can report them, and says whether serving may begin.
+// Listen runs on its own goroutine, so a Close can arrive before it gets this
+// far; false means the caller must close what it created instead of serving on
+// it.
+//
+// The entries go in under the same lock rather than afterwards. Anything that
+// reads them in between would otherwise see a forwarder that is listening and
+// serves no domain, which for a caller rebuilding one means it comes back
+// refusing every routed query.
+func (f *DNSForwarder) publish(
+	udpConn net.PacketConn,
+	tcpLn net.Listener,
+	dnsServer, tcpServer *dns.Server,
+	entries []*ForwarderEntry,
+) bool {
+	f.mutex.Lock()
+	defer f.mutex.Unlock()
+
+	if f.closed {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	f.udpConn = udpConn
+	f.tcpLn = tcpLn
+	f.dnsServer = dnsServer
+	f.tcpServer = tcpServer
+	f.fwdEntries = entries
+	return true
+}
+
+// Domains returns the entries currently being served. The slice is replaced
+// wholesale by UpdateDomains rather than mutated, so the caller may read it but
+// must not write to it.
+func (f *DNSForwarder) Domains() []*ForwarderEntry {
+	f.mutex.RLock()
+	defer f.mutex.RUnlock()
+	return f.fwdEntries
+}
+
 func (f *DNSForwarder) UpdateDomains(entries []*ForwarderEntry) {
 	f.mutex.Lock()
 	defer f.mutex.Unlock()
@@ -189,19 +247,45 @@ func (f *DNSForwarder) removeStaleCacheEntries(oldEntries, newEntries []*Forward
 }
 
 func (f *DNSForwarder) Close(ctx context.Context) error {
+	// Marked closed under the lock so a Listen that has not published its
+	// servers yet gives up instead of racing this shutdown. The shutdowns
+	// themselves block, so they run outside it.
+	f.mutex.Lock()
+	f.closed = true
+	dnsServer, tcpServer := f.dnsServer, f.tcpServer
+	udpConn, tcpLn := f.udpConn, f.tcpLn
+	f.mutex.Unlock()
+
 	var result *multierror.Error
 
-	if f.dnsServer != nil {
-		if err := f.dnsServer.ShutdownContext(ctx); err != nil {
+	if dnsServer != nil {
+		if err := shutdownServer(ctx, dnsServer); err != nil {
 			result = multierror.Append(result, fmt.Errorf("UDP shutdown: %w", err))
 		}
 	}
-	if f.tcpServer != nil {
-		if err := f.tcpServer.ShutdownContext(ctx); err != nil {
+	if tcpServer != nil {
+		if err := shutdownServer(ctx, tcpServer); err != nil {
 			result = multierror.Append(result, fmt.Errorf("TCP shutdown: %w", err))
 		}
 	}
 
+	// The sockets are closed even when the shutdowns above reported nothing to
+	// do. A server that has been published but has not reached
+	// ActivateAndServe refuses to shut down, and closing what it was about to
+	// serve on is what stops it: the alternative is a listener still answering
+	// on an interface that has gone away. A shutdown that did run has already
+	// closed these, so the second close is expected to fail.
+	if udpConn != nil {
+		if err := udpConn.Close(); err != nil {
+			log.Debugf("close UDP socket of the DNS forwarder: %v", err)
+		}
+	}
+	if tcpLn != nil {
+		if err := tcpLn.Close(); err != nil {
+			log.Debugf("close TCP socket of the DNS forwarder: %v", err)
+		}
+	}
+
 	return nberrors.FormatErrorOrNil(result)
 }
 
@@ -514,3 +598,16 @@ func attachEDE(resp *dns.Msg, code uint16, text string) {
 	}
 	opt.Option = append(opt.Option, &dns.EDNS0_EDE{InfoCode: code, ExtraText: text})
 }
+
+// shutdownServer shuts a server down gracefully, treating "never started" as
+// success. A server that was published but has not reached ActivateAndServe
+// has nothing to wind down, and the caller closes its socket regardless, which
+// is what actually stops it. dns exports no sentinel for this, so the message
+// is all there is to match on.
+func shutdownServer(ctx context.Context, server *dns.Server) error {
+	err := server.ShutdownContext(ctx)
+	if err == nil || strings.Contains(err.Error(), "server not started") {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return err
+}
diff --git a/client/internal/dnsfwd/forwarder_test.go b/client/internal/dnsfwd/forwarder_test.go
index c69a9166e..a64ba80e7 100644
--- a/client/internal/dnsfwd/forwarder_test.go
+++ b/client/internal/dnsfwd/forwarder_test.go
@@ -1238,3 +1238,55 @@ func TestDNSForwarder_EmptyQuery(t *testing.T) {
 
 	assert.Nil(t, mockWriter.GetLastResponse(), "Should not write response for empty query")
 }
+
+// TestDNSForwarder_ClosedBeforeItServes covers Listen reaching the point of
+// serving after the forwarder has already been closed. Listen runs on its own
+// goroutine, so it can get there late, and a socket it starts serving then is
+// one nothing will ever close: on Android it keeps answering on an interface
+// that has been replaced. The close is sequenced first here rather than raced,
+// which pins the same state deterministically.
+func TestDNSForwarder_ClosedBeforeItServes(t *testing.T) {
+	f := NewDNSForwarder(netip.MustParseAddrPort("127.0.0.1:0"), 60, nil, nil, nil)
+
+	require.NoError(t, f.Close(context.Background()), "closing a forwarder that never started")
+
+	done := make(chan error, 1)
+	go func() { done <- f.Listen(nil) }()
+
+	select {
+	case err := <-done:
+		assert.NoError(t, err, "a closed forwarder should give up quietly, not serve")
+	case <-time.After(5 * time.Second):
+		t.Fatal("Listen went on to serve after the forwarder was closed")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestDNSForwarder_CloseStopsUnactivatedServers covers the window between
+// Listen publishing its servers and reaching ActivateAndServe. A server that
+// has not been activated refuses to shut down, so Close has to close the
+// sockets itself or they are left serving.
+func TestDNSForwarder_CloseStopsUnactivatedServers(t *testing.T) {
+	f := NewDNSForwarder(netip.MustParseAddrPort("127.0.0.1:0"), 60, nil, nil, nil)
+
+	udpConn, err := f.createUDPListener(nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err, "create UDP listener")
+	tcpLn, err := f.createTCPListener(nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err, "create TCP listener")
+
+	// Published but deliberately never activated, which is the state Listen is
+	// in for the moment before it starts serving.
+	require.True(t, f.publish(udpConn, tcpLn, &dns.Server{PacketConn: udpConn}, &dns.Server{Listener: tcpLn}, nil),
+		"publishing to an open forwarder")
+
+	tcpAddr := tcpLn.Addr().String()
+	require.NoError(t, f.Close(context.Background()), "close should report no error for servers it could not shut down")
+
+	_, err = tcpLn.Accept()
+	assert.Error(t, err, "the TCP socket should be closed after Close")
+
+	conn, err := net.DialTimeout("tcp", tcpAddr, time.Second)
+	if err == nil {
+		_ = conn.Close()
+		t.Fatal("the forwarder is still accepting connections after Close")
+	}
+}
diff --git a/client/internal/dnsfwd/manager.go b/client/internal/dnsfwd/manager.go
index b8684d177..1c62e908d 100644
--- a/client/internal/dnsfwd/manager.go
+++ b/client/internal/dnsfwd/manager.go
@@ -117,6 +117,16 @@ func (m *Manager) UpdateDomains(entries []*ForwarderEntry) {
 	m.dnsForwarder.UpdateDomains(entries)
 }
 
+// Domains returns the entries currently being served, or nil when the
+// forwarder is not running.
+func (m *Manager) Domains() []*ForwarderEntry {
+	if m.dnsForwarder == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	return m.dnsForwarder.Domains()
+}
+
 func (m *Manager) Stop(ctx context.Context) error {
 	if m.dnsForwarder == nil {
 		return nil
diff --git a/client/internal/engine.go b/client/internal/engine.go
index 72361c8cb..477fba194 100644
--- a/client/internal/engine.go
+++ b/client/internal/engine.go
@@ -94,6 +94,13 @@ const (
 	// exec, os.Stat); without this bound a single stuck call freezes handleSync, and
 	// thus syncMsgMux, for as long as the call hangs (observed multi-minute freezes).
 	systemInfoTimeout = 15 * time.Second
+
+	// dnsForwarderStopTimeout bounds how long stopping the DNS forwarder waits
+	// for the queries still in flight. One waiting on an unresponsive upstream
+	// would otherwise hold the stop for the whole upstream timeout, and the
+	// stop runs with syncMsgMux held. The sockets are closed either way, so
+	// giving up costs a query that was already failing.
+	dnsForwarderStopTimeout = 2 * time.Second
 )
 
 var ErrResetConnection = fmt.Errorf("reset connection")
@@ -321,6 +328,10 @@ type localIpUpdater interface {
 	UpdateLocalIPs() error
 }
 
+// overlayRebind rebuilds one subsystem's sockets on the current interface. The
+// error it returns names its own subsystem, since the caller can only log it.
+type overlayRebind func() error
+
 // NewEngine creates a new Connection Engine with probes attached
 func NewEngine(
 	clientCtx context.Context,
@@ -2502,7 +2513,72 @@ func (e *Engine) RenewTun(fd int) error {
 		return fmt.Errorf("wireguard interface not initialized")
 	}
 
-	return wgInterface.RenewTun(fd)
+	if err := wgInterface.RenewTun(fd); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	e.rebindOverlayListeners()
+	return nil
+}
+
+// rebindOverlayListeners gives the servers that listen on an overlay address
+// sockets on the interface as it is now.
+//
+// A socket belongs to the interface generation it was created on. Renewing the
+// TUN builds a new interface and moves the overlay addresses to it, which
+// leaves the old sockets in LISTEN with the uspfilter still logging packets
+// arriving for them, while every accept fails with EINVAL for the life of the
+// socket: from the outside the server looks alive and answers nothing. On
+// Android this happens during a normal startup, where the first TUN is
+// established before the routes are known and replaced once they arrive.
+//
+// Rebinding costs whatever those sockets were carrying, which the renewal has
+// already broken. Errors are logged rather than returned: the renewal itself
+// succeeded, and failing it would hand the caller a working interface and an
+// error.
+func (e *Engine) rebindOverlayListeners() {
+	e.syncMsgMux.Lock()
+	defer e.syncMsgMux.Unlock()
+
+	for _, rebind := range e.overlayRebinds() {
+		if err := rebind(); err != nil {
+			log.Errorf("after TUN renewal: %v", err)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// overlayRebinds is every subsystem of this engine that holds sockets bound to
+// an overlay address, and how to rebuild each one's.
+//
+// A subsystem that starts listening on an overlay address belongs in this list.
+// Leaving it out costs nothing that review would notice and produces a listener
+// that stays in LISTEN, is logged as receiving packets, and refuses every
+// connection for the life of the process.
+func (e *Engine) overlayRebinds() []overlayRebind {
+	return []overlayRebind{
+		e.restartSSHListeners,
+		e.restartDNSForwarder,
+	}
+}
+
+// restartDNSForwarder rebuilds the DNS forwarder serving the same domains.
+// No-op when it is not running. See Engine.rebindOverlayListeners.
+func (e *Engine) restartDNSForwarder() error {
+	if e.dnsForwardMgr == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	// Read from the forwarder before it goes away, so the replacement serves
+	// the domains in force now rather than a copy kept somewhere else.
+	entries := e.dnsForwardMgr.Domains()
+	e.stopDNSForwarder()
+	// Both halves log their own failures, so the only thing left to report is
+	// the outcome: a start that failed left the manager nil, and the forwarder
+	// is now down rather than merely rebound.
+	e.startDNSForwarder(entries)
+	if e.dnsForwardMgr == nil {
+		return errors.New("rebind DNS forwarder: it did not come back up")
+	}
+	return nil
 }
 
 // updateDNSForwarder start or stop the DNS forwarder based on the domains and the feature flag
@@ -2548,7 +2624,14 @@ func (e *Engine) stopDNSForwarder() {
 		return
 	}
 
-	if err := e.dnsForwardMgr.Stop(context.Background()); err != nil {
+	// Bounded because the shutdown waits for queries still in flight, and one
+	// waiting on an unresponsive upstream holds it for as long as that lookup
+	// is allowed to take. This runs with syncMsgMux held, so that wait is one
+	// the whole engine spends.
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), dnsForwarderStopTimeout)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	if err := e.dnsForwardMgr.Stop(ctx); err != nil {
 		log.Errorf("failed to stop DNS forward: %v", err)
 	}
 
diff --git a/client/internal/engine_ssh.go b/client/internal/engine_ssh.go
index 53d2c1122..60bdfd806 100644
--- a/client/internal/engine_ssh.go
+++ b/client/internal/engine_ssh.go
@@ -24,6 +24,8 @@ type sshServer interface {
 	Stop() error
 	GetStatus() (bool, []sshserver.SessionInfo)
 	UpdateSSHAuth(config *sshauth.Config)
+	JWTConfig() *sshserver.JWTConfig
+	AuthConfig() *sshauth.Config
 }
 
 func (e *Engine) setupSSHPortRedirection() error {
@@ -77,7 +79,7 @@ func (e *Engine) updateSSH(sshConf *mgmProto.SSHConfig) error {
 
 	if e.config.DisableSSHAuth != nil && *e.config.DisableSSHAuth {
 		log.Info("starting SSH server without JWT authentication (authentication disabled by config)")
-		return e.startSSHServer(nil)
+		return e.startSSHServer(nil, nil)
 	}
 
 	if protoJWT := sshConf.GetJwtConfig(); protoJWT != nil {
@@ -95,7 +97,7 @@ func (e *Engine) updateSSH(sshConf *mgmProto.SSHConfig) error {
 			MaxTokenAge:  protoJWT.GetMaxTokenAge(),
 		}
 
-		return e.startSSHServer(jwtConfig)
+		return e.startSSHServer(jwtConfig, nil)
 	}
 
 	return errors.New("SSH server requires valid JWT configuration")
@@ -231,8 +233,33 @@ func (e *Engine) cleanupSSHConfig() {
 	}
 }
 
-// startSSHServer initializes and starts the SSH server with proper configuration.
-func (e *Engine) startSSHServer(jwtConfig *sshserver.JWTConfig) error {
+// restartSSHListeners rebuilds the SSH server so it listens on new sockets, on
+// the same terms it was started with. No-op when it is not running. See
+// Engine.rebindOverlayListeners for why this is needed.
+func (e *Engine) restartSSHListeners() error {
+	if e.sshServer == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	// Read from the server before it goes away. A rebuilt one starts with an
+	// empty authorizer, which fails closed, so without carrying the
+	// authorization over every JWT login is refused until the next network map
+	// happens to bring one.
+	jwtConfig, authConfig := e.sshServer.JWTConfig(), e.sshServer.AuthConfig()
+	if err := e.stopSSHServer(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("rebind SSH listeners: %w", err)
+	}
+	if err := e.startSSHServer(jwtConfig, authConfig); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("rebind SSH listeners: %w", err)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// startSSHServer initializes and starts the SSH server with proper
+// configuration. authConfig is the fine-grained authorization to open with, and
+// is applied before the server accepts anything: a server that starts listening
+// with an empty authorizer refuses the logins that arrive in the meantime.
+// Nil leaves it as management has not sent one yet.
+func (e *Engine) startSSHServer(jwtConfig *sshserver.JWTConfig, authConfig *sshauth.Config) error {
 	if e.wgInterface == nil {
 		return errors.New("wg interface not initialized")
 	}
@@ -240,6 +267,7 @@ func (e *Engine) startSSHServer(jwtConfig *sshserver.JWTConfig) error {
 	serverConfig := &sshserver.Config{
 		HostKeyPEM: e.config.SSHKey,
 		JWT:        jwtConfig,
+		Auth:       authConfig,
 	}
 	server := sshserver.New(serverConfig)
 
diff --git a/client/ssh/auth/auth.go b/client/ssh/auth/auth.go
index 079282fdc..92f517fac 100644
--- a/client/ssh/auth/auth.go
+++ b/client/ssh/auth/auth.go
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package auth
 import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"slices"
 	"sync"
 
 	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
@@ -155,6 +156,24 @@ func (a *Authorizer) GetUserIDClaim() string {
 	return a.userIDClaim
 }
 
+// Config returns the authorization currently in force. The user list and the
+// machine-user map are copies; the originals stay in use here.
+func (a *Authorizer) Config() *Config {
+	a.mu.RLock()
+	defer a.mu.RUnlock()
+
+	machineUsers := make(map[string][]uint32, len(a.machineUsers))
+	for osUser, indexes := range a.machineUsers {
+		machineUsers[osUser] = slices.Clone(indexes)
+	}
+
+	return &Config{
+		UserIDClaim:     a.userIDClaim,
+		AuthorizedUsers: slices.Clone(a.authorizedUsers),
+		MachineUsers:    machineUsers,
+	}
+}
+
 // findUserIndex finds the index of a hashed user ID in the authorized users list
 // Returns the index and true if found, 0 and false if not found
 func (a *Authorizer) findUserIndex(hashedUserID sshuserhash.UserIDHash) (int, bool) {
diff --git a/client/ssh/server/server.go b/client/ssh/server/server.go
index 6735e0f3b..b32da796e 100644
--- a/client/ssh/server/server.go
+++ b/client/ssh/server/server.go
@@ -197,6 +197,12 @@ type Config struct {
 
 	// HostKey is the SSH server host key in PEM format
 	HostKeyPEM []byte
+
+	// Auth is the fine-grained authorization to open with. Nil starts with an
+	// empty authorizer, which authorizes nobody until UpdateSSHAuth is called.
+	// Setting it here rather than afterwards means the server never accepts a
+	// login before it knows who is allowed.
+	Auth *sshauth.Config
 }
 
 // SessionInfo contains information about an active SSH session
@@ -220,7 +226,11 @@ func New(config *Config) *Server {
 		connections:            make(map[connKey]*connState),
 		jwtEnabled:             config.JWT != nil,
 		jwtConfig:              config.JWT,
-		authorizer:             sshauth.NewAuthorizer(), // Initialize with empty config
+		authorizer:             sshauth.NewAuthorizer(),
+	}
+
+	if config.Auth != nil {
+		s.authorizer.Update(config.Auth)
 	}
 
 	return s
@@ -461,6 +471,27 @@ func (s *Server) UpdateSSHAuth(config *sshauth.Config) {
 	s.authorizer.Update(config)
 }
 
+// JWTConfig returns the JWT authentication this server was built with, or nil
+// when JWT authentication is disabled.
+func (s *Server) JWTConfig() *JWTConfig {
+	s.mu.RLock()
+	defer s.mu.RUnlock()
+	return s.jwtConfig
+}
+
+// AuthConfig returns the fine-grained authorization currently in force, or nil
+// when the server has no authorizer.
+func (s *Server) AuthConfig() *sshauth.Config {
+	s.mu.RLock()
+	authorizer := s.authorizer
+	s.mu.RUnlock()
+
+	if authorizer == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return authorizer.Config()
+}
+
 // ensureJWTValidator initializes the JWT validator and extractor if not already initialized
 func (s *Server) ensureJWTValidator() error {
 	s.mu.RLock()

From 7c1253004b1c1f95d343c0db8a9971680e0687f4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Viktor Liu <17948409+lixmal@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 3 Sep 2026 19:22:19 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 03/21] [client] Renew the Android TUN only when the routes it
 carries change (#7396)

---
 .../routemanager/notifier/notifier_android.go | 18 ----
 .../routemanager/notifier/route_diff.go       | 27 ++++++
 .../routemanager/notifier/route_diff_test.go  | 88 +++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 115 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 client/internal/routemanager/notifier/route_diff.go
 create mode 100644 client/internal/routemanager/notifier/route_diff_test.go

diff --git a/client/internal/routemanager/notifier/notifier_android.go b/client/internal/routemanager/notifier/notifier_android.go
index 5fa329310..24cbb94db 100644
--- a/client/internal/routemanager/notifier/notifier_android.go
+++ b/client/internal/routemanager/notifier/notifier_android.go
@@ -4,8 +4,6 @@ package notifier
 
 import (
 	"net/netip"
-	"slices"
-	"sort"
 	"sync"
 
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/listener"
@@ -75,19 +73,3 @@ func (n *Notifier) notifyLocked() {
 func (n *Notifier) Close() {
 	// unused
 }
-
-func routesToStrings(routes []*route.Route) []string {
-	nets := make([]string, 0, len(routes))
-	for _, r := range routes {
-		nets = append(nets, r.NetString())
-	}
-	return nets
-}
-
-func hasRouteDiff(a []*route.Route, b []*route.Route) bool {
-	as := routesToStrings(a)
-	bs := routesToStrings(b)
-	sort.Strings(as)
-	sort.Strings(bs)
-	return !slices.Equal(as, bs)
-}
diff --git a/client/internal/routemanager/notifier/route_diff.go b/client/internal/routemanager/notifier/route_diff.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..52abddf36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/client/internal/routemanager/notifier/route_diff.go
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+package notifier
+
+import (
+	"slices"
+	"sort"
+
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/route"
+)
+
+// routePrefixes returns the distinct prefixes a route set covers, sorted.
+// Duplicates are dropped deliberately: an HA group hands us one route per
+// peer serving the same prefix, and the platform is given the prefix, not the
+// candidates. Counting them would report a change every time a peer joins or
+// leaves a group, and on Android each report renews the TUN.
+func routePrefixes(routes []*route.Route) []string {
+	nets := make([]string, 0, len(routes))
+	for _, r := range routes {
+		nets = append(nets, r.NetString())
+	}
+	sort.Strings(nets)
+	return slices.Compact(nets)
+}
+
+// hasRouteDiff reports whether the prefixes the two route sets cover differ.
+func hasRouteDiff(a []*route.Route, b []*route.Route) bool {
+	return !slices.Equal(routePrefixes(a), routePrefixes(b))
+}
diff --git a/client/internal/routemanager/notifier/route_diff_test.go b/client/internal/routemanager/notifier/route_diff_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..80df69d9d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/client/internal/routemanager/notifier/route_diff_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+package notifier
+
+import (
+	"net/netip"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/route"
+)
+
+func routeFor(id route.ID, prefix string) *route.Route {
+	return &route.Route{
+		ID:      id,
+		NetID:   "net",
+		Network: netip.MustParsePrefix(prefix),
+	}
+}
+
+// TestHasRouteDiff_IgnoresHACandidateCount is the reason the comparison
+// deduplicates. Every notification renews the TUN, and a renewed TUN
+// invalidates the sockets the embedded servers are listening on, so a peer
+// joining or leaving an HA group must not count as a route change when the
+// prefixes the TUN carries are identical.
+func TestHasRouteDiff_IgnoresHACandidateCount(t *testing.T) {
+	onePeer := []*route.Route{routeFor("a", "10.0.0.0/24")}
+	twoPeers := []*route.Route{
+		routeFor("a", "10.0.0.0/24"),
+		routeFor("b", "10.0.0.0/24"),
+	}
+
+	assert.False(t, hasRouteDiff(onePeer, twoPeers),
+		"a second peer serving the same prefix is not a route change")
+	assert.False(t, hasRouteDiff(twoPeers, onePeer),
+		"losing one of two peers serving the same prefix is not a route change")
+}
+
+func TestHasRouteDiff_ReportsRealChanges(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name string
+		a    []*route.Route
+		b    []*route.Route
+		want bool
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "added prefix",
+			a:    []*route.Route{routeFor("a", "10.0.0.0/24")},
+			b:    []*route.Route{routeFor("a", "10.0.0.0/24"), routeFor("b", "10.0.1.0/24")},
+			want: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "removed prefix",
+			a:    []*route.Route{routeFor("a", "10.0.0.0/24"), routeFor("b", "10.0.1.0/24")},
+			b:    []*route.Route{routeFor("a", "10.0.0.0/24")},
+			want: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "replaced prefix",
+			a:    []*route.Route{routeFor("a", "10.0.0.0/24")},
+			b:    []*route.Route{routeFor("a", "10.0.1.0/24")},
+			want: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "same prefix, different order",
+			a:    []*route.Route{routeFor("a", "10.0.1.0/24"), routeFor("b", "10.0.0.0/24")},
+			b:    []*route.Route{routeFor("b", "10.0.0.0/24"), routeFor("a", "10.0.1.0/24")},
+			want: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "all routes gone",
+			a:    []*route.Route{routeFor("a", "10.0.0.0/24")},
+			b:    nil,
+			want: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "both empty",
+			a:    nil,
+			b:    nil,
+			want: false,
+		},
+	}
+	for _, tc := range tests {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			assert.Equal(t, tc.want, hasRouteDiff(tc.a, tc.b),
+				"route diff for %s", tc.name)
+		})
+	}
+}

From 798e4a0546fa4373c556564d14672fc433246fe7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Brad Ison <bison@netbird.io>
Date: Thu, 3 Sep 2026 16:44:18 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 04/21] [misc] Skip the protobuf breaking check on
 branch-creation pushes (#7411)

A push that creates a branch sends the all-zero SHA as `before`, and
bufbuild/buf-action unconditionally builds its default baseline from
it:(src/inputs.ts:86), so `buf breaking` failed cloning a ref that does
not exist. This broke the first run on every new release-* branch, most
recently release-0.78.

Gate `breaking` on github.event.created instead. Nothing is lost: every
commit on a freshly cut release branch already passed the check on main,
and pushes with a real `before` -- plus pull requests, which compare
against their own base -- keep the action's own default baseline, so
stacked PRs are unaffected.

Also drop `build: false`, which is not an input this action accepts and
only produced a warning.
---
 .github/workflows/buf.yml | 19 +++++++++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 17 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/buf.yml b/.github/workflows/buf.yml
index a993293d4..cc7629534 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/buf.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/buf.yml
@@ -27,7 +27,22 @@ jobs:
           push: false
           archive: false
           pr_comment: false
-          build: false
           lint: false
           format: false
-          breaking: true
+          # A push that creates a branch carries no `before` commit, so the
+          # action's default baseline is the all-zero SHA and `buf breaking`
+          # dies cloning it. Skipping costs nothing: every commit on a freshly
+          # cut release branch should have already passed this check on main.
+          breaking: ${{ !github.event.created }}
+          # The alternative is to compare against the default branch instead of
+          # skipping. Not used: buf clones the baseline when the job runs, so a
+          # main that has moved on since the branch was cut reads as protos
+          # deleted on the release branch. Resolving to an empty string on every
+          # other event is what keeps the action's own default in place, which
+          # stacked pull requests need.
+          # breaking_against: >-
+          #   ${{ github.event.created
+          #     && format('{0}#format=git,branch={1}',
+          #               github.event.repository.clone_url,
+          #               github.event.repository.default_branch)
+          #     || '' }}

From c2b5d211d94b855a8b69c7b3f7e392ddce25019b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Viktor Liu <17948409+lixmal@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 4 Sep 2026 14:15:20 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 05/21] [management] Enforce reverse proxy group access before
 minting and when honouring a session cookie (#7240)

---
 .../modules/reverseproxy/service/service.go   |   1 +
 .../reverseproxy/service/service_test.go      |  38 +
 management/internals/shared/grpc/proxy.go     |  18 +-
 .../shared/grpc/validate_session_test.go      |  51 ++
 management/server/http/handlers/proxy/auth.go |  10 +-
 proxy/internal/auth/middleware.go             |  65 +-
 proxy/internal/auth/middleware_test.go        | 102 +--
 proxy/internal/auth/session_groups_test.go    | 167 ++++
 proxy/internal/auth/tunnel_lookup_test.go     |  10 +-
 proxy/management_integration_test.go          |   1 +
 proxy/server.go                               |   2 +-
 shared/management/proto/proxy_service.pb.go   | 798 +++++++++---------
 shared/management/proto/proxy_service.proto   |   6 +
 13 files changed, 815 insertions(+), 454 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 proxy/internal/auth/session_groups_test.go

diff --git a/management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/service/service.go b/management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/service/service.go
index b6438abde..1488003cb 100644
--- a/management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/service/service.go
+++ b/management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/service/service.go
@@ -388,6 +388,7 @@ func (s *Service) ToProtoMapping(operation Operation, authToken string, oidcConf
 
 	if s.Auth.BearerAuth != nil && s.Auth.BearerAuth.Enabled {
 		auth.Oidc = true
+		auth.AllowedGroupIds = append([]string(nil), s.Auth.BearerAuth.DistributionGroups...)
 	}
 
 	for _, h := range s.Auth.HeaderAuths {
diff --git a/management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/service/service_test.go b/management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/service/service_test.go
index a149ac609..fc59968a2 100644
--- a/management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/service/service_test.go
+++ b/management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/service/service_test.go
@@ -250,6 +250,44 @@ func TestToProtoMapping_TargetOptions(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, int64(30), opts.RequestTimeout.Seconds)
 }
 
+// TestToProtoMapping_AllowedGroupIds covers the list the proxy gates session
+// cookies on: without it the proxy can only check a cookie's signature, which
+// makes a token minted for a user outside the groups a bearer credential.
+func TestToProtoMapping_AllowedGroupIds(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("distribution groups reach the proxy", func(t *testing.T) {
+		rp := &Service{
+			ID:        "svc-1",
+			AccountID: "acc-1",
+			Domain:    "example.com",
+			Auth: AuthConfig{
+				BearerAuth: &BearerAuthConfig{
+					Enabled:            true,
+					DistributionGroups: []string{"grp-1", "grp-2"},
+				},
+			},
+		}
+		pm := rp.ToProtoMapping(Create, "token", proxy.OIDCValidationConfig{})
+
+		assert.True(t, pm.GetAuth().GetOidc())
+		assert.Equal(t, []string{"grp-1", "grp-2"}, pm.GetAuth().GetAllowedGroupIds())
+	})
+
+	t.Run("a service open to the account carries no groups", func(t *testing.T) {
+		rp := &Service{
+			ID:        "svc-1",
+			AccountID: "acc-1",
+			Domain:    "example.com",
+			Auth: AuthConfig{
+				BearerAuth: &BearerAuthConfig{Enabled: true},
+			},
+		}
+		pm := rp.ToProtoMapping(Create, "token", proxy.OIDCValidationConfig{})
+
+		assert.True(t, pm.GetAuth().GetOidc())
+		assert.Empty(t, pm.GetAuth().GetAllowedGroupIds(), "an empty list must not restrict access")
+	})
+}
+
 func TestToProtoMapping_NoOptionsWhenDefault(t *testing.T) {
 	rp := &Service{
 		ID:        "svc-1",
diff --git a/management/internals/shared/grpc/proxy.go b/management/internals/shared/grpc/proxy.go
index cee50b270..2fc969ad0 100644
--- a/management/internals/shared/grpc/proxy.go
+++ b/management/internals/shared/grpc/proxy.go
@@ -1651,6 +1651,10 @@ var (
 	// ErrUserBlocked reports a blocked user, who may not hold a proxy session.
 	ErrUserBlocked = errors.New("user blocked")
 
+	// ErrUserNotInGroup reports a user outside the service's distribution
+	// groups, who may not hold a proxy session for it.
+	ErrUserNotInGroup = errors.New("user not in allowed groups")
+
 	errUserUnresolved = errors.New("user could not be resolved")
 )
 
@@ -1689,8 +1693,10 @@ func sameAccount(userAccountID, serviceAccountID string) bool {
 // GenerateSessionToken creates a signed session JWT for the given domain and
 // user. The user's group memberships are embedded in the token so policy-aware
 // middlewares on the proxy can authorise without an extra management round-trip.
-// A user the store cannot resolve, or whose account is pending approval or
-// blocked, gets no token at all, so the browser never receives a session cookie.
+// A user the store cannot resolve, whose account is pending approval or blocked,
+// or who is outside the service's distribution groups, gets no token at all: the
+// token is a bearer credential for the service, so authorisation has to run
+// before it is signed rather than only when the proxy presents it back.
 func (s *ProxyServiceServer) GenerateSessionToken(ctx context.Context, domain, userID string, method proxyauth.Method) (string, error) {
 	service, err := s.getServiceByDomain(ctx, domain)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -1726,6 +1732,14 @@ func (s *ProxyServiceServer) GenerateSessionToken(ctx context.Context, domain, u
 		return "", fmt.Errorf("session token for user %s: %w", userID, err)
 	}
 
+	if err := s.checkGroupAccess(service, user); err != nil {
+		log.WithContext(ctx).WithFields(log.Fields{
+			"domain":  domain,
+			"user_id": userID,
+		}).Debug("GenerateSessionToken: user not in the service's distribution groups")
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("session token for user %s: %w", userID, ErrUserNotInGroup)
+	}
+
 	groupIDs, groupNames := pairGroupIDsAndNames(userGroups)
 
 	token, err := sessionkey.SignToken(
diff --git a/management/internals/shared/grpc/validate_session_test.go b/management/internals/shared/grpc/validate_session_test.go
index 03f200414..4e70e61e4 100644
--- a/management/internals/shared/grpc/validate_session_test.go
+++ b/management/internals/shared/grpc/validate_session_test.go
@@ -431,6 +431,57 @@ func TestValidateSession_MissingToken(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Contains(t, resp.DeniedReason, "missing")
 }
 
+// TestGenerateSessionToken_UserNotInAllowedGroupGetsNoToken is the regression
+// guard for the group-authorisation bypass: the callback used to hand a signed
+// token to a user the service denies, and the proxy honoured that token as soon
+// as the user moved it into the nb_session cookie themselves. Authorisation has
+// to run before the token is signed.
+func TestGenerateSessionToken_UserNotInAllowedGroupGetsNoToken(t *testing.T) {
+	setup := setupValidateSessionTest(t)
+	defer setup.cleanup()
+
+	token, err := setup.proxyService.GenerateSessionToken(context.Background(), "restricted-proxy.example.com", "nonGroupUserId", auth.MethodOIDC)
+
+	require.Error(t, err, "a user outside the distribution groups must not receive a token")
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrUserNotInGroup, "the callback maps this sentinel onto the access denied page")
+	assert.Empty(t, token, "no token may reach the browser")
+}
+
+func TestGenerateSessionToken_UserInAllowedGroupGetsTokenWithGroups(t *testing.T) {
+	setup := setupValidateSessionTest(t)
+	defer setup.cleanup()
+
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	svc, err := setup.store.GetServiceByID(ctx, store.LockingStrengthNone, "testAccountId", "restrictedProxyId")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	token, err := setup.proxyService.GenerateSessionToken(ctx, "restricted-proxy.example.com", "allowedUserId", auth.MethodOIDC)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NotEmpty(t, token)
+
+	pubKey, err := base64.StdEncoding.DecodeString(svc.SessionPublicKey)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	userID, _, method, groups, _, err := auth.ValidateSessionJWT(token, "restricted-proxy.example.com", pubKey)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, "allowedUserId", userID)
+	assert.Equal(t, auth.MethodOIDC.String(), method)
+	assert.Equal(t, []string{"allowedGroupId"}, groups, "the proxy gates the cookie on this claim, so it must carry the matched group")
+}
+
+// TestGenerateSessionToken_UnrestrictedServiceAllowsAnyAccountUser keeps the new
+// gate scoped: a service without distribution groups is open to every user of
+// its account, as before.
+func TestGenerateSessionToken_UnrestrictedServiceAllowsAnyAccountUser(t *testing.T) {
+	setup := setupValidateSessionTest(t)
+	defer setup.cleanup()
+
+	token, err := setup.proxyService.GenerateSessionToken(context.Background(), "test-proxy.example.com", "nonGroupUserId", auth.MethodOIDC)
+
+	require.NoError(t, err, "an unrestricted service must keep working for any user of the account")
+	assert.NotEmpty(t, token)
+}
+
 type testValidateSessionServiceManager struct {
 	store store.Store
 }
diff --git a/management/server/http/handlers/proxy/auth.go b/management/server/http/handlers/proxy/auth.go
index 62725e8d4..0f4b72e14 100644
--- a/management/server/http/handlers/proxy/auth.go
+++ b/management/server/http/handlers/proxy/auth.go
@@ -100,9 +100,10 @@ func (h *AuthCallbackHandler) handleCallback(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Requ
 		return
 	}
 
-	// Group validation is performed by the proxy via ValidateSession gRPC call.
-	// This allows the proxy to show 403 pages directly without redirect dance.
-
+	// GenerateSessionToken applies the service's group and account-status gates,
+	// so a user without access never receives a token. The proxy re-checks the
+	// installed cookie against the service's allowed groups, and renders the
+	// denial page from the error carried back in the redirect.
 	sessionToken, err := h.proxyService.GenerateSessionToken(r.Context(), redirectURL.Hostname(), userID, auth.MethodOIDC)
 	if err != nil {
 		log.WithError(err).Error("Failed to create session token")
@@ -136,6 +137,9 @@ func sessionTokenErrorDescription(err error) string {
 	if errors.Is(err, nbgrpc.ErrUserBlocked) {
 		return "Your account is blocked"
 	}
+	if errors.Is(err, nbgrpc.ErrUserNotInGroup) {
+		return "You are not authorized to access this service"
+	}
 	return "Service configuration error"
 }
 
diff --git a/proxy/internal/auth/middleware.go b/proxy/internal/auth/middleware.go
index 8abdf2923..1d46fd824 100644
--- a/proxy/internal/auth/middleware.go
+++ b/proxy/internal/auth/middleware.go
@@ -59,6 +59,11 @@ type DomainConfig struct {
 	IPRestrictions    *restrict.Filter
 	// Private routes the domain through ValidateTunnelPeer; failure → 403.
 	Private bool
+	// AllowedGroups holds the group ids that may reach the service through an
+	// OIDC identity. When non-empty, a session cookie is honoured only if its
+	// groups claim intersects this set. Empty means group membership does not
+	// restrict access.
+	AllowedGroups map[string]struct{}
 }
 
 type validationResult struct {
@@ -316,6 +321,9 @@ func (mw *Middleware) handleOAuthCallbackError(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Re
 
 // forwardWithSessionCookie checks for a valid session cookie and, if found,
 // sets the user identity on the request context and forwards to the next handler.
+// A signature-valid cookie is not on its own a grant: an OIDC session must also
+// carry a group the service allows, so a token cannot be replayed past the
+// group check that gated the login it came from.
 func (mw *Middleware) forwardWithSessionCookie(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, host string, config DomainConfig, next http.Handler) bool {
 	cookie, err := r.Cookie(auth.SessionCookieName)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -335,6 +343,14 @@ func (mw *Middleware) forwardWithSessionCookie(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Re
 		return false
 	}
 
+	if !sessionGroupsAllowed(config.AllowedGroups, auth.Method(method), groups) {
+		mw.logger.WithFields(log.Fields{
+			"host":    host,
+			"user_id": userID,
+		}).Debug("session cookie rejected: groups claim does not intersect the service's allowed groups")
+		return false
+	}
+
 	if cd := proxy.CapturedDataFromContext(r.Context()); cd != nil {
 		cd.SetUserID(userID)
 		cd.SetUserEmail(email)
@@ -625,7 +641,8 @@ func wasCredentialSubmitted(r *http.Request, method auth.Method) bool {
 
 // AddDomain registers authentication schemes for the given domain. With schemes a valid session public key is required.
 // private=true forces ValidateTunnelPeer enforcement (403 on failure) regardless of the schemes list.
-func (mw *Middleware) AddDomain(domain string, schemes []Scheme, publicKeyB64 string, expiration time.Duration, accountID types.AccountID, serviceID types.ServiceID, ipRestrictions *restrict.Filter, private bool) error {
+// allowedGroups restricts OIDC sessions to the given group ids; empty means unrestricted.
+func (mw *Middleware) AddDomain(domain string, schemes []Scheme, publicKeyB64 string, expiration time.Duration, accountID types.AccountID, serviceID types.ServiceID, ipRestrictions *restrict.Filter, private bool, allowedGroups []string) error {
 	if len(schemes) == 0 {
 		mw.domainsMux.Lock()
 		defer mw.domainsMux.Unlock()
@@ -634,6 +651,7 @@ func (mw *Middleware) AddDomain(domain string, schemes []Scheme, publicKeyB64 st
 			ServiceID:      serviceID,
 			IPRestrictions: ipRestrictions,
 			Private:        private,
+			AllowedGroups:  groupSet(allowedGroups),
 		}
 		return nil
 	}
@@ -656,6 +674,7 @@ func (mw *Middleware) AddDomain(domain string, schemes []Scheme, publicKeyB64 st
 		ServiceID:         serviceID,
 		IPRestrictions:    ipRestrictions,
 		Private:           private,
+		AllowedGroups:     groupSet(allowedGroups),
 	}
 	return nil
 }
@@ -707,6 +726,50 @@ func (mw *Middleware) validateSessionToken(ctx context.Context, host, token stri
 	return &validationResult{UserID: userID, UserEmail: email, Valid: true, Groups: groups, GroupNames: groupNames}, nil
 }
 
+// groupSet builds the lookup set the cookie path consults, returning nil for an
+// empty list so callers can test membership restriction with len().
+func groupSet(groups []string) map[string]struct{} {
+	if len(groups) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	set := make(map[string]struct{}, len(groups))
+	for _, g := range groups {
+		if g != "" {
+			set[g] = struct{}{}
+		}
+	}
+	if len(set) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return set
+}
+
+// sessionGroupsAllowed reports whether a session token's groups claim satisfies
+// the service's allowed groups. Only OIDC sessions are gated: password, PIN and
+// header credentials carry no group identity and are authorised by the secret
+// itself, which mirrors how management validates them. A token minted before the
+// groups claim existed carries none and is therefore denied on a group-restricted
+// service, which sends the user back through login for a fresh decision. A method
+// this build doesn't know carries no such argument, so it is denied.
+func sessionGroupsAllowed(allowed map[string]struct{}, method auth.Method, groups []string) bool {
+	if len(allowed) == 0 {
+		return true
+	}
+	switch method {
+	case auth.MethodPassword, auth.MethodPIN, auth.MethodHeader:
+		return true
+	case auth.MethodOIDC:
+		for _, g := range groups {
+			if _, ok := allowed[g]; ok {
+				return true
+			}
+		}
+		return false
+	default:
+		return false
+	}
+}
+
 // stripSessionTokenParam returns the request URI with the session_token query
 // parameter removed so it doesn't linger in the browser's address bar or history.
 func stripSessionTokenParam(u *url.URL) string {
diff --git a/proxy/internal/auth/middleware_test.go b/proxy/internal/auth/middleware_test.go
index 9220ce790..f1242f95e 100644
--- a/proxy/internal/auth/middleware_test.go
+++ b/proxy/internal/auth/middleware_test.go
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ func TestAddDomain_ValidKey(t *testing.T) {
 	kp := generateTestKeyPair(t)
 
 	scheme := &stubScheme{method: auth.MethodPIN, promptID: "pin"}
-	err := mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{scheme}, kp.PublicKey, time.Hour, "", "", nil, false)
+	err := mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{scheme}, kp.PublicKey, time.Hour, "", "", nil, false, nil)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
 	mw.domainsMux.RLock()
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ func TestAddDomain_EmptyKey(t *testing.T) {
 	mw := NewMiddleware(log.StandardLogger(), nil, nil)
 
 	scheme := &stubScheme{method: auth.MethodPIN, promptID: "pin"}
-	err := mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{scheme}, "", time.Hour, "", "", nil, false)
+	err := mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{scheme}, "", time.Hour, "", "", nil, false, nil)
 	require.Error(t, err)
 	assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "invalid session public key size")
 
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ func TestAddDomain_InvalidBase64(t *testing.T) {
 	mw := NewMiddleware(log.StandardLogger(), nil, nil)
 
 	scheme := &stubScheme{method: auth.MethodPIN, promptID: "pin"}
-	err := mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{scheme}, "not-valid-base64!!!", time.Hour, "", "", nil, false)
+	err := mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{scheme}, "not-valid-base64!!!", time.Hour, "", "", nil, false, nil)
 	require.Error(t, err)
 	assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "decode session public key")
 
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ func TestAddDomain_WrongKeySize(t *testing.T) {
 
 	shortKey := base64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString([]byte("tooshort"))
 	scheme := &stubScheme{method: auth.MethodPIN, promptID: "pin"}
-	err := mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{scheme}, shortKey, time.Hour, "", "", nil, false)
+	err := mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{scheme}, shortKey, time.Hour, "", "", nil, false, nil)
 	require.Error(t, err)
 	assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "invalid session public key size")
 
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ func TestAddDomain_WrongKeySize(t *testing.T) {
 func TestAddDomain_NoSchemes_NoKeyRequired(t *testing.T) {
 	mw := NewMiddleware(log.StandardLogger(), nil, nil)
 
-	err := mw.AddDomain("example.com", nil, "", time.Hour, "", "", nil, false)
+	err := mw.AddDomain("example.com", nil, "", time.Hour, "", "", nil, false, nil)
 	require.NoError(t, err, "domains with no auth schemes should not require a key")
 
 	mw.domainsMux.RLock()
@@ -141,8 +141,8 @@ func TestAddDomain_OverwritesPreviousConfig(t *testing.T) {
 
 	scheme := &stubScheme{method: auth.MethodPIN, promptID: "pin"}
 
-	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{scheme}, kp1.PublicKey, time.Hour, "", "", nil, false))
-	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{scheme}, kp2.PublicKey, 2*time.Hour, "", "", nil, false))
+	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{scheme}, kp1.PublicKey, time.Hour, "", "", nil, false, nil))
+	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{scheme}, kp2.PublicKey, 2*time.Hour, "", "", nil, false, nil))
 
 	mw.domainsMux.RLock()
 	config := mw.domains["example.com"]
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ func TestRemoveDomain(t *testing.T) {
 	kp := generateTestKeyPair(t)
 
 	scheme := &stubScheme{method: auth.MethodPIN, promptID: "pin"}
-	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{scheme}, kp.PublicKey, time.Hour, "", "", nil, false))
+	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{scheme}, kp.PublicKey, time.Hour, "", "", nil, false, nil))
 
 	mw.RemoveDomain("example.com")
 
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ func TestProtect_UnknownDomainPassesThrough(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestProtect_DomainWithNoSchemesPassesThrough(t *testing.T) {
 	mw := NewMiddleware(log.StandardLogger(), nil, nil)
-	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("example.com", nil, "", time.Hour, "", "", nil, false))
+	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("example.com", nil, "", time.Hour, "", "", nil, false, nil))
 
 	handler := mw.Protect(newPassthroughHandler())
 
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ func TestProtect_UnauthenticatedRequestIsBlocked(t *testing.T) {
 	kp := generateTestKeyPair(t)
 
 	scheme := &stubScheme{method: auth.MethodPIN, promptID: "pin"}
-	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{scheme}, kp.PublicKey, time.Hour, "", "", nil, false))
+	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{scheme}, kp.PublicKey, time.Hour, "", "", nil, false, nil))
 
 	var backendCalled bool
 	backend := http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, _ *http.Request) {
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ func TestProtect_HostWithPortIsMatched(t *testing.T) {
 	kp := generateTestKeyPair(t)
 
 	scheme := &stubScheme{method: auth.MethodPIN, promptID: "pin"}
-	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{scheme}, kp.PublicKey, time.Hour, "", "", nil, false))
+	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{scheme}, kp.PublicKey, time.Hour, "", "", nil, false, nil))
 
 	var backendCalled bool
 	backend := http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, _ *http.Request) {
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ func TestProtect_ValidSessionCookiePassesThrough(t *testing.T) {
 	kp := generateTestKeyPair(t)
 
 	scheme := &stubScheme{method: auth.MethodPIN, promptID: "pin"}
-	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{scheme}, kp.PublicKey, time.Hour, "", "", nil, false))
+	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{scheme}, kp.PublicKey, time.Hour, "", "", nil, false, nil))
 
 	token, err := sessionkey.SignToken(kp.PrivateKey, "test-user", "", "example.com", auth.MethodPIN, nil, nil, time.Hour)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
@@ -274,7 +274,7 @@ func TestProtect_SessionCookieGroupsPropagate(t *testing.T) {
 	kp := generateTestKeyPair(t)
 
 	scheme := &stubScheme{method: auth.MethodPIN, promptID: "pin"}
-	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{scheme}, kp.PublicKey, time.Hour, "", "", nil, false))
+	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{scheme}, kp.PublicKey, time.Hour, "", "", nil, false, nil))
 
 	groups := []string{"engineering", "sre"}
 	token, err := sessionkey.SignToken(kp.PrivateKey, "test-user", "", "example.com", auth.MethodPIN, groups, nil, time.Hour)
@@ -339,7 +339,7 @@ func TestProtect_PrivateService_TunnelPeerGroupsPropagate(t *testing.T) {
 	kp := generateTestKeyPair(t)
 
 	// Private service: no operator schemes — auth gates solely on the tunnel peer.
-	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("agent.example.com", nil, kp.PublicKey, time.Hour, "acct-1", "svc-1", nil, true))
+	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("agent.example.com", nil, kp.PublicKey, time.Hour, "acct-1", "svc-1", nil, true, nil))
 
 	cd := proxy.NewCapturedData("")
 	cd.SetClientIP(netip.MustParseAddr("100.90.1.14")) // CGNAT tunnel source
@@ -379,7 +379,7 @@ func TestProtect_PrivateService_TunnelPeerDenied(t *testing.T) {
 	}}
 	mw := NewMiddleware(log.StandardLogger(), validator, nil)
 	kp := generateTestKeyPair(t)
-	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("agent.example.com", nil, kp.PublicKey, time.Hour, "acct-1", "svc-1", nil, true))
+	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("agent.example.com", nil, kp.PublicKey, time.Hour, "acct-1", "svc-1", nil, true, nil))
 
 	cd := proxy.NewCapturedData("")
 	cd.SetClientIP(netip.MustParseAddr("100.90.1.14"))
@@ -407,7 +407,7 @@ func TestProtect_ExpiredSessionCookieIsRejected(t *testing.T) {
 	kp := generateTestKeyPair(t)
 
 	scheme := &stubScheme{method: auth.MethodPIN, promptID: "pin"}
-	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{scheme}, kp.PublicKey, time.Hour, "", "", nil, false))
+	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{scheme}, kp.PublicKey, time.Hour, "", "", nil, false, nil))
 
 	// Sign a token that expired 1 second ago.
 	token, err := sessionkey.SignToken(kp.PrivateKey, "test-user", "", "example.com", auth.MethodPIN, nil, nil, -time.Second)
@@ -433,7 +433,7 @@ func TestProtect_WrongDomainCookieIsRejected(t *testing.T) {
 	kp := generateTestKeyPair(t)
 
 	scheme := &stubScheme{method: auth.MethodPIN, promptID: "pin"}
-	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{scheme}, kp.PublicKey, time.Hour, "", "", nil, false))
+	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{scheme}, kp.PublicKey, time.Hour, "", "", nil, false, nil))
 
 	// Token signed for a different domain audience.
 	token, err := sessionkey.SignToken(kp.PrivateKey, "test-user", "", "other.com", auth.MethodPIN, nil, nil, time.Hour)
@@ -460,7 +460,7 @@ func TestProtect_WrongKeyCookieIsRejected(t *testing.T) {
 	kp2 := generateTestKeyPair(t)
 
 	scheme := &stubScheme{method: auth.MethodPIN, promptID: "pin"}
-	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{scheme}, kp1.PublicKey, time.Hour, "", "", nil, false))
+	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{scheme}, kp1.PublicKey, time.Hour, "", "", nil, false, nil))
 
 	// Token signed with a different private key.
 	token, err := sessionkey.SignToken(kp2.PrivateKey, "test-user", "", "example.com", auth.MethodPIN, nil, nil, time.Hour)
@@ -497,7 +497,7 @@ func TestProtect_SchemeAuthRedirectsWithCookie(t *testing.T) {
 			return "", "pin", nil
 		},
 	}
-	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{scheme}, kp.PublicKey, time.Hour, "", "", nil, false))
+	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{scheme}, kp.PublicKey, time.Hour, "", "", nil, false, nil))
 
 	var backendCalled bool
 	backend := http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, _ *http.Request) {
@@ -550,7 +550,7 @@ func TestProtect_FailedAuthDoesNotSetCookie(t *testing.T) {
 			return "", "pin", nil
 		},
 	}
-	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{scheme}, kp.PublicKey, time.Hour, "", "", nil, false))
+	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{scheme}, kp.PublicKey, time.Hour, "", "", nil, false, nil))
 
 	handler := mw.Protect(newPassthroughHandler())
 
@@ -586,7 +586,7 @@ func TestProtect_MultipleSchemes(t *testing.T) {
 			return "", "password", nil
 		},
 	}
-	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{pinScheme, passwordScheme}, kp.PublicKey, time.Hour, "", "", nil, false))
+	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{pinScheme, passwordScheme}, kp.PublicKey, time.Hour, "", "", nil, false, nil))
 
 	var backendCalled bool
 	backend := http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, _ *http.Request) {
@@ -616,7 +616,7 @@ func TestProtect_InvalidTokenFromSchemeReturns400(t *testing.T) {
 			return "invalid-jwt-token", "", nil
 		},
 	}
-	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{scheme}, kp.PublicKey, time.Hour, "", "", nil, false))
+	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{scheme}, kp.PublicKey, time.Hour, "", "", nil, false, nil))
 
 	handler := mw.Protect(newPassthroughHandler())
 
@@ -640,7 +640,7 @@ func TestAddDomain_RandomBytes32NotEd25519(t *testing.T) {
 	key := base64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString(randomBytes)
 	scheme := &stubScheme{method: auth.MethodPIN, promptID: "pin"}
 
-	err = mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{scheme}, key, time.Hour, "", "", nil, false)
+	err = mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{scheme}, key, time.Hour, "", "", nil, false, nil)
 	require.NoError(t, err, "any 32-byte key should be accepted at registration time")
 }
 
@@ -649,10 +649,10 @@ func TestAddDomain_InvalidKeyDoesNotCorruptExistingConfig(t *testing.T) {
 	kp := generateTestKeyPair(t)
 
 	scheme := &stubScheme{method: auth.MethodPIN, promptID: "pin"}
-	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{scheme}, kp.PublicKey, time.Hour, "", "", nil, false))
+	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{scheme}, kp.PublicKey, time.Hour, "", "", nil, false, nil))
 
 	// Attempt to overwrite with an invalid key.
-	err := mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{scheme}, "bad", time.Hour, "", "", nil, false)
+	err := mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{scheme}, "bad", time.Hour, "", "", nil, false, nil)
 	require.Error(t, err)
 
 	// The original valid config should still be intact.
@@ -676,7 +676,7 @@ func TestProtect_FailedPinAuthCapturesAuthMethod(t *testing.T) {
 			return "", "pin", nil
 		},
 	}
-	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{scheme}, kp.PublicKey, time.Hour, "", "", nil, false))
+	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{scheme}, kp.PublicKey, time.Hour, "", "", nil, false, nil))
 
 	capturedData := proxy.NewCapturedData("")
 	handler := mw.Protect(newPassthroughHandler())
@@ -703,7 +703,7 @@ func TestProtect_FailedPasswordAuthCapturesAuthMethod(t *testing.T) {
 			return "", "password", nil
 		},
 	}
-	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{scheme}, kp.PublicKey, time.Hour, "", "", nil, false))
+	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{scheme}, kp.PublicKey, time.Hour, "", "", nil, false, nil))
 
 	capturedData := proxy.NewCapturedData("")
 	handler := mw.Protect(newPassthroughHandler())
@@ -730,7 +730,7 @@ func TestProtect_NoCredentialsDoesNotCaptureAuthMethod(t *testing.T) {
 			return "", "pin", nil
 		},
 	}
-	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{scheme}, kp.PublicKey, time.Hour, "", "", nil, false))
+	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{scheme}, kp.PublicKey, time.Hour, "", "", nil, false, nil))
 
 	capturedData := proxy.NewCapturedData("")
 	handler := mw.Protect(newPassthroughHandler())
@@ -818,7 +818,7 @@ func TestCheckIPRestrictions_UnparseableAddress(t *testing.T) {
 	mw := NewMiddleware(log.StandardLogger(), nil, nil)
 
 	err := mw.AddDomain("example.com", nil, "", 0, "acc1", "svc1",
-		restrict.ParseFilter(restrict.FilterConfig{AllowedCIDRs: []string{"10.0.0.0/8"}}), false)
+		restrict.ParseFilter(restrict.FilterConfig{AllowedCIDRs: []string{"10.0.0.0/8"}}), false, nil)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
 	handler := mw.Protect(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
@@ -854,7 +854,7 @@ func TestCheckIPRestrictions_UsesCapturedDataClientIP(t *testing.T) {
 	mw := NewMiddleware(log.StandardLogger(), nil, nil)
 
 	err := mw.AddDomain("example.com", nil, "", 0, "acc1", "svc1",
-		restrict.ParseFilter(restrict.FilterConfig{AllowedCIDRs: []string{"203.0.113.0/24"}}), false)
+		restrict.ParseFilter(restrict.FilterConfig{AllowedCIDRs: []string{"203.0.113.0/24"}}), false, nil)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
 	handler := mw.Protect(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
@@ -895,7 +895,7 @@ func TestCheckIPRestrictions_NilGeoWithCountryRules(t *testing.T) {
 	mw := NewMiddleware(log.StandardLogger(), nil, nil)
 
 	err := mw.AddDomain("example.com", nil, "", 0, "acc1", "svc1",
-		restrict.ParseFilter(restrict.FilterConfig{AllowedCountries: []string{"US"}}), false)
+		restrict.ParseFilter(restrict.FilterConfig{AllowedCountries: []string{"US"}}), false, nil)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
 	handler := mw.Protect(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
@@ -922,7 +922,7 @@ func TestCheckIPRestrictions_OverlayOriginSkipsCountryRules(t *testing.T) {
 		restrict.ParseFilter(restrict.FilterConfig{
 			AllowedCIDRs:     []string{"100.64.0.0/10"},
 			AllowedCountries: []string{"US"},
-		}), false)
+		}), false, nil)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
 	handler := mw.Protect(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, _ *http.Request) {
@@ -956,7 +956,7 @@ func TestCheckIPRestrictions_OverlayOriginRespectsCIDR(t *testing.T) {
 	mw := NewMiddleware(log.StandardLogger(), nil, nil)
 
 	err := mw.AddDomain("example.com", nil, "", 0, "acc1", "svc1",
-		restrict.ParseFilter(restrict.FilterConfig{AllowedCIDRs: []string{"100.64.0.0/16"}}), false)
+		restrict.ParseFilter(restrict.FilterConfig{AllowedCIDRs: []string{"100.64.0.0/16"}}), false, nil)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
 	handler := mw.Protect(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, _ *http.Request) {
@@ -984,7 +984,7 @@ func TestProtect_OIDCOnlyRedirectsDirectly(t *testing.T) {
 			return "", oidcURL, nil
 		},
 	}
-	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{scheme}, kp.PublicKey, time.Hour, "", "", nil, false))
+	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{scheme}, kp.PublicKey, time.Hour, "", "", nil, false, nil))
 
 	handler := mw.Protect(newPassthroughHandler())
 
@@ -1013,7 +1013,7 @@ func TestProtect_OIDCWithOtherMethodShowsLoginPage(t *testing.T) {
 			return "", "pin", nil
 		},
 	}
-	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{oidcScheme, pinScheme}, kp.PublicKey, time.Hour, "", "", nil, false))
+	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{oidcScheme, pinScheme}, kp.PublicKey, time.Hour, "", "", nil, false, nil))
 
 	handler := mw.Protect(newPassthroughHandler())
 
@@ -1043,7 +1043,7 @@ func TestProtect_HeaderAuth_ForwardsOnSuccess(t *testing.T) {
 	kp := generateTestKeyPair(t)
 
 	hdr := newHeaderScheme(t, "X-API-Key", "secret-key")
-	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{hdr}, kp.PublicKey, time.Hour, "acc1", "svc1", nil, false))
+	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{hdr}, kp.PublicKey, time.Hour, "acc1", "svc1", nil, false, nil))
 
 	var backendCalled bool
 	capturedData := proxy.NewCapturedData("")
@@ -1079,7 +1079,7 @@ func TestProtect_HeaderAuth_MissingHeaderFallsThrough(t *testing.T) {
 	hdr := newHeaderScheme(t, "X-API-Key", "secret-key")
 	// Also add a PIN scheme so we can verify fallthrough behavior.
 	pinScheme := &stubScheme{method: auth.MethodPIN, promptID: "pin"}
-	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{hdr, pinScheme}, kp.PublicKey, time.Hour, "acc1", "svc1", nil, false))
+	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{hdr, pinScheme}, kp.PublicKey, time.Hour, "acc1", "svc1", nil, false, nil))
 
 	handler := mw.Protect(newPassthroughHandler())
 
@@ -1096,7 +1096,7 @@ func TestProtect_HeaderAuth_WrongValueReturns401(t *testing.T) {
 	kp := generateTestKeyPair(t)
 
 	hdr := newHeaderScheme(t, "X-API-Key", "secret-key")
-	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{hdr}, kp.PublicKey, time.Hour, "acc1", "svc1", nil, false))
+	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{hdr}, kp.PublicKey, time.Hour, "acc1", "svc1", nil, false, nil))
 
 	capturedData := proxy.NewCapturedData("")
 	handler := mw.Protect(newPassthroughHandler())
@@ -1137,7 +1137,7 @@ func TestProtect_HeaderAuth_MatchesAnyConfiguredHeader(t *testing.T) {
 			if tt.matchedLast {
 				schemes = []Scheme{authz, apiKey}
 			}
-			require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("example.com", schemes, kp.PublicKey, time.Hour, "acc1", "svc1", nil, false))
+			require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("example.com", schemes, kp.PublicKey, time.Hour, "acc1", "svc1", nil, false, nil))
 
 			var backendCalled bool
 			handler := mw.Protect(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, _ *http.Request) {
@@ -1166,7 +1166,7 @@ func TestProtect_HeaderAuth_RejectsWhenEveryPresentedHeaderFails(t *testing.T) {
 
 	authz := newHeaderScheme(t, "Authorization", "Bearer proxy-secret")
 	apiKey := newHeaderScheme(t, "X-Api-Key", "secret-key")
-	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{authz, apiKey}, kp.PublicKey, time.Hour, "acc1", "svc1", nil, false))
+	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{authz, apiKey}, kp.PublicKey, time.Hour, "acc1", "svc1", nil, false, nil))
 
 	var backendCalled bool
 	handler := mw.Protect(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, _ *http.Request) {
@@ -1209,7 +1209,7 @@ func TestProtect_HeaderAuth_ReportsUndecodableHash(t *testing.T) {
 			kp := generateTestKeyPair(t)
 
 			require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{NewHeader("X-Api-Key", tt.hashes)},
-				kp.PublicKey, time.Hour, "acc1", "svc1", nil, false))
+				kp.PublicKey, time.Hour, "acc1", "svc1", nil, false, nil))
 
 			handler := mw.Protect(newPassthroughHandler())
 
@@ -1245,7 +1245,7 @@ func TestProtect_HeaderAuth_NoHashesFailsClosed(t *testing.T) {
 	kp := generateTestKeyPair(t)
 
 	hdr := NewHeader("X-API-Key", nil)
-	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{hdr}, kp.PublicKey, time.Hour, "acc1", "svc1", nil, false))
+	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{hdr}, kp.PublicKey, time.Hour, "acc1", "svc1", nil, false, nil))
 
 	var backendCalled bool
 	handler := mw.Protect(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, _ *http.Request) {
@@ -1270,7 +1270,7 @@ func TestProtect_HeaderAuth_SubsequentRequestRequiresHeader(t *testing.T) {
 	kp := generateTestKeyPair(t)
 
 	hdr := newHeaderScheme(t, "X-API-Key", "secret-key")
-	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{hdr}, kp.PublicKey, time.Hour, "acc1", "svc1", nil, false))
+	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{hdr}, kp.PublicKey, time.Hour, "acc1", "svc1", nil, false, nil))
 
 	var backendCalls int
 	handler := mw.Protect(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, _ *http.Request) {
@@ -1309,7 +1309,7 @@ func TestProtect_HeaderAuth_LegacySessionCookieIsIgnored(t *testing.T) {
 	kp := generateTestKeyPair(t)
 
 	hdr := newHeaderScheme(t, "X-API-Key", "secret-key")
-	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{hdr}, kp.PublicKey, time.Hour, "acc1", "svc1", nil, false))
+	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{hdr}, kp.PublicKey, time.Hour, "acc1", "svc1", nil, false, nil))
 
 	// A token management would have minted for header auth before the upgrade.
 	legacyToken, err := sessionkey.SignToken(kp.PrivateKey, auth.HeaderUserID, "", "example.com", auth.MethodHeader, nil, nil, time.Hour)
@@ -1351,7 +1351,7 @@ func TestProtect_HeaderAuth_RepeatedValueIsMemoized(t *testing.T) {
 	kp := generateTestKeyPair(t)
 
 	hdr := newHeaderScheme(t, "X-API-Key", "key-a", "key-b")
-	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{hdr}, kp.PublicKey, time.Hour, "acc1", "svc1", nil, false))
+	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{hdr}, kp.PublicKey, time.Hour, "acc1", "svc1", nil, false, nil))
 
 	handler := mw.Protect(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, _ *http.Request) {
 		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
@@ -1385,7 +1385,7 @@ func TestProtect_HeaderAuth_MultipleValuesSameHeader(t *testing.T) {
 	kp := generateTestKeyPair(t)
 
 	hdr := newHeaderScheme(t, "Authorization", "Bearer token-a", "Bearer token-b")
-	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{hdr}, kp.PublicKey, time.Hour, "acc1", "svc1", nil, false))
+	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{hdr}, kp.PublicKey, time.Hour, "acc1", "svc1", nil, false, nil))
 
 	var backendCalled bool
 	handler := mw.Protect(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, _ *http.Request) {
@@ -1443,7 +1443,7 @@ func TestProtect_OIDCOnPlainHTTP_BlockedWith400(t *testing.T) {
 			return "", "https://idp.example.com/authorize", nil
 		},
 	}
-	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{scheme}, kp.PublicKey, time.Hour, "", "", nil, false))
+	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{scheme}, kp.PublicKey, time.Hour, "", "", nil, false, nil))
 
 	handler := mw.Protect(newPassthroughHandler())
 
@@ -1467,7 +1467,7 @@ func TestProtect_OIDCOverTLS_NotBlocked(t *testing.T) {
 			return "", "https://idp.example.com/authorize", nil
 		},
 	}
-	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{scheme}, kp.PublicKey, time.Hour, "", "", nil, false))
+	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{scheme}, kp.PublicKey, time.Hour, "", "", nil, false, nil))
 
 	handler := mw.Protect(newPassthroughHandler())
 
@@ -1487,7 +1487,7 @@ func TestProtect_NonOIDCSchemes_PlainHTTP_NotBlocked(t *testing.T) {
 	kp := generateTestKeyPair(t)
 
 	scheme := &stubScheme{method: auth.MethodPIN, promptID: "pin"}
-	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{scheme}, kp.PublicKey, time.Hour, "", "", nil, false))
+	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{scheme}, kp.PublicKey, time.Hour, "", "", nil, false, nil))
 
 	handler := mw.Protect(newPassthroughHandler())
 
@@ -1517,7 +1517,7 @@ func TestProtect_TunnelPeerFastPath_RequiresInboundMarker(t *testing.T) {
 	kp := generateTestKeyPair(t)
 
 	scheme := &stubScheme{method: auth.MethodPIN, promptID: "pin"}
-	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{scheme}, kp.PublicKey, time.Hour, "", "", nil, false))
+	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{scheme}, kp.PublicKey, time.Hour, "", "", nil, false, nil))
 
 	handler := mw.Protect(newPassthroughHandler())
 
@@ -1552,7 +1552,7 @@ func TestProtect_TunnelPeerFastPath_TakesPathWithInboundMarker(t *testing.T) {
 	kp := generateTestKeyPair(t)
 
 	scheme := &stubScheme{method: auth.MethodPIN, promptID: "pin"}
-	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{scheme}, kp.PublicKey, time.Hour, "", "", nil, false))
+	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{scheme}, kp.PublicKey, time.Hour, "", "", nil, false, nil))
 
 	handler := mw.Protect(newPassthroughHandler())
 
diff --git a/proxy/internal/auth/session_groups_test.go b/proxy/internal/auth/session_groups_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6635b812b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/proxy/internal/auth/session_groups_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+package auth
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"crypto/tls"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"google.golang.org/grpc"
+
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/sessionkey"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/proxy/auth"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/proxy/internal/proxy"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/management/proto"
+)
+
+// denyingSessionValidator mimics management for a user who completed OIDC login
+// but is outside the service's distribution groups: ValidateSession denies.
+type denyingSessionValidator struct {
+	calls int
+}
+
+func (d *denyingSessionValidator) ValidateSession(context.Context, *proto.ValidateSessionRequest, ...grpc.CallOption) (*proto.ValidateSessionResponse, error) {
+	d.calls++
+	return &proto.ValidateSessionResponse{Valid: false, UserId: "user-1", DeniedReason: "not_in_group"}, nil
+}
+
+func (d *denyingSessionValidator) ValidateTunnelPeer(context.Context, *proto.ValidateTunnelPeerRequest, ...grpc.CallOption) (*proto.ValidateTunnelPeerResponse, error) {
+	return &proto.ValidateTunnelPeerResponse{Valid: false}, nil
+}
+
+// TestProtect_SelfInstalledCookieCannotBypassGroupCheck is the regression guard
+// for the group-authorisation bypass: a user denied at login still holds the raw
+// session token from the ?session_token= redirect, so pasting it into the
+// nb_session cookie must not buy access. The cookie path validated only the JWT
+// signature, which turned the token management had already refused into a bearer
+// credential for the service.
+func TestProtect_SelfInstalledCookieCannotBypassGroupCheck(t *testing.T) {
+	validator := &denyingSessionValidator{}
+	mw := NewMiddleware(log.StandardLogger(), validator, nil)
+	kp := generateTestKeyPair(t)
+
+	oidc := &stubScheme{method: auth.MethodOIDC, authFn: func(r *http.Request) (string, string, error) {
+		return r.URL.Query().Get("session_token"), "https://idp.example/authorize", nil
+	}}
+	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{oidc}, kp.PublicKey, time.Hour, "acct-1", "svc-1", nil, false, []string{"grp-allowed"}))
+
+	// The token a denied user gets to see: validly signed for this service and
+	// domain, but carrying no group the service allows.
+	token, err := sessionkey.SignToken(kp.PrivateKey, "user-1", "john.doe@example.com", "example.com", auth.MethodOIDC, nil, nil, time.Hour)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	backendHits := 0
+	handler := mw.Protect(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, _ *http.Request) {
+		backendHits++
+		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
+	}))
+
+	t.Run("token in the callback URL is denied", func(t *testing.T) {
+		rec := serveWithCookie(t, handler, "https://example.com/?session_token="+token, nil)
+
+		assert.Equal(t, http.StatusForbidden, rec.Code, "group check must deny the login")
+		assert.Empty(t, rec.Result().Cookies(), "a denied login must not install a session cookie")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("same token pasted into the session cookie is denied", func(t *testing.T) {
+		rec := serveWithCookie(t, handler, "https://example.com/", &http.Cookie{Name: auth.SessionCookieName, Value: token})
+
+		assert.NotEqual(t, http.StatusOK, rec.Code, "a self-installed cookie must not reach the backend")
+		assert.Equal(t, 0, backendHits, "backend must never be reached without an allowed group")
+	})
+}
+
+// TestProtect_SessionCookieWithAllowedGroupPassesThrough is the positive half of
+// the group gate: a member of an allowed group keeps the cookie fast-path, with
+// no management round-trip.
+func TestProtect_SessionCookieWithAllowedGroupPassesThrough(t *testing.T) {
+	validator := &denyingSessionValidator{}
+	mw := NewMiddleware(log.StandardLogger(), validator, nil)
+	kp := generateTestKeyPair(t)
+
+	oidc := &stubScheme{method: auth.MethodOIDC}
+	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{oidc}, kp.PublicKey, time.Hour, "acct-1", "svc-1", nil, false, []string{"grp-other", "grp-allowed"}))
+
+	token, err := sessionkey.SignToken(kp.PrivateKey, "user-2", "jane@example.com", "example.com", auth.MethodOIDC,
+		[]string{"grp-unrelated", "grp-allowed"}, []string{"Unrelated", "Allowed"}, time.Hour)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	handler := mw.Protect(newPassthroughHandler())
+	rec := serveWithCookie(t, handler, "https://example.com/", &http.Cookie{Name: auth.SessionCookieName, Value: token})
+
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, rec.Code, "a cookie carrying an allowed group must pass through")
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, validator.calls, "the cookie fast-path must not call management")
+}
+
+// TestProtect_NonOIDCSessionCookieIgnoresGroupRestriction locks the scope of the
+// gate: PIN, password and header credentials carry no group identity and are
+// authorised by the secret itself, exactly as management validates them.
+func TestProtect_NonOIDCSessionCookieIgnoresGroupRestriction(t *testing.T) {
+	mw := NewMiddleware(log.StandardLogger(), nil, nil)
+	kp := generateTestKeyPair(t)
+
+	scheme := &stubScheme{method: auth.MethodPIN, promptID: "pin"}
+	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("example.com", []Scheme{scheme}, kp.PublicKey, time.Hour, "acct-1", "svc-1", nil, false, []string{"grp-allowed"}))
+
+	token, err := sessionkey.SignToken(kp.PrivateKey, "pin-user", "", "example.com", auth.MethodPIN, nil, nil, time.Hour)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	handler := mw.Protect(newPassthroughHandler())
+	rec := serveWithCookie(t, handler, "https://example.com/", &http.Cookie{Name: auth.SessionCookieName, Value: token})
+
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, rec.Code, "a PIN session must not be gated on OIDC group membership")
+}
+
+func TestSessionGroupsAllowed(t *testing.T) {
+	allowed := groupSet([]string{"a", "b"})
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name    string
+		allowed map[string]struct{}
+		method  auth.Method
+		groups  []string
+		want    bool
+	}{
+		{"unrestricted service allows a groupless token", nil, auth.MethodOIDC, nil, true},
+		{"restricted service allows an intersecting token", allowed, auth.MethodOIDC, []string{"c", "b"}, true},
+		{"restricted service denies a disjoint token", allowed, auth.MethodOIDC, []string{"c"}, false},
+		{"restricted service denies a groupless token", allowed, auth.MethodOIDC, nil, false},
+		{"restricted service ignores a pin token", allowed, auth.MethodPIN, nil, true},
+		{"restricted service ignores a password token", allowed, auth.MethodPassword, nil, true},
+		{"restricted service ignores a header token", allowed, auth.MethodHeader, nil, true},
+		{"restricted service denies an unknown method", allowed, auth.Method("totp"), []string{"a"}, false},
+		{"restricted service denies a token with no method", allowed, auth.Method(""), []string{"a"}, false},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range tests {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			assert.Equal(t, tc.want, sessionGroupsAllowed(tc.allowed, tc.method, tc.groups))
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGroupSetDropsEmptyEntries(t *testing.T) {
+	assert.Nil(t, groupSet(nil), "no groups means unrestricted")
+	assert.Nil(t, groupSet([]string{"", ""}), "blank ids must not restrict access to nothing reachable")
+	assert.Equal(t, map[string]struct{}{"a": {}}, groupSet([]string{"a", ""}))
+}
+
+// serveWithCookie drives the middleware over TLS with captured data attached,
+// optionally carrying a session cookie.
+func serveWithCookie(t *testing.T, handler http.Handler, url string, cookie *http.Cookie) *httptest.ResponseRecorder {
+	t.Helper()
+	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, url, nil)
+	req.TLS = &tls.ConnectionState{}
+	if cookie != nil {
+		req.AddCookie(cookie)
+	}
+	req = req.WithContext(proxy.WithCapturedData(req.Context(), proxy.NewCapturedData("")))
+	rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	handler.ServeHTTP(rec, req)
+	return rec
+}
diff --git a/proxy/internal/auth/tunnel_lookup_test.go b/proxy/internal/auth/tunnel_lookup_test.go
index 808aa8b41..066f5dc1a 100644
--- a/proxy/internal/auth/tunnel_lookup_test.go
+++ b/proxy/internal/auth/tunnel_lookup_test.go
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ func (s *stubSessionValidator) ValidateTunnelPeer(_ context.Context, in *proto.V
 func newTunnelMiddleware(t *testing.T, validator SessionValidator) *Middleware {
 	t.Helper()
 	mw := NewMiddleware(log.New(), validator, nil)
-	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("svc.example", nil, "", 0, "acct-1", "svc-1", nil, false))
+	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("svc.example", nil, "", 0, "acct-1", "svc-1", nil, false, nil))
 	return mw
 }
 
@@ -235,8 +235,8 @@ func TestForwardWithTunnelPeer_RoutesAccountIDIntoCacheKey(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	mw := NewMiddleware(log.New(), validator, nil)
 
-	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("svc-a.example", nil, "", 0, "acct-a", "svc-a", nil, false))
-	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("svc-b.example", nil, "", 0, "acct-b", "svc-b", nil, false))
+	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("svc-a.example", nil, "", 0, "acct-a", "svc-a", nil, false, nil))
+	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("svc-b.example", nil, "", 0, "acct-b", "svc-b", nil, false, nil))
 
 	// The fast-path requires the inbound-listener marker on the context.
 	// The peerstore lookup itself is account-agnostic at this level
@@ -299,7 +299,7 @@ func TestForwardWithTunnelPeer_LocalLookupShortCircuitDoesNotPopulateCache(t *te
 
 func TestPrivateService_FailsClosedOnTunnelPeerFailure(t *testing.T) {
 	mw := NewMiddleware(log.New(), nil, nil)
-	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("private.svc", nil, "", 0, "acct-1", "svc-1", nil, true))
+	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("private.svc", nil, "", 0, "acct-1", "svc-1", nil, true, nil))
 
 	called := false
 	handler := mw.Protect(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, _ *http.Request) {
@@ -328,7 +328,7 @@ func TestPrivateService_ForwardsOnTunnelPeerSuccess(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 	}
 	mw := NewMiddleware(log.New(), validator, nil)
-	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("private.svc", nil, "", 0, "acct-1", "svc-1", nil, true))
+	require.NoError(t, mw.AddDomain("private.svc", nil, "", 0, "acct-1", "svc-1", nil, true, nil))
 
 	called := false
 	handler := mw.Protect(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, _ *http.Request) {
diff --git a/proxy/management_integration_test.go b/proxy/management_integration_test.go
index cb82813b0..df016e790 100644
--- a/proxy/management_integration_test.go
+++ b/proxy/management_integration_test.go
@@ -571,6 +571,7 @@ func TestIntegration_ProxyConnection_ReconnectDoesNotDuplicateState(t *testing.T
 					proxytypes.ServiceID(mapping.GetId()),
 					nil,
 					mapping.GetPrivate(),
+					mapping.GetAuth().GetAllowedGroupIds(),
 				)
 				require.NoError(t, err)
 
diff --git a/proxy/server.go b/proxy/server.go
index 38477fb87..5b652e61c 100644
--- a/proxy/server.go
+++ b/proxy/server.go
@@ -2069,7 +2069,7 @@ func (s *Server) updateMapping(ctx context.Context, mapping *proto.ProxyMapping)
 	s.warnIfGeoUnavailable(mapping.GetDomain(), mapping.GetAccessRestrictions())
 
 	maxSessionAge := time.Duration(mapping.GetAuth().GetMaxSessionAgeSeconds()) * time.Second
-	if err := s.auth.AddDomain(mapping.GetDomain(), schemes, mapping.GetAuth().GetSessionKey(), maxSessionAge, accountID, svcID, ipRestrictions, mapping.GetPrivate()); err != nil {
+	if err := s.auth.AddDomain(mapping.GetDomain(), schemes, mapping.GetAuth().GetSessionKey(), maxSessionAge, accountID, svcID, ipRestrictions, mapping.GetPrivate(), mapping.GetAuth().GetAllowedGroupIds()); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("auth setup for domain %s: %w", mapping.GetDomain(), err)
 	}
 	m := s.protoToMapping(ctx, mapping)
diff --git a/shared/management/proto/proxy_service.pb.go b/shared/management/proto/proxy_service.pb.go
index df42d78ff..496774a4b 100644
--- a/shared/management/proto/proxy_service.pb.go
+++ b/shared/management/proto/proxy_service.pb.go
@@ -903,6 +903,12 @@ type Authentication struct {
 	Pin                  bool          `protobuf:"varint,4,opt,name=pin,proto3" json:"pin,omitempty"`
 	Oidc                 bool          `protobuf:"varint,5,opt,name=oidc,proto3" json:"oidc,omitempty"`
 	HeaderAuths          []*HeaderAuth `protobuf:"bytes,6,rep,name=header_auths,json=headerAuths,proto3" json:"header_auths,omitempty"`
+	// Group ids allowed to reach the service through an OIDC identity. When
+	// non-empty the proxy requires the session token's groups claim to
+	// intersect this list before honouring the cookie, so a token minted for
+	// an identity outside these groups is not a bearer credential for the
+	// service. Empty means group membership does not restrict access.
+	AllowedGroupIds []string `protobuf:"bytes,7,rep,name=allowed_group_ids,json=allowedGroupIds,proto3" json:"allowed_group_ids,omitempty"`
 }
 
 func (x *Authentication) Reset() {
@@ -979,6 +985,13 @@ func (x *Authentication) GetHeaderAuths() []*HeaderAuth {
 	return nil
 }
 
+func (x *Authentication) GetAllowedGroupIds() []string {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.AllowedGroupIds
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 type AccessRestrictions struct {
 	state         protoimpl.MessageState
 	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
@@ -3304,7 +3317,7 @@ var file_proxy_service_proto_rawDesc = []byte{
 	0x16, 0x0a, 0x06, 0x68, 0x65, 0x61, 0x64, 0x65, 0x72, 0x18, 0x01, 0x20, 0x01, 0x28, 0x09, 0x52,
 	0x06, 0x68, 0x65, 0x61, 0x64, 0x65, 0x72, 0x12, 0x21, 0x0a, 0x0c, 0x68, 0x61, 0x73, 0x68, 0x65,
 	0x64, 0x5f, 0x76, 0x61, 0x6c, 0x75, 0x65, 0x18, 0x02, 0x20, 0x01, 0x28, 0x09, 0x52, 0x0b, 0x68,
-	0x61, 0x73, 0x68, 0x65, 0x64, 0x56, 0x61, 0x6c, 0x75, 0x65, 0x22, 0xe5, 0x01, 0x0a, 0x0e, 0x41,
+	0x61, 0x73, 0x68, 0x65, 0x64, 0x56, 0x61, 0x6c, 0x75, 0x65, 0x22, 0x91, 0x02, 0x0a, 0x0e, 0x41,
 	0x75, 0x74, 0x68, 0x65, 0x6e, 0x74, 0x69, 0x63, 0x61, 0x74, 0x69, 0x6f, 0x6e, 0x12, 0x1f, 0x0a,
 	0x0b, 0x73, 0x65, 0x73, 0x73, 0x69, 0x6f, 0x6e, 0x5f, 0x6b, 0x65, 0x79, 0x18, 0x01, 0x20, 0x01,
 	0x28, 0x09, 0x52, 0x0a, 0x73, 0x65, 0x73, 0x73, 0x69, 0x6f, 0x6e, 0x4b, 0x65, 0x79, 0x12, 0x35,
@@ -3319,198 +3332,220 @@ var file_proxy_service_proto_rawDesc = []byte{
 	0x72, 0x5f, 0x61, 0x75, 0x74, 0x68, 0x73, 0x18, 0x06, 0x20, 0x03, 0x28, 0x0b, 0x32, 0x16, 0x2e,
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+	0x69, 0x63, 0x79, 0x4c, 0x69, 0x6d, 0x69, 0x74, 0x73, 0x12, 0x27, 0x2e, 0x6d, 0x61, 0x6e, 0x61,
+	0x67, 0x65, 0x6d, 0x65, 0x6e, 0x74, 0x2e, 0x43, 0x68, 0x65, 0x63, 0x6b, 0x4c, 0x4c, 0x4d, 0x50,
+	0x6f, 0x6c, 0x69, 0x63, 0x79, 0x4c, 0x69, 0x6d, 0x69, 0x74, 0x73, 0x52, 0x65, 0x71, 0x75, 0x65,
+	0x73, 0x74, 0x1a, 0x28, 0x2e, 0x6d, 0x61, 0x6e, 0x61, 0x67, 0x65, 0x6d, 0x65, 0x6e, 0x74, 0x2e,
+	0x43, 0x68, 0x65, 0x63, 0x6b, 0x4c, 0x4c, 0x4d, 0x50, 0x6f, 0x6c, 0x69, 0x63, 0x79, 0x4c, 0x69,
+	0x6d, 0x69, 0x74, 0x73, 0x52, 0x65, 0x73, 0x70, 0x6f, 0x6e, 0x73, 0x65, 0x12, 0x57, 0x0a, 0x0e,
+	0x52, 0x65, 0x63, 0x6f, 0x72, 0x64, 0x4c, 0x4c, 0x4d, 0x55, 0x73, 0x61, 0x67, 0x65, 0x12, 0x21,
+	0x2e, 0x6d, 0x61, 0x6e, 0x61, 0x67, 0x65, 0x6d, 0x65, 0x6e, 0x74, 0x2e, 0x52, 0x65, 0x63, 0x6f,
+	0x72, 0x64, 0x4c, 0x4c, 0x4d, 0x55, 0x73, 0x61, 0x67, 0x65, 0x52, 0x65, 0x71, 0x75, 0x65, 0x73,
+	0x74, 0x1a, 0x22, 0x2e, 0x6d, 0x61, 0x6e, 0x61, 0x67, 0x65, 0x6d, 0x65, 0x6e, 0x74, 0x2e, 0x52,
+	0x65, 0x63, 0x6f, 0x72, 0x64, 0x4c, 0x4c, 0x4d, 0x55, 0x73, 0x61, 0x67, 0x65, 0x52, 0x65, 0x73,
+	0x70, 0x6f, 0x6e, 0x73, 0x65, 0x42, 0x08, 0x5a, 0x06, 0x2f, 0x70, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x74, 0x6f, 0x62,
+	0x06, 0x70, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x74, 0x6f, 0x33,
 }
 
 var (
diff --git a/shared/management/proto/proxy_service.proto b/shared/management/proto/proxy_service.proto
index 89d1f8749..facadc4d5 100644
--- a/shared/management/proto/proxy_service.proto
+++ b/shared/management/proto/proxy_service.proto
@@ -194,6 +194,12 @@ message Authentication {
   bool pin = 4;
   bool oidc = 5;
   repeated HeaderAuth header_auths = 6;
+  // Group ids allowed to reach the service through an OIDC identity. When
+  // non-empty the proxy requires the session token's groups claim to
+  // intersect this list before honouring the cookie, so a token minted for
+  // an identity outside these groups is not a bearer credential for the
+  // service. Empty means group membership does not restrict access.
+  repeated string allowed_group_ids = 7;
 }
 
 message AccessRestrictions {

From 8dc427251996feaed8ec32b0962131a4725fe02b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Maycon Santos <mlsmaycon@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 4 Sep 2026 08:14:02 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 06/21] [management] Serve networks with peer-based routers
 from the SQLite network map (#7418)
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

The SQLite network-map query expanded a router's groups with from network_routers, json_each(peer_groups). That comma is an inner join, so a router row survives only when json_each returns at least one row. A router targeting an individual peer carries no groups — the write path stores NULL for a nil slice and '[]' for an empty one — and json_each yields nothing for either, so the join erased the router before it could be keyed by its peer. Postgres reads the same rows through a correlated subquery and was never affected.

The fix expands the groups with a left join, so the router survives with a NULL group_peers.peer_id and the existing scan loop keys it by router.Peer. Group routers still fan out one row per member.
---
 .../network_router_store_test.go              | 120 ++++++++++++++++++
 .../network_map_db/sqlite/network_router.go   |   4 +-
 2 files changed, 123 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 management/internals/network_map_db/network_router_store_test.go

diff --git a/management/internals/network_map_db/network_router_store_test.go b/management/internals/network_map_db/network_router_store_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d44aa1ebc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/management/internals/network_map_db/network_router_store_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+package networkmapdb_test
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"net/netip"
+	"os"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+
+	networkmapdb "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/internals/network_map_db"
+	networkmap_pgsql "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/internals/network_map_db/pgsql"
+	networkmap_sqlite "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/internals/network_map_db/sqlite"
+	routerTypes "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/server/networks/routers/types"
+	nbpeer "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/server/peer"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/server/store"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/server/testutil"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/server/types"
+)
+
+// newEngineStores opens both stores on the selected engine's database.
+func newEngineStores(t *testing.T) (store.Store, networkmapdb.NetworkMapDBStore) {
+	t.Helper()
+	ctx := context.Background()
+
+	switch engine := types.Engine(os.Getenv("NETBIRD_STORE_ENGINE")); engine {
+	case types.PostgresStoreEngine:
+		cleanup, dsn, err := testutil.CreatePostgresTestContainer()
+		require.NoError(t, err, "start postgres test container")
+		t.Cleanup(cleanup)
+
+		accountStore, err := store.NewPostgresqlStore(ctx, dsn, nil, false)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "connect account store")
+		t.Cleanup(func() { _ = accountStore.Close(ctx) })
+
+		nmStore, err := networkmap_pgsql.NewPostgresqlStore(ctx, dsn)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "connect networkmap store")
+		t.Cleanup(func() { nmStore.Pool.Close() })
+		return accountStore, nmStore
+	case types.SqliteStoreEngine, "":
+		dataDir := t.TempDir()
+		accountStore, err := store.NewSqliteStore(ctx, dataDir, nil, false)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "open account store")
+		t.Cleanup(func() { _ = accountStore.Close(ctx) })
+
+		nmStore, err := networkmap_sqlite.NewSqliteStore("store.db", dataDir)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "open networkmap store")
+		t.Cleanup(func() { _ = nmStore.Db.Close() })
+		return accountStore, nmStore
+	default:
+		t.Skipf("networkmap store does not support engine %q", engine)
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+}
+
+// Peer-based routers must survive the network-map read on every engine.
+func TestGetNetworkRouters_ServesPeerBasedRouters(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	accountStore, nmStore := newEngineStores(t)
+
+	const (
+		accountID = "acc-nmap-routers"
+		groupID   = "grp-router-members"
+		memberID  = "peer-member"
+	)
+
+	// Postgres enforces the groups-to-accounts FK that SQLite ignores.
+	require.NoError(t, accountStore.SaveAccount(ctx, &types.Account{
+		Id: accountID,
+		Peers: map[string]*nbpeer.Peer{
+			memberID: {
+				ID:        memberID,
+				AccountID: accountID,
+				Key:       memberID + "-key",
+				IP:        netip.MustParseAddr("100.64.0.10"),
+				Status:    &nbpeer.PeerStatus{},
+			},
+		},
+		Groups: map[string]*types.Group{
+			groupID: {
+				ID:        groupID,
+				AccountID: accountID,
+				Name:      "router members",
+				Issued:    types.GroupIssuedAPI,
+				Peers:     []string{memberID},
+			},
+		},
+	}), "seed the account the routers belong to")
+
+	routers := []*routerTypes.NetworkRouter{
+		{ID: "router-peer-nil", AccountID: accountID, NetworkID: "net-peer-nil", PublicID: "pub-peer-nil", Peer: "peer-direct-nil", Enabled: true, Metric: 9999},
+		{ID: "router-peer-empty", AccountID: accountID, NetworkID: "net-peer-empty", PublicID: "pub-peer-empty", Peer: "peer-direct-empty", PeerGroups: []string{}, Enabled: true, Metric: 9999},
+		{ID: "router-group", AccountID: accountID, NetworkID: "net-group", PublicID: "pub-group", PeerGroups: []string{groupID}, Enabled: true, Metric: 9999},
+	}
+	for _, router := range routers {
+		require.NoError(t, accountStore.CreateNetworkRouter(ctx, router))
+	}
+
+	tx, err := nmStore.BeginTx(ctx)
+	require.NoError(t, err, "begin networkmap read transaction")
+	t.Cleanup(func() { _ = tx.RollbackTx(ctx) })
+
+	got, err := tx.GetNetworkRouters(ctx, accountID)
+	require.NoError(t, err, "read network routers")
+
+	assert.Contains(t, got, "net-peer-nil",
+		"a router referencing an individual peer (peer_groups stored as NULL) must reach the network map")
+	assert.Contains(t, got["net-peer-nil"], "peer-direct-nil",
+		"the individual-peer router must be keyed by its peer")
+
+	assert.Contains(t, got, "net-peer-empty",
+		"a router referencing an individual peer (peer_groups stored as '[]') must reach the network map")
+	assert.Contains(t, got["net-peer-empty"], "peer-direct-empty",
+		"the individual-peer router must be keyed by its peer")
+
+	assert.Contains(t, got, "net-group", "a group router must reach the network map")
+	assert.Contains(t, got["net-group"], memberID,
+		"the group router must fan out to the group's member peers")
+}
diff --git a/management/internals/network_map_db/sqlite/network_router.go b/management/internals/network_map_db/sqlite/network_router.go
index 8c4c31cd6..9fb0fde7e 100644
--- a/management/internals/network_map_db/sqlite/network_router.go
+++ b/management/internals/network_map_db/sqlite/network_router.go
@@ -11,9 +11,11 @@ import (
 )
 
 const (
+	// Outer join: a groupless router must survive.
 	GetNetworkRouterQuery = `
 	select public_id, peer, network_id, masquerade, metric, enabled, peer_groups, group_peers.peer_id
-	from network_routers, json_each(peer_groups)
+	from network_routers
+	left join json_each(network_routers.peer_groups) on true
 	left join group_peers on group_peers.account_id=? and group_peers.group_id=json_each.value
 	where network_routers.account_id=?
 	`

From c455a4ac31041e40bd277cc9a6956d206e7cb890 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: dmitri-netbird <dmitri.external@netbird.io>
Date: Fri, 4 Sep 2026 10:00:35 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 07/21] [management] disallow weird ip addresses for direct
 upstream hosts (#7400)

* disallow weird ip addresses for direct upstream hosts

Signed-off-by: Dmitri Dolguikh <dmitri.external@netbird.io>

* handle bracketed ipv6 addresses

Signed-off-by: Dmitri Dolguikh <dmitri.external@netbird.io>

* extend the check to subnet service targets

Signed-off-by: Dmitri Dolguikh <dmitri.external@netbird.io>

* fix spelling

Signed-off-by: Dmitri Dolguikh <dmitri.external@netbird.io>

* reject ipv6 addresses with zones

Signed-off-by: Dmitri Dolguikh <dmitri.external@netbird.io>

* catch host:port hostnames in services with subnet targets

Signed-off-by: Dmitri Dolguikh <dmitri.external@netbird.io>

* make linter happy

Signed-off-by: Dmitri Dolguikh <dmitri.external@netbird.io>

---------

Signed-off-by: Dmitri Dolguikh <dmitri.external@netbird.io>
---
 .../modules/reverseproxy/service/service.go   | 43 +++++++++++++-
 .../reverseproxy/service/service_test.go      | 58 +++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 99 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/service/service.go b/management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/service/service.go
index 1488003cb..ef92fbbf4 100644
--- a/management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/service/service.go
+++ b/management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/service/service.go
@@ -55,6 +55,8 @@ const (
 	SourceEphemeral = "ephemeral"
 )
 
+var ErrUnsupportedIPAddressUpstreamHost = errors.New("unsupported ip address for a direct upstream host")
+
 type TargetOptions struct {
 	SkipTLSVerify      bool              `json:"skip_tls_verify"`
 	RequestTimeout     time.Duration     `json:"request_timeout,omitempty"`
@@ -962,8 +964,8 @@ func (s *Service) validateHTTPTargets() error {
 				return err
 			}
 		case TargetTypeSubnet:
-			if target.Host == "" {
-				return fmt.Errorf("target %d has empty host but target_type is %q", i, target.TargetType)
+			if err := validateSubnetTarget(i, target); err != nil {
+				return err
 			}
 		case TargetTypeCluster:
 			if err := validateClusterTarget(i, target); err != nil {
@@ -986,6 +988,34 @@ func (s *Service) validateHTTPTargets() error {
 	return nil
 }
 
+func validateSubnetTarget(idx int, target *Target) error {
+	host := strings.TrimSpace(target.Host)
+	if host == "" {
+		return fmt.Errorf("target %d has empty host but target_type is %q", idx, target.TargetType)
+	}
+	if strings.ContainsAny(host, " \t/") {
+		return fmt.Errorf("target %d: host %q contains invalid characters", idx, host)
+	}
+	if _, _, err := net.SplitHostPort(host); err == nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("target %d: host %q must not include a port (set target.port instead)", idx, host)
+	}
+	noBrackets := strings.TrimSuffix(strings.TrimPrefix(host, "["), "]")
+	maybeip, err := netip.ParseAddr(noBrackets)
+	if err != nil { // not an ip
+		return nil //nolint:nilerr
+	}
+	if maybeip.Zone() != "" {
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid direct upstream host ip %s %w", maybeip.String(), ErrUnsupportedIPAddressUpstreamHost)
+	}
+	if !target.Options.DirectUpstream {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if maybeip.IsLoopback() || maybeip.IsMulticast() || maybeip.IsLinkLocalUnicast() {
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid direct upstream host ip %s %w", maybeip.String(), ErrUnsupportedIPAddressUpstreamHost)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 // validateClusterTarget cluster targets should not have empty hosts and should have direct upstream enabled.
 func validateClusterTarget(idx int, target *Target) error {
 	host := strings.TrimSpace(target.Host)
@@ -1020,6 +1050,15 @@ func validateDirectUpstreamHost(idx int, target *Target) error {
 	if _, _, err := net.SplitHostPort(host); err == nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("target %d: host %q must not include a port (set target.port instead)", idx, host)
 	}
+	noBrackets := strings.TrimSuffix(strings.TrimPrefix(host, "["), "]")
+	maybeip, err := netip.ParseAddr(noBrackets)
+	if err != nil { // not an ip
+		return nil //nolint:nilerr
+	}
+	if maybeip.Zone() != "" || maybeip.IsLoopback() || maybeip.IsMulticast() || maybeip.IsLinkLocalUnicast() {
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid direct upstream host ip %s %w", maybeip.String(), ErrUnsupportedIPAddressUpstreamHost)
+	}
+
 	return nil
 }
 
diff --git a/management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/service/service_test.go b/management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/service/service_test.go
index fc59968a2..84343bcdd 100644
--- a/management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/service/service_test.go
+++ b/management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/service/service_test.go
@@ -216,6 +216,64 @@ func TestValidateTargetOptions_CustomHeaders(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 }
 
+func TestValidate_DirectUpstreamHost(t *testing.T) {
+	target := Target{TargetId: "id-1", TargetType: TargetTypePeer, Host: "10.0.0.1", Port: 80, Protocol: "http", Enabled: true, Options: TargetOptions{DirectUpstream: true}}
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, validateDirectUpstreamHost(0, targetWithHost(&target, "127.0.0.2")), ErrUnsupportedIPAddressUpstreamHost)
+	assert.NotNil(t, validateDirectUpstreamHost(0, targetWithHost(&target, "127.0.0.2:80")), ErrUnsupportedIPAddressUpstreamHost)
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, validateDirectUpstreamHost(0, targetWithHost(&target, "::1")), ErrUnsupportedIPAddressUpstreamHost)
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, validateDirectUpstreamHost(0, targetWithHost(&target, "::1%lo0")), ErrUnsupportedIPAddressUpstreamHost)
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, validateDirectUpstreamHost(0, targetWithHost(&target, "[::1]")), ErrUnsupportedIPAddressUpstreamHost)
+	assert.NotNil(t, validateDirectUpstreamHost(0, targetWithHost(&target, "[::1]:80")), ErrUnsupportedIPAddressUpstreamHost)
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, validateDirectUpstreamHost(0, targetWithHost(&target, "[::1%lo0]")), ErrUnsupportedIPAddressUpstreamHost)
+	assert.NotNil(t, validateDirectUpstreamHost(0, targetWithHost(&target, "[::1%lo0]:80")), ErrUnsupportedIPAddressUpstreamHost)
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, validateDirectUpstreamHost(0, targetWithHost(&target, "169.254.100.100")), ErrUnsupportedIPAddressUpstreamHost)
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, validateDirectUpstreamHost(0, targetWithHost(&target, "fe80::1")), ErrUnsupportedIPAddressUpstreamHost)
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, validateDirectUpstreamHost(0, targetWithHost(&target, "[fe80::1]")), ErrUnsupportedIPAddressUpstreamHost)
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, validateDirectUpstreamHost(0, targetWithHost(&target, "224.100.100.100")), ErrUnsupportedIPAddressUpstreamHost)
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, validateDirectUpstreamHost(0, targetWithHost(&target, "ff00::ffff")), ErrUnsupportedIPAddressUpstreamHost)
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, validateDirectUpstreamHost(0, targetWithHost(&target, "[ff00::ffff]")), ErrUnsupportedIPAddressUpstreamHost)
+
+	// empty host
+	assert.Nil(t, validateDirectUpstreamHost(0, &Target{Options: TargetOptions{DirectUpstream: true}, Host: "   "}))
+	// host with a space
+	assert.NotNil(t, validateDirectUpstreamHost(0, &Target{Options: TargetOptions{DirectUpstream: true}, Host: "with space"}))
+	// host with a tab
+	assert.NotNil(t, validateDirectUpstreamHost(0, &Target{Options: TargetOptions{DirectUpstream: true}, Host: "with\ttab"}))
+	// host with a slash
+	assert.NotNil(t, validateDirectUpstreamHost(0, &Target{Options: TargetOptions{DirectUpstream: true}, Host: "with/slash"}))
+}
+
+func TestValidate_ValidateSubnetTarget(t *testing.T) {
+	target := Target{TargetId: "id-1", TargetType: TargetTypeSubnet, Host: "10.0.0.1", Port: 80, Protocol: "http", Enabled: true, Options: TargetOptions{DirectUpstream: true}}
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, validateSubnetTarget(0, targetWithHost(&target, "127.0.0.2")), ErrUnsupportedIPAddressUpstreamHost)
+	assert.NotNil(t, validateSubnetTarget(0, targetWithHost(&target, "127.0.0.2:80")), ErrUnsupportedIPAddressUpstreamHost)
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, validateSubnetTarget(0, targetWithHost(&target, "::1")), ErrUnsupportedIPAddressUpstreamHost)
+	assert.NotNil(t, validateSubnetTarget(0, targetWithHost(&target, "[::1]:80")), ErrUnsupportedIPAddressUpstreamHost)
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, validateSubnetTarget(0, targetWithHost(&target, "::1%lo0")), ErrUnsupportedIPAddressUpstreamHost)
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, validateSubnetTarget(0, targetWithHost(&target, "[::1%lo0]")), ErrUnsupportedIPAddressUpstreamHost)
+	assert.NotNil(t, validateSubnetTarget(0, targetWithHost(&target, "[::1%lo0]:80")), ErrUnsupportedIPAddressUpstreamHost)
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, validateSubnetTarget(0, targetWithHost(&target, "169.254.100.100")), ErrUnsupportedIPAddressUpstreamHost)
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, validateSubnetTarget(0, targetWithHost(&target, "fe80::1")), ErrUnsupportedIPAddressUpstreamHost)
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, validateSubnetTarget(0, targetWithHost(&target, "[fe80::1]")), ErrUnsupportedIPAddressUpstreamHost)
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, validateSubnetTarget(0, targetWithHost(&target, "224.100.100.100")), ErrUnsupportedIPAddressUpstreamHost)
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, validateSubnetTarget(0, targetWithHost(&target, "ff00::ffff")), ErrUnsupportedIPAddressUpstreamHost)
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, validateSubnetTarget(0, targetWithHost(&target, "[ff00::ffff]")), ErrUnsupportedIPAddressUpstreamHost)
+
+	// empty host
+	assert.NotNil(t, validateSubnetTarget(0, &Target{Options: TargetOptions{DirectUpstream: true}, Host: "   "}))
+	// host with a space
+	assert.NotNil(t, validateSubnetTarget(0, &Target{Options: TargetOptions{DirectUpstream: true}, Host: "with space"}))
+	// host with a tab
+	assert.NotNil(t, validateSubnetTarget(0, &Target{Options: TargetOptions{DirectUpstream: true}, Host: "with\ttab"}))
+	// host with a slash
+	assert.NotNil(t, validateSubnetTarget(0, &Target{Options: TargetOptions{DirectUpstream: true}, Host: "with/slash"}))
+}
+
+func targetWithHost(t *Target, host string) *Target {
+	t.Host = host
+	return t
+}
+
 func TestToProtoMapping_TargetOptions(t *testing.T) {
 	rp := &Service{
 		ID:        "svc-1",

From 13ab50b9012d8618c6a684e82418df8e3c9cb298 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Bethuel Mmbaga <bethuelmbaga12@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 4 Sep 2026 11:03:28 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 08/21] [management] Add SetNX and GetDel cache store
 operations (#7084)

---
 .../service/manager/manager_test.go           |   6 +-
 management/internals/server/boot.go           |   6 +-
 .../internals/shared/grpc/pkce_verifier.go    |  19 +--
 .../shared/grpc/pkce_verifier_test.go         |  85 ++++++++++
 .../internals/shared/grpc/proxy_test.go       |   3 +-
 management/server/auth/session.go             |  32 ++--
 management/server/auth/session_test.go        |  51 ++++++
 management/server/cache/memory.go             |  57 +++++++
 management/server/cache/memory_test.go        |  76 +++++++++
 management/server/cache/redis.go              |  63 ++++++++
 management/server/cache/redis_test.go         | 153 ++++++++++++++++++
 management/server/cache/store.go              |  47 ++----
 management/server/cache/store_test.go         | 126 +++++----------
 13 files changed, 565 insertions(+), 159 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 management/internals/shared/grpc/pkce_verifier_test.go
 create mode 100644 management/server/cache/memory.go
 create mode 100644 management/server/cache/memory_test.go
 create mode 100644 management/server/cache/redis.go
 create mode 100644 management/server/cache/redis_test.go

diff --git a/management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/service/manager/manager_test.go b/management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/service/manager/manager_test.go
index 10893673e..dd0edec60 100644
--- a/management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/service/manager/manager_test.go
+++ b/management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/service/manager/manager_test.go
@@ -7,11 +7,10 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
-	cachestore "github.com/eko/gocache/lib/v4/store"
-	"go.uber.org/mock/gomock"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric/noop"
+	"go.uber.org/mock/gomock"
 
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/proxy"
 	proxymanager "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/proxy/manager"
@@ -31,7 +30,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/management/status"
 )
 
-func testCacheStore(t *testing.T) cachestore.StoreInterface {
+func testCacheStore(t *testing.T) nbcache.Store {
 	t.Helper()
 	s, err := nbcache.NewStore(context.Background(), 30*time.Minute, 10*time.Minute, 100)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
@@ -295,6 +294,7 @@ func TestPersistNewService(t *testing.T) {
 		assert.Equal(t, status.AlreadyExists, sErr.Type())
 	})
 }
+
 func TestPreserveExistingAuthSecrets(t *testing.T) {
 	mgr := &Manager{}
 
diff --git a/management/internals/server/boot.go b/management/internals/server/boot.go
index 0a4df3924..87a36a93b 100644
--- a/management/internals/server/boot.go
+++ b/management/internals/server/boot.go
@@ -21,8 +21,6 @@ import (
 	"google.golang.org/grpc/credentials"
 	"google.golang.org/grpc/keepalive"
 
-	cachestore "github.com/eko/gocache/lib/v4/store"
-
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/encryption"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/formatter/hook"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/internals/modules/agentnetwork"
@@ -75,8 +73,8 @@ func (s *BaseServer) Metrics() telemetry.AppMetrics {
 
 // CacheStore returns a shared cache store backed by Redis or in-memory depending on the environment.
 // All consumers should reuse this store to avoid creating multiple Redis connections.
-func (s *BaseServer) CacheStore() cachestore.StoreInterface {
-	return Create(s, func() cachestore.StoreInterface {
+func (s *BaseServer) CacheStore() nbcache.Store {
+	return Create(s, func() nbcache.Store {
 		cs, err := nbcache.NewStore(context.Background(), nbcache.DefaultStoreMaxTimeout, nbcache.DefaultStoreCleanupInterval, nbcache.DefaultStoreMaxConn)
 		if err != nil {
 			log.Fatalf("failed to create shared cache store: %v", err)
diff --git a/management/internals/shared/grpc/pkce_verifier.go b/management/internals/shared/grpc/pkce_verifier.go
index a1325256c..18155dc1d 100644
--- a/management/internals/shared/grpc/pkce_verifier.go
+++ b/management/internals/shared/grpc/pkce_verifier.go
@@ -5,22 +5,23 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/eko/gocache/lib/v4/cache"
 	"github.com/eko/gocache/lib/v4/store"
 	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
+
+	nbcache "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/server/cache"
 )
 
 // PKCEVerifierStore manages PKCE verifiers for OAuth flows.
 // Supports both in-memory and Redis storage via NB_IDP_CACHE_REDIS_ADDRESS env var.
 type PKCEVerifierStore struct {
-	cache *cache.Cache[string]
+	cache nbcache.Store
 	ctx   context.Context
 }
 
 // NewPKCEVerifierStore creates a PKCE verifier store using the provided shared cache store.
-func NewPKCEVerifierStore(ctx context.Context, cacheStore store.StoreInterface) *PKCEVerifierStore {
+func NewPKCEVerifierStore(ctx context.Context, cacheStore nbcache.Store) *PKCEVerifierStore {
 	return &PKCEVerifierStore{
-		cache: cache.New[string](cacheStore),
+		cache: cacheStore,
 		ctx:   ctx,
 	}
 }
@@ -40,14 +41,14 @@ func (s *PKCEVerifierStore) Store(state, verifier string, ttl time.Duration) err
 // Returns the verifier and true if found, or empty string and false if not found.
 // This enforces single-use semantics for PKCE verifiers.
 func (s *PKCEVerifierStore) LoadAndDelete(state string) (string, bool) {
-	verifier, err := s.cache.Get(s.ctx, state)
+	verifier, found, err := s.cache.GetDel(s.ctx, state)
 	if err != nil {
-		log.Debugf("PKCE verifier not found for state")
+		log.Warnf("Failed to consume PKCE verifier: %v", err)
 		return "", false
 	}
-
-	if err := s.cache.Delete(s.ctx, state); err != nil {
-		log.Warnf("Failed to delete PKCE verifier for state: %v", err)
+	if !found {
+		log.Debug("PKCE verifier not found for state")
+		return "", false
 	}
 
 	return verifier, true
diff --git a/management/internals/shared/grpc/pkce_verifier_test.go b/management/internals/shared/grpc/pkce_verifier_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e7175b6c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/management/internals/shared/grpc/pkce_verifier_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+package grpc
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+)
+
+func TestPKCEVerifierStoreLoadAndDelete(t *testing.T) {
+	const (
+		state    = "state"
+		verifier = "verifier"
+		attempts = 64
+	)
+
+	t.Run("exactly one concurrent caller consumes the verifier", func(t *testing.T) {
+		store := NewPKCEVerifierStore(context.Background(), testCacheStore(t))
+		if err := store.Store(state, verifier, time.Minute); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("couldn't store PKCE verifier: %s", err)
+		}
+
+		start := make(chan struct{})
+		type result struct {
+			verifier string
+			found    bool
+		}
+		results := make(chan result, attempts)
+		for range attempts {
+			go func() {
+				<-start
+				verifier, found := store.LoadAndDelete(state)
+				results <- result{verifier: verifier, found: found}
+			}()
+		}
+		close(start)
+
+		winners := 0
+		for range attempts {
+			result := <-results
+			if result.found {
+				winners++
+				if result.verifier != verifier {
+					t.Fatalf("unexpected verifier: got %q, expected %q", result.verifier, verifier)
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		if winners != 1 {
+			t.Fatalf("expected exactly one PKCE verifier consumer, got %d", winners)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("replayed state is rejected", func(t *testing.T) {
+		store := NewPKCEVerifierStore(context.Background(), testCacheStore(t))
+		if err := store.Store(state, verifier, time.Minute); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("couldn't store PKCE verifier: %s", err)
+		}
+
+		if got, found := store.LoadAndDelete(state); !found || got != verifier {
+			t.Fatalf("first load should return the verifier, got %q, found %t", got, found)
+		}
+		if got, found := store.LoadAndDelete(state); found {
+			t.Fatalf("replayed state should not resolve, got %q", got)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("unknown state is rejected", func(t *testing.T) {
+		store := NewPKCEVerifierStore(context.Background(), testCacheStore(t))
+
+		if got, found := store.LoadAndDelete("never-stored"); found {
+			t.Fatalf("unknown state should not resolve, got %q", got)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("expired verifier is rejected", func(t *testing.T) {
+		store := NewPKCEVerifierStore(context.Background(), testCacheStore(t))
+		if err := store.Store(state, verifier, 50*time.Millisecond); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("couldn't store PKCE verifier: %s", err)
+		}
+
+		time.Sleep(100 * time.Millisecond)
+		if got, found := store.LoadAndDelete(state); found {
+			t.Fatalf("expired verifier should not resolve, got %q", got)
+		}
+	})
+}
diff --git a/management/internals/shared/grpc/proxy_test.go b/management/internals/shared/grpc/proxy_test.go
index 0379edc6d..29b7c9523 100644
--- a/management/internals/shared/grpc/proxy_test.go
+++ b/management/internals/shared/grpc/proxy_test.go
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
-	cachestore "github.com/eko/gocache/lib/v4/store"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 	"google.golang.org/grpc/codes"
@@ -21,7 +20,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/management/proto"
 )
 
-func testCacheStore(t *testing.T) cachestore.StoreInterface {
+func testCacheStore(t *testing.T) nbcache.Store {
 	t.Helper()
 	s, err := nbcache.NewStore(context.Background(), 30*time.Minute, 10*time.Minute, 100)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
diff --git a/management/server/auth/session.go b/management/server/auth/session.go
index 7621a1c10..778146589 100644
--- a/management/server/auth/session.go
+++ b/management/server/auth/session.go
@@ -7,9 +7,6 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"time"
-
-	"github.com/eko/gocache/lib/v4/cache"
-	"github.com/eko/gocache/lib/v4/store"
 )
 
 const (
@@ -22,12 +19,17 @@ var (
 	ErrTokenExpired     = errors.New("JWT expired")
 )
 
-type SessionStore struct {
-	cache *cache.Cache[string]
+// TokenCache atomically records used JWTs until their expiration.
+type TokenCache interface {
+	SetNX(ctx context.Context, key, value string, ttl time.Duration) (bool, error)
 }
 
-func NewSessionStore(cacheStore store.StoreInterface) *SessionStore {
-	return &SessionStore{cache: cache.New[string](cacheStore)}
+type SessionStore struct {
+	cache TokenCache
+}
+
+func NewSessionStore(cacheStore TokenCache) *SessionStore {
+	return &SessionStore{cache: cacheStore}
 }
 
 // RegisterToken records a JWT until its exp time and rejects reuse.
@@ -38,20 +40,14 @@ func (s *SessionStore) RegisterToken(ctx context.Context, token string, expiresA
 	}
 
 	key := usedTokenKeyPrefix + hashToken(token)
-	_, err := s.cache.Get(ctx, key)
-	if err == nil {
+	created, err := s.cache.SetNX(ctx, key, usedTokenMarker, ttl)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("store used token entry: %w", err)
+	}
+	if !created {
 		return ErrTokenAlreadyUsed
 	}
 
-	var notFound *store.NotFound
-	if !errors.As(err, &notFound) {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to lookup used token entry: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	if err := s.cache.Set(ctx, key, usedTokenMarker, store.WithExpiration(ttl)); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to store used token entry: %w", err)
-	}
-
 	return nil
 }
 
diff --git a/management/server/auth/session_test.go b/management/server/auth/session_test.go
index 3a7d85f4c..7c82dfc43 100644
--- a/management/server/auth/session_test.go
+++ b/management/server/auth/session_test.go
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package auth
 
 import (
 	"context"
+	"errors"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
@@ -38,6 +39,39 @@ func TestSessionStore_RegisterSameTokenTwiceIsRejected(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrTokenAlreadyUsed)
 }
 
+func TestSessionStore_ConcurrentRegistrationAllowsOneCaller(t *testing.T) {
+	s := newTestSessionStore(t)
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	const attempts = 100
+
+	start := make(chan struct{})
+	results := make(chan error, attempts)
+	for range attempts {
+		go func() {
+			<-start
+			results <- s.RegisterToken(ctx, "token", time.Now().Add(time.Hour))
+		}()
+	}
+	close(start)
+
+	succeeded := 0
+	alreadyUsed := 0
+	for range attempts {
+		err := <-results
+		switch {
+		case err == nil:
+			succeeded++
+		case errors.Is(err, ErrTokenAlreadyUsed):
+			alreadyUsed++
+		default:
+			require.NoError(t, err, "concurrent registration returned an unexpected error")
+		}
+	}
+
+	assert.Equal(t, 1, succeeded, "exactly one concurrent caller should register the token")
+	assert.Equal(t, attempts-1, alreadyUsed, "every other caller should be rejected as already used")
+}
+
 func TestSessionStore_RegisterDifferentTokensAreIndependent(t *testing.T) {
 	s := newTestSessionStore(t)
 	ctx := context.Background()
@@ -72,6 +106,23 @@ func TestSessionStore_EntryEvictsAtTTLAndAllowsReRegistration(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, s.RegisterToken(ctx, token, time.Now().Add(time.Hour)))
 }
 
+type failingTokenCache struct {
+	err error
+}
+
+func (f failingTokenCache) SetNX(context.Context, string, string, time.Duration) (bool, error) {
+	return false, f.err
+}
+
+func TestSessionStore_CacheErrorIsReturned(t *testing.T) {
+	cacheErr := errors.New("cache unavailable")
+	s := NewSessionStore(failingTokenCache{err: cacheErr})
+
+	err := s.RegisterToken(context.Background(), "token", time.Now().Add(time.Hour))
+	require.Error(t, err, "cache failure should be surfaced to the caller")
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, err, cacheErr, "cache error should be wrapped, not replaced")
+}
+
 func TestHashToken_StableAndDoesNotLeak(t *testing.T) {
 	a := hashToken("tokenA")
 	b := hashToken("tokenB")
diff --git a/management/server/cache/memory.go b/management/server/cache/memory.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f140f3ec8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/management/server/cache/memory.go
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+package cache
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/eko/gocache/lib/v4/store"
+	gocachestore "github.com/eko/gocache/store/go_cache/v4"
+	gocache "github.com/patrickmn/go-cache"
+)
+
+type goCacheStore struct {
+	store.StoreInterface
+	client *gocache.Cache
+	mu     sync.Mutex
+}
+
+func newMemoryStore(maxTimeout, cleanupInterval time.Duration) Store {
+	client := gocache.New(maxTimeout, cleanupInterval)
+	return &goCacheStore{
+		StoreInterface: gocachestore.NewGoCache(client),
+		client:         client,
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *goCacheStore) SetNX(_ context.Context, key, value string, ttl time.Duration) (bool, error) {
+	// Add only returns an error when a non-expired entry already exists.
+	if err := s.client.Add(key, value, ttl); err != nil {
+		return false, nil //nolint:nilerr
+	}
+	return true, nil
+}
+
+// GetDel reads the value under key and removes it. go-cache has no native read-and-delete
+// and releases its own lock between the two calls, so mu holds the pair together and no
+// value is consumed twice.
+//
+// Writes do not take mu: a Set landing mid-pair is lost, since GetDel returns the prior
+// value and deletes the new one. Callers must write a consumed key only once.
+func (s *goCacheStore) GetDel(_ context.Context, key string) (string, bool, error) {
+	s.mu.Lock()
+	defer s.mu.Unlock()
+
+	value, found := s.client.Get(key)
+	if !found {
+		return "", false, nil
+	}
+	s.client.Delete(key)
+
+	str, ok := value.(string)
+	if !ok {
+		return "", false, fmt.Errorf("cached value is %T, not a string", value)
+	}
+	return str, true, nil
+}
diff --git a/management/server/cache/memory_test.go b/management/server/cache/memory_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..363504921
--- /dev/null
+++ b/management/server/cache/memory_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+package cache_test
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/server/cache"
+)
+
+func TestMemoryStore(t *testing.T) {
+	memStore, err := cache.NewStore(context.Background(), 100*time.Millisecond, 300*time.Millisecond, 100)
+	require.NoError(t, err, "couldn't create memory store")
+
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	key, value := "testing", "tested"
+	err = memStore.Set(ctx, key, value)
+	assert.NoError(t, err, "couldn't set testing data")
+
+	result, err := memStore.Get(ctx, key)
+	assert.NoError(t, err, "couldn't get testing data")
+	assert.Equal(t, value, result, "value returned doesn't match testing data")
+
+	created, err := memStore.SetNX(ctx, "conditional", value, 100*time.Millisecond)
+	require.NoError(t, err, "couldn't conditionally set testing data")
+	require.True(t, created, "first conditional set should create the entry")
+
+	created, err = memStore.SetNX(ctx, "conditional", value, 100*time.Millisecond)
+	require.NoError(t, err, "couldn't conditionally check testing data")
+	require.False(t, created, "second conditional set should not replace the entry")
+
+	// test expiration
+	time.Sleep(300 * time.Millisecond)
+	_, err = memStore.Get(ctx, key)
+	assert.Error(t, err, "value should not be found")
+}
+
+func TestMemoryStoreGetDel(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	newStore := func(t *testing.T) cache.Store {
+		t.Helper()
+		memStore, err := cache.NewStore(ctx, time.Minute, time.Minute, 100)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "couldn't create memory store")
+
+		return memStore
+	}
+
+	const (
+		key   = "consume"
+		value = "verifier"
+	)
+
+	t.Run("exactly one concurrent caller consumes the key", func(t *testing.T) {
+		memStore := newStore(t)
+		require.NoError(t, memStore.Set(ctx, key, value), "couldn't set testing data")
+
+		assertGetDelConsumedOnce(ctx, t, []cache.Store{memStore}, key, value)
+		assertGetDelMisses(ctx, t, memStore, key)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("missing key is not an error", func(t *testing.T) {
+		assertGetDelMisses(ctx, t, newStore(t), "never-set")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("expired key is not found", func(t *testing.T) {
+		memStore := newStore(t)
+		_, err := memStore.SetNX(ctx, key, value, 50*time.Millisecond)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "couldn't set testing data")
+
+		time.Sleep(100 * time.Millisecond)
+		assertGetDelMisses(ctx, t, memStore, key)
+	})
+}
diff --git a/management/server/cache/redis.go b/management/server/cache/redis.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0cd921c92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/management/server/cache/redis.go
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+package cache
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"math"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/eko/gocache/lib/v4/store"
+	redisstore "github.com/eko/gocache/store/redis/v4"
+	"github.com/redis/go-redis/v9"
+	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
+)
+
+type redisStore struct {
+	store.StoreInterface
+	client *redis.Client
+}
+
+func getRedisStore(ctx context.Context, redisEnvAddr string, maxConn int) (Store, error) {
+	options, err := redis.ParseURL(redisEnvAddr)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("parsing redis cache url: %s", err)
+	}
+
+	options.MaxIdleConns = int(math.Ceil(float64(maxConn) * 0.5)) // 50% of max conns
+	options.MinIdleConns = int(math.Ceil(float64(maxConn) * 0.1)) // 10% of max conns
+	options.MaxActiveConns = maxConn
+	options.ConnMaxIdleTime = 30 * time.Minute
+	options.ConnMaxLifetime = 0
+	options.PoolTimeout = 10 * time.Second
+	redisClient := redis.NewClient(options)
+	subCtx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, 2*time.Second)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	_, err = redisClient.Ping(subCtx).Result()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	log.WithContext(subCtx).Infof("using redis cache at %s", redisEnvAddr)
+
+	return &redisStore{
+		StoreInterface: redisstore.NewRedis(redisClient),
+		client:         redisClient,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func (s *redisStore) SetNX(ctx context.Context, key, value string, ttl time.Duration) (bool, error) {
+	return s.client.SetNX(ctx, key, value, ttl).Result()
+}
+
+func (s *redisStore) GetDel(ctx context.Context, key string) (string, bool, error) {
+	value, err := s.client.GetDel(ctx, key).Result()
+	if errors.Is(err, redis.Nil) {
+		return "", false, nil
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", false, err
+	}
+	return value, true, nil
+}
diff --git a/management/server/cache/redis_test.go b/management/server/cache/redis_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..994ec7490
--- /dev/null
+++ b/management/server/cache/redis_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+package cache_test
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/eko/gocache/lib/v4/store"
+	"github.com/redis/go-redis/v9"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	testcontainersredis "github.com/testcontainers/testcontainers-go/modules/redis"
+
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/server/cache"
+)
+
+func startRedis(t *testing.T) string {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	redisContainer, err := testcontainersredis.Run(ctx, "redis:7")
+	require.NoError(t, err, "couldn't start redis container")
+
+	t.Cleanup(func() {
+		if err := redisContainer.Terminate(ctx); err != nil {
+			t.Logf("failed to terminate container: %s", err)
+		}
+	})
+
+	redisURL, err := redisContainer.ConnectionString(ctx)
+	require.NoError(t, err, "couldn't get connection string")
+
+	t.Setenv(cache.RedisStoreEnvVar, redisURL)
+	return redisURL
+}
+
+func newRedisStore(t *testing.T) cache.Store {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	redisStore, err := cache.NewStore(context.Background(), 100*time.Millisecond, 300*time.Millisecond, 100)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	return redisStore
+}
+
+func TestRedisStoreConnectionFailure(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv(cache.RedisStoreEnvVar, "redis://127.0.0.1:6379")
+	_, err := cache.NewStore(context.Background(), 10*time.Millisecond, 30*time.Millisecond, 100)
+	require.Error(t, err, "getting redis cache store should return error")
+}
+
+func TestRedisStoreConnectionSuccess(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	redisURL := startRedis(t)
+	redisStore := newRedisStore(t)
+
+	key, value := "testing", "tested"
+	err := redisStore.Set(ctx, key, value, store.WithExpiration(100*time.Millisecond))
+	assert.NoError(t, err, "couldn't set testing data")
+
+	result, err := redisStore.Get(ctx, key)
+	assert.NoError(t, err, "couldn't get testing data")
+	assert.Equal(t, value, result, "value returned doesn't match testing data")
+
+	options, err := redis.ParseURL(redisURL)
+	require.NoError(t, err, "parsing redis cache url")
+
+	redisClient := redis.NewClient(options)
+	r, err := redisClient.Get(ctx, key).Result()
+	assert.NoError(t, err, "couldn't get testing data from redis")
+	assert.Equal(t, value, r, "value returned from redis doesn't match testing data")
+
+	// test expiration
+	time.Sleep(300 * time.Millisecond)
+	_, err = redisStore.Get(ctx, key)
+	assert.Error(t, err, "value should not be found")
+}
+
+func TestRedisStoreSetNX(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	redisURL := startRedis(t)
+	redisStore, secondRedisStore := newRedisStore(t), newRedisStore(t)
+
+	const (
+		key   = "conditional"
+		value = "tested"
+	)
+
+	start := make(chan struct{})
+	type setResult struct {
+		created bool
+		err     error
+	}
+	results := make(chan setResult, 2)
+	for _, cacheStore := range []cache.Store{redisStore, secondRedisStore} {
+		go func() {
+			<-start
+			created, err := cacheStore.SetNX(ctx, key, value, time.Minute)
+			results <- setResult{created: created, err: err}
+		}()
+	}
+	close(start)
+
+	created := 0
+	for range 2 {
+		result := <-results
+		require.NoError(t, result.err, "conditional redis set failed")
+		if result.created {
+			created++
+		}
+	}
+	require.Equal(t, 1, created, "expected exactly one redis client to create the entry")
+
+	options, err := redis.ParseURL(redisURL)
+	require.NoError(t, err, "parsing redis cache url")
+
+	ttl, err := redis.NewClient(options).PTTL(ctx, key).Result()
+	require.NoError(t, err, "couldn't read entry TTL")
+	require.Positive(t, ttl, "created entry should have a positive TTL")
+}
+
+func TestRedisStoreGetDel(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	startRedis(t)
+	redisStore, secondRedisStore := newRedisStore(t), newRedisStore(t)
+
+	const (
+		key   = "consume"
+		value = "verifier"
+	)
+
+	t.Run("exactly one caller across independent clients consumes the key", func(t *testing.T) {
+		// A generous TTL: the key is consumed explicitly, so expiry racing the
+		// concurrent callers would only make the test flaky on a loaded runner.
+		err := redisStore.Set(ctx, key, value, store.WithExpiration(time.Minute))
+		require.NoError(t, err, "couldn't set value to consume")
+
+		assertGetDelConsumedOnce(ctx, t, []cache.Store{redisStore, secondRedisStore}, key, value)
+		assertGetDelMisses(ctx, t, secondRedisStore, key)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("missing key is not an error", func(t *testing.T) {
+		assertGetDelMisses(ctx, t, redisStore, "never-set")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("expired key is not found", func(t *testing.T) {
+		err := redisStore.Set(ctx, key, value, store.WithExpiration(50*time.Millisecond))
+		require.NoError(t, err, "couldn't set value to consume")
+
+		time.Sleep(100 * time.Millisecond)
+		assertGetDelMisses(ctx, t, redisStore, key)
+	})
+}
diff --git a/management/server/cache/store.go b/management/server/cache/store.go
index 2ca8e8603..a0c093e5d 100644
--- a/management/server/cache/store.go
+++ b/management/server/cache/store.go
@@ -2,17 +2,10 @@ package cache
 
 import (
 	"context"
-	"fmt"
-	"math"
 	"os"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/eko/gocache/lib/v4/store"
-	gocache_store "github.com/eko/gocache/store/go_cache/v4"
-	redis_store "github.com/eko/gocache/store/redis/v4"
-	gocache "github.com/patrickmn/go-cache"
-	"github.com/redis/go-redis/v9"
-	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 )
 
 // RedisStoreEnvVar is the environment variable that determines if a redis store should be used.
@@ -31,15 +24,23 @@ const (
 	DefaultStoreMaxConn = 1000
 )
 
+// Store extends the shared cache interface with conditional and consuming operations.
+type Store interface {
+	store.StoreInterface
+	// SetNX stores a value with a TTL only when the key does not exist.
+	SetNX(ctx context.Context, key, value string, ttl time.Duration) (bool, error)
+	// GetDel reads a value and removes it, so only one caller can consume a key.
+	GetDel(ctx context.Context, key string) (value string, found bool, err error)
+}
+
 // NewStore creates a new cache store with the given max timeout and cleanup interval. It checks for the environment Variable RedisStoreEnvVar
 // to determine if a redis store should be used. If the environment variable is set, it will attempt to connect to the redis store.
-func NewStore(ctx context.Context, maxTimeout, cleanupInterval time.Duration, maxConn int) (store.StoreInterface, error) {
+func NewStore(ctx context.Context, maxTimeout, cleanupInterval time.Duration, maxConn int) (Store, error) {
 	redisAddr := GetAddrFromEnv()
 	if redisAddr != "" {
 		return getRedisStore(ctx, redisAddr, maxConn)
 	}
-	goc := gocache.New(maxTimeout, cleanupInterval)
-	return gocache_store.NewGoCache(goc), nil
+	return newMemoryStore(maxTimeout, cleanupInterval), nil
 }
 
 // GetAddrFromEnv returns the redis address from the environment variable RedisStoreEnvVar or its legacy counterpart.
@@ -50,29 +51,3 @@ func GetAddrFromEnv() string {
 	}
 	return addr
 }
-
-func getRedisStore(ctx context.Context, redisEnvAddr string, maxConn int) (store.StoreInterface, error) {
-	options, err := redis.ParseURL(redisEnvAddr)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("parsing redis cache url: %s", err)
-	}
-
-	options.MaxIdleConns = int(math.Ceil(float64(maxConn) * 0.5)) // 50% of max conns
-	options.MinIdleConns = int(math.Ceil(float64(maxConn) * 0.1)) // 10% of max conns
-	options.MaxActiveConns = maxConn
-	options.ConnMaxIdleTime = 30 * time.Minute
-	options.ConnMaxLifetime = 0
-	options.PoolTimeout = 10 * time.Second
-	redisClient := redis.NewClient(options)
-	subCtx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, 2*time.Second)
-	defer cancel()
-
-	_, err = redisClient.Ping(subCtx).Result()
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	log.WithContext(subCtx).Infof("using redis cache at %s", redisEnvAddr)
-
-	return redis_store.NewRedis(redisClient), nil
-}
diff --git a/management/server/cache/store_test.go b/management/server/cache/store_test.go
index b869170f0..a59be8393 100644
--- a/management/server/cache/store_test.go
+++ b/management/server/cache/store_test.go
@@ -3,101 +3,53 @@ package cache_test
 import (
 	"context"
 	"testing"
-	"time"
 
-	"github.com/eko/gocache/lib/v4/store"
-	"github.com/redis/go-redis/v9"
-	testcontainersredis "github.com/testcontainers/testcontainers-go/modules/redis"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/server/cache"
 )
 
-func TestMemoryStore(t *testing.T) {
-	memStore, err := cache.NewStore(context.Background(), 100*time.Millisecond, 300*time.Millisecond, 100)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("couldn't create memory store: %s", err)
-	}
-	ctx := context.Background()
-	key, value := "testing", "tested"
-	err = memStore.Set(ctx, key, value)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Errorf("couldn't set testing data: %s", err)
-	}
-	result, err := memStore.Get(ctx, key)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Errorf("couldn't get testing data: %s", err)
-	}
-	if value != result.(string) {
-		t.Errorf("value returned doesn't match testing data, got %s, expected %s", result, value)
-	}
-	// test expiration
-	time.Sleep(300 * time.Millisecond)
-	_, err = memStore.Get(ctx, key)
-	if err == nil {
-		t.Error("value should not be found")
-	}
-}
+func assertGetDelConsumedOnce(ctx context.Context, t *testing.T, stores []cache.Store, key, value string) {
+	t.Helper()
 
-func TestRedisStoreConnectionFailure(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Setenv(cache.RedisStoreEnvVar, "redis://127.0.0.1:6379")
-	_, err := cache.NewStore(context.Background(), 10*time.Millisecond, 30*time.Millisecond, 100)
-	if err == nil {
-		t.Fatal("getting redis cache store should return error")
-	}
-}
+	const getDelAttempts = 64
 
-func TestRedisStoreConnectionSuccess(t *testing.T) {
-	ctx := context.Background()
-	redisContainer, err := testcontainersredis.Run(ctx, "redis:7")
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("couldn't start redis container: %s", err)
+	type getDelResult struct {
+		value string
+		found bool
+		err   error
 	}
-	defer func() {
-		if err := redisContainer.Terminate(ctx); err != nil {
-			t.Logf("failed to terminate container: %s", err)
+
+	start := make(chan struct{})
+	results := make(chan getDelResult, getDelAttempts)
+	for i := range getDelAttempts {
+		cacheStore := stores[i%len(stores)]
+		go func() {
+			<-start
+			value, found, err := cacheStore.GetDel(ctx, key)
+			results <- getDelResult{value: value, found: found, err: err}
+		}()
+	}
+	close(start)
+
+	consumers := 0
+	for range getDelAttempts {
+		result := <-results
+		require.NoError(t, result.err, "concurrent GetDel failed")
+		if !result.found {
+			continue
 		}
-	}()
-	redisURL, err := redisContainer.ConnectionString(ctx)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("couldn't get connection string: %s", err)
-	}
-
-	t.Setenv(cache.RedisStoreEnvVar, redisURL)
-	redisStore, err := cache.NewStore(context.Background(), 100*time.Millisecond, 300*time.Millisecond, 100)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("couldn't create redis store: %s", err)
-	}
-
-	key, value := "testing", "tested"
-	err = redisStore.Set(ctx, key, value, store.WithExpiration(100*time.Millisecond))
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Errorf("couldn't set testing data: %s", err)
-	}
-	result, err := redisStore.Get(ctx, key)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Errorf("couldn't get testing data: %s", err)
-	}
-	if value != result.(string) {
-		t.Errorf("value returned doesn't match testing data, got %s, expected %s", result, value)
-	}
-
-	options, err := redis.ParseURL(redisURL)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Errorf("parsing redis cache url: %s", err)
-	}
-
-	redisClient := redis.NewClient(options)
-	r, e := redisClient.Get(ctx, key).Result()
-	if e != nil {
-		t.Errorf("couldn't get testing data from redis: %s", e)
-	}
-	if value != r {
-		t.Errorf("value returned from redis doesn't match testing data, got %s, expected %s", r, value)
-	}
-	// test expiration
-	time.Sleep(300 * time.Millisecond)
-	_, err = redisStore.Get(ctx, key)
-	if err == nil {
-		t.Error("value should not be found")
+		consumers++
+		require.Equal(t, value, result.value, "consumed value doesn't match testing data")
 	}
+	require.Equal(t, 1, consumers, "expected exactly one consumer")
+}
+
+func assertGetDelMisses(ctx context.Context, t *testing.T, cacheStore cache.Store, key string) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	value, found, err := cacheStore.GetDel(ctx, key)
+	require.NoError(t, err, "GetDel on a missing key should not error")
+	require.False(t, found, "GetDel should not find key %q, got value %q", key, value)
+	require.Empty(t, value, "GetDel should return an empty value when not found")
 }

From 066af82c3e4dee2cbec4e2e5855935b12321a281 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Bethuel Mmbaga <bethuelmbaga12@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 4 Sep 2026 11:03:54 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 09/21] [management] Keep embedded IdP deployments on a single
 account (#7380)

---
 combined/cmd/root.go                          |   5 +-
 management/cmd/management.go                  |   3 +
 management/cmd/management_test.go             |  22 +-
 management/server/account.go                  |  17 +-
 management/server/identity_provider_test.go   |  40 ++-
 management/server/idp/migration/migration.go  | 168 +++++++++++-
 .../server/idp/migration/migration_test.go    | 249 ++++++++++++++++++
 management/server/idp/migration/store.go      |  14 +
 tools/idp-migrate/DEVELOPMENT.md              |   2 +
 tools/idp-migrate/config.go                   |  21 +-
 tools/idp-migrate/main.go                     |  27 +-
 tools/idp-migrate/main_test.go                |  74 ++++++
 12 files changed, 623 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/combined/cmd/root.go b/combined/cmd/root.go
index 7eac84ce5..3e583ef20 100644
--- a/combined/cmd/root.go
+++ b/combined/cmd/root.go
@@ -365,7 +365,6 @@ func setupServerHooks(servers *serverInstances, cfg *CombinedConfig) {
 			})
 		}
 	}
-
 }
 
 func startServers(wg *sync.WaitGroup, srv *relayServer.Server, httpHealthcheck *healthcheck.Server, stunServer *stun.Server, metricsServer *sharedMetrics.Metrics) {
@@ -539,7 +538,7 @@ func createManagementServer(cfg *CombinedConfig, mgmtConfig *nbconfig.Config) (m
 		&mgmtServer.Config{
 			NbConfig:                mgmtConfig,
 			DNSDomain:               "",
-			MgmtSingleAccModeDomain: "",
+			MgmtSingleAccModeDomain: mgmtServer.DefaultSelfHostedDomain,
 			AutoResolveDomains:      true,
 			MgmtPort:                mgmtPort,
 			MgmtMetricsPort:         cfg.Server.MetricsPort,
@@ -554,7 +553,7 @@ func createManagementServer(cfg *CombinedConfig, mgmtConfig *nbconfig.Config) (m
 }
 
 // createCombinedHandler creates an HTTP handler that multiplexes Management, Signal (via wsproxy), and Relay WebSocket traffic
-func createCombinedHandler(grpcServer *grpc.Server, httpHandler http.Handler, idpHandler http.Handler, relaySrv *relayServer.Server, meter metric.Meter, cfg *CombinedConfig) http.Handler {
+func createCombinedHandler(grpcServer *grpc.Server, httpHandler, idpHandler http.Handler, relaySrv *relayServer.Server, meter metric.Meter, cfg *CombinedConfig) http.Handler {
 	wsProxy := wsproxyserver.New(grpcServer, wsproxyserver.WithOTelMeter(meter))
 
 	var relayAcceptFn func(conn listener.Conn)
diff --git a/management/cmd/management.go b/management/cmd/management.go
index 147985314..fc6bd0a46 100644
--- a/management/cmd/management.go
+++ b/management/cmd/management.go
@@ -236,6 +236,9 @@ func ApplyEmbeddedIdPConfig(ctx context.Context, cfg *nbconfig.Config) error {
 		// Embedded IdP requires single account mode - multiple account mode is not supported
 		return fmt.Errorf("embedded IdP requires single account mode; multiple account mode is not supported with embedded IdP. Please remove --disable-single-account-mode flag")
 	}
+	if mgmtSingleAccModeDomain == "" {
+		return fmt.Errorf("embedded IdP requires single account mode; --single-account-mode-domain must not be empty")
+	}
 	// Enable user deletion from IDP by default if EmbeddedIdP is enabled
 	userDeleteFromIDPEnabled = true
 
diff --git a/management/cmd/management_test.go b/management/cmd/management_test.go
index 2c3481213..e34e1975e 100644
--- a/management/cmd/management_test.go
+++ b/management/cmd/management_test.go
@@ -5,8 +5,12 @@ import (
 	"os"
 	"testing"
 
-	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/management/grpc"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+
+	nbconfig "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/internals/server/config"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/server/idp"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/management/grpc"
 )
 
 const (
@@ -60,6 +64,22 @@ func Test_LoadMgmtConfig_Empty(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Nil(t, cfg.PerAccountHighestSupportedSyncMessageVersion)
 }
 
+func TestApplyEmbeddedIdPConfigRequiresSingleAccountDomain(t *testing.T) {
+	previousDomain := mgmtSingleAccModeDomain
+	previousDisabled := disableSingleAccMode
+	t.Cleanup(func() {
+		mgmtSingleAccModeDomain = previousDomain
+		disableSingleAccMode = previousDisabled
+	})
+
+	mgmtSingleAccModeDomain = ""
+	disableSingleAccMode = false
+	cfg := &nbconfig.Config{
+		EmbeddedIdP: &idp.EmbeddedIdPConfig{Enabled: true},
+	}
+	require.ErrorContains(t, ApplyEmbeddedIdPConfig(context.Background(), cfg), "embedded IdP requires single account mode")
+}
+
 func createConfig(config string) (string, error) {
 	tmpfile, err := os.CreateTemp("", "config.json")
 	if err != nil {
diff --git a/management/server/account.go b/management/server/account.go
index 58698e899..3ceef79db 100644
--- a/management/server/account.go
+++ b/management/server/account.go
@@ -14,10 +14,6 @@ import (
 	"sync"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/service"
-	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/server/job"
-	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/auth"
-
 	cacheStore "github.com/eko/gocache/lib/v4/store"
 	"github.com/eko/gocache/store/redis/v4"
 	"github.com/rs/xid"
@@ -29,6 +25,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/formatter/hook"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/idp/dex"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/internals/controllers/network_map"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/service"
 	nbconfig "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/internals/server/config"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/server/account"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/server/activity"
@@ -39,6 +36,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/server/idp"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/server/integrations/integrated_validator"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/server/integrations/port_forwarding"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/server/job"
 	nbpeer "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/server/peer"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/server/permissions"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/server/permissions/modules"
@@ -50,6 +48,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/server/types"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/server/util"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/route"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/auth"
 	nbdomain "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/management/domain"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/management/networkmap/nmdata"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/management/status"
@@ -238,6 +237,10 @@ func BuildManager(
 		log.WithContext(ctx).Error(err)
 	}
 
+	if IsEmbeddedIdp(idpManager) && accountsCounter > 1 {
+		log.WithContext(ctx).Warnf("embedded IdP requires a single account, found %d", accountsCounter)
+	}
+
 	// enable single account mode only if configured by user and number of existing accounts is not grater than 1
 	am.singleAccountMode = singleAccountModeDomain != "" && accountsCounter <= 1
 	if am.singleAccountMode {
@@ -1592,7 +1595,10 @@ func (am *DefaultAccountManager) updateUserAuthWithSingleMode(ctx context.Contex
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	userAuth.Domain = domain
+	// Keep the configured single account domain when the existing account has none
+	if domain != "" {
+		userAuth.Domain = domain
+	}
 
 	log.WithContext(ctx).Debugf("overriding JWT Domain and DomainCategory claims since single account mode is enabled")
 	return nil
@@ -1837,6 +1843,7 @@ func (am *DefaultAccountManager) getAccountIDWithAuthorizationClaims(ctx context
 
 	return am.addNewPrivateAccount(ctx, domainAccountID, userAuth)
 }
+
 func (am *DefaultAccountManager) getPrivateDomainWithGlobalLock(ctx context.Context, domain string) (string, context.CancelFunc, error) {
 	domainAccountID, err := am.Store.GetAccountIDByPrivateDomain(ctx, store.LockingStrengthNone, domain)
 	if handleNotFound(err) != nil {
diff --git a/management/server/identity_provider_test.go b/management/server/identity_provider_test.go
index eef69dc14..ecc47337c 100644
--- a/management/server/identity_provider_test.go
+++ b/management/server/identity_provider_test.go
@@ -10,9 +10,9 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
-	"go.uber.org/mock/gomock"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"go.uber.org/mock/gomock"
 
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/internals/controllers/network_map/controller"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/internals/controllers/network_map/update_channel"
@@ -34,6 +34,20 @@ import (
 
 func createManagerWithEmbeddedIdP(t testing.TB) (*DefaultAccountManager, *update_channel.PeersUpdateManager, error) {
 	t.Helper()
+	return createManagerWithEmbeddedIdPMode(t, "netbird.selfhosted")
+}
+
+func createManagerWithEmbeddedIdPMode(t testing.TB, singleAccountModeDomain string) (*DefaultAccountManager, *update_channel.PeersUpdateManager, error) {
+	t.Helper()
+	return createManagerWithEmbeddedIdPModeAndSetup(t, singleAccountModeDomain, nil)
+}
+
+func createManagerWithEmbeddedIdPModeAndSetup(
+	t testing.TB,
+	singleAccountModeDomain string,
+	setupStore func(context.Context, store.Store) error,
+) (*DefaultAccountManager, *update_channel.PeersUpdateManager, error) {
+	t.Helper()
 
 	ctx := context.Background()
 
@@ -43,6 +57,11 @@ func createManagerWithEmbeddedIdP(t testing.TB) (*DefaultAccountManager, *update
 		return nil, nil, err
 	}
 	t.Cleanup(cleanUp)
+	if setupStore != nil {
+		if err := setupStore(ctx, testStore); err != nil {
+			return nil, nil, err
+		}
+	}
 
 	// Create embedded IdP manager
 	embeddedConfig := &idp.EmbeddedIdPConfig{
@@ -93,7 +112,7 @@ func createManagerWithEmbeddedIdP(t testing.TB) (*DefaultAccountManager, *update
 	updateManager := update_channel.NewPeersUpdateManager(metrics)
 	requestBuffer := NewAccountRequestBuffer(ctx, testStore)
 	networkMapController := controller.NewController(ctx, testStore, metrics, updateManager, requestBuffer, MockIntegratedValidator{}, settingsMockManager, "netbird.cloud", port_forwarding.NewControllerMock(), ephemeral_manager.NewEphemeralManager(testStore, peersManager), &config.Config{}, nil)
-	manager, err := BuildManager(ctx, &config.Config{}, testStore, networkMapController, job.NewJobManager(nil, testStore, peersManager), idpManager, "", eventStore, nil, false, MockIntegratedValidator{}, metrics, port_forwarding.NewControllerMock(), settingsMockManager, permissionsManager, false, cacheStore)
+	manager, err := BuildManager(ctx, &config.Config{}, testStore, networkMapController, job.NewJobManager(nil, testStore, peersManager), idpManager, singleAccountModeDomain, eventStore, nil, false, MockIntegratedValidator{}, metrics, port_forwarding.NewControllerMock(), settingsMockManager, permissionsManager, false, cacheStore)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, nil, err
 	}
@@ -196,6 +215,23 @@ func TestDefaultAccountManager_GetIdentityProvider_NotFound(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "not found")
 }
 
+func TestUpdateUserAuthWithSingleModeKeepsConfiguredDomain(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	manager, _, err := createManagerWithEmbeddedIdPModeAndSetup(t, "netbird.selfhosted", func(ctx context.Context, testStore store.Store) error {
+		// An account with no domain, as left behind by an IdP that emitted no domain claims.
+		return testStore.SaveAccount(ctx, newAccountWithId(ctx, "account-1", "user-1", "", "", "", false))
+	})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.True(t, manager.singleAccountMode)
+
+	userAuth := auth.UserAuth{UserId: "user-2"}
+	require.NoError(t, manager.updateUserAuthWithSingleMode(ctx, &userAuth))
+
+	assert.Equal(t, "netbird.selfhosted", userAuth.Domain,
+		"An empty account domain must not clear the configured single account domain")
+	assert.Equal(t, types.PrivateCategory, userAuth.DomainCategory)
+}
+
 func TestDefaultAccountManager_UpdateIdentityProvider_Validation(t *testing.T) {
 	manager, _, err := createManager(t)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
diff --git a/management/server/idp/migration/migration.go b/management/server/idp/migration/migration.go
index 01cadb86d..bec0de84c 100644
--- a/management/server/idp/migration/migration.go
+++ b/management/server/idp/migration/migration.go
@@ -10,6 +10,8 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"os"
+	"regexp"
+	"strings"
 
 	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 
@@ -25,8 +27,10 @@ type Server interface {
 	EventStore() EventStore // may return nil
 }
 
-const idpSeedInfoKey = "IDP_SEED_INFO"
-const dryRunEnvKey = "NB_IDP_MIGRATION_DRY_RUN"
+const (
+	idpSeedInfoKey = "IDP_SEED_INFO"
+	dryRunEnvKey   = "NB_IDP_MIGRATION_DRY_RUN"
+)
 
 func isDryRun() bool {
 	return os.Getenv(dryRunEnvKey) == "true"
@@ -233,3 +237,163 @@ func PopulateUserInfo(s Server, idpManager idp.Manager, dryRun bool) error {
 
 	return nil
 }
+
+const DefaultSingleAccountDomain = "netbird.selfhosted"
+
+var (
+	ErrMultipleAccounts = errors.New("the embedded IdP supports a single account only")
+	ErrUnusableDomain   = errors.New("domain cannot be resolved in single account mode")
+	ErrDomainConflict   = errors.New("requested domain conflicts with the account domain")
+)
+
+var resolvableDomainRegexp = regexp.MustCompile(`^([a-z0-9]+(-[a-z0-9]+)*\.)+[a-z]{2,}$`)
+
+// RequireSingleAccount refuses to migrate an instance that holds more than one account.
+func RequireSingleAccount(s Server) error {
+	accountsCounter, err := s.Store().GetAccountsCounter(context.Background())
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to count accounts: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if accountsCounter > 1 {
+		return errMultipleAccounts(accountsCounter)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func errMultipleAccounts(accountsCounter int64) error {
+	return fmt.Errorf("%w: this instance has %d accounts. Identity provider connectors are stored without "+
+		"an account scope, so every account would share and be able to manage the same connectors. "+
+		"Consolidate this instance to a single account, or keep using an external IdP, before migrating",
+		ErrMultipleAccounts, accountsCounter)
+}
+
+func NormalizeSingleAccountDomain(singleAccountDomain string) (string, error) {
+	if singleAccountDomain == "" {
+		singleAccountDomain = DefaultSingleAccountDomain
+	}
+
+	singleAccountDomain = strings.ToLower(singleAccountDomain)
+	if !resolvableDomainRegexp.MatchString(singleAccountDomain) {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("%w: %q must contain at least one dot and only lowercase letters, digits and "+
+			"hyphens, otherwise users cannot join the existing account", ErrUnusableDomain, singleAccountDomain)
+	}
+
+	return singleAccountDomain, nil
+}
+
+// resolveAccountDomain picks the domain the account should end up with. The account keeps a usable
+// domain of its own, the configured one only fills a blank. Anything else is a conflict to report.
+func resolveAccountDomain(accountID, accountDomain, singleAccountDomain string, requested bool) (string, error) {
+	accountDomain = strings.ToLower(accountDomain)
+
+	if accountDomain == "" {
+		return singleAccountDomain, nil
+	}
+
+	if !resolvableDomainRegexp.MatchString(accountDomain) {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("%w: account %s has domain %q, which must contain at least one dot and only "+
+			"lowercase letters, digits and hyphens. Correct the account domain before migrating",
+			ErrUnusableDomain, accountID, accountDomain)
+	}
+
+	if requested && accountDomain != singleAccountDomain {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("%w: account %s already uses domain %q but %q was requested. Re-run without "+
+			"--single-account-mode-domain to keep %q, or correct the account domain first",
+			ErrDomainConflict, accountID, accountDomain, singleAccountDomain, accountDomain)
+	}
+
+	return accountDomain, nil
+}
+
+// EnsureSingleAccountDomain gives the remaining account the domain attributes single account mode
+// resolves against, so users can still join it after the migration.
+func EnsureSingleAccountDomain(s Server, singleAccountDomain string) error {
+	plan, err := planSingleAccountDomain(s, singleAccountDomain)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if plan.skip {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	if isDryRun() {
+		log.Infof("[DRY RUN] would set account %s domain to %q, category to %q and mark it as the primary domain account "+
+			"(currently domain=%q primary=%v)", plan.accountID, plan.domain, types.PrivateCategory,
+			plan.currentDomain, plan.isPrimary)
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	if err := s.Store().UpdateAccountDomainAttributes(context.Background(), plan.accountID, plan.domain,
+		types.PrivateCategory, true); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to update domain attributes of account %s: %w", plan.accountID, err)
+	}
+
+	log.Infof("account %s now resolves in single account mode with domain %q", plan.accountID, plan.domain)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// CheckSingleAccountDomain reports whether EnsureSingleAccountDomain would succeed, without writing.
+func CheckSingleAccountDomain(s Server, singleAccountDomain string) error {
+	_, err := planSingleAccountDomain(s, singleAccountDomain)
+	return err
+}
+
+type singleAccountDomainPlan struct {
+	accountID     string
+	domain        string
+	currentDomain string
+	isPrimary     bool
+	skip          bool
+}
+
+// planSingleAccountDomain decides what the account's domain attributes should become. It reads
+// only, so it can run both as a preflight and as the first half of the update.
+func planSingleAccountDomain(s Server, singleAccountDomain string) (singleAccountDomainPlan, error) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+
+	// An empty value means the operator did not pick a domain, so the default is only a fallback.
+	requested := singleAccountDomain != ""
+
+	singleAccountDomain, err := NormalizeSingleAccountDomain(singleAccountDomain)
+	if err != nil {
+		return singleAccountDomainPlan{}, err
+	}
+
+	accountsCounter, err := s.Store().GetAccountsCounter(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return singleAccountDomainPlan{}, fmt.Errorf("failed to count accounts: %w", err)
+	}
+	// The count is checked again here: it is read long after RequireSingleAccount, and marking an
+	// arbitrary account as the primary one for the domain would be wrong.
+	switch {
+	case accountsCounter == 0:
+		log.Info("no accounts yet, nothing to prepare for single account mode")
+		return singleAccountDomainPlan{skip: true}, nil
+	case accountsCounter > 1:
+		return singleAccountDomainPlan{}, errMultipleAccounts(accountsCounter)
+	}
+
+	accountID, err := s.Store().GetAnyAccountID(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return singleAccountDomainPlan{}, fmt.Errorf("failed to get the existing account: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	isPrimary, accountDomain, err := s.Store().IsPrimaryAccount(ctx, accountID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return singleAccountDomainPlan{}, fmt.Errorf("failed to read domain attributes of account %s: %w", accountID, err)
+	}
+
+	domain, err := resolveAccountDomain(accountID, accountDomain, singleAccountDomain, requested)
+	if err != nil {
+		return singleAccountDomainPlan{}, err
+	}
+
+	return singleAccountDomainPlan{
+		accountID:     accountID,
+		domain:        domain,
+		currentDomain: accountDomain,
+		isPrimary:     isPrimary,
+	}, nil
+}
diff --git a/management/server/idp/migration/migration_test.go b/management/server/idp/migration/migration_test.go
index 2ff71347e..f6a436015 100644
--- a/management/server/idp/migration/migration_test.go
+++ b/management/server/idp/migration/migration_test.go
@@ -24,6 +24,17 @@ type testStore struct {
 	checkSchemaFunc    func(checks []SchemaCheck) []SchemaError
 	updateCalls        []updateUserIDCall
 	updateInfoCalls    []updateUserInfoCall
+
+	accountsCounter int64
+	accounts        map[string]*types.Account
+	domainAttrCalls []domainAttrCall
+}
+
+type domainAttrCall struct {
+	AccountID string
+	Domain    string
+	Category  string
+	IsPrimary bool
 }
 
 type updateUserIDCall struct {
@@ -38,6 +49,35 @@ type updateUserInfoCall struct {
 	Name   string
 }
 
+func (s *testStore) GetAccountsCounter(context.Context) (int64, error) {
+	return s.accountsCounter, nil
+}
+
+func (s *testStore) GetAnyAccountID(context.Context) (string, error) {
+	for id := range s.accounts {
+		return id, nil
+	}
+	return "", fmt.Errorf("no accounts")
+}
+
+func (s *testStore) IsPrimaryAccount(_ context.Context, accountID string) (bool, string, error) {
+	account, ok := s.accounts[accountID]
+	if !ok {
+		return false, "", fmt.Errorf("account %s not found", accountID)
+	}
+	return account.IsDomainPrimaryAccount, account.Domain, nil
+}
+
+func (s *testStore) UpdateAccountDomainAttributes(_ context.Context, accountID, domain, category string, isPrimaryDomain bool) error {
+	s.domainAttrCalls = append(s.domainAttrCalls, domainAttrCall{accountID, domain, category, isPrimaryDomain})
+	if account, ok := s.accounts[accountID]; ok {
+		account.Domain = domain
+		account.DomainCategory = category
+		account.IsDomainPrimaryAccount = isPrimaryDomain
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 func (s *testStore) ListUsers(ctx context.Context) ([]*types.User, error) {
 	return s.listUsersFunc(ctx)
 }
@@ -826,3 +866,212 @@ func TestCheckSchema_MockStore(t *testing.T) {
 		assert.Equal(t, "email", errs[0].Column)
 	})
 }
+
+func TestRequireSingleAccount(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name      string
+		accounts  int64
+		expectErr bool
+	}{
+		{name: "fresh install", accounts: 0},
+		{name: "single account", accounts: 1},
+		{name: "multiple accounts", accounts: 3, expectErr: true},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			srv := &testServer{store: &testStore{accountsCounter: tt.accounts}}
+
+			err := RequireSingleAccount(srv)
+			if !tt.expectErr {
+				require.NoError(t, err)
+				return
+			}
+
+			require.Error(t, err)
+			assert.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrMultipleAccounts)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestEnsureSingleAccountDomain(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name            string
+		account         *types.Account
+		requestedDomain string
+		expectedDomain  string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:           "account migrated from an IdP without domain claims",
+			account:        &types.Account{Id: "account-1"},
+			expectedDomain: DefaultSingleAccountDomain,
+		},
+		{
+			name:            "requested domain is applied to an account without one",
+			account:         &types.Account{Id: "account-1"},
+			requestedDomain: "corp.example.com",
+			expectedDomain:  "corp.example.com",
+		},
+		{
+			name:           "account keeps its own domain",
+			account:        &types.Account{Id: "account-1", Domain: "acme.com"},
+			expectedDomain: "acme.com",
+		},
+		{
+			name:            "requesting the domain the account already has is not a conflict",
+			account:         &types.Account{Id: "account-1", Domain: "acme.com"},
+			requestedDomain: "acme.com",
+			expectedDomain:  "acme.com",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "already resolvable account is rewritten with the same values",
+			account: &types.Account{
+				Id:                     "account-1",
+				Domain:                 "acme.com",
+				DomainCategory:         types.PrivateCategory,
+				IsDomainPrimaryAccount: true,
+			},
+			expectedDomain: "acme.com",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			store := &testStore{
+				accountsCounter: 1,
+				accounts:        map[string]*types.Account{tt.account.Id: tt.account},
+			}
+
+			require.NoError(t, EnsureSingleAccountDomain(&testServer{store: store}, tt.requestedDomain))
+
+			require.Len(t, store.domainAttrCalls, 1)
+			assert.Equal(t, domainAttrCall{
+				AccountID: tt.account.Id,
+				Domain:    tt.expectedDomain,
+				Category:  types.PrivateCategory,
+				IsPrimary: true,
+			}, store.domainAttrCalls[0])
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestEnsureSingleAccountDomainDryRun(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv(dryRunEnvKey, "true")
+
+	store := &testStore{
+		accountsCounter: 1,
+		accounts:        map[string]*types.Account{"account-1": {Id: "account-1"}},
+	}
+
+	require.NoError(t, EnsureSingleAccountDomain(&testServer{store: store}, ""))
+	assert.Empty(t, store.domainAttrCalls, "Dry run must not write anything")
+}
+
+func TestEnsureSingleAccountDomainRejectsUnresolvableDomains(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("account domain that cannot resolve is reported", func(t *testing.T) {
+		account := &types.Account{Id: "account-1", Domain: "corp"}
+		store := &testStore{
+			accountsCounter: 1,
+			accounts:        map[string]*types.Account{account.Id: account},
+		}
+
+		err := EnsureSingleAccountDomain(&testServer{store: store}, "")
+		require.Error(t, err)
+		assert.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrUnusableDomain)
+		assert.Empty(t, store.domainAttrCalls, "A broken account domain must not be replaced silently")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("requested domain conflicting with the account domain is reported", func(t *testing.T) {
+		account := &types.Account{Id: "account-1", Domain: "acme.com"}
+		store := &testStore{
+			accountsCounter: 1,
+			accounts:        map[string]*types.Account{account.Id: account},
+		}
+
+		err := EnsureSingleAccountDomain(&testServer{store: store}, "corp.example.com")
+		require.Error(t, err)
+		assert.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrDomainConflict)
+		assert.Empty(t, store.domainAttrCalls, "A conflict must not overwrite the account domain")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("configured domain that cannot resolve is rejected", func(t *testing.T) {
+		store := &testStore{
+			accountsCounter: 1,
+			accounts:        map[string]*types.Account{"account-1": {Id: "account-1"}},
+		}
+
+		err := EnsureSingleAccountDomain(&testServer{store: store}, "corp")
+		require.Error(t, err)
+		assert.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrUnusableDomain)
+		assert.Empty(t, store.domainAttrCalls)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("account appearing after the preflight is rejected", func(t *testing.T) {
+		store := &testStore{
+			accountsCounter: 2,
+			accounts: map[string]*types.Account{
+				"account-1": {Id: "account-1"},
+				"account-2": {Id: "account-2"},
+			},
+		}
+
+		err := EnsureSingleAccountDomain(&testServer{store: store}, "")
+		require.Error(t, err)
+		assert.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrMultipleAccounts)
+		assert.Empty(t, store.domainAttrCalls, "No account may be marked primary when several exist")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("fresh install with no accounts is a no-op", func(t *testing.T) {
+		store := &testStore{accountsCounter: 0, accounts: map[string]*types.Account{}}
+
+		require.NoError(t, EnsureSingleAccountDomain(&testServer{store: store}, ""))
+		assert.Empty(t, store.domainAttrCalls)
+	})
+}
+
+func TestCheckSingleAccountDomain(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name      string
+		account   *types.Account
+		requested string
+		expectErr error
+	}{
+		{
+			name:    "usable account domain passes",
+			account: &types.Account{Id: "account-1", Domain: "acme.com"},
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "empty account domain passes",
+			account: &types.Account{Id: "account-1"},
+		},
+		{
+			name:      "unresolvable account domain fails",
+			account:   &types.Account{Id: "account-1", Domain: "corp"},
+			expectErr: ErrUnusableDomain,
+		},
+		{
+			name:      "conflicting request fails",
+			account:   &types.Account{Id: "account-1", Domain: "acme.com"},
+			requested: "corp.example.com",
+			expectErr: ErrDomainConflict,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			store := &testStore{
+				accountsCounter: 1,
+				accounts:        map[string]*types.Account{tt.account.Id: tt.account},
+			}
+
+			err := CheckSingleAccountDomain(&testServer{store: store}, tt.requested)
+			if tt.expectErr == nil {
+				require.NoError(t, err)
+			} else {
+				require.ErrorIs(t, err, tt.expectErr)
+			}
+
+			assert.Empty(t, store.domainAttrCalls, "The preflight must not write anything")
+		})
+	}
+}
diff --git a/management/server/idp/migration/store.go b/management/server/idp/migration/store.go
index e7cc54a41..868597a1d 100644
--- a/management/server/idp/migration/store.go
+++ b/management/server/idp/migration/store.go
@@ -60,6 +60,20 @@ type Store interface {
 	// CheckSchema verifies that all tables and columns required by the migration
 	// exist in the database. Returns a list of problems; an empty slice means OK.
 	CheckSchema(checks []SchemaCheck) []SchemaError
+
+	// GetAccountsCounter returns the total number of accounts in the store.
+	GetAccountsCounter(ctx context.Context) (int64, error)
+
+	// GetAnyAccountID returns the ID of one of the existing accounts.
+	GetAnyAccountID(ctx context.Context) (string, error)
+
+	// IsPrimaryAccount returns whether the account is the primary account for its domain,
+	// along with that domain.
+	IsPrimaryAccount(ctx context.Context, accountID string) (bool, string, error)
+
+	// UpdateAccountDomainAttributes sets the domain, domain category and primary
+	// domain flag of an account.
+	UpdateAccountDomainAttributes(ctx context.Context, accountID string, domain string, category string, isPrimaryDomain bool) error
 }
 
 // RequiredEventSchema lists all tables and columns that the migration tool needs
diff --git a/tools/idp-migrate/DEVELOPMENT.md b/tools/idp-migrate/DEVELOPMENT.md
index 5697ead40..41b5bc992 100644
--- a/tools/idp-migrate/DEVELOPMENT.md
+++ b/tools/idp-migrate/DEVELOPMENT.md
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@ The build requires `CGO_ENABLED=1` because it links the SQLite driver used by `S
 | `--domain` | string | `""` | Sets both dashboard and API domain (convenience shorthand) |
 | `--dashboard-domain` | string | *(required)* | Dashboard domain (for redirect URIs) |
 | `--api-domain` | string | *(required)* | API domain (for Dex issuer and callback URLs) |
+| `--single-account-mode-domain` | string | `netbird.selfhosted` | Domain single account mode groups users under. Used only when the account has no domain of its own; passing one that conflicts with the account's existing domain is an error |
 | `--dry-run` | bool | `false` | Preview changes without writing |
 | `--force` | bool | `false` | Skip interactive confirmation prompt |
 | `--skip-config` | bool | `false` | Skip config generation (DB-only migration) |
@@ -68,6 +69,7 @@ All flags can be overridden via environment variables. Env vars take precedence
 | `NETBIRD_CONFIG_PATH` | `--config` |
 | `NETBIRD_DATA_DIR` | `--datadir` |
 | `NETBIRD_IDP_SEED_INFO` | `--idp-seed-info` |
+| `NETBIRD_SINGLE_ACCOUNT_MODE_DOMAIN` | `--single-account-mode-domain` |
 | `NETBIRD_DRY_RUN` | `--dry-run` (set to `"true"`) |
 | `NETBIRD_FORCE` | `--force` (set to `"true"`) |
 | `NETBIRD_SKIP_CONFIG` | `--skip-config` (set to `"true"`) |
diff --git a/tools/idp-migrate/config.go b/tools/idp-migrate/config.go
index f4d6b9ea2..6510fd940 100644
--- a/tools/idp-migrate/config.go
+++ b/tools/idp-migrate/config.go
@@ -6,16 +6,18 @@ import (
 	"os"
 	"strconv"
 
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/server/idp/migration"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/util"
 )
 
 type migrationConfig struct {
 	// Data
-	dashboardURL string
-	apiURL       string
-	configPath   string
-	dataDir      string
-	idpSeedInfo  string
+	dashboardURL        string
+	apiURL              string
+	configPath          string
+	dataDir             string
+	idpSeedInfo         string
+	singleAccountDomain string
 
 	// Options
 	dryRun               bool
@@ -51,6 +53,7 @@ func configFromArgs(args []string) (*migrationConfig, error) {
 	fs.StringVar(&cfg.configPath, "config", "", "path to management.json (required)")
 	fs.StringVar(&cfg.dataDir, "datadir", "", "override data directory from config")
 	fs.StringVar(&cfg.idpSeedInfo, "idp-seed-info", "", "base64-encoded connector JSON (overrides auto-detection)")
+	fs.StringVar(&cfg.singleAccountDomain, "single-account-mode-domain", "", "domain single account mode groups users under, used only when the account has no domain of its own (default "+migration.DefaultSingleAccountDomain+")")
 	fs.BoolVar(&cfg.dryRun, "dry-run", false, "preview changes without writing")
 	fs.BoolVar(&cfg.force, "force", false, "skip confirmation prompt")
 	fs.BoolVar(&cfg.skipConfig, "skip-config", false, "skip config generation (DB migration only)")
@@ -118,6 +121,10 @@ func applyOverrides(cfg *migrationConfig, domain string) {
 		cfg.idpSeedInfo = val
 	}
 
+	if val, ok := os.LookupEnv("NETBIRD_SINGLE_ACCOUNT_MODE_DOMAIN"); ok {
+		cfg.singleAccountDomain = val
+	}
+
 	// Enforce dry run if any value is provided
 	if sval, ok := os.LookupEnv("NETBIRD_DRY_RUN"); ok {
 		if val, err := strconv.ParseBool(sval); err == nil {
@@ -170,5 +177,9 @@ func validateConfig(cfg *migrationConfig) error {
 		return fmt.Errorf("--dashboard-domain is required")
 	}
 
+	if _, err := migration.NormalizeSingleAccountDomain(cfg.singleAccountDomain); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
 	return nil
 }
diff --git a/tools/idp-migrate/main.go b/tools/idp-migrate/main.go
index a8cba0750..652bf3393 100644
--- a/tools/idp-migrate/main.go
+++ b/tools/idp-migrate/main.go
@@ -71,6 +71,10 @@ func run(cfg *migrationConfig) error {
 		return err
 	}
 
+	if err := preflightAccounts(cfg, mgmtConfig); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
 	if !cfg.skipPopulateUserInfo {
 		err := populateUserInfoFromIDP(cfg, mgmtConfig)
 		if err != nil {
@@ -102,6 +106,22 @@ func run(cfg *migrationConfig) error {
 	return generateConfig(cfg, connectorConfig)
 }
 
+func preflightAccounts(cfg *migrationConfig, mgmtConfig *nbconfig.Config) error {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	migStore, migEventStore, cleanup, err := openStores(ctx, mgmtConfig, cfg.dataDir)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer cleanup()
+
+	srv := &migrationServer{store: migStore, eventStore: migEventStore}
+	if err := migration.RequireSingleAccount(srv); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	return migration.CheckSingleAccountDomain(srv, cfg.singleAccountDomain)
+}
+
 // validateSchema opens the store and checks that all required tables and columns
 // exist. If anything is missing, it returns a descriptive error telling the user
 // to upgrade their management server.
@@ -224,6 +244,8 @@ func migrateDB(cfg *migrationConfig, mgmtConfig *nbconfig.Config, connectorConfi
 	}
 	defer cleanup()
 
+	srv := &migrationServer{store: migStore, eventStore: migEventStore}
+
 	pending, err := previewUsers(ctx, migStore)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -243,11 +265,14 @@ func migrateDB(cfg *migrationConfig, mgmtConfig *nbconfig.Config, connectorConfi
 		}
 	}
 
-	srv := &migrationServer{store: migStore, eventStore: migEventStore}
 	if err := migration.MigrateUsersToStaticConnectors(srv, connectorConfig); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("migrate users: %w", err)
 	}
 
+	if err := migration.EnsureSingleAccountDomain(srv, cfg.singleAccountDomain); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("prepare single account mode: %w", err)
+	}
+
 	if !cfg.dryRun {
 		log.Info("DB migration completed successfully")
 	}
diff --git a/tools/idp-migrate/main_test.go b/tools/idp-migrate/main_test.go
index 75d0bd7eb..286e15b88 100644
--- a/tools/idp-migrate/main_test.go
+++ b/tools/idp-migrate/main_test.go
@@ -485,3 +485,77 @@ func TestGenerateConfig(t *testing.T) {
 		assert.True(t, os.IsNotExist(err))
 	})
 }
+
+func TestValidateConfigRejectsUnusableSingleAccountDomain(t *testing.T) {
+	base := func() migrationConfig {
+		return migrationConfig{
+			configPath:          "/tmp/management.json",
+			dataDir:             "/tmp/datadir",
+			idpSeedInfo:         "seed",
+			apiURL:              "https://api.example.com",
+			dashboardURL:        "https://app.example.com",
+			singleAccountDomain: migration.DefaultSingleAccountDomain,
+		}
+	}
+
+	t.Run("usable domain is accepted", func(t *testing.T) {
+		cfg := base()
+		require.NoError(t, validateConfig(&cfg))
+	})
+
+	t.Run("empty falls back to the default", func(t *testing.T) {
+		cfg := base()
+		cfg.singleAccountDomain = ""
+		require.NoError(t, validateConfig(&cfg))
+	})
+
+	// Rejected up front so the migration cannot fail after it has rewritten user IDs.
+	t.Run("single label domain is rejected", func(t *testing.T) {
+		cfg := base()
+		cfg.singleAccountDomain = "corp"
+		err := validateConfig(&cfg)
+		require.Error(t, err)
+		assert.ErrorIs(t, err, migration.ErrUnusableDomain)
+	})
+}
+
+func TestApplyOverrides_SingleAccountDomainFromEnv(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("env var overrides the flag", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Setenv("NETBIRD_SINGLE_ACCOUNT_MODE_DOMAIN", "corp.example.com")
+
+		cfg, err := configFromArgs([]string{
+			"--config", "/tmp/management.json",
+			"--datadir", "/tmp/datadir",
+			"--idp-seed-info", "seed",
+			"--domain", "example.com",
+			"--single-account-mode-domain", "flag.example.com",
+		})
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, "corp.example.com", cfg.singleAccountDomain)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("unset leaves the flag value", func(t *testing.T) {
+		cfg, err := configFromArgs([]string{
+			"--config", "/tmp/management.json",
+			"--datadir", "/tmp/datadir",
+			"--idp-seed-info", "seed",
+			"--domain", "example.com",
+			"--single-account-mode-domain", "flag.example.com",
+		})
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, "flag.example.com", cfg.singleAccountDomain)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("unusable env value is rejected", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Setenv("NETBIRD_SINGLE_ACCOUNT_MODE_DOMAIN", "corp")
+
+		_, err := configFromArgs([]string{
+			"--config", "/tmp/management.json",
+			"--datadir", "/tmp/datadir",
+			"--idp-seed-info", "seed",
+			"--domain", "example.com",
+		})
+		require.Error(t, err)
+		assert.ErrorIs(t, err, migration.ErrUnusableDomain)
+	})
+}

From 0bdfa4277eb668ee599e8fe3a8b29fe5a7f51647 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pascal Fischer <32096965+pascal-fischer@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 4 Sep 2026 13:10:51 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 10/21] [management] blocking sync requests for user peers
 sharing the same wireguard key (#7427)

---
 management/internals/shared/grpc/server.go | 11 +----------
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/management/internals/shared/grpc/server.go b/management/internals/shared/grpc/server.go
index 844ae42db..a9cc0ad36 100644
--- a/management/internals/shared/grpc/server.go
+++ b/management/internals/shared/grpc/server.go
@@ -247,17 +247,8 @@ func (s *Server) Sync(req *proto.EncryptedMessage, srv proto.ManagementService_S
 	sRealIP := realIP.String()
 	peerMeta := extractPeerMeta(ctx, syncReq.GetMeta())
 
-	userID, err := s.accountManager.GetUserIDByPeerKey(ctx, peerKey.String())
-	if err != nil {
-		s.syncSem.Add(-1)
-		if errStatus, ok := internalStatus.FromError(err); ok && errStatus.Type() == internalStatus.NotFound {
-			return status.Errorf(codes.PermissionDenied, "peer is not registered")
-		}
-		return mapError(ctx, err)
-	}
-
 	metahashed := metaHash(peerMeta)
-	if userID == "" && !s.loginFilter.allowLogin(peerKey.String(), metahashed) {
+	if !s.loginFilter.allowLogin(peerKey.String(), metahashed) {
 		if s.appMetrics != nil {
 			s.appMetrics.GRPCMetrics().CountSyncRequestBlocked()
 		}

From 825389818ce905dd6a80cdb41cbbeb90bbfae5af Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Zoltan Papp <zoltan.pmail@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 4 Sep 2026 15:07:01 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 11/21] [client] Gather fresh system info on every management
 sync stream connect (#7409)

* Gather fresh system info on every management sync stream connect

The engine collected the peer meta once at start and reused the same
Info for every Sync stream reconnect, so a mobile network switch that
redials management kept reporting the old local network addresses.
The peer network range posture check was then evaluated against stale
data until the client restarted.

Sync now takes a gatherer that runs at each stream connect. The
gatherer is cheap: GetInfo plus the cached posture check file results,
kept in the new system.InfoSource, which the engine refreshes whenever
the checks list changes. No process enumeration runs on the reconnect
path.

Also fix the management mock server calling itself instead of SyncFunc.

* Evaluate the login response posture checks before the first sync connect

The engine starts with the checks the login response carried, and the
first sync stream request used to send their evaluated file results.
After moving the gather into InfoSource, the stream opened with an empty
cache and the first sync response did not refill it, because its checks
equal the ones the engine already holds. Desktop peers therefore never
reported process or file posture results.

Seed the cache once before the first connect, where the old gather ran,
so a timed out evaluation still falls through to the address-only info.

* Harden the sync info source against nil callbacks and shared slices

A nil getInfo opens the stream without metadata, as a nil sysInfo did
before. The cached posture results are a copy, so the Info returned by
Refresh cannot alias the snapshot later Current calls report. The
exclusion test asserts the remaining address count so it cannot pass
vacuously on a single-address host.

* Retry a posture check refresh that timed out or failed to sync

The checks list was recorded before the gather ran, so once the gather
timed out or SyncMeta failed, the next sync response carrying the same
list matched the recorded one and nothing retried. The peer kept
reporting the previous posture results until the list changed again.

Record the checks only after the meta reached management, so a failed
cycle is repeated on the next sync response.

* Log the skipped posture refresh, let the mock Sync return errors and deflake the reconnect test

* Drop the nil guard around the sync info callback

* Send the refreshed info on the first sync connect instead of gathering it twice
---
 client/internal/engine.go                     |  39 ++++--
 client/internal/engine_privileged_test.go     |   2 +-
 client/internal/engine_test.go                | 114 ++++++++++++++++++
 client/system/info_source.go                  |  38 ++++++
 client/system/info_source_test.go             |  59 +++++++++
 .../mock_server/management_server_mock.go     |   4 +-
 shared/management/client/client.go            |   2 +-
 shared/management/client/client_test.go       |  73 ++++++++++-
 shared/management/client/grpc.go              |   8 +-
 shared/management/client/mock.go              |   6 +-
 10 files changed, 323 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 client/system/info_source.go
 create mode 100644 client/system/info_source_test.go

diff --git a/client/internal/engine.go b/client/internal/engine.go
index 477fba194..f8b65f7d8 100644
--- a/client/internal/engine.go
+++ b/client/internal/engine.go
@@ -265,6 +265,8 @@ type Engine struct {
 	// checks are the client-applied posture checks that need to be evaluated on the client
 	checks []*mgmProto.Checks
 
+	infoSource system.InfoSource
+
 	relayManager       *relayClient.Manager
 	stateManager       *statemanager.Manager
 	portForwardManager *portforward.Manager
@@ -1241,9 +1243,7 @@ func (e *Engine) updateChecksIfNew(checks []*mgmProto.Checks) error {
 	if isChecksEqual(e.checks, checks) {
 		return nil
 	}
-	e.checks = checks
-
-	info, ok := system.GetInfoWithChecksTimeout(e.ctx, systemInfoTimeout, checks, e.overlayAddresses()...)
+	info, ok := e.infoSource.Refresh(e.ctx, systemInfoTimeout, checks, e.overlayAddresses()...)
 	if !ok {
 		// Gathering timed out; skip the meta sync this cycle rather than blocking the
 		// sync loop (and syncMsgMux) on a stuck system call. A later sync will retry.
@@ -1254,6 +1254,7 @@ func (e *Engine) updateChecksIfNew(checks []*mgmProto.Checks) error {
 	if err := e.mgmClient.SyncMeta(info); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("could not sync meta: error %s", err)
 	}
+	e.checks = checks
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -1280,6 +1281,28 @@ func (e *Engine) applyInfoFlags(info *system.Info) {
 	)
 }
 
+func (e *Engine) currentSystemInfo(ctx context.Context) *system.Info {
+	info := e.infoSource.Current(ctx, e.overlayAddresses()...)
+	e.applyInfoFlags(info)
+	return info
+}
+
+// syncInfoFunc returns the info callback for the management sync stream. The
+// first connect sends the info refreshed right before it instead of gathering
+// again; every reconnect gathers a fresh one. The stream retry loop calls the
+// callback sequentially, so the handoff needs no synchronization.
+func (e *Engine) syncInfoFunc(refreshed *system.Info) func(ctx context.Context) *system.Info {
+	return func(ctx context.Context) *system.Info {
+		if refreshed == nil {
+			return e.currentSystemInfo(ctx)
+		}
+		info := refreshed
+		refreshed = nil
+		e.applyInfoFlags(info)
+		return info
+	}
+}
+
 // overlayAddresses returns our own WireGuard overlay address (v4 and v6) so it
 // can be excluded from the reported network addresses; the interface coming and
 // going otherwise churns the peer meta on the management server.
@@ -1473,15 +1496,11 @@ func (e *Engine) receiveManagementEvents() {
 	e.shutdownWg.Add(1)
 	go func() {
 		defer e.shutdownWg.Done()
-		info, ok := system.GetInfoWithChecksTimeout(e.ctx, systemInfoTimeout, e.checks, e.overlayAddresses()...)
+		info, ok := e.infoSource.Refresh(e.ctx, systemInfoTimeout, e.checks, e.overlayAddresses()...)
 		if !ok {
-			// Gathering timed out; connect the stream with base info so management
-			// connectivity still comes up rather than blocking here.
-			info = system.GetInfo(e.ctx)
+			log.Warnf("posture checks not refreshed before the sync connect, sending the previous results")
 		}
-		e.applyInfoFlags(info)
-
-		err := e.mgmClient.Sync(e.ctx, info, e.handleSync)
+		err := e.mgmClient.Sync(e.ctx, e.syncInfoFunc(info), e.handleSync)
 		if err != nil {
 			// happens if management is unavailable for a long time.
 			// We want to cancel the operation of the whole client
diff --git a/client/internal/engine_privileged_test.go b/client/internal/engine_privileged_test.go
index 1428b742c..1b047e017 100644
--- a/client/internal/engine_privileged_test.go
+++ b/client/internal/engine_privileged_test.go
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ func TestEngine_Sync(t *testing.T) {
 	// feed updates to Engine via mocked Management client
 	updates := make(chan *mgmtProto.SyncResponse)
 	defer close(updates)
-	syncFunc := func(ctx context.Context, info *system.Info, msgHandler func(msg *mgmtProto.SyncResponse) error) error {
+	syncFunc := func(ctx context.Context, _ func(context.Context) *system.Info, msgHandler func(msg *mgmtProto.SyncResponse) error) error {
 		for msg := range updates {
 			err := msgHandler(msg)
 			if err != nil {
diff --git a/client/internal/engine_test.go b/client/internal/engine_test.go
index 4e9faa437..ec388ac94 100644
--- a/client/internal/engine_test.go
+++ b/client/internal/engine_test.go
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package internal
 
 import (
 	"context"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"net"
 	"net/netip"
@@ -31,6 +32,7 @@ import (
 	icemaker "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/peer/ice"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/profilemanager"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/routemanager"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/system"
 	nbdns "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/dns"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/monotime"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/route"
@@ -253,6 +255,118 @@ func TestEngine_SSHServerConsistency(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 }
 
+func TestEngine_FirstSyncInfoCarriesLoginChecks(t *testing.T) {
+	key, err := wgtypes.GeneratePrivateKey()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	exe, err := os.Executable()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(CtxInitState(context.Background()))
+	defer cancel()
+
+	infos := make(chan *system.Info, 1)
+	mgmClient := &mgmt.MockClient{
+		SyncFunc: func(ctx context.Context, getInfo func(context.Context) *system.Info, _ func(*mgmtProto.SyncResponse) error) error {
+			infos <- getInfo(ctx)
+			return nil
+		},
+	}
+
+	relayMgr := relayClient.NewManager(ctx, nil, key.PublicKey().String(), iface.DefaultMTU)
+	engine := NewEngine(ctx, cancel, &EngineConfig{
+		WgIfaceName:  "utun104",
+		WgAddr:       wgaddr.MustParseWGAddress("100.64.0.1/24"),
+		WgPrivateKey: key,
+		WgPort:       33100,
+		MTU:          iface.DefaultMTU,
+	}, EngineServices{
+		SignalClient:   &signal.MockClient{},
+		MgmClient:      mgmClient,
+		RelayManager:   relayMgr,
+		StatusRecorder: peer.NewRecorder("https://mgm"),
+		Checks:         []*mgmtProto.Checks{{Files: []string{exe}}},
+	}, MobileDependency{})
+
+	engine.receiveManagementEvents()
+
+	select {
+	case info := <-infos:
+		require.Len(t, info.Files, 1)
+		assert.Equal(t, exe, info.Files[0].Path)
+		assert.True(t, info.Files[0].Exist)
+	case <-time.After(20 * time.Second):
+		t.Fatal("timeout waiting for the first sync info")
+	}
+	engine.shutdownWg.Wait()
+}
+
+func TestEngine_SyncInfoFuncReusesRefreshedInfoOnce(t *testing.T) {
+	engine := &Engine{config: &EngineConfig{}}
+
+	refreshed := &system.Info{Hostname: "from-refresh"}
+	getInfo := engine.syncInfoFunc(refreshed)
+
+	first := getInfo(context.Background())
+	assert.Same(t, refreshed, first, "the first connect should send the refreshed info instead of gathering again")
+
+	second := getInfo(context.Background())
+	assert.NotSame(t, refreshed, second, "the reconnect should gather a fresh info")
+	assert.NotEqual(t, "from-refresh", second.Hostname, "the fresh info should not carry the refreshed hostname")
+}
+
+func TestEngine_SyncInfoFuncGathersWhenRefreshFailed(t *testing.T) {
+	engine := &Engine{config: &EngineConfig{}}
+
+	info := engine.syncInfoFunc(nil)(context.Background())
+	require.NotNil(t, info, "a failed refresh should fall back to gathering the info")
+	assert.NotEmpty(t, info.Hostname, "the gathered info should carry the hostname")
+}
+
+func TestEngine_UpdateChecksIfNewRetriesAfterFailedSyncMeta(t *testing.T) {
+	key, err := wgtypes.GeneratePrivateKey()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	exe, err := os.Executable()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(CtxInitState(context.Background()))
+	defer cancel()
+
+	syncMetaCalls := 0
+	mgmClient := &mgmt.MockClient{
+		SyncMetaFunc: func(*system.Info) error {
+			syncMetaCalls++
+			if syncMetaCalls == 1 {
+				return errors.New("management unavailable")
+			}
+			return nil
+		},
+	}
+
+	relayMgr := relayClient.NewManager(ctx, nil, key.PublicKey().String(), iface.DefaultMTU)
+	engine := NewEngine(ctx, cancel, &EngineConfig{
+		WgIfaceName:  "utun105",
+		WgAddr:       wgaddr.MustParseWGAddress("100.64.0.1/24"),
+		WgPrivateKey: key,
+		WgPort:       33100,
+		MTU:          iface.DefaultMTU,
+	}, EngineServices{
+		SignalClient:   &signal.MockClient{},
+		MgmClient:      mgmClient,
+		RelayManager:   relayMgr,
+		StatusRecorder: peer.NewRecorder("https://mgm"),
+	}, MobileDependency{})
+
+	checks := []*mgmtProto.Checks{{Files: []string{exe}}}
+
+	require.Error(t, engine.updateChecksIfNew(checks))
+	require.NoError(t, engine.updateChecksIfNew(checks))
+	require.NoError(t, engine.updateChecksIfNew(checks))
+
+	assert.Equal(t, 2, syncMetaCalls)
+}
+
 func TestEngine_UpdateNetworkMap(t *testing.T) {
 	// test setup
 	key, err := wgtypes.GeneratePrivateKey()
diff --git a/client/system/info_source.go b/client/system/info_source.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..050e094e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/client/system/info_source.go
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+package system
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"net/netip"
+	"slices"
+	"sync/atomic"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/management/proto"
+)
+
+// InfoSource gathers the system info sent to management, keeping the posture
+// check results from the last Refresh for the cheap Current snapshots.
+type InfoSource struct {
+	files atomic.Pointer[[]File]
+}
+
+// Refresh gathers the info with the posture checks evaluated, bounded by timeout.
+func (s *InfoSource) Refresh(ctx context.Context, timeout time.Duration, checks []*proto.Checks, excludeIPs ...netip.Addr) (*Info, bool) {
+	info, ok := GetInfoWithChecksTimeout(ctx, timeout, checks, excludeIPs...)
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, false
+	}
+	files := slices.Clone(info.Files)
+	s.files.Store(&files)
+	return info, true
+}
+
+// Current gathers the info without evaluating the checks, reusing the last Refresh results.
+func (s *InfoSource) Current(ctx context.Context, excludeIPs ...netip.Addr) *Info {
+	info := GetInfo(ctx)
+	info.removeAddresses(excludeIPs...)
+	if files := s.files.Load(); files != nil {
+		info.Files = *files
+	}
+	return info
+}
diff --git a/client/system/info_source_test.go b/client/system/info_source_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1c86806af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/client/system/info_source_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+package system
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/management/proto"
+)
+
+func TestInfoSource_CurrentBeforeRefresh(t *testing.T) {
+	var src InfoSource
+
+	info := src.Current(context.Background())
+
+	assert.Empty(t, info.Files)
+}
+
+func TestInfoSource_CurrentReusesRefreshedFiles(t *testing.T) {
+	path := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "agent")
+	require.NoError(t, os.WriteFile(path, nil, 0o600))
+	checks := []*proto.Checks{{Files: []string{path}}}
+
+	var src InfoSource
+	refreshed, ok := src.Refresh(context.Background(), 15*time.Second, checks)
+	require.True(t, ok)
+	require.Equal(t, []File{{Path: path, Exist: true}}, refreshed.Files)
+
+	info := src.Current(context.Background())
+
+	assert.Equal(t, refreshed.Files, info.Files)
+}
+
+func TestInfoSource_CurrentExcludesAddresses(t *testing.T) {
+	addrs := GetInfo(context.Background()).NetworkAddresses
+	if len(addrs) == 0 {
+		t.Skip("no network addresses on this host")
+	}
+	excluded := addrs[0].NetIP.Addr()
+	matching := 0
+	for _, addr := range addrs {
+		if addr.NetIP.Addr() == excluded {
+			matching++
+		}
+	}
+
+	var src InfoSource
+	info := src.Current(context.Background(), excluded)
+
+	assert.Len(t, info.NetworkAddresses, len(addrs)-matching)
+	for _, addr := range info.NetworkAddresses {
+		assert.NotEqual(t, excluded, addr.NetIP.Addr())
+	}
+}
diff --git a/management/server/mock_server/management_server_mock.go b/management/server/mock_server/management_server_mock.go
index 45049f1fe..cd219b8a9 100644
--- a/management/server/mock_server/management_server_mock.go
+++ b/management/server/mock_server/management_server_mock.go
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ type ManagementServiceServerMock struct {
 	proto.UnimplementedManagementServiceServer
 
 	LoginFunc                      func(context.Context, *proto.EncryptedMessage) (*proto.EncryptedMessage, error)
-	SyncFunc                       func(*proto.EncryptedMessage, proto.ManagementService_SyncServer)
+	SyncFunc                       func(*proto.EncryptedMessage, proto.ManagementService_SyncServer) error
 	GetServerKeyFunc               func(context.Context, *proto.Empty) (*proto.ServerKeyResponse, error)
 	IsHealthyFunc                  func(context.Context, *proto.Empty) (*proto.Empty, error)
 	GetDeviceAuthorizationFlowFunc func(ctx context.Context, req *proto.EncryptedMessage) (*proto.EncryptedMessage, error)
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ func (m ManagementServiceServerMock) Login(ctx context.Context, req *proto.Encry
 
 func (m ManagementServiceServerMock) Sync(msg *proto.EncryptedMessage, sync proto.ManagementService_SyncServer) error {
 	if m.SyncFunc != nil {
-		return m.Sync(msg, sync)
+		return m.SyncFunc(msg, sync)
 	}
 	return status.Errorf(codes.Unimplemented, "method Sync not implemented")
 }
diff --git a/shared/management/client/client.go b/shared/management/client/client.go
index c48e1ed3e..13beabee6 100644
--- a/shared/management/client/client.go
+++ b/shared/management/client/client.go
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ import (
 // Client is the interface for the management service client.
 type Client interface {
 	io.Closer
-	Sync(ctx context.Context, sysInfo *system.Info, msgHandler func(msg *proto.SyncResponse) error) error
+	Sync(ctx context.Context, getInfo func(ctx context.Context) *system.Info, msgHandler func(msg *proto.SyncResponse) error) error
 	Job(ctx context.Context, msgHandler func(msg *proto.JobRequest) *proto.JobResponse) error
 	Register(setupKey string, jwtToken string, sysInfo *system.Info, sshKey []byte, dnsLabels domain.List) (*proto.LoginResponse, error)
 	Login(sysInfo *system.Info, sshKey []byte, dnsLabels domain.List) (*proto.LoginResponse, error)
diff --git a/shared/management/client/client_test.go b/shared/management/client/client_test.go
index d91dab221..e6335dccb 100644
--- a/shared/management/client/client_test.go
+++ b/shared/management/client/client_test.go
@@ -2,9 +2,11 @@ package client
 
 import (
 	"context"
+	"fmt"
 	"net"
 	"os"
 	"sync"
+	"sync/atomic"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
@@ -305,7 +307,7 @@ func TestClient_Sync(t *testing.T) {
 	defer cancel()
 
 	go func() {
-		err = client.Sync(ctx, info, func(msg *mgmtProto.SyncResponse) error {
+		err = client.Sync(ctx, func(context.Context) *system.Info { return info }, func(msg *mgmtProto.SyncResponse) error {
 			ch <- msg
 			return nil
 		})
@@ -397,6 +399,75 @@ func wgKeyFromBytes(raw []byte) string {
 	return k.String()
 }
 
+func TestClient_SyncGathersInfoOnEveryConnect(t *testing.T) {
+	s, lis, mgmtMockServer, serverKey := startMockManagement(t)
+	defer s.GracefulStop()
+
+	testKey, err := wgtypes.GenerateKey()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	hostnames := make(chan string, 2)
+	mgmtMockServer.SyncFunc = func(msg *mgmtProto.EncryptedMessage, _ mgmtProto.ManagementService_SyncServer) error {
+		peerKey, err := wgtypes.ParseKey(msg.GetWgPubKey())
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("invalid peer key: %v", err)
+			return status.Error(codes.InvalidArgument, err.Error())
+		}
+		syncReq := &mgmtProto.SyncRequest{}
+		if err := encryption.DecryptMessage(peerKey, serverKey, msg.Body, syncReq); err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("decrypt sync request: %v", err)
+			return status.Error(codes.InvalidArgument, err.Error())
+		}
+		select {
+		case hostnames <- syncReq.GetMeta().GetHostname():
+		default:
+		}
+		// Returning closes the stream, so the client reconnects and gathers again.
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
+	defer cancel()
+
+	client, err := NewClient(ctx, lis.Addr().String(), testKey, false)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	var gathers atomic.Int32
+	done := make(chan struct{})
+	go func() {
+		defer close(done)
+		_ = client.Sync(ctx, func(ctx context.Context) *system.Info {
+			info := system.GetInfo(ctx)
+			info.Hostname = fmt.Sprintf("host-%d", gathers.Add(1))
+			return info
+		}, func(*mgmtProto.SyncResponse) error { return nil })
+	}()
+
+	// A connect attempt can fail before it reaches the server, so the sequence
+	// numbers seen here may skip. What matters is that the reconnect carries a
+	// newly gathered info instead of the one sent on the previous stream.
+	var seen []int
+	for len(seen) < 2 {
+		select {
+		case got := <-hostnames:
+			var n int
+			_, err := fmt.Sscanf(got, "host-%d", &n)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "hostname should carry the gather sequence number")
+			seen = append(seen, n)
+		case <-time.After(10 * time.Second):
+			t.Fatalf("timeout waiting for the second sync request, got %v", seen)
+		}
+	}
+	assert.Greater(t, seen[1], seen[0], "the reconnect should carry a newly gathered info")
+
+	cancel()
+	select {
+	case <-done:
+	case <-time.After(10 * time.Second):
+		t.Fatal("timeout waiting for Sync to return after cancel")
+	}
+}
+
 func Test_SystemMetaDataFromClient(t *testing.T) {
 	s, lis, mgmtMockServer, serverKey := startMockManagement(t)
 	defer s.GracefulStop()
diff --git a/shared/management/client/grpc.go b/shared/management/client/grpc.go
index efea47df0..ce2d07429 100644
--- a/shared/management/client/grpc.go
+++ b/shared/management/client/grpc.go
@@ -205,9 +205,9 @@ func (c *GrpcClient) ready() bool {
 
 // Sync wraps the real client's Sync endpoint call and takes care of retries and encryption/decryption of messages
 // Blocking request. The result will be sent via msgHandler callback function
-func (c *GrpcClient) Sync(ctx context.Context, sysInfo *system.Info, msgHandler func(msg *proto.SyncResponse) error) error {
+func (c *GrpcClient) Sync(ctx context.Context, getInfo func(ctx context.Context) *system.Info, msgHandler func(msg *proto.SyncResponse) error) error {
 	return c.withMgmtStream(ctx, func(ctx context.Context, serverPubKey wgtypes.Key, backOff backoff.BackOff) error {
-		return c.handleSyncStream(ctx, serverPubKey, sysInfo, msgHandler, backOff)
+		return c.handleSyncStream(ctx, serverPubKey, getInfo, msgHandler, backOff)
 	})
 }
 
@@ -424,11 +424,11 @@ func (c *GrpcClient) sendJobResponse(
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (c *GrpcClient) handleSyncStream(ctx context.Context, serverPubKey wgtypes.Key, sysInfo *system.Info, msgHandler func(msg *proto.SyncResponse) error, backOff backoff.BackOff) error {
+func (c *GrpcClient) handleSyncStream(ctx context.Context, serverPubKey wgtypes.Key, getInfo func(ctx context.Context) *system.Info, msgHandler func(msg *proto.SyncResponse) error, backOff backoff.BackOff) error {
 	ctx, cancelStream := context.WithCancel(ctx)
 	defer cancelStream()
 
-	stream, err := c.connectToSyncStream(ctx, serverPubKey, sysInfo)
+	stream, err := c.connectToSyncStream(ctx, serverPubKey, getInfo(ctx))
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Debugf("failed to open Management Service stream: %s", err)
 		c.notifyDisconnected(err)
diff --git a/shared/management/client/mock.go b/shared/management/client/mock.go
index e57e314da..28278dcab 100644
--- a/shared/management/client/mock.go
+++ b/shared/management/client/mock.go
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import (
 // MockClient is a mock implementation of the Client interface for testing.
 type MockClient struct {
 	CloseFunc                      func() error
-	SyncFunc                       func(ctx context.Context, sysInfo *system.Info, msgHandler func(msg *proto.SyncResponse) error) error
+	SyncFunc                       func(ctx context.Context, getInfo func(ctx context.Context) *system.Info, msgHandler func(msg *proto.SyncResponse) error) error
 	RegisterFunc                   func(setupKey string, jwtToken string, info *system.Info, sshKey []byte, dnsLabels domain.List) (*proto.LoginResponse, error)
 	LoginFunc                      func(info *system.Info, sshKey []byte, dnsLabels domain.List) (*proto.LoginResponse, error)
 	ExtendAuthSessionFunc          func(info *system.Info, jwtToken string) (*proto.ExtendAuthSessionResponse, error)
@@ -38,11 +38,11 @@ func (m *MockClient) Close() error {
 	return m.CloseFunc()
 }
 
-func (m *MockClient) Sync(ctx context.Context, sysInfo *system.Info, msgHandler func(msg *proto.SyncResponse) error) error {
+func (m *MockClient) Sync(ctx context.Context, getInfo func(ctx context.Context) *system.Info, msgHandler func(msg *proto.SyncResponse) error) error {
 	if m.SyncFunc == nil {
 		return nil
 	}
-	return m.SyncFunc(ctx, sysInfo, msgHandler)
+	return m.SyncFunc(ctx, getInfo, msgHandler)
 }
 
 func (m *MockClient) Job(ctx context.Context, msgHandler func(msg *proto.JobRequest) *proto.JobResponse) error {

From 5cb6b0d33b0cc5fb112470d13dcd6b3b2d087415 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Zoltan Papp <zoltan.pmail@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 4 Sep 2026 15:10:36 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 12/21] [client] Assign the Android TUN address as a host
 prefix (#7414)

Android 16+ local network protection derives the blocked prefixes from the interface address prefix. A /16 address turns the whole overlay into a local network, so apps without ACCESS_LOCAL_NETWORK cannot reach any peer. Pass the address as /32 and /128 and add the overlay networks to the route list that the Android side turns into VPN routes, on both the initial create and the renew path.
---
 client/iface/device/device_android.go         |  7 +-
 client/iface/wgaddr/address.go                | 13 +++
 client/iface/wgaddr/address_test.go           | 24 +++++
 client/internal/routemanager/manager.go       | 59 ++++++++----
 .../internal/routemanager/reconcile_test.go   |  7 +-
 .../internal/routemanager/route_range_test.go | 95 +++++++++++++++++++
 6 files changed, 183 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 client/iface/wgaddr/address_test.go
 create mode 100644 client/internal/routemanager/route_range_test.go

diff --git a/client/iface/device/device_android.go b/client/iface/device/device_android.go
index cbe88c10c..0ed1299ae 100644
--- a/client/iface/device/device_android.go
+++ b/client/iface/device/device_android.go
@@ -63,7 +63,12 @@ func (t *WGTunDevice) Create(routes []string, dns string, searchDomains []string
 		searchDomainsToString = ""
 	}
 
-	fd, err := t.tunAdapter.ConfigureInterface(t.address.String(), t.address.IPv6String(), int(t.mtu), dns, searchDomainsToString, routesString)
+	ipv6Host := ""
+	if t.address.HasIPv6() {
+		ipv6Host = t.address.IPv6HostPrefix().String()
+	}
+
+	fd, err := t.tunAdapter.ConfigureInterface(t.address.HostPrefix().String(), ipv6Host, int(t.mtu), dns, searchDomainsToString, routesString)
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Errorf("failed to create Android interface: %s", err)
 		return nil, err
diff --git a/client/iface/wgaddr/address.go b/client/iface/wgaddr/address.go
index 43d1ec9aa..148e724f4 100644
--- a/client/iface/wgaddr/address.go
+++ b/client/iface/wgaddr/address.go
@@ -59,6 +59,19 @@ func (addr Address) IPv6Prefix() netip.Prefix {
 	return netip.PrefixFrom(addr.IPv6, addr.IPv6Net.Bits())
 }
 
+// HostPrefix returns the v4 address as a single-host prefix.
+func (addr Address) HostPrefix() netip.Prefix {
+	return netip.PrefixFrom(addr.IP, addr.IP.BitLen())
+}
+
+// IPv6HostPrefix returns the v6 address as a single-host prefix, or an invalid prefix when no v6 overlay address is assigned.
+func (addr Address) IPv6HostPrefix() netip.Prefix {
+	if !addr.HasIPv6() {
+		return netip.Prefix{}
+	}
+	return netip.PrefixFrom(addr.IPv6, addr.IPv6.BitLen())
+}
+
 // SetIPv6FromCompact decodes a compact prefix (5 or 17 bytes) and sets the IPv6 fields.
 // Returns an error if the bytes are invalid. A nil or empty input is a no-op.
 //
diff --git a/client/iface/wgaddr/address_test.go b/client/iface/wgaddr/address_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..61478b24c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/client/iface/wgaddr/address_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+package wgaddr
+
+import (
+	"net/netip"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+)
+
+func TestAddress_HostPrefix(t *testing.T) {
+	addr := MustParseWGAddress("100.91.96.107/16")
+
+	assert.Equal(t, netip.MustParsePrefix("100.91.96.107/32"), addr.HostPrefix(), "v4 host prefix must be a single host")
+	assert.Equal(t, netip.MustParsePrefix("100.91.0.0/16"), addr.Network, "network must keep the overlay prefix length")
+	assert.False(t, addr.IPv6HostPrefix().IsValid(), "no v6 overlay means no v6 host prefix")
+}
+
+func TestAddress_IPv6HostPrefix(t *testing.T) {
+	addr := MustParseWGAddress("100.91.96.107/16")
+	addr.IPv6 = netip.MustParseAddr("fd00:1234::1")
+	addr.IPv6Net = netip.MustParsePrefix("fd00:1234::/64")
+
+	assert.Equal(t, netip.MustParsePrefix("fd00:1234::1/128"), addr.IPv6HostPrefix(), "v6 host prefix must be a single host")
+}
diff --git a/client/internal/routemanager/manager.go b/client/internal/routemanager/manager.go
index 0ccfa83ac..981b0c987 100644
--- a/client/internal/routemanager/manager.go
+++ b/client/internal/routemanager/manager.go
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"net/netip"
 	"net/url"
 	"runtime"
+	"slices"
 	"sort"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
@@ -472,27 +473,13 @@ func (m *DefaultManager) CurrentRouteRange() []string {
 	m.mux.Lock()
 	defer m.mux.Unlock()
 
-	if m.disableClientRoutes {
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	filtered := m.routeSelector.FilterSelectedExitNodes(m.clientRoutes)
-	var nets []string
-	for _, routes := range filtered {
-		for _, r := range routes {
-			if r.IsDynamic() {
-				continue
-			}
-			nets = append(nets, r.NetString())
-		}
-	}
-
-	if m.fakeIPManager != nil {
-		nets = append(nets, m.fakeIPManager.GetFakeIPBlock().String(), m.fakeIPManager.GetFakeIPv6Block().String())
+	nets := m.overlayNetworks()
+	if !m.disableClientRoutes {
+		nets = append(nets, m.clientRouteRange()...)
 	}
 
 	sort.Strings(nets)
-	return nets
+	return slices.Compact(nets)
 }
 
 // GetRouteSelector returns the route selector
@@ -856,6 +843,42 @@ func (m *DefaultManager) logExitNodeUpdate(info exitNodeInfo, preferred route.Ne
 		len(info.allIDs), preferred, len(info.userSelected), len(info.userDeselected), len(info.selectedByManagement))
 }
 
+// overlayNetworks returns the v4 and v6 overlay networks of the WireGuard interface, each only when it is set.
+func (m *DefaultManager) overlayNetworks() []string {
+	if m.wgInterface == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	addr := m.wgInterface.Address()
+	var nets []string
+	if addr.Network.IsValid() {
+		nets = append(nets, addr.Network.String())
+	}
+	if addr.IPv6Net.IsValid() {
+		nets = append(nets, addr.IPv6Net.String())
+	}
+	return nets
+}
+
+// clientRouteRange returns the static client route networks of the selected exit nodes together with the fake IP blocks.
+func (m *DefaultManager) clientRouteRange() []string {
+	filtered := m.routeSelector.FilterSelectedExitNodes(m.clientRoutes)
+	var nets []string
+	for _, routes := range filtered {
+		for _, r := range routes {
+			if r.IsDynamic() {
+				continue
+			}
+			nets = append(nets, r.NetString())
+		}
+	}
+
+	if m.fakeIPManager != nil {
+		nets = append(nets, m.fakeIPManager.GetFakeIPBlock().String(), m.fakeIPManager.GetFakeIPv6Block().String())
+	}
+	return nets
+}
+
 // minNetID returns the lexicographically smallest NetID, for a deterministic
 // default pick that stays stable across restarts.
 func minNetID(ids []route.NetID) route.NetID {
diff --git a/client/internal/routemanager/reconcile_test.go b/client/internal/routemanager/reconcile_test.go
index c6806a6cd..bc9693229 100644
--- a/client/internal/routemanager/reconcile_test.go
+++ b/client/internal/routemanager/reconcile_test.go
@@ -17,11 +17,12 @@ import (
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/routemanager/refcounter"
 )
 
-// reconcileWGMock is a minimal iface.WGIface that only records AddAllowedIP calls; every other
-// method is an inert stub because ReconcilePeerAllowedIPs exercises none of them.
+// reconcileWGMock is a minimal iface.WGIface that records AddAllowedIP calls and reports the
+// configured address; every other method is an inert stub because the tests exercise none of them.
 type reconcileWGMock struct {
 	mu   sync.Mutex
 	adds map[string][]netip.Prefix
+	addr wgaddr.Address
 }
 
 func (m *reconcileWGMock) AddAllowedIP(peerKey string, allowedIP netip.Prefix) error {
@@ -42,7 +43,7 @@ func (m *reconcileWGMock) added(peerKey string) []netip.Prefix {
 
 func (m *reconcileWGMock) RemoveAllowedIP(string, netip.Prefix) error { return nil }
 func (m *reconcileWGMock) Name() string                               { return "utun-test" }
-func (m *reconcileWGMock) Address() wgaddr.Address                    { return wgaddr.Address{} }
+func (m *reconcileWGMock) Address() wgaddr.Address                    { return m.addr }
 func (m *reconcileWGMock) ToInterface() *net.Interface                { return nil }
 func (m *reconcileWGMock) IsUserspaceBind() bool                      { return false }
 func (m *reconcileWGMock) GetFilter() device.PacketFilter             { return nil }
diff --git a/client/internal/routemanager/route_range_test.go b/client/internal/routemanager/route_range_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b51b5747a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/client/internal/routemanager/route_range_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+//go:build !windows
+
+package routemanager
+
+import (
+	"net/netip"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/iface/wgaddr"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/routeselector"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/route"
+)
+
+func TestCurrentRouteRange_OverlayNetworkWithClientRoutesDisabled(t *testing.T) {
+	m := &DefaultManager{
+		wgInterface:         &reconcileWGMock{addr: wgaddr.MustParseWGAddress("100.91.96.107/16")},
+		disableClientRoutes: true,
+	}
+
+	assert.Equal(t, []string{"100.91.0.0/16"}, m.CurrentRouteRange(), "overlay network must be routed even when client routes are disabled")
+}
+
+func TestCurrentRouteRange_OverlayNetworksAndClientRoutes(t *testing.T) {
+	addr := wgaddr.MustParseWGAddress("100.91.96.107/16")
+	addr.IPv6 = netip.MustParseAddr("fd00:1234::1")
+	addr.IPv6Net = netip.MustParsePrefix("fd00:1234::/64")
+
+	static := &route.Route{ID: "static", NetID: "lan", Network: netip.MustParsePrefix("192.168.50.0/24"), NetworkType: route.IPv4Network}
+	dynamic := &route.Route{ID: "dynamic", NetID: "dyn", NetworkType: route.DomainNetwork}
+
+	m := &DefaultManager{
+		wgInterface:   &reconcileWGMock{addr: addr},
+		routeSelector: routeselector.NewRouteSelector(),
+		clientRoutes: route.HAMap{
+			static.GetHAUniqueID():  {static},
+			dynamic.GetHAUniqueID(): {dynamic},
+		},
+	}
+
+	assert.Equal(t, []string{"100.91.0.0/16", "192.168.50.0/24", "fd00:1234::/64"}, m.CurrentRouteRange(), "overlay networks and static client routes must be listed, dynamic routes skipped")
+}
+
+func TestCurrentRouteRange_NoInterfaceAddress(t *testing.T) {
+	m := &DefaultManager{
+		wgInterface:         &reconcileWGMock{},
+		disableClientRoutes: true,
+	}
+
+	assert.Empty(t, m.CurrentRouteRange(), "an unset interface address must not produce a route entry")
+}
+
+func TestCurrentRouteRange_IPv6WithoutIPv4Network(t *testing.T) {
+	addr := wgaddr.Address{
+		IPv6:    netip.MustParseAddr("fd00:1234::1"),
+		IPv6Net: netip.MustParsePrefix("fd00:1234::/64"),
+	}
+	m := &DefaultManager{
+		wgInterface:         &reconcileWGMock{addr: addr},
+		disableClientRoutes: true,
+	}
+
+	assert.Equal(t, []string{"fd00:1234::/64"}, m.CurrentRouteRange(), "a v6 overlay network must not depend on a v4 network being set")
+}
+
+func TestCurrentRouteRange_IPv6AddressWithoutNetwork(t *testing.T) {
+	addr := wgaddr.MustParseWGAddress("100.91.96.107/16")
+	addr.IPv6 = netip.MustParseAddr("fd00:1234::1")
+
+	m := &DefaultManager{
+		wgInterface:         &reconcileWGMock{addr: addr},
+		disableClientRoutes: true,
+	}
+
+	assert.Equal(t, []string{"100.91.0.0/16"}, m.CurrentRouteRange(), "a v6 address without a network must not produce a route entry")
+}
+
+func TestCurrentRouteRange_DeduplicatesPrefixes(t *testing.T) {
+	// Two HA peers serve the same prefix, and a client route announces the overlay network itself.
+	haPeerA := &route.Route{ID: "ha-a", NetID: "lan", Peer: "peer-a", Network: netip.MustParsePrefix("192.168.50.0/24"), NetworkType: route.IPv4Network}
+	haPeerB := &route.Route{ID: "ha-b", NetID: "lan", Peer: "peer-b", Network: netip.MustParsePrefix("192.168.50.0/24"), NetworkType: route.IPv4Network}
+	overlay := &route.Route{ID: "overlay", NetID: "overlay", Network: netip.MustParsePrefix("100.91.0.0/16"), NetworkType: route.IPv4Network}
+
+	m := &DefaultManager{
+		wgInterface:   &reconcileWGMock{addr: wgaddr.MustParseWGAddress("100.91.96.107/16")},
+		routeSelector: routeselector.NewRouteSelector(),
+		clientRoutes: route.HAMap{
+			haPeerA.GetHAUniqueID(): {haPeerA, haPeerB},
+			overlay.GetHAUniqueID(): {overlay},
+		},
+	}
+
+	assert.Equal(t, []string{"100.91.0.0/16", "192.168.50.0/24"}, m.CurrentRouteRange(), "every prefix must be listed once regardless of how many routes carry it")
+}

From 00003814f3561692b49569da771b9160075ae5d1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: dmitri-netbird <dmitri.external@netbird.io>
Date: Fri, 4 Sep 2026 15:29:51 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 13/21] [management] update network_router_test to verify empty
 and nil peer_groups (#7425)

* update network_router_test to verify empty and nil peer_groups

Signed-off-by: Dmitri Dolguikh <dmitri.external@netbird.io>

* fix an issue with deserialization of nil json array in user.go

Signed-off-by: Dmitri Dolguikh <dmitri.external@netbird.io>

* order zones by id

Signed-off-by: Dmitri Dolguikh <dmitri.external@netbird.io>

---------

Signed-off-by: Dmitri Dolguikh <dmitri.external@netbird.io>
---
 .../network_map_db/network_router_test.go     |  12 ++
 .../management/network_map_db/user_test.go    |  22 +++-
 .../network_router_store_test.go              | 120 ------------------
 .../internals/network_map_db/pgsql/dns.go     |   1 +
 .../internals/network_map_db/sqlite/user.go   |  11 +-
 5 files changed, 36 insertions(+), 130 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 management/internals/network_map_db/network_router_store_test.go

diff --git a/integration_tests/management/network_map_db/network_router_test.go b/integration_tests/management/network_map_db/network_router_test.go
index fa7ea2a04..2baf146a7 100644
--- a/integration_tests/management/network_map_db/network_router_test.go
+++ b/integration_tests/management/network_map_db/network_router_test.go
@@ -19,6 +19,14 @@ func TestGetNetworkRouters(t *testing.T) {
 	execQuery(t, ctx,
 		`insert into network_routers (id, account_id, public_id, peer, network_id, masquerade, metric, enabled, peer_groups)
 		VALUES('test-nr-id-2','account-1','public-id-2','','network-id-2',TRUE,333,TRUE,'["group-two-resources-id","group-no-resources-id"]')`)
+	// empty peer_groups
+	execQuery(t, ctx,
+		`insert into network_routers (id, account_id, public_id, peer, network_id, masquerade, metric, enabled, peer_groups)
+		VALUES('test-nr-id-3','account-1','public-id-3','peer-id-3','network-id-3',TRUE,999,TRUE,'[]')`)
+	// nil peer_groups
+	execQuery(t, ctx,
+		`insert into network_routers (id, account_id, public_id, peer, network_id, masquerade, metric, enabled, peer_groups)
+		VALUES('test-nr-id-4','account-1','public-id-4','peer-id-4','network-id-4',TRUE,999,TRUE,null)`)
 
 	routers, err := conn(t, ctx).GetNetworkRouters(ctx, "account-1")
 	assert.NoError(t, err)
@@ -30,4 +38,8 @@ func TestGetNetworkRouters(t *testing.T) {
 		map[string]*nmdata.NetworkRouter{
 			"peer-id-2": {PublicID: "public-id-2", Masquerade: true, Metric: 333, Enabled: true, PeerGroups: []string{"group-two-resources-id", "group-no-resources-id"}},
 			"peer-id-3": {PublicID: "public-id-2", Masquerade: true, Metric: 333, Enabled: true, PeerGroups: []string{"group-two-resources-id", "group-no-resources-id"}}})
+	assert.Equal(t, routers["network-id-3"],
+		map[string]*nmdata.NetworkRouter{"peer-id-3": {PublicID: "public-id-3", Masquerade: true, Metric: 999, Enabled: true, PeerGroups: []string{}}})
+	assert.Equal(t, routers["network-id-4"],
+		map[string]*nmdata.NetworkRouter{"peer-id-4": {PublicID: "public-id-4", Masquerade: true, Metric: 999, Enabled: true, PeerGroups: nil}})
 }
diff --git a/integration_tests/management/network_map_db/user_test.go b/integration_tests/management/network_map_db/user_test.go
index 132f749e2..fce1833d3 100644
--- a/integration_tests/management/network_map_db/user_test.go
+++ b/integration_tests/management/network_map_db/user_test.go
@@ -21,6 +21,14 @@ func TestGetAllowedUsers(t *testing.T) {
 	execQuery(t, ctx,
 		`insert into users (id, name, account_id, auto_groups, blocked, is_service_user)
 		VALUES('user-3','user-3','account-1','["group-two-resources-id"]',false,false)`)
+	// empty auto_groups; shouldn't error out
+	execQuery(t, ctx,
+		`insert into users (id, name, account_id, auto_groups, blocked, is_service_user)
+		VALUES('user-31','user-31','account-1','[]',false,false)`)
+	// null auto_groups; shouldn't error out
+	execQuery(t, ctx,
+		`insert into users (id, name, account_id, auto_groups, blocked, is_service_user)
+		VALUES('user-32','user-32','account-1',null,false,false)`)
 	// shouldn't be included as it's blocked
 	execQuery(t, ctx,
 		`insert into users (id, name, account_id, auto_groups, blocked, is_service_user)
@@ -43,15 +51,17 @@ func TestGetAllowedUsers(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.NoError(t, err)
 
 	assert.Equal(t, userIdx, map[string]struct{}{
-		"user-1": {},
-		"user-2": {},
-		"user-3": {},
+		"user-1":  {},
+		"user-2":  {},
+		"user-3":  {},
+		"user-31": {},
+		"user-32": {},
 	})
 	assert.Equal(t, groupIdToUserIds, map[string][]string{
 		"group-one-resource-id":  {"user-1", "user-2"},
 		"group-two-resources-id": {"user-2", "user-3"},
-		"all-group-1":            {"user-1", "user-2", "user-3"},
-		"all-group-2":            {"user-1", "user-2", "user-3"},
-		"all-group-3":            {"user-1", "user-2", "user-3"},
+		"all-group-1":            {"user-1", "user-2", "user-3", "user-31", "user-32"},
+		"all-group-2":            {"user-1", "user-2", "user-3", "user-31", "user-32"},
+		"all-group-3":            {"user-1", "user-2", "user-3", "user-31", "user-32"},
 	})
 }
diff --git a/management/internals/network_map_db/network_router_store_test.go b/management/internals/network_map_db/network_router_store_test.go
deleted file mode 100644
index d44aa1ebc..000000000
--- a/management/internals/network_map_db/network_router_store_test.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,120 +0,0 @@
-package networkmapdb_test
-
-import (
-	"context"
-	"net/netip"
-	"os"
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
-
-	networkmapdb "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/internals/network_map_db"
-	networkmap_pgsql "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/internals/network_map_db/pgsql"
-	networkmap_sqlite "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/internals/network_map_db/sqlite"
-	routerTypes "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/server/networks/routers/types"
-	nbpeer "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/server/peer"
-	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/server/store"
-	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/server/testutil"
-	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/server/types"
-)
-
-// newEngineStores opens both stores on the selected engine's database.
-func newEngineStores(t *testing.T) (store.Store, networkmapdb.NetworkMapDBStore) {
-	t.Helper()
-	ctx := context.Background()
-
-	switch engine := types.Engine(os.Getenv("NETBIRD_STORE_ENGINE")); engine {
-	case types.PostgresStoreEngine:
-		cleanup, dsn, err := testutil.CreatePostgresTestContainer()
-		require.NoError(t, err, "start postgres test container")
-		t.Cleanup(cleanup)
-
-		accountStore, err := store.NewPostgresqlStore(ctx, dsn, nil, false)
-		require.NoError(t, err, "connect account store")
-		t.Cleanup(func() { _ = accountStore.Close(ctx) })
-
-		nmStore, err := networkmap_pgsql.NewPostgresqlStore(ctx, dsn)
-		require.NoError(t, err, "connect networkmap store")
-		t.Cleanup(func() { nmStore.Pool.Close() })
-		return accountStore, nmStore
-	case types.SqliteStoreEngine, "":
-		dataDir := t.TempDir()
-		accountStore, err := store.NewSqliteStore(ctx, dataDir, nil, false)
-		require.NoError(t, err, "open account store")
-		t.Cleanup(func() { _ = accountStore.Close(ctx) })
-
-		nmStore, err := networkmap_sqlite.NewSqliteStore("store.db", dataDir)
-		require.NoError(t, err, "open networkmap store")
-		t.Cleanup(func() { _ = nmStore.Db.Close() })
-		return accountStore, nmStore
-	default:
-		t.Skipf("networkmap store does not support engine %q", engine)
-		return nil, nil
-	}
-}
-
-// Peer-based routers must survive the network-map read on every engine.
-func TestGetNetworkRouters_ServesPeerBasedRouters(t *testing.T) {
-	ctx := context.Background()
-	accountStore, nmStore := newEngineStores(t)
-
-	const (
-		accountID = "acc-nmap-routers"
-		groupID   = "grp-router-members"
-		memberID  = "peer-member"
-	)
-
-	// Postgres enforces the groups-to-accounts FK that SQLite ignores.
-	require.NoError(t, accountStore.SaveAccount(ctx, &types.Account{
-		Id: accountID,
-		Peers: map[string]*nbpeer.Peer{
-			memberID: {
-				ID:        memberID,
-				AccountID: accountID,
-				Key:       memberID + "-key",
-				IP:        netip.MustParseAddr("100.64.0.10"),
-				Status:    &nbpeer.PeerStatus{},
-			},
-		},
-		Groups: map[string]*types.Group{
-			groupID: {
-				ID:        groupID,
-				AccountID: accountID,
-				Name:      "router members",
-				Issued:    types.GroupIssuedAPI,
-				Peers:     []string{memberID},
-			},
-		},
-	}), "seed the account the routers belong to")
-
-	routers := []*routerTypes.NetworkRouter{
-		{ID: "router-peer-nil", AccountID: accountID, NetworkID: "net-peer-nil", PublicID: "pub-peer-nil", Peer: "peer-direct-nil", Enabled: true, Metric: 9999},
-		{ID: "router-peer-empty", AccountID: accountID, NetworkID: "net-peer-empty", PublicID: "pub-peer-empty", Peer: "peer-direct-empty", PeerGroups: []string{}, Enabled: true, Metric: 9999},
-		{ID: "router-group", AccountID: accountID, NetworkID: "net-group", PublicID: "pub-group", PeerGroups: []string{groupID}, Enabled: true, Metric: 9999},
-	}
-	for _, router := range routers {
-		require.NoError(t, accountStore.CreateNetworkRouter(ctx, router))
-	}
-
-	tx, err := nmStore.BeginTx(ctx)
-	require.NoError(t, err, "begin networkmap read transaction")
-	t.Cleanup(func() { _ = tx.RollbackTx(ctx) })
-
-	got, err := tx.GetNetworkRouters(ctx, accountID)
-	require.NoError(t, err, "read network routers")
-
-	assert.Contains(t, got, "net-peer-nil",
-		"a router referencing an individual peer (peer_groups stored as NULL) must reach the network map")
-	assert.Contains(t, got["net-peer-nil"], "peer-direct-nil",
-		"the individual-peer router must be keyed by its peer")
-
-	assert.Contains(t, got, "net-peer-empty",
-		"a router referencing an individual peer (peer_groups stored as '[]') must reach the network map")
-	assert.Contains(t, got["net-peer-empty"], "peer-direct-empty",
-		"the individual-peer router must be keyed by its peer")
-
-	assert.Contains(t, got, "net-group", "a group router must reach the network map")
-	assert.Contains(t, got["net-group"], memberID,
-		"the group router must fan out to the group's member peers")
-}
diff --git a/management/internals/network_map_db/pgsql/dns.go b/management/internals/network_map_db/pgsql/dns.go
index b22b43903..46ef0ddfa 100644
--- a/management/internals/network_map_db/pgsql/dns.go
+++ b/management/internals/network_map_db/pgsql/dns.go
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ const (
 	from zones
 	left join records as r on r.zone_id = zones.id
 	where zones.account_id=$1 and zones.enabled
+	order by zones.id
 	`
 )
 
diff --git a/management/internals/network_map_db/sqlite/user.go b/management/internals/network_map_db/sqlite/user.go
index 0bdda372e..23c46bf76 100644
--- a/management/internals/network_map_db/sqlite/user.go
+++ b/management/internals/network_map_db/sqlite/user.go
@@ -42,17 +42,20 @@ func (sc *SqliteStoreConn) GetAllowedUsers(ctx context.Context, accountId string
 	userIdIdx := make(map[string]struct{})
 	groupIdToUserIds := make(map[string][]string)
 	for _, user := range users {
+		for _, allgid := range allGroupIds {
+			groupIdToUserIds[allgid] = append(groupIdToUserIds[allgid], user.ID)
+		}
+		userIdIdx[user.ID] = struct{}{}
 		autogroups := make([]string, 0)
+		if user.AutoGroups == nil {
+			continue
+		}
 		if err := json.Unmarshal(user.AutoGroups, &autogroups); err != nil {
 			return nil, nil, err
 		}
-		userIdIdx[user.ID] = struct{}{}
 		for _, groupId := range autogroups {
 			groupIdToUserIds[groupId] = append(groupIdToUserIds[groupId], user.ID)
 		}
-		for _, allgid := range allGroupIds {
-			groupIdToUserIds[allgid] = append(groupIdToUserIds[allgid], user.ID)
-		}
 	}
 
 	return userIdIdx, groupIdToUserIds, nil

From 76ea72237f3346ff157aa8374b9fa800d6498976 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Brad Ison <bison@netbird.io>
Date: Fri, 4 Sep 2026 17:11:27 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 14/21] [management] Add Agent Network managed proxy to the API
 spec (#7433)

Defines the cloud-side managed gateway provisioning surface
(POST/GET /api/integrations/agent-network/managed-proxy) and its
response objects so clients consume generated types instead of
hand-written ones. POST is idempotent: 202 when the call starts (or
restarts) provisioning, 200 when a deployment already exists; 409
names an already-assigned endpoint the managed flow does not own and
503 signals temporarily exhausted endpoint allocation.
---
 client/proto/generate.sh                |  2 +-
 encryption/testprotos/generate.sh       |  4 +-
 flow/proto/generate.sh                  |  2 +-
 shared/management/http/api/generate.sh  |  2 +-
 shared/management/http/api/openapi.yml  | 99 +++++++++++++++++++++++++
 shared/management/http/api/types.gen.go | 48 ++++++++++++
 shared/management/proto/generate.sh     |  2 +-
 shared/signal/proto/generate.sh         |  2 +-
 8 files changed, 154 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/client/proto/generate.sh b/client/proto/generate.sh
index cea8ae912..d73367d12 100755
--- a/client/proto/generate.sh
+++ b/client/proto/generate.sh
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#!/bin/bash
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
 set -e
 
 if ! which realpath >/dev/null 2>&1; then
diff --git a/encryption/testprotos/generate.sh b/encryption/testprotos/generate.sh
index 0ce6ebdea..ffbc481d6 100755
--- a/encryption/testprotos/generate.sh
+++ b/encryption/testprotos/generate.sh
@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
-#!/bin/bash
-protoc -I testprotos/ testprotos/testproto.proto --go_out=.
\ No newline at end of file
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+protoc -I testprotos/ testprotos/testproto.proto --go_out=.
diff --git a/flow/proto/generate.sh b/flow/proto/generate.sh
index 6bbf78e61..a031245fd 100755
--- a/flow/proto/generate.sh
+++ b/flow/proto/generate.sh
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#!/bin/bash
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
 set -e
 
 if ! which realpath > /dev/null 2>&1
diff --git a/shared/management/http/api/generate.sh b/shared/management/http/api/generate.sh
index ba29a6905..8f563e99a 100755
--- a/shared/management/http/api/generate.sh
+++ b/shared/management/http/api/generate.sh
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#!/bin/bash
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
 set -e
 
 if ! which realpath > /dev/null 2>&1
diff --git a/shared/management/http/api/openapi.yml b/shared/management/http/api/openapi.yml
index a0549b077..5ad682c6b 100644
--- a/shared/management/http/api/openapi.yml
+++ b/shared/management/http/api/openapi.yml
@@ -6443,6 +6443,44 @@ components:
         - enable_prompt_collection
         - redact_pii
         - access_log_retention_days
+    AgentNetworkManagedProxy:
+      type: object
+      description: A NetBird-managed Agent Network gateway deployment.
+      properties:
+        id:
+          type: string
+          description: Managed proxy deployment ID.
+          example: "d1m3kebd9pcs0c1pnu7g"
+        state:
+          type: string
+          description: Derived deployment state. `provisioning` until the gateway is rolled out and connected, `ready` while the gateway actively serves the endpoint, `failed` when the rollout reported a failure.
+          enum: [ "provisioning", "ready", "failed" ]
+          example: "ready"
+        endpoint:
+          type: string
+          description: The account's gateway hostname.
+          example: "brave-otter.gateway.netbird.io"
+        region:
+          type: string
+          description: Region of the cluster hosting the deployment.
+          example: "us-east"
+        message:
+          type: string
+          description: Failure detail reported by the rollout. Only set when state is `failed`.
+      required:
+        - id
+        - state
+        - endpoint
+    AgentNetworkManagedProxyConflict:
+      type: object
+      description: Conflict body returned when the account already has an Agent Network endpoint that managed provisioning does not own, naming that endpoint.
+      properties:
+        endpoint:
+          type: string
+          description: The Agent Network endpoint already assigned to the account.
+          example: "llm.example.com"
+      required:
+        - endpoint
     AgentNetworkBudgetRule:
       type: object
       description: Account-level budget rule. A limit-only rule bound to groups and/or users that applies across all policies as a min-wins ceiling. Empty targets means it applies to every caller.
@@ -13531,6 +13569,67 @@ paths:
           "$ref": "#/components/responses/not_found"
         '500':
           "$ref": "#/components/responses/internal_error"
+  /api/integrations/agent-network/managed-proxy:
+    post:
+      summary: Provision a managed Agent Network gateway
+      description: Starts provisioning of a NetBird-managed Agent Network gateway for the account, allocating its endpoint under the managed zone on the first call. Idempotent — answers 202 when this call started (or, after a failure, restarted) provisioning and 200 when a deployment already exists, reporting current state either way. Returns 409 when the account already has an Agent Network endpoint that managed provisioning does not own, and 503 when endpoint allocation is temporarily exhausted.
+      tags: [ Agent Network ]
+      security:
+        - BearerAuth: [ ]
+        - TokenAuth: [ ]
+      responses:
+        '200':
+          description: A managed gateway deployment already exists; reports its current state.
+          content:
+            application/json:
+              schema:
+                $ref: '#/components/schemas/AgentNetworkManagedProxy'
+        '202':
+          description: Provisioning started, or restarted after a reported failure
+          content:
+            application/json:
+              schema:
+                $ref: '#/components/schemas/AgentNetworkManagedProxy'
+        '401':
+          "$ref": "#/components/responses/requires_authentication"
+        '403':
+          "$ref": "#/components/responses/forbidden"
+        '409':
+          description: The account already has an Agent Network endpoint not owned by managed provisioning
+          content:
+            application/json:
+              schema:
+                $ref: '#/components/schemas/AgentNetworkManagedProxyConflict'
+        '500':
+          "$ref": "#/components/responses/internal_error"
+        '503':
+          description: Endpoint allocation is temporarily exhausted; retry later
+          content:
+            application/json:
+              schema:
+                $ref: '#/components/schemas/ErrorResponse'
+    get:
+      summary: Retrieve managed Agent Network gateway status
+      description: Reports the account's managed gateway deployment and its derived state. Returns 404 when the account has no managed deployment.
+      tags: [ Agent Network ]
+      security:
+        - BearerAuth: [ ]
+        - TokenAuth: [ ]
+      responses:
+        '200':
+          description: The account's managed gateway deployment
+          content:
+            application/json:
+              schema:
+                $ref: '#/components/schemas/AgentNetworkManagedProxy'
+        '401':
+          "$ref": "#/components/responses/requires_authentication"
+        '403':
+          "$ref": "#/components/responses/forbidden"
+        '404':
+          "$ref": "#/components/responses/not_found"
+        '500':
+          "$ref": "#/components/responses/internal_error"
   /api/agent-network/access-logs:
     get:
       summary: List Agent Network access logs
diff --git a/shared/management/http/api/types.gen.go b/shared/management/http/api/types.gen.go
index d6bebf134..b5a7a80ac 100644
--- a/shared/management/http/api/types.gen.go
+++ b/shared/management/http/api/types.gen.go
@@ -77,6 +77,27 @@ func (e AgentNetworkConsumptionDimensionKind) Valid() bool {
 	}
 }
 
+// Defines values for AgentNetworkManagedProxyState.
+const (
+	AgentNetworkManagedProxyStateFailed       AgentNetworkManagedProxyState = "failed"
+	AgentNetworkManagedProxyStateProvisioning AgentNetworkManagedProxyState = "provisioning"
+	AgentNetworkManagedProxyStateReady        AgentNetworkManagedProxyState = "ready"
+)
+
+// Valid indicates whether the value is a known member of the AgentNetworkManagedProxyState enum.
+func (e AgentNetworkManagedProxyState) Valid() bool {
+	switch e {
+	case AgentNetworkManagedProxyStateFailed:
+		return true
+	case AgentNetworkManagedProxyStateProvisioning:
+		return true
+	case AgentNetworkManagedProxyStateReady:
+		return true
+	default:
+		return false
+	}
+}
+
 // Defines values for CreateAzureIntegrationRequestHost.
 const (
 	CreateAzureIntegrationRequestHostMicrosoftCom CreateAzureIntegrationRequestHost = "microsoft.com"
@@ -2224,6 +2245,33 @@ type AgentNetworkGuardrailRequest struct {
 	Name string `json:"name"`
 }
 
+// AgentNetworkManagedProxy A NetBird-managed Agent Network gateway deployment.
+type AgentNetworkManagedProxy struct {
+	// Endpoint The account's gateway hostname.
+	Endpoint string `json:"endpoint"`
+
+	// Id Managed proxy deployment ID.
+	Id string `json:"id"`
+
+	// Message Failure detail reported by the rollout. Only set when state is `failed`.
+	Message *string `json:"message,omitempty"`
+
+	// Region Region of the cluster hosting the deployment.
+	Region *string `json:"region,omitempty"`
+
+	// State Derived deployment state. `provisioning` until the gateway is rolled out and connected, `ready` while the gateway actively serves the endpoint, `failed` when the rollout reported a failure.
+	State AgentNetworkManagedProxyState `json:"state"`
+}
+
+// AgentNetworkManagedProxyState Derived deployment state. `provisioning` until the gateway is rolled out and connected, `ready` while the gateway actively serves the endpoint, `failed` when the rollout reported a failure.
+type AgentNetworkManagedProxyState string
+
+// AgentNetworkManagedProxyConflict Conflict body returned when the account already has an Agent Network endpoint that managed provisioning does not own, naming that endpoint.
+type AgentNetworkManagedProxyConflict struct {
+	// Endpoint The Agent Network endpoint already assigned to the account.
+	Endpoint string `json:"endpoint"`
+}
+
 // AgentNetworkModelDiscoveryRequest defines model for AgentNetworkModelDiscoveryRequest.
 type AgentNetworkModelDiscoveryRequest struct {
 	// ApiKey Credential to query the vendor with, for a provider that has not been saved yet. Mutually exclusive with provider_id.
diff --git a/shared/management/proto/generate.sh b/shared/management/proto/generate.sh
index 7cb0f75a5..2915b7f0c 100755
--- a/shared/management/proto/generate.sh
+++ b/shared/management/proto/generate.sh
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#!/bin/bash
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
 set -e
 
 if ! which realpath > /dev/null 2>&1
diff --git a/shared/signal/proto/generate.sh b/shared/signal/proto/generate.sh
index 720a5ff66..718eae152 100755
--- a/shared/signal/proto/generate.sh
+++ b/shared/signal/proto/generate.sh
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#!/bin/bash
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
 set -e
 
 if ! which realpath > /dev/null 2>&1

From 15c0a2903db2f082acf53a39bc671e3644a09b06 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Zoltan Papp <zoltan.pmail@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 7 Sep 2026 15:50:28 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 15/21] [client] Return the context error when the SSH
 handshake fails with it (#7426)

* [client] Return the context error when the SSH handshake fails on a context deadline

The handshake mapped the context deadline onto the socket but returned the
raw socket error. Which error surfaces depends on a race between the x/crypto
ssh readLoop and kexLoop goroutines: the kexLoop write fails with i/o timeout
and closes the conn, and the readLoop then reports use of closed network
connection. Callers checking errors.Is(err, context.DeadlineExceeded) never
matched, and TestSSHClient_ContextCancellation flaked on the FreeBSD job.

Handshake now wraps the context error when the context is done or its
deadline has passed. The deadline comparison is needed because the socket
deadline and the context timer fire independently, so ctx.Err() can still be
nil when the deadline-triggered socket error arrives.

* [client] Close the silent test server conn without racing t.Cleanup

The accept goroutine registered the conn close via t.Cleanup, which can run
after the test's cleanup list has already been drained, leaving the accepted
connection open. The goroutine now holds the conn until a cleanup-closed
channel signals the end of the test and closes it on the way out.

* [client] Bind the SSH handshake to the context instead of a socket deadline

Mapping only the context deadline onto the socket left context cancellation
unobserved: an in-flight handshake kept running until the deadline, and the
error classification had to guess whether a raw socket error was caused by
the deadline. Closing the conn from context.AfterFunc covers both deadline
and cancellation, and ctx.Err() is already set by the time the close-induced
error surfaces, so the time-based DeadlineExceeded attribution is no longer
needed. The stop() result guards the window between a successful handshake
and the AfterFunc firing so a closed conn is never handed back as a client.
---
 client/ssh/handshake.go      | 33 +++++++------
 client/ssh/handshake_test.go | 90 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 108 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 client/ssh/handshake_test.go

diff --git a/client/ssh/handshake.go b/client/ssh/handshake.go
index e78a806be..a718748df 100644
--- a/client/ssh/handshake.go
+++ b/client/ssh/handshake.go
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"net"
-	"time"
 
 	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"golang.org/x/crypto/ssh"
@@ -13,26 +12,23 @@ import (
 
 // Handshake runs the SSH client handshake on an already dialed conn and
 // returns the resulting client. Dialing bounds only the TCP establishment;
-// without a deadline on the socket a peer that accepts and then goes silent
-// blocks the handshake forever, so the context deadline is applied to conn
-// for the duration of the handshake. conn is closed on any error.
+// a peer that accepts and then goes silent would block the handshake forever,
+// so conn is closed as soon as ctx is done, which unblocks the handshake and
+// surfaces the context error. conn is closed on any error.
 func Handshake(ctx context.Context, conn net.Conn, addr string, config *ssh.ClientConfig) (*ssh.Client, error) {
-	if deadline, ok := ctx.Deadline(); ok {
-		if err := conn.SetDeadline(deadline); err != nil {
-			closeHandshake(conn, "conn after deadline error")
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("set handshake deadline: %w", err)
-		}
-	}
+	stop := context.AfterFunc(ctx, func() { closeHandshake(conn, "conn on context done") })
 
 	sshConn, chans, reqs, err := ssh.NewClientConn(conn, addr, config)
 	if err != nil {
-		closeHandshake(conn, "conn after handshake error")
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("ssh handshake: %w", err)
+		if stop() {
+			closeHandshake(conn, "conn after handshake error")
+		}
+		return nil, handshakeError(ctx, err)
 	}
 
-	if err := conn.SetDeadline(time.Time{}); err != nil {
-		closeHandshake(sshConn, "ssh conn after deadline clear error")
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("clear handshake deadline: %w", err)
+	if !stop() {
+		closeHandshake(sshConn, "ssh conn after context done")
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("ssh handshake: %w", ctx.Err())
 	}
 
 	return ssh.NewClient(sshConn, chans, reqs), nil
@@ -43,3 +39,10 @@ func closeHandshake(c io.Closer, label string) {
 		log.Debugf("ssh: close %s: %v", label, err)
 	}
 }
+
+func handshakeError(ctx context.Context, err error) error {
+	if ctxErr := ctx.Err(); ctxErr != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("ssh handshake: %w: %w", ctxErr, err)
+	}
+	return fmt.Errorf("ssh handshake: %w", err)
+}
diff --git a/client/ssh/handshake_test.go b/client/ssh/handshake_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..77a6f916b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/client/ssh/handshake_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+package ssh
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"net"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"golang.org/x/crypto/ssh"
+)
+
+func TestHandshake_ContextDeadlineWrapped(t *testing.T) {
+	conn := dialSilentServer(t)
+
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 50*time.Millisecond)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	_, err := Handshake(ctx, conn, conn.RemoteAddr().String(), testClientConfig())
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	require.True(t, errors.Is(err, context.DeadlineExceeded), "expected context.DeadlineExceeded, got: %v", err)
+}
+
+func TestHandshake_ContextCancelUnblocks(t *testing.T) {
+	conn := dialSilentServer(t)
+
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
+	defer cancel()
+	time.AfterFunc(50*time.Millisecond, cancel)
+
+	errCh := make(chan error, 1)
+	go func() {
+		_, err := Handshake(ctx, conn, conn.RemoteAddr().String(), testClientConfig())
+		errCh <- err
+	}()
+
+	select {
+	case err := <-errCh:
+		require.Error(t, err)
+		require.True(t, errors.Is(err, context.Canceled), "expected context.Canceled, got: %v", err)
+	case <-time.After(5 * time.Second):
+		t.Fatal("handshake did not return after context cancellation")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestHandshake_NonContextErrorNotWrapped(t *testing.T) {
+	conn := dialSilentServer(t)
+	require.NoError(t, conn.Close())
+
+	_, err := Handshake(context.Background(), conn, conn.RemoteAddr().String(), testClientConfig())
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	require.False(t, errors.Is(err, context.Canceled))
+	require.False(t, errors.Is(err, context.DeadlineExceeded))
+}
+
+func testClientConfig() *ssh.ClientConfig {
+	return &ssh.ClientConfig{
+		User:            "test",
+		HostKeyCallback: ssh.InsecureIgnoreHostKey(),
+	}
+}
+
+// dialSilentServer returns a client conn to a server that accepts and never
+// sends anything, so the SSH handshake blocks until the context is done.
+func dialSilentServer(t *testing.T) net.Conn {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	listener, err := net.Listen("tcp", "127.0.0.1:0")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	t.Cleanup(func() { _ = listener.Close() })
+
+	done := make(chan struct{})
+	t.Cleanup(func() { close(done) })
+
+	go func() {
+		c, err := listener.Accept()
+		if err != nil {
+			return
+		}
+		defer func() { _ = c.Close() }()
+		<-done
+	}()
+
+	conn, err := net.Dial("tcp", listener.Addr().String())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	t.Cleanup(func() { _ = conn.Close() })
+
+	return conn
+}

From e14006ddc14657320cc497b3c15bc89cd9d8a216 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Riccardo Manfrin <3090891+riccardomanfrin@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 8 Sep 2026 11:53:07 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 16/21] =?UTF-8?q?[client]=20mobile=20MDM=20bridge=20?=
 =?UTF-8?q?=E2=80=94=20iOS=20+=20Android=20setMDMPolicyFetcher=20entrypoin?=
 =?UTF-8?q?t=20(#6435)?=
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

* MDM Android mobile wiring

* Removes dead code

* Removes static vars

* Now we need to apply MDM in the GetConfig

* You now need to explicitly call these around

* Adds iOS wiring

* Resolve merge conflicts from main

- login.go: keep both new imports (mdm + nbnet + server)
- ios/NetBirdSDK/client.go: additive struct-field merge (mdmLoader + stateMu/connectClient/config)
- setconfig_mdm_test.go: adopt new withMDMPolicy(t, s, policy) signature; fix stray old-signature call in TestSetConfig_MDMAllow_ManagementURLPortNormalized

* Convey MDM overlay config to Debug Bundle output

Aligns to other clients OSes behavior

* Solved conflict in client.go

* Fixup helper withMDMPolicy -> configWithMDM

* Fixup after merge

* Resolve merge conflicts

* [client] Move MDM enforcement logic into a shared Go layer (#7319)

The mobile bridges only carried the policy fetcher, leaving every
enforcement decision to the native apps: the desktop derived its UI
restrictions in the Wails service layer, the daemon kept the conflict
machinery in the server package, and both mobile bridges duplicated the
JSON fetch adapter. Anything the native side had to reimplement was a
place for iOS and Android to drift apart.

Enforcement now lives in client/mdm and is consumed identically by all
three platforms:

- conflicts.go holds the value-aware conflict checks lifted out of the
  daemon, so the same normalization (canonical URLs, PSK sentinel echo)
  applies wherever a config change is validated.
- restrictions.go derives the UI enforcement snapshot from a policy and
  renders it in the JSON shape the desktop frontend already consumes.
  The service-layer types become aliases, keeping one source of truth.
- jsonloader.go replaces the adapter that was copy-pasted into both
  bridges.
- changedetector.go moves change detection off the native side: the
  caller forwards the OS notification and asks whether the managed
  configuration actually changed, instead of diffing dictionaries
  itself.

The mobile bridges gain the enforcement the daemon already had. The
Preferences getters resolve managed keys from the policy, so a naive UI
shows the enforced value; Commit rejects a staged change that diverges
from a managed key; NewAuth resolves the managed management URL before
persisting the config and overlays the policy on it, so a login can no
longer run against a URL the policy forbids. Android's profile
mutations fail closed when disableProfiles is set.

NewAuth takes the fetcher as a required argument rather than keeping a
policy-blind overload: the apps consume this code as a submodule, so a
compile error at the bump is the point. The mobile PSK getter is
replaced by a presence check — the key has no reason to cross the
bridge, and not returning it means the native side needs no redaction
sentinel of its own.

* [client] Resolve the main merge conflicts in the MDM integration

The merge commit was recorded with the conflict markers still in the
tree. Resolve them so the branch builds again:

- client/ios/NetBirdSDK: keep both the mdm and mobile imports, and keep
  the mdmLoader/mdmDetector fields next to main's stateMu documentation.
- client/server/mdm.go: drop the conflict helpers main added locally,
  they already live in the client/mdm package on this branch, and keep
  the new checks main introduced (allowRemoteJobs, enableLocalMetrics,
  localMetricsAddress) as calls into the package-level helpers.
- client/mdm/conflicts.go: add ConflictStringPtr, the presence-aware
  string check main needs for the optional localMetricsAddress field.
- Port the two tests main added over the per-Server loader helper and the
  configWithMDM helper, both of which replaced the package-level policy
  injection this branch removed.

* [client] Reject explicit empty PSK when MDM enforces a pre-shared key

The SetConfig, Login and mobile Commit conflict checks collapsed the PSK
to a plain string, so an explicit empty value was indistinguishable from
an unset field and slipped past the MDM gate, clearing the persisted key.
Carry the optional field as a pointer through ConflictStringPtr, treating
only the redaction sentinel as a no-op echo. ConflictString had no other
callers and is removed.

* [client] Apply MDM overlay on the preloaded iOS config in Run

Run only overlaid the MDM policy when the config was loaded from file,
so the tvOS path fed by SetConfigFromJSON started with unmanaged
settings. Apply the overlay after the config source is selected, as the
other resolution sites already do.

* [client] Gate non-active profile logout behind the MDM profiles switch

The mobile ProfileManager let LogoutProfile clear credentials of any
profile even when disableProfiles was enforced. Follow the daemon's
validateProfileLogout semantics: logging out of the active profile is a
plain logout and stays allowed, logging out of any other profile is
profile management and is rejected under the policy.

* [client] Resolve the managed management URL through the MDM overlay on mobile

NewAuth on Android and iOS replaced the caller URL with the raw policy
value before persisting, so a malformed managed URL failed config
validation and blocked the login instead of being skipped with a warning
like the overlay does. Preferences.GetManagementURL likewise echoed the
raw policy string to the native UI even when the overlay had rejected it.

Follow the daemon: persist the caller URL, overlay the policy on the
resolved config, and report the overlaid ManagementURL as the effective
value.

* [client] Clean up MDM review leftovers

Drop the unused ChangeDetector.Current, point the stale LoadPolicy
comment references at Loader.Load, and move the profileEmail godoc back
above its function.

* [client] Check remote jobs and local metrics keys in the mobile MDM conflict gate

MDMConflicts skipped allowRemoteJobs, enableLocalMetrics and
localMetricsAddress even though the overlay applies all three and the
daemon gate already checks them, so a mobile Commit could persist values
diverging from the enforced policy. Align the list with the daemon.

* [client] Silence the deprecated PreSharedKey lint in the login conflict test

The legacy LoginRequest.PreSharedKey field is deliberately exercised by
the test, matching the nolint already carried by the production path.

* [client] Publish the mobile MDM loader and detector atomically

SetMDMPolicyFetcher wrote the loader and change detector as two plain
fields that Run, the OS-change callback and the restrictions getter read
from other threads without synchronization. Hold both behind a single
atomic pointer so a registration is published as one unit and readers
always observe a matching loader and detector pair; Preferences gets the
same treatment for its loader. Exported signatures are unchanged.

* [client] Report the MDM-overlaid remote jobs value from mobile Preferences

GetRemoteJobsAllowed returned the staged or persisted value even when
the policy manages allowRemoteJobs, so the native settings UI could show
a value the Commit gate would reject. Resolve it through the overlay like
GetManagementURL does.

* [client] Stop persisting the MDM-overlaid config after mobile logins

NewAuth already writes the config through UpdateOrCreateConfig before
the MDM policy is overlaid, and the login itself never mutates the
Config. The post-login WriteOutConfig calls therefore only rewrote the
same file with the enforced ManagementURL and PreSharedKey in it, so a
removed or changed policy kept acting through the persisted values.

* [client] Document that the MDM overlay on Config is not reversible

ApplyMDMPolicy promised that an empty Policy clears a prior overlay, but
applyMDMPolicy only resets the enforcement metadata and the runtime-only
upload URL; the enforced ManagementURL, PreSharedKey and flags stay. Every
lifecycle owner resolves the base Config again before applying, so state
that contract instead of the reversibility that was never implemented.

* [client] Re-resolve the tvOS preloaded config before every MDM overlay

The iOS Client kept the config parsed from SetConfigFromJSON and applied
the MDM overlay onto that same instance on every Run, IsLoginRequired
and DebugBundle, so a key removed from the policy stayed enforced. Store
the JSON instead and parse it per load through one loadConfig path.

Auth serialized the overlaid config from GetConfigJSON, which tvOS then
persisted to UserDefaults and fed back as the preload. Keep the resolved
config as the base, run the login on a JSON round-trip copy with the
overlay, and return the base from GetConfigJSON.

* [client] Serve the MDM-managed management URL without touching the config file on mobile

Preferences.GetManagementURL resolved a managed URL by reading and
overlaying the persisted config, so a corrupt file or the tvOS sandbox
turned an enforced URL into a read error. Return the canonical managed
value directly, the same string BuildRestrictions already hands to the
UI, and only fall back to the staged or persisted value when MDM does
not manage the key.

NewAuth validated the caller-supplied management URL before the overlay
ran, so a malformed or echoed value blocked or persisted under an MDM
policy that already dictates the URL. Ignore the caller value while the
key is managed; the login runs against the overlay either way.

* [client] Align the MDM loader docs with the fetcher precedence and make disableAdvancedView a tristate

NewLoader, PolicyFetcher and the darwin/windows loadPlatform docs claimed
the fetcher is unused on desktop, while every loader returns its values
when one is injected. That precedence is the seam the server tests rely
on across platforms, so the docs now describe it; production desktop
callers still pass nil and keep the registry / plist authoritative.

Fields.DisableAdvancedView collapsed "managed and false" into the same
JSON as "not managed", unlike AllowServerSSH and the daemon's optional
proto field. Carry it as a *bool so the UIs can tell the two apart; the
desktop reflect loop skips pointer fields already, and the mobile
decoders treat null as not managed.

* [client] Clean up MDM review nits

- ResolveConflicts treats a managed key whose ConflictCheck has no Check
  as a conflict instead of dereferencing nil.
- Ticker.Run and ChangeDetector.Changed share policyChanged so the diff
  semantics and the log line cannot drift apart.
- TestLoader_NilFetcherReturnsEmpty skips on windows/darwin, where a nil
  fetcher reads the real registry / plist.
- The profilemanager test loader checks GetInt before GetBool so integer
  keys survive the round trip, and the PSK tests use the exported
  redaction sentinel.

* [client] Fix int policy values coercing to bool in the MDM test helper

withMDMPolicy rebuilt the policy map by trying GetString, then GetBool,
then GetInt. Policy.GetBool accepts native ints (non-zero means true), so
an int-valued key such as wireguardPort round-tripped through the helper as
the bool true and GetInt was never reached. Try GetInt before GetBool, as
the profilemanager helper already does; GetInt does not coerce bools, so
booleans still fall through to GetBool.

No test sets an int key today, so this was latent: the first test to
exercise the wireguardPort conflict gate would have seen ConflictInt64
report a conflict for every value, including a matching one.

---------

Co-authored-by: Zoltan Papp <zoltan.pmail@gmail.com>
---
 client/android/client.go                      |  12 +
 client/android/client_mdm.go                  |  52 ++++
 client/android/login.go                       |  33 +--
 client/android/login_test.go                  |   6 +-
 client/android/mdm.go                         |  19 ++
 client/android/preferences.go                 |  68 +++++-
 client/android/preferences_test.go            |  25 +-
 client/android/profile_manager.go             |   6 +
 client/cmd/login.go                           |   6 +
 client/cmd/up.go                              |   5 +
 client/embed/embed.go                         |   5 +
 client/internal/profilemanager/config.go      |  34 ++-
 client/internal/profilemanager/config_mdm.go  |  52 ++++
 .../profilemanager/config_mdm_test.go         | 209 ++++++++++------
 client/ios/NetBirdSDK/client.go               | 107 ++++-----
 client/ios/NetBirdSDK/login.go                | 103 ++++----
 client/ios/NetBirdSDK/mdm.go                  |  66 ++++++
 client/ios/NetBirdSDK/preferences.go          |  56 ++++-
 client/ios/NetBirdSDK/preferences_test.go     |  25 +-
 client/ios/NetBirdSDK/profile_manager.go      |   6 +
 client/mdm/changedetector.go                  |  34 +++
 client/mdm/conflicts.go                       | 111 +++++++++
 client/mdm/jsonloader.go                      |  34 +++
 client/mdm/policy.go                          |  42 +++-
 client/mdm/policy_darwin.go                   |  15 +-
 client/mdm/policy_mobile.go                   |  19 +-
 client/mdm/policy_other.go                    |  20 +-
 client/mdm/policy_test.go                     |  14 +-
 client/mdm/policy_windows.go                  |  15 +-
 client/mdm/restrictions.go                    |  89 +++++++
 client/mdm/ticker.go                          |  46 ++--
 client/mdm/ticker_test.go                     |  67 +++---
 client/mobile/profile_manager.go              |  42 ++++
 client/mobile/profile_manager_mdm_test.go     |  83 +++++++
 client/server/mdm.go                          | 223 +++---------------
 client/server/server.go                       |  35 ++-
 client/server/setconfig_mdm_test.go           | 142 ++++++++---
 client/ui/autostart_default.go                |   2 +-
 client/ui/services/settings.go                |  38 +--
 39 files changed, 1375 insertions(+), 591 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 client/android/client_mdm.go
 create mode 100644 client/android/mdm.go
 create mode 100644 client/internal/profilemanager/config_mdm.go
 create mode 100644 client/ios/NetBirdSDK/mdm.go
 create mode 100644 client/mdm/changedetector.go
 create mode 100644 client/mdm/conflicts.go
 create mode 100644 client/mdm/jsonloader.go
 create mode 100644 client/mdm/restrictions.go
 create mode 100644 client/mobile/profile_manager_mdm_test.go

diff --git a/client/android/client.go b/client/android/client.go
index 5bd0d1e10..e47a1c13d 100644
--- a/client/android/client.go
+++ b/client/android/client.go
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import (
 	"slices"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
+	"sync/atomic"
 	"time"
 
 	"golang.org/x/exp/maps"
@@ -90,6 +91,14 @@ type Client struct {
 	connectClient *internal.ConnectClient
 	config        *profilemanager.Config
 	cacheDir      string
+
+	// mdmSource holds the per-Client MDM policy source and its change
+	// detector as one unit. Set by SetMDMPolicyFetcher (called from the
+	// Kotlin side). Each Run passes the loader to the resolved Config so
+	// applyMDMPolicy picks up the active overlay. Nil means "MDM
+	// enforcement off for this Client".
+	mdmSource atomic.Pointer[mdmSource]
+
 	// Identifies the running profile for the SSO login hint; see profile_state.go.
 	cfgPath string
 
@@ -178,6 +187,7 @@ func (c *Client) Run(platformFiles PlatformFiles, urlOpener URLOpener, isAndroid
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
+	c.applyMDMOverlay(cfg)
 	c.recorder.UpdateManagementAddress(cfg.ManagementURL.String())
 	c.recorder.UpdateRosenpass(cfg.RosenpassEnabled, cfg.RosenpassPermissive)
 
@@ -229,6 +239,7 @@ func (c *Client) RunWithoutLogin(platformFiles PlatformFiles, dns *DNSList, dnsR
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
+	c.applyMDMOverlay(cfg)
 	c.recorder.UpdateManagementAddress(cfg.ManagementURL.String())
 	c.recorder.UpdateRosenpass(cfg.RosenpassEnabled, cfg.RosenpassPermissive)
 
@@ -327,6 +338,7 @@ func (c *Client) DebugBundle(platformFiles PlatformFiles, anonymize bool, anonym
 		if err != nil {
 			return "", fmt.Errorf("load config: %w", err)
 		}
+		c.applyMDMOverlay(cfg)
 		cacheDir = platformFiles.CacheDir()
 	}
 
diff --git a/client/android/client_mdm.go b/client/android/client_mdm.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d043b85d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/client/android/client_mdm.go
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+//go:build android
+
+package android
+
+import (
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/profilemanager"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/mdm"
+)
+
+type mdmSource struct {
+	loader   *mdm.Loader
+	detector *mdm.ChangeDetector
+}
+
+// SetMDMPolicyFetcher registers the native-provided MDM policy fetcher on
+// this Client; passing nil disables MDM enforcement.
+func (c *Client) SetMDMPolicyFetcher(p PolicyFetcher) {
+	loader := loaderFor(p)
+	c.mdmSource.Store(&mdmSource{loader: loader, detector: mdm.NewChangeDetector(loader)})
+}
+
+// HasMDMPolicyChanged re-reads the managed configuration and reports whether
+// it changed since the last observation; call it from the native OS-change
+// notification and restart the engine only on true.
+func (c *Client) HasMDMPolicyChanged() bool {
+	src := c.mdmSource.Load()
+	if src == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	return src.detector.Changed()
+}
+
+// GetRestrictionsJSON returns the UI enforcement snapshot derived from the
+// active MDM policy, in the JSON shape shared with the desktop frontend.
+func (c *Client) GetRestrictionsJSON() (string, error) {
+	return mdm.BuildRestrictions(c.mdmLoader().Load()).JSON()
+}
+
+func (c *Client) applyMDMOverlay(cfg *profilemanager.Config) {
+	loader := c.mdmLoader()
+	if cfg == nil || loader == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	cfg.ApplyMDMPolicy(loader.Load())
+}
+
+func (c *Client) mdmLoader() *mdm.Loader {
+	if src := c.mdmSource.Load(); src != nil {
+		return src.loader
+	}
+	return nil
+}
diff --git a/client/android/login.go b/client/android/login.go
index 3742e01a5..155c6eadd 100644
--- a/client/android/login.go
+++ b/client/android/login.go
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/auth"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/profilemanager"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/mdm"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/mobile"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/system"
 )
@@ -46,16 +47,24 @@ type Auth struct {
 // an earlier call is orphaned on the server. It also breaks a client that enrols and then runs from
 // the persisted config, because the identity it registered is not the one it runs with — the
 // management stream rejects it with "no peer auth method provided".
-func NewAuth(cfgPath string, mgmURL string) (*Auth, error) {
-	inputCfg := profilemanager.ConfigInput{
-		ConfigPath:    cfgPath,
-		ManagementURL: mgmURL,
+//
+// Auth is constructed under the active MDM policy: the policy is overlaid on
+// the resolved config so the login runs against the enforced values, while
+// the persisted config keeps the caller-supplied ones; a caller-supplied
+// management URL is ignored while MDM manages that key. A nil fetcher
+// disables MDM enforcement.
+func NewAuth(cfgPath string, mgmURL string, fetcher PolicyFetcher) (*Auth, error) {
+	policy := loaderFor(fetcher).Load()
+	inputCfg := profilemanager.ConfigInput{ConfigPath: cfgPath}
+	if _, managed := policy.GetString(mdm.KeyManagementURL); !managed {
+		inputCfg.ManagementURL = mgmURL
 	}
 
 	cfg, err := profilemanager.UpdateOrCreateConfig(inputCfg)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
+	cfg.ApplyMDMPolicy(policy)
 
 	return &Auth{
 		ctx:     context.Background(),
@@ -75,9 +84,7 @@ func NewAuthWithConfig(ctx context.Context, config *profilemanager.Config, cfgPa
 	}
 }
 
-// SaveConfigIfSSOSupported test the connectivity with the management server by retrieving the server device flow info.
-// If it returns a flow info than save the configuration and return true. If it gets a codes.NotFound, it means that SSO
-// is not supported and returns false without saving the configuration. For other errors return false.
+// SaveConfigIfSSOSupported reports whether the management server supports SSO; the config is already persisted by NewAuth.
 func (a *Auth) SaveConfigIfSSOSupported(listener SSOListener) {
 	go func() {
 		sso, err := a.saveConfigIfSSOSupported()
@@ -101,15 +108,10 @@ func (a *Auth) saveConfigIfSSOSupported() (bool, error) {
 		return false, fmt.Errorf("failed to check SSO support: %v", err)
 	}
 
-	if !supportsSSO {
-		return false, nil
-	}
-
-	err = profilemanager.WriteOutConfig(a.cfgPath, a.config)
-	return true, err
+	return supportsSSO, nil
 }
 
-// LoginWithSetupKeyAndSaveConfig test the connectivity with the management server with the setup key.
+// LoginWithSetupKeyAndSaveConfig registers the peer with the setup key; the config is already persisted by NewAuth.
 func (a *Auth) LoginWithSetupKeyAndSaveConfig(resultListener ErrListener, setupKey string, deviceName string) {
 	go func() {
 		err := a.loginWithSetupKeyAndSaveConfig(setupKey, deviceName)
@@ -134,8 +136,7 @@ func (a *Auth) loginWithSetupKeyAndSaveConfig(setupKey string, deviceName string
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("login failed: %v", err)
 	}
-
-	return profilemanager.WriteOutConfig(a.cfgPath, a.config)
+	return nil
 }
 
 // Login try register the client on the server
diff --git a/client/android/login_test.go b/client/android/login_test.go
index b04790f6b..130a846fc 100644
--- a/client/android/login_test.go
+++ b/client/android/login_test.go
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ import (
 func TestNewAuth_ReusesPersistedIdentity(t *testing.T) {
 	cfgPath := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "config.json")
 
-	first, err := NewAuth(cfgPath, "https://api.example.com:443")
+	first, err := NewAuth(cfgPath, "https://api.example.com:443", nil)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("first NewAuth: %v", err)
 	}
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ func TestNewAuth_ReusesPersistedIdentity(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatal("first NewAuth produced no private key")
 	}
 
-	second, err := NewAuth(cfgPath, "https://api.example.com:443")
+	second, err := NewAuth(cfgPath, "https://api.example.com:443", nil)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("second NewAuth: %v", err)
 	}
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ func TestNewAuth_ReusesPersistedIdentity(t *testing.T) {
 func TestNewAuth_CreatesConfigWhenAbsent(t *testing.T) {
 	cfgPath := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "config.json")
 
-	auth, err := NewAuth(cfgPath, "https://api.example.com:443")
+	auth, err := NewAuth(cfgPath, "https://api.example.com:443", nil)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("NewAuth: %v", err)
 	}
diff --git a/client/android/mdm.go b/client/android/mdm.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..617d8f7cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/client/android/mdm.go
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+package android
+
+import (
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/mdm"
+)
+
+// PolicyFetcher is implemented by the native layer to return the current
+// managed configuration as a JSON-encoded object string; "" means no MDM
+// source is present.
+type PolicyFetcher interface {
+	FetchJSON() string
+}
+
+func loaderFor(p PolicyFetcher) *mdm.Loader {
+	if p == nil {
+		return mdm.NewJSONLoader(nil)
+	}
+	return mdm.NewJSONLoader(p.FetchJSON)
+}
diff --git a/client/android/preferences.go b/client/android/preferences.go
index d90365518..5ce31026c 100644
--- a/client/android/preferences.go
+++ b/client/android/preferences.go
@@ -1,12 +1,16 @@
 package android
 
 import (
+	"sync/atomic"
+
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/profilemanager"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/mdm"
 )
 
 // Preferences exports a subset of the internal config for gomobile
 type Preferences struct {
 	configInput profilemanager.ConfigInput
+	mdmLoader   atomic.Pointer[mdm.Loader]
 }
 
 // NewPreferences creates a new Preferences instance
@@ -14,11 +18,30 @@ func NewPreferences(configPath string) *Preferences {
 	ci := profilemanager.ConfigInput{
 		ConfigPath: configPath,
 	}
-	return &Preferences{ci}
+	return &Preferences{configInput: ci}
+}
+
+// SetMDMPolicyFetcher registers the native-provided MDM policy fetcher on
+// this Preferences instance; passing nil disables MDM enforcement.
+func (p *Preferences) SetMDMPolicyFetcher(f PolicyFetcher) {
+	p.mdmLoader.Store(loaderFor(f))
+}
+
+// GetRestrictionsJSON returns the UI enforcement snapshot derived from the
+// active MDM policy, in the JSON shape shared with the desktop frontend.
+func (p *Preferences) GetRestrictionsJSON() (string, error) {
+	return mdm.BuildRestrictions(p.policy()).JSON()
+}
+
+func (p *Preferences) policy() *mdm.Policy {
+	return p.mdmLoader.Load().Load()
 }
 
 // GetManagementURL reads URL from config file
 func (p *Preferences) GetManagementURL() (string, error) {
+	if v, ok := p.policy().GetString(mdm.KeyManagementURL); ok {
+		return mdm.CanonicalURL(v), nil
+	}
 	if p.configInput.ManagementURL != "" {
 		return p.configInput.ManagementURL, nil
 	}
@@ -27,7 +50,7 @@ func (p *Preferences) GetManagementURL() (string, error) {
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", err
 	}
-	return cfg.ManagementURL.String(), err
+	return cfg.ManagementURL.String(), nil
 }
 
 // SetManagementURL stores the given URL and waits for commit
@@ -53,17 +76,21 @@ func (p *Preferences) SetAdminURL(url string) {
 	p.configInput.AdminURL = url
 }
 
-// GetPreSharedKey reads pre-shared key from config file
-func (p *Preferences) GetPreSharedKey() (string, error) {
+// HasPreSharedKey reports whether a pre-shared key is staged, persisted, or
+// enforced by MDM; the key itself is never handed to the native layer.
+func (p *Preferences) HasPreSharedKey() (bool, error) {
+	if _, ok := p.policy().GetString(mdm.KeyPreSharedKey); ok {
+		return true, nil
+	}
 	if p.configInput.PreSharedKey != nil {
-		return *p.configInput.PreSharedKey, nil
+		return *p.configInput.PreSharedKey != "", nil
 	}
 
 	cfg, err := profilemanager.ReadConfig(p.configInput.ConfigPath)
 	if err != nil {
-		return "", err
+		return false, err
 	}
-	return cfg.PreSharedKey, err
+	return cfg.PreSharedKey != "", nil
 }
 
 // SetPreSharedKey stores the given key and waits for commit
@@ -78,6 +105,9 @@ func (p *Preferences) SetRosenpassEnabled(enabled bool) {
 
 // GetRosenpassEnabled reads Rosenpass enabled status from config file
 func (p *Preferences) GetRosenpassEnabled() (bool, error) {
+	if v, ok := p.policy().GetBool(mdm.KeyRosenpassEnabled); ok {
+		return v, nil
+	}
 	if p.configInput.RosenpassEnabled != nil {
 		return *p.configInput.RosenpassEnabled, nil
 	}
@@ -96,6 +126,9 @@ func (p *Preferences) SetRosenpassPermissive(permissive bool) {
 
 // GetRosenpassPermissive reads Rosenpass permissive setting from config file
 func (p *Preferences) GetRosenpassPermissive() (bool, error) {
+	if v, ok := p.policy().GetBool(mdm.KeyRosenpassPermissive); ok {
+		return v, nil
+	}
 	if p.configInput.RosenpassPermissive != nil {
 		return *p.configInput.RosenpassPermissive, nil
 	}
@@ -109,6 +142,9 @@ func (p *Preferences) GetRosenpassPermissive() (bool, error) {
 
 // GetDisableClientRoutes reads disable client routes setting from config file
 func (p *Preferences) GetDisableClientRoutes() (bool, error) {
+	if v, ok := p.policy().GetBool(mdm.KeyDisableClientRoutes); ok {
+		return v, nil
+	}
 	if p.configInput.DisableClientRoutes != nil {
 		return *p.configInput.DisableClientRoutes, nil
 	}
@@ -127,6 +163,9 @@ func (p *Preferences) SetDisableClientRoutes(disable bool) {
 
 // GetDisableServerRoutes reads disable server routes setting from config file
 func (p *Preferences) GetDisableServerRoutes() (bool, error) {
+	if v, ok := p.policy().GetBool(mdm.KeyDisableServerRoutes); ok {
+		return v, nil
+	}
 	if p.configInput.DisableServerRoutes != nil {
 		return *p.configInput.DisableServerRoutes, nil
 	}
@@ -181,6 +220,9 @@ func (p *Preferences) SetDisableFirewall(disable bool) {
 
 // GetServerSSHAllowed reads server SSH allowed setting from config file
 func (p *Preferences) GetServerSSHAllowed() (bool, error) {
+	if v, ok := p.policy().GetBool(mdm.KeyAllowServerSSH); ok {
+		return v, nil
+	}
 	if p.configInput.ServerSSHAllowed != nil {
 		return *p.configInput.ServerSSHAllowed, nil
 	}
@@ -291,6 +333,9 @@ func (p *Preferences) SetEnableSSHRemotePortForwarding(enabled bool) {
 
 // GetBlockInbound reads block inbound setting from config file
 func (p *Preferences) GetBlockInbound() (bool, error) {
+	if v, ok := p.policy().GetBool(mdm.KeyBlockInbound); ok {
+		return v, nil
+	}
 	if p.configInput.BlockInbound != nil {
 		return *p.configInput.BlockInbound, nil
 	}
@@ -327,7 +372,8 @@ func (p *Preferences) SetDisableIPv6(disable bool) {
 
 // GetRemoteJobsAllowed reads the remote jobs opt-in from config file
 func (p *Preferences) GetRemoteJobsAllowed() (bool, error) {
-	if p.configInput.RemoteJobsAllowed != nil {
+	policy := p.policy()
+	if !policy.HasKey(mdm.KeyRemoteJobsAllowed) && p.configInput.RemoteJobsAllowed != nil {
 		return *p.configInput.RemoteJobsAllowed, nil
 	}
 
@@ -335,10 +381,11 @@ func (p *Preferences) GetRemoteJobsAllowed() (bool, error) {
 	if err != nil {
 		return false, err
 	}
+	cfg.ApplyMDMPolicy(policy)
 	if cfg.RemoteJobsAllowed == nil {
 		return false, nil
 	}
-	return *cfg.RemoteJobsAllowed, err
+	return *cfg.RemoteJobsAllowed, nil
 }
 
 // SetRemoteJobsAllowed stores the given value and waits for commit
@@ -348,6 +395,9 @@ func (p *Preferences) SetRemoteJobsAllowed(allowed bool) {
 
 // Commit writes out the changes to the config file
 func (p *Preferences) Commit() error {
+	if err := profilemanager.CheckMDMConflicts(p.configInput, p.policy()); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
 	_, err := profilemanager.UpdateOrCreateConfig(p.configInput)
 	return err
 }
diff --git a/client/android/preferences_test.go b/client/android/preferences_test.go
index 2bbccef86..d9f5b1918 100644
--- a/client/android/preferences_test.go
+++ b/client/android/preferences_test.go
@@ -28,14 +28,13 @@ func TestPreferences_DefaultValues(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Errorf("invalid default management url: %s", defaultVar)
 	}
 
-	var preSharedKey string
-	preSharedKey, err = p.GetPreSharedKey()
+	hasPSK, err := p.HasPreSharedKey()
 	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("failed to read default preshared key: %s", err)
+		t.Fatalf("failed to read default preshared key presence: %s", err)
 	}
 
-	if preSharedKey != "" {
-		t.Errorf("invalid preshared key: %s", preSharedKey)
+	if hasPSK {
+		t.Errorf("unexpected preshared key presence on fresh config")
 	}
 }
 
@@ -65,13 +64,13 @@ func TestPreferences_ReadUncommitedValues(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	p.SetPreSharedKey(exampleString)
-	resp, err = p.GetPreSharedKey()
+	hasPSK, err := p.HasPreSharedKey()
 	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("failed to read preshared key: %s", err)
+		t.Fatalf("failed to read preshared key presence: %s", err)
 	}
 
-	if resp != exampleString {
-		t.Errorf("unexpected preshared key: %s", resp)
+	if !hasPSK {
+		t.Errorf("expected preshared key presence after staging one")
 	}
 }
 
@@ -109,12 +108,12 @@ func TestPreferences_Commit(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Errorf("unexpected management url: %s", resp)
 	}
 
-	resp, err = p.GetPreSharedKey()
+	hasPSK, err := p.HasPreSharedKey()
 	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("failed to read preshared key: %s", err)
+		t.Fatalf("failed to read preshared key presence: %s", err)
 	}
 
-	if resp != examplePresharedKey {
-		t.Errorf("unexpected preshared key: %s", resp)
+	if !hasPSK {
+		t.Errorf("expected preshared key presence after commit")
 	}
 }
diff --git a/client/android/profile_manager.go b/client/android/profile_manager.go
index 557c837a7..4bc60c453 100644
--- a/client/android/profile_manager.go
+++ b/client/android/profile_manager.go
@@ -54,6 +54,12 @@ func NewProfileManager(configDir string) *ProfileManager {
 	return &ProfileManager{impl: mobile.NewProfileManager(configDir, androidUsername)}
 }
 
+// SetMDMPolicyFetcher registers the native-provided MDM policy fetcher on
+// this ProfileManager; passing nil disables MDM enforcement.
+func (pm *ProfileManager) SetMDMPolicyFetcher(f PolicyFetcher) {
+	pm.impl.SetMDMLoader(loaderFor(f))
+}
+
 // ListProfiles returns all available profiles, including the default profile,
 // with their active status set.
 func (pm *ProfileManager) ListProfiles() (*ProfileArray, error) {
diff --git a/client/cmd/login.go b/client/cmd/login.go
index 4e08334eb..11867be09 100644
--- a/client/cmd/login.go
+++ b/client/cmd/login.go
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/auth"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/profilemanager"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/mdm"
 	nbnet "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/net"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/proto"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/server"
@@ -330,6 +331,11 @@ func doForegroundLogin(ctx context.Context, cmd *cobra.Command, setupKey string,
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("read config file %s: %v", configFilePath, err)
 	}
+	// CLI standalone login: profilemanager no longer auto-applies MDM,
+	// so layer in the OS-native policy here. Desktop builds construct
+	// a Loader with no fetcher — the build-tagged loadPlatform reads
+	// the registry/plist directly.
+	config.ApplyMDMPolicy(mdm.NewLoader(nil).Load())
 
 	// Mirror runInForegroundMode: recover residual state (DNS, firewall,
 	// ssh config, legacy routing) from a previous unclean shutdown and
diff --git a/client/cmd/up.go b/client/cmd/up.go
index 2e53224df..f5fac9749 100644
--- a/client/cmd/up.go
+++ b/client/cmd/up.go
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/peer"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/profilemanager"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/mdm"
 	nbnet "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/net"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/proto"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/server"
@@ -234,6 +235,10 @@ func runInForegroundMode(ctx context.Context, cmd *cobra.Command, activeProf *pr
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("get config file: %v", err)
 	}
+	// CLI foreground path runs without the daemon Server: layer in the
+	// active MDM policy explicitly so a forced ManagementURL / PSK /
+	// other managed key actually takes effect on this run.
+	config.ApplyMDMPolicy(mdm.NewLoader(nil).Load())
 
 	_, _ = profilemanager.UpdateOldManagementURL(ctx, config, configFilePath)
 
diff --git a/client/embed/embed.go b/client/embed/embed.go
index 5a3d11f24..5a3d540ec 100644
--- a/client/embed/embed.go
+++ b/client/embed/embed.go
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/auth"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/peer"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/profilemanager"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/mdm"
 	nbssh "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/ssh"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/system"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/management/domain"
@@ -229,6 +230,10 @@ func New(opts Options) (*Client, error) {
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("create config: %w", err)
 	}
+	// Embedded path runs without the daemon Server: apply the active
+	// MDM policy explicitly so a forced ManagementURL / PSK / other
+	// managed key takes effect on this embedded engine instance.
+	config.ApplyMDMPolicy(mdm.NewLoader(nil).Load())
 
 	if opts.PrivateKey != "" {
 		config.PrivateKey = opts.PrivateKey
diff --git a/client/internal/profilemanager/config.go b/client/internal/profilemanager/config.go
index 10c1758d1..412f81b5c 100644
--- a/client/internal/profilemanager/config.go
+++ b/client/internal/profilemanager/config.go
@@ -58,10 +58,6 @@ var DefaultInterfaceBlacklist = []string{
 	"Tailscale", "tailscale", "docker", "veth", "br-", "lo",
 }
 
-// loadMDMPolicy is the package-level indirection used by apply() to read the
-// active MDM policy. Tests override this to inject a fake policy.
-var loadMDMPolicy = mdm.LoadPolicy
-
 // ConfigInput carries configuration changes to the client
 type ConfigInput struct {
 	ManagementURL                 string
@@ -202,14 +198,26 @@ type Config struct {
 
 	MTU uint16
 
-	// policy is the MDM policy that produced the currently-set values for
-	// any MDM-enforced fields. Set by applyMDMPolicy at the tail of apply()
-	// and reset on every apply() invocation. Never persisted to disk.
-	// Callers query enforcement state via Policy() and the mdm.Policy API
-	// (HasKey, ManagedKeys, IsEmpty).
+	// policy is the MDM policy that produced the currently-set values
+	// for any MDM-enforced fields. Set by ApplyMDMPolicy on every
+	// invocation. Never persisted to disk. Callers query enforcement
+	// state via Policy() and the mdm.Policy API (HasKey, ManagedKeys,
+	// IsEmpty).
 	policy *mdm.Policy `json:"-"`
 }
 
+// ApplyMDMPolicy overlays the supplied MDM Policy on top of the current
+// Config values and records it as Policy(). The overlay is not reversible:
+// an empty Policy only clears the enforcement metadata, so resolve the base
+// Config again (from disk or JSON) before applying a changed policy, the way
+// the lifecycle owners do on every load.
+func (config *Config) ApplyMDMPolicy(policy *mdm.Policy) {
+	if config == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	config.applyMDMPolicy(policy)
+}
+
 // Policy returns the MDM policy applied to this Config. Returns a non-nil
 // empty Policy when MDM enforcement is inactive; callers can always invoke
 // HasKey / ManagedKeys / IsEmpty without a nil check.
@@ -712,9 +720,11 @@ func (config *Config) apply(input ConfigInput) (updated bool, err error) {
 		updated = true
 	}
 
-	// MDM is the last override layer: any key present in the policy
-	// supersedes defaults, on-disk config, env vars and CLI input.
-	config.applyMDMPolicy(loadMDMPolicy())
+	// Initialise the MDM overlay to "no enforcement" so Config.Policy()
+	// never returns a stale or nil policy on a freshly applied Config.
+	// Lifecycle owners that want to enforce a real MDM policy invoke
+	// Config.ApplyMDMPolicy(loader.Load()) after this returns.
+	config.applyMDMPolicy(mdm.NewPolicy(nil))
 
 	return updated, nil
 }
diff --git a/client/internal/profilemanager/config_mdm.go b/client/internal/profilemanager/config_mdm.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..25b9f18f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/client/internal/profilemanager/config_mdm.go
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+package profilemanager
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/mdm"
+)
+
+// ErrMDMManagedFields marks a config change rejected because it diverges from
+// MDM-enforced values.
+var ErrMDMManagedFields = errors.New("fields managed by MDM cannot be modified")
+
+// MDMConflicts returns the names of MDM-managed keys whose requested value in
+// the ConfigInput differs from the policy-enforced value; a field set to the
+// enforced value is a no-op echo, not a conflict.
+func MDMConflicts(input ConfigInput, policy *mdm.Policy) []string {
+	pskGot := input.PreSharedKey
+	if isPreSharedKeyHidden(pskGot) {
+		pskGot = nil
+	}
+	var port *int64
+	if input.WireguardPort != nil {
+		v := int64(*input.WireguardPort)
+		port = &v
+	}
+	return mdm.ResolveConflicts(policy, []mdm.ConflictCheck{
+		mdm.ConflictURL(mdm.KeyManagementURL, input.ManagementURL),
+		mdm.ConflictStringPtr(mdm.KeyPreSharedKey, pskGot),
+		mdm.ConflictBool(mdm.KeyRosenpassEnabled, input.RosenpassEnabled),
+		mdm.ConflictBool(mdm.KeyRosenpassPermissive, input.RosenpassPermissive),
+		mdm.ConflictBool(mdm.KeyDisableAutoConnect, input.DisableAutoConnect),
+		mdm.ConflictBool(mdm.KeyAllowServerSSH, input.ServerSSHAllowed),
+		mdm.ConflictBool(mdm.KeyRemoteJobsAllowed, input.RemoteJobsAllowed),
+		mdm.ConflictBool(mdm.KeyDisableClientRoutes, input.DisableClientRoutes),
+		mdm.ConflictBool(mdm.KeyDisableServerRoutes, input.DisableServerRoutes),
+		mdm.ConflictBool(mdm.KeyBlockInbound, input.BlockInbound),
+		mdm.ConflictInt64(mdm.KeyWireguardPort, port),
+		mdm.ConflictBool(mdm.KeyEnableLocalMetrics, input.LocalMetricsEnabled),
+		mdm.ConflictStringPtr(mdm.KeyLocalMetricsAddress, input.LocalMetricsAddress),
+	})
+}
+
+// CheckMDMConflicts returns an ErrMDMManagedFields-wrapped error naming the
+// conflicting keys, or nil when the input does not fight the policy.
+func CheckMDMConflicts(input ConfigInput, policy *mdm.Policy) error {
+	conflicts := MDMConflicts(input, policy)
+	if len(conflicts) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return fmt.Errorf("%w: %v", ErrMDMManagedFields, conflicts)
+}
diff --git a/client/internal/profilemanager/config_mdm_test.go b/client/internal/profilemanager/config_mdm_test.go
index f8dfddb33..716b7a553 100644
--- a/client/internal/profilemanager/config_mdm_test.go
+++ b/client/internal/profilemanager/config_mdm_test.go
@@ -10,24 +10,58 @@ import (
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/mdm"
 )
 
-// withMDMPolicy temporarily overrides the package-level loadMDMPolicy hook so
-// apply() observes the supplied Policy. The original loader is restored at
-// test cleanup.
-func withMDMPolicy(t *testing.T, policy *mdm.Policy) {
+// fakeFetcher implements mdm.PolicyFetcher returning a pre-set policy
+// map. Test helper used to construct a Loader without touching the OS
+// or any package-level state.
+type fakeFetcher struct{ values map[string]any }
+
+func (f *fakeFetcher) Fetch() map[string]any { return f.values }
+
+// loaderFor builds an mdm.Loader whose loadPlatform returns the
+// supplied Policy's underlying values.
+func loaderFor(policy *mdm.Policy) *mdm.Loader {
+	if policy == nil || policy.IsEmpty() {
+		return mdm.NewLoader(&fakeFetcher{values: nil})
+	}
+	values := make(map[string]any)
+	for _, k := range policy.ManagedKeys() {
+		if v, ok := policy.GetString(k); ok {
+			values[k] = v
+			continue
+		}
+		if v, ok := policy.GetInt(k); ok {
+			values[k] = v
+			continue
+		}
+		if v, ok := policy.GetBool(k); ok {
+			values[k] = v
+			continue
+		}
+		if v, ok := policy.GetStringSlice(k); ok {
+			values[k] = v
+		}
+	}
+	return mdm.NewLoader(&fakeFetcher{values: values})
+}
+
+// configWithMDM is the test convenience that builds a Config via
+// UpdateOrCreateConfig and overlays the supplied MDM policy on top —
+// mirrors the production pattern (Server.getConfig / Client.applyMDMOverlay)
+// where the Loader lives outside Config and the apply step is driven
+// by the lifecycle owner.
+func configWithMDM(t *testing.T, input ConfigInput, policy *mdm.Policy) *Config {
 	t.Helper()
-	prev := loadMDMPolicy
-	loadMDMPolicy = func() *mdm.Policy { return policy }
-	t.Cleanup(func() { loadMDMPolicy = prev })
+	cfg, err := UpdateOrCreateConfig(input)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NotNil(t, cfg)
+	cfg.ApplyMDMPolicy(loaderFor(policy).Load())
+	return cfg
 }
 
 func TestApply_MDMEmpty_NoEnforcement(t *testing.T) {
-	withMDMPolicy(t, mdm.NewPolicy(nil))
-
-	cfg, err := UpdateOrCreateConfig(ConfigInput{
+	cfg := configWithMDM(t, ConfigInput{
 		ConfigPath: filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "config.json"),
-	})
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NotNil(t, cfg)
+	}, mdm.NewPolicy(nil))
 
 	assert.True(t, cfg.Policy().IsEmpty(), "no MDM source ⇒ empty Policy")
 	assert.False(t, cfg.Policy().HasKey(mdm.KeyManagementURL))
@@ -39,18 +73,15 @@ func TestApply_MDMEmpty_NoEnforcement(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestApply_MDMOnly_OverridesDefaults(t *testing.T) {
 	const mdmURL = "https://corp.mdm.example.com:443"
-	withMDMPolicy(t, mdm.NewPolicy(map[string]any{
+
+	cfg := configWithMDM(t, ConfigInput{
+		ConfigPath: filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "config.json"),
+	}, mdm.NewPolicy(map[string]any{
 		mdm.KeyManagementURL:       mdmURL,
 		mdm.KeyDisableClientRoutes: true,
 		mdm.KeyBlockInbound:        true,
 	}))
 
-	cfg, err := UpdateOrCreateConfig(ConfigInput{
-		ConfigPath: filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "config.json"),
-	})
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NotNil(t, cfg)
-
 	assert.Equal(t, mdmURL, cfg.ManagementURL.String())
 	assert.True(t, cfg.DisableClientRoutes)
 	assert.True(t, cfg.BlockInbound)
@@ -65,16 +96,12 @@ func TestApply_MDMBeatsCLIInput(t *testing.T) {
 	const mdmURL = "https://mdm.example.com:443"
 	const cliURL = "https://cli.example.com:443"
 
-	withMDMPolicy(t, mdm.NewPolicy(map[string]any{
-		mdm.KeyManagementURL: mdmURL,
-	}))
-
-	cfg, err := UpdateOrCreateConfig(ConfigInput{
+	cfg := configWithMDM(t, ConfigInput{
 		ConfigPath:    filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "config.json"),
 		ManagementURL: cliURL,
-	})
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NotNil(t, cfg)
+	}, mdm.NewPolicy(map[string]any{
+		mdm.KeyManagementURL: mdmURL,
+	}))
 
 	// MDM wins over CLI-supplied management URL.
 	assert.Equal(t, mdmURL, cfg.ManagementURL.String())
@@ -82,16 +109,12 @@ func TestApply_MDMBeatsCLIInput(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestApply_MDMInvalidURL_KeepsPreviousValue(t *testing.T) {
-	withMDMPolicy(t, mdm.NewPolicy(map[string]any{
+	cfg := configWithMDM(t, ConfigInput{
+		ConfigPath: filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "config.json"),
+	}, mdm.NewPolicy(map[string]any{
 		mdm.KeyManagementURL: "not-a-url",
 	}))
 
-	cfg, err := UpdateOrCreateConfig(ConfigInput{
-		ConfigPath: filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "config.json"),
-	})
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NotNil(t, cfg)
-
 	// Invalid MDM URL is logged and skipped: default URL stays in place
 	// to keep the client functional.
 	assert.Equal(t, DefaultManagementURL, cfg.ManagementURL.String())
@@ -106,24 +129,20 @@ func TestApply_MDMBoolKeysOverrideOnDiskValue(t *testing.T) {
 	tmp := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "config.json")
 
 	// Seed without MDM.
-	withMDMPolicy(t, mdm.NewPolicy(nil))
-	_, err := UpdateOrCreateConfig(ConfigInput{
+	configWithMDM(t, ConfigInput{
 		ConfigPath:          tmp,
 		DisableClientRoutes: boolPtr(false),
 		RosenpassEnabled:    boolPtr(false),
-	})
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	}, mdm.NewPolicy(nil))
 
 	// Now enable MDM enforcement for these keys.
-	withMDMPolicy(t, mdm.NewPolicy(map[string]any{
+	cfg := configWithMDM(t, ConfigInput{
+		ConfigPath: tmp,
+	}, mdm.NewPolicy(map[string]any{
 		mdm.KeyDisableClientRoutes: true,
 		mdm.KeyRosenpassEnabled:    true,
 	}))
 
-	cfg, err := UpdateOrCreateConfig(ConfigInput{ConfigPath: tmp})
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NotNil(t, cfg)
-
 	assert.True(t, cfg.DisableClientRoutes, "MDM override should flip on-disk false to true")
 	assert.True(t, cfg.RosenpassEnabled)
 	assert.True(t, cfg.Policy().HasKey(mdm.KeyDisableClientRoutes))
@@ -134,22 +153,19 @@ func TestApply_MDMLocalMetrics(t *testing.T) {
 	tmp := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "config.json")
 
 	// Seed without MDM.
-	withMDMPolicy(t, mdm.NewPolicy(nil))
-	_, err := UpdateOrCreateConfig(ConfigInput{
+	configWithMDM(t, ConfigInput{
 		ConfigPath:          tmp,
 		LocalMetricsEnabled: boolPtr(false),
-	})
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	}, mdm.NewPolicy(nil))
 
-	withMDMPolicy(t, mdm.NewPolicy(map[string]any{
+	// Now enable MDM enforcement for these keys.
+	cfg := configWithMDM(t, ConfigInput{
+		ConfigPath: tmp,
+	}, mdm.NewPolicy(map[string]any{
 		mdm.KeyEnableLocalMetrics:  true,
 		mdm.KeyLocalMetricsAddress: "127.0.0.1:9292",
 	}))
 
-	cfg, err := UpdateOrCreateConfig(ConfigInput{ConfigPath: tmp})
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NotNil(t, cfg)
-
 	assert.True(t, cfg.LocalMetricsEnabled, "MDM override should flip on-disk false to true")
 	assert.Equal(t, "127.0.0.1:9292", cfg.LocalMetricsAddress)
 	assert.True(t, cfg.Policy().HasKey(mdm.KeyEnableLocalMetrics))
@@ -171,16 +187,12 @@ func TestApply_MDMLazyConnection(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	for _, c := range cases {
 		t.Run(c.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			withMDMPolicy(t, mdm.NewPolicy(map[string]any{
+			cfg := configWithMDM(t, ConfigInput{
+				ConfigPath: filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "config.json"),
+			}, mdm.NewPolicy(map[string]any{
 				mdm.KeyLazyConnection: c.raw,
 			}))
 
-			cfg, err := UpdateOrCreateConfig(ConfigInput{
-				ConfigPath: filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "config.json"),
-			})
-			require.NoError(t, err)
-			require.NotNil(t, cfg)
-
 			assert.Equal(t, c.want, cfg.LazyConnection)
 			assert.True(t, cfg.Policy().HasKey(mdm.KeyLazyConnection))
 		})
@@ -188,22 +200,83 @@ func TestApply_MDMLazyConnection(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestApply_MDMPreSharedKeyRedactionSentinelRejected(t *testing.T) {
-	const maskSentinel = "**********"
+	const maskSentinel = mdm.PreSharedKeyRedactedSentinel
 
-	withMDMPolicy(t, mdm.NewPolicy(map[string]any{
+	cfg := configWithMDM(t, ConfigInput{
+		ConfigPath: filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "config.json"),
+	}, mdm.NewPolicy(map[string]any{
 		mdm.KeyPreSharedKey: maskSentinel,
 	}))
 
-	cfg, err := UpdateOrCreateConfig(ConfigInput{
-		ConfigPath: filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "config.json"),
-	})
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NotNil(t, cfg)
-
 	// Mask sentinel must not be persisted as the actual PSK.
 	assert.NotEqual(t, maskSentinel, cfg.PreSharedKey)
 	// Key still marked managed so user writes are still rejected.
 	assert.True(t, cfg.Policy().HasKey(mdm.KeyPreSharedKey))
 }
 
+func TestMDMConflicts_PreSharedKey(t *testing.T) {
+	policy := mdm.NewPolicy(map[string]any{
+		mdm.KeyPreSharedKey: "mdm-enforced-psk",
+	})
+	empty := ""
+	sentinel := mdm.PreSharedKeyRedactedSentinel
+	same := "mdm-enforced-psk"
+	other := "user-psk"
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name string
+		psk  *string
+		want []string
+	}{
+		{name: "unset", psk: nil, want: nil},
+		{name: "explicit empty", psk: &empty, want: []string{mdm.KeyPreSharedKey}},
+		{name: "sentinel echo", psk: &sentinel, want: nil},
+		{name: "same value", psk: &same, want: nil},
+		{name: "divergent", psk: &other, want: []string{mdm.KeyPreSharedKey}},
+	}
+	for _, tc := range tests {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			assert.Equal(t, tc.want, MDMConflicts(ConfigInput{PreSharedKey: tc.psk}, policy))
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMDMConflicts_RemoteJobsAndLocalMetrics(t *testing.T) {
+	policy := mdm.NewPolicy(map[string]any{
+		mdm.KeyRemoteJobsAllowed:   false,
+		mdm.KeyEnableLocalMetrics:  true,
+		mdm.KeyLocalMetricsAddress: "127.0.0.1:9999",
+	})
+	sameAddr := "127.0.0.1:9999"
+	otherAddr := "0.0.0.0:9999"
+	emptyAddr := ""
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name  string
+		input ConfigInput
+		want  []string
+	}{
+		{name: "unset", input: ConfigInput{}, want: nil},
+		{name: "echo", input: ConfigInput{
+			RemoteJobsAllowed:   boolPtr(false),
+			LocalMetricsEnabled: boolPtr(true),
+			LocalMetricsAddress: &sameAddr,
+		}, want: nil},
+		{name: "remote jobs divergent", input: ConfigInput{RemoteJobsAllowed: boolPtr(true)}, want: []string{mdm.KeyRemoteJobsAllowed}},
+		{name: "metrics disabled", input: ConfigInput{LocalMetricsEnabled: boolPtr(false)}, want: []string{mdm.KeyEnableLocalMetrics}},
+		{name: "metrics address divergent", input: ConfigInput{LocalMetricsAddress: &otherAddr}, want: []string{mdm.KeyLocalMetricsAddress}},
+		{name: "metrics address explicit empty", input: ConfigInput{LocalMetricsAddress: &emptyAddr}, want: []string{mdm.KeyLocalMetricsAddress}},
+		{name: "all divergent", input: ConfigInput{
+			RemoteJobsAllowed:   boolPtr(true),
+			LocalMetricsEnabled: boolPtr(false),
+			LocalMetricsAddress: &otherAddr,
+		}, want: []string{mdm.KeyRemoteJobsAllowed, mdm.KeyEnableLocalMetrics, mdm.KeyLocalMetricsAddress}},
+	}
+	for _, tc := range tests {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			assert.Equal(t, tc.want, MDMConflicts(tc.input, policy))
+		})
+	}
+}
+
 func boolPtr(b bool) *bool { return &b }
diff --git a/client/ios/NetBirdSDK/client.go b/client/ios/NetBirdSDK/client.go
index bbbb969c9..96c747ae4 100644
--- a/client/ios/NetBirdSDK/client.go
+++ b/client/ios/NetBirdSDK/client.go
@@ -88,9 +88,15 @@ type Client struct {
 	// netMgr outlives engine restarts: it mirrors the OS connectivity, not
 	// the engine lifecycle. Run injects its state and sweeper into each new
 	// ConnectClient.
-	netMgr *netevents.Manager
-	// preloadedConfig holds config loaded from JSON (used on tvOS where file writes are blocked)
-	preloadedConfig *profilemanager.Config
+	netMgr              *netevents.Manager
+	preloadedConfigJSON atomic.Pointer[string]
+
+	// mdmSource holds the per-Client MDM policy source and its change
+	// detector as one unit. Set by SetMDMPolicyFetcher (called from the
+	// Swift side at extension init). Each Run passes the loader to the
+	// resolved Config so applyMDMPolicy picks up the active overlay. Nil
+	// means "MDM enforcement off for this Client".
+	mdmSource atomic.Pointer[mdmSource]
 
 	// stateMu guards the run lifecycle as one unit: the cancel installed by
 	// the current run, the channel it closes on exit, and the state it
@@ -122,44 +128,44 @@ func NewClient(cfgFile, stateFile, cacheDir, logFilePath, deviceName string, osV
 	}
 }
 
-// SetConfigFromJSON loads config from a JSON string into memory.
-// This is used on tvOS where file writes to App Group containers are blocked.
-// When set, IsLoginRequired() and Run() will use this preloaded config instead of reading from file.
+// SetConfigFromJSON stores the JSON config that later loads resolve instead of the config file (tvOS).
 func (c *Client) SetConfigFromJSON(jsonStr string) error {
-	cfg, err := profilemanager.ConfigFromJSON(jsonStr)
-	if err != nil {
+	if _, err := profilemanager.ConfigFromJSON(jsonStr); err != nil {
 		log.Errorf("SetConfigFromJSON: failed to parse config JSON: %v", err)
 		return err
 	}
-	c.preloadedConfig = cfg
+	c.preloadedConfigJSON.Store(&jsonStr)
 	log.Infof("SetConfigFromJSON: config loaded successfully from JSON")
 	return nil
 }
 
+func (c *Client) loadConfig(input profilemanager.ConfigInput) (*profilemanager.Config, error) {
+	var cfg *profilemanager.Config
+	var err error
+	if preloaded := c.preloadedConfigJSON.Load(); preloaded != nil {
+		cfg, err = profilemanager.ConfigFromJSON(*preloaded)
+	} else {
+		cfg, err = profilemanager.DirectUpdateOrCreateConfig(input)
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	c.applyMDMOverlay(cfg)
+	return cfg, nil
+}
+
 // Run start the internal client. It is a blocker function
 func (c *Client) Run(fd int32, interfaceName string, envList *EnvList) error {
 	exportEnvList(envList)
 	log.Infof("Starting NetBird client")
 	log.Debugf("Tunnel uses interface: %s", interfaceName)
 
-	var cfg *profilemanager.Config
-	var err error
-
-	// Use preloaded config if available (tvOS where file writes are blocked)
-	if c.preloadedConfig != nil {
-		log.Infof("Run: using preloaded config from memory")
-		cfg = c.preloadedConfig
-	} else {
-		log.Infof("Run: loading config from file")
-		// Use DirectUpdateOrCreateConfig to avoid atomic file operations (temp file + rename)
-		// which are blocked by the tvOS sandbox in App Group containers
-		cfg, err = profilemanager.DirectUpdateOrCreateConfig(profilemanager.ConfigInput{
-			ConfigPath:    c.cfgFile,
-			StateFilePath: c.stateFile,
-		})
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
+	cfg, err := c.loadConfig(profilemanager.ConfigInput{
+		ConfigPath:    c.cfgFile,
+		StateFilePath: c.stateFile,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
 	}
 	c.recorder.UpdateManagementAddress(cfg.ManagementURL.String())
 	c.recorder.UpdateRosenpass(cfg.RosenpassEnabled, cfg.RosenpassPermissive)
@@ -274,19 +280,13 @@ func (c *Client) DebugBundle(anonymize bool, anonymizeLevel string) (string, err
 
 	// If the engine hasn't been started, load config so we can reach management.
 	if cfg == nil {
-		if c.preloadedConfig != nil {
-			cfg = c.preloadedConfig
-		} else {
-			var err error
-			// Use DirectUpdateOrCreateConfig to avoid atomic file operations
-			// (temp file + rename) blocked by the tvOS sandbox.
-			cfg, err = profilemanager.DirectUpdateOrCreateConfig(profilemanager.ConfigInput{
-				ConfigPath:    c.cfgFile,
-				StateFilePath: c.stateFile,
-			})
-			if err != nil {
-				return "", fmt.Errorf("load config: %w", err)
-			}
+		var err error
+		cfg, err = c.loadConfig(profilemanager.ConfigInput{
+			ConfigPath:    c.cfgFile,
+			StateFilePath: c.stateFile,
+		})
+		if err != nil {
+			return "", fmt.Errorf("load config: %w", err)
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -421,29 +421,9 @@ func (c *Client) IsLoginRequired() bool {
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(ctxWithValues)
 	defer cancel()
 
-	var cfg *profilemanager.Config
-	var err error
-
-	// Use preloaded config if available (tvOS where file writes are blocked)
-	if c.preloadedConfig != nil {
-		log.Infof("IsLoginRequired: using preloaded config from memory")
-		cfg = c.preloadedConfig
-	} else {
-		log.Infof("IsLoginRequired: loading config from file")
-		// Use DirectUpdateOrCreateConfig to avoid atomic file operations (temp file + rename)
-		// which are blocked by the tvOS sandbox in App Group containers
-		cfg, err = profilemanager.DirectUpdateOrCreateConfig(profilemanager.ConfigInput{
-			ConfigPath: c.cfgFile,
-		})
-		if err != nil {
-			log.Errorf("IsLoginRequired: failed to load config: %v", err)
-			// If we can't load config, assume login is required
-			return true
-		}
-	}
-
-	if cfg == nil {
-		log.Errorf("IsLoginRequired: config is nil")
+	cfg, err := c.loadConfig(profilemanager.ConfigInput{ConfigPath: c.cfgFile})
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Errorf("IsLoginRequired: failed to load config: %v", err)
 		return true
 	}
 
@@ -493,6 +473,7 @@ func (c *Client) LoginForMobile() string {
 		log.Errorf("LoginForMobile: failed to load config: %v", err)
 		return fmt.Sprintf("failed to load config: %v", err)
 	}
+	c.applyMDMOverlay(cfg)
 
 	oAuthFlow, err := auth.NewOAuthFlow(ctx, cfg, false, false, "")
 	if err != nil {
diff --git a/client/ios/NetBirdSDK/login.go b/client/ios/NetBirdSDK/login.go
index cf7aa6730..0dfff620e 100644
--- a/client/ios/NetBirdSDK/login.go
+++ b/client/ios/NetBirdSDK/login.go
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/auth"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/profilemanager"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/mdm"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/mobile"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/system"
 )
@@ -39,14 +40,22 @@ type Auth struct {
 	ctx     context.Context
 	cancel  context.CancelFunc
 	config  *profilemanager.Config
+	base    *profilemanager.Config
+	policy  *mdm.Policy
 	cfgPath string
 }
 
-// NewAuth instantiate Auth struct and validate the management URL
-func NewAuth(cfgPath string, mgmURL string) (*Auth, error) {
-	inputCfg := profilemanager.ConfigInput{
-		ConfigPath:    cfgPath,
-		ManagementURL: mgmURL,
+// NewAuth instantiate Auth struct and validate the management URL.
+// Auth is constructed under the active MDM policy: the policy is overlaid on
+// the resolved config so the login runs against the enforced values, while
+// the persisted config keeps the caller-supplied ones; a caller-supplied
+// management URL is ignored while MDM manages that key. A nil fetcher
+// disables MDM enforcement.
+func NewAuth(cfgPath string, mgmURL string, fetcher PolicyFetcher) (*Auth, error) {
+	policy := loaderFor(fetcher).Load()
+	inputCfg := profilemanager.ConfigInput{ConfigPath: cfgPath}
+	if _, managed := policy.GetString(mdm.KeyManagementURL); !managed {
+		inputCfg.ManagementURL = mgmURL
 	}
 
 	// Load the existing config when a config file is already present so an
@@ -67,6 +76,10 @@ func NewAuth(cfgPath string, mgmURL string) (*Auth, error) {
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
+	a := &Auth{policy: policy, cfgPath: cfgPath}
+	if err := a.setBaseConfig(cfg); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
 
 	// Use a cancellable context so Stop() can abort an in-progress interactive
 	// login. The PKCE flow's WaitToken blocks (and keeps its loopback HTTP server
@@ -76,14 +89,8 @@ func NewAuth(cfgPath string, mgmURL string) (*Auth, error) {
 	// process (decoupled from the network extension), so without this the server
 	// lingers after the user dismisses the browser and the next connect stalls
 	// trying to bind the same port.
-	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
-
-	return &Auth{
-		ctx:     ctx,
-		cancel:  cancel,
-		config:  cfg,
-		cfgPath: cfgPath,
-	}, nil
+	a.ctx, a.cancel = context.WithCancel(context.Background())
+	return a, nil
 }
 
 // NewAuthWithConfig instantiate Auth based on existing config
@@ -106,9 +113,7 @@ func (a *Auth) Stop() {
 	}
 }
 
-// SaveConfigIfSSOSupported test the connectivity with the management server by retrieving the server device flow info.
-// If it returns a flow info than save the configuration and return true. If it gets a codes.NotFound, it means that SSO
-// is not supported and returns false without saving the configuration. For other errors return false.
+// SaveConfigIfSSOSupported reports whether the management server supports SSO; the config is already persisted by NewAuth.
 func (a *Auth) SaveConfigIfSSOSupported(listener SSOListener) {
 	if listener == nil {
 		log.Errorf("SaveConfigIfSSOSupported: listener is nil")
@@ -136,17 +141,10 @@ func (a *Auth) saveConfigIfSSOSupported() (bool, error) {
 		return false, fmt.Errorf("failed to check SSO support: %v", err)
 	}
 
-	if !supportsSSO {
-		return false, nil
-	}
-
-	// Use DirectWriteOutConfig to avoid atomic file operations (temp file + rename)
-	// which are blocked by the tvOS sandbox in App Group containers
-	err = profilemanager.DirectWriteOutConfig(a.cfgPath, a.config)
-	return true, err
+	return supportsSSO, nil
 }
 
-// LoginWithSetupKeyAndSaveConfig test the connectivity with the management server with the setup key.
+// LoginWithSetupKeyAndSaveConfig registers the peer with the setup key; the config is already persisted by NewAuth.
 func (a *Auth) LoginWithSetupKeyAndSaveConfig(resultListener ErrListener, setupKey string, deviceName string) {
 	if resultListener == nil {
 		log.Errorf("LoginWithSetupKeyAndSaveConfig: resultListener is nil")
@@ -175,10 +173,7 @@ func (a *Auth) loginWithSetupKeyAndSaveConfig(setupKey string, deviceName string
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("login failed: %v", err)
 	}
-
-	// Use DirectWriteOutConfig to avoid atomic file operations (temp file + rename)
-	// which are blocked by the tvOS sandbox in App Group containers
-	return profilemanager.DirectWriteOutConfig(a.cfgPath, a.config)
+	return nil
 }
 
 // LoginSync performs a synchronous login check without UI interaction
@@ -312,19 +307,6 @@ func (a *Auth) login(urlOpener URLOpener, forceDeviceAuth bool, deviceName strin
 		}
 	}
 
-	// Save the config before notifying success to ensure persistence completes
-	// before the callback potentially triggers teardown on the Swift side.
-	// Note: This differs from Android which doesn't save config after login.
-	// On iOS/tvOS, we save here because:
-	// 1. The config may have been modified during login (e.g., new tokens)
-	// 2. On tvOS, the Network Extension context may be the only place with
-	//    write permissions to the App Group container
-	if a.cfgPath != "" {
-		if err := profilemanager.DirectWriteOutConfig(a.cfgPath, a.config); err != nil {
-			log.Warnf("failed to save config after login: %v", err)
-		}
-	}
-
 	// Notify caller of successful login synchronously before returning
 	urlOpener.OnLoginSuccess()
 
@@ -375,23 +357,44 @@ func (a *Auth) foregroundGetTokenInfo(authClient *auth.Auth, urlOpener URLOpener
 	return &tokenInfo, nil
 }
 
-// GetConfigJSON returns the current config as a JSON string.
-// This can be used by the caller to persist the config via alternative storage
-// mechanisms (e.g., UserDefaults on tvOS where file writes are blocked).
+// GetConfigJSON returns the config without the MDM overlay as JSON, for persisting it outside the config file (tvOS).
 func (a *Auth) GetConfigJSON() (string, error) {
-	if a.config == nil {
+	cfg := a.base
+	if cfg == nil {
+		cfg = a.config
+	}
+	if cfg == nil {
 		return "", fmt.Errorf("no config available")
 	}
-	return profilemanager.ConfigToJSON(a.config)
+	return profilemanager.ConfigToJSON(cfg)
 }
 
-// SetConfigFromJSON loads config from a JSON string.
-// This can be used to restore config from alternative storage mechanisms.
+// SetConfigFromJSON replaces the config from JSON; the MDM overlay is applied on top for the login.
 func (a *Auth) SetConfigFromJSON(jsonStr string) error {
 	cfg, err := profilemanager.ConfigFromJSON(jsonStr)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	a.config = cfg
+	return a.setBaseConfig(cfg)
+}
+
+func (a *Auth) setBaseConfig(base *profilemanager.Config) error {
+	overlaid, err := copyConfig(base)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if a.policy != nil {
+		overlaid.ApplyMDMPolicy(a.policy)
+	}
+	a.base = base
+	a.config = overlaid
 	return nil
 }
+
+func copyConfig(cfg *profilemanager.Config) (*profilemanager.Config, error) {
+	raw, err := profilemanager.ConfigToJSON(cfg)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return profilemanager.ConfigFromJSON(raw)
+}
diff --git a/client/ios/NetBirdSDK/mdm.go b/client/ios/NetBirdSDK/mdm.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..93a31916c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/client/ios/NetBirdSDK/mdm.go
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+//go:build ios
+
+package NetBirdSDK
+
+import (
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/profilemanager"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/mdm"
+)
+
+// PolicyFetcher is implemented by the native layer to return the current
+// managed configuration as a JSON-encoded object string; "" means no MDM
+// source is present.
+type PolicyFetcher interface {
+	FetchJSON() string
+}
+
+type mdmSource struct {
+	loader   *mdm.Loader
+	detector *mdm.ChangeDetector
+}
+
+// SetMDMPolicyFetcher registers the native-provided MDM policy fetcher on
+// this Client; passing nil disables MDM enforcement.
+func (c *Client) SetMDMPolicyFetcher(p PolicyFetcher) {
+	loader := loaderFor(p)
+	c.mdmSource.Store(&mdmSource{loader: loader, detector: mdm.NewChangeDetector(loader)})
+}
+
+// HasMDMPolicyChanged re-reads the managed configuration and reports whether
+// it changed since the last observation; call it from the native OS-change
+// notification and restart the engine only on true.
+func (c *Client) HasMDMPolicyChanged() bool {
+	src := c.mdmSource.Load()
+	if src == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	return src.detector.Changed()
+}
+
+// GetRestrictionsJSON returns the UI enforcement snapshot derived from the
+// active MDM policy, in the JSON shape shared with the desktop frontend.
+func (c *Client) GetRestrictionsJSON() (string, error) {
+	return mdm.BuildRestrictions(c.mdmLoader().Load()).JSON()
+}
+
+func (c *Client) applyMDMOverlay(cfg *profilemanager.Config) {
+	loader := c.mdmLoader()
+	if cfg == nil || loader == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	cfg.ApplyMDMPolicy(loader.Load())
+}
+
+func (c *Client) mdmLoader() *mdm.Loader {
+	if src := c.mdmSource.Load(); src != nil {
+		return src.loader
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func loaderFor(p PolicyFetcher) *mdm.Loader {
+	if p == nil {
+		return mdm.NewJSONLoader(nil)
+	}
+	return mdm.NewJSONLoader(p.FetchJSON)
+}
diff --git a/client/ios/NetBirdSDK/preferences.go b/client/ios/NetBirdSDK/preferences.go
index 39aa7ed83..5297920a3 100644
--- a/client/ios/NetBirdSDK/preferences.go
+++ b/client/ios/NetBirdSDK/preferences.go
@@ -3,12 +3,16 @@
 package NetBirdSDK
 
 import (
+	"sync/atomic"
+
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/profilemanager"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/mdm"
 )
 
 // Preferences export a subset of the internal config for gomobile
 type Preferences struct {
 	configInput profilemanager.ConfigInput
+	mdmLoader   atomic.Pointer[mdm.Loader]
 }
 
 // NewPreferences create new Preferences instance
@@ -17,11 +21,30 @@ func NewPreferences(configPath string, stateFilePath string) *Preferences {
 		ConfigPath:    configPath,
 		StateFilePath: stateFilePath,
 	}
-	return &Preferences{ci}
+	return &Preferences{configInput: ci}
+}
+
+// SetMDMPolicyFetcher registers the native-provided MDM policy fetcher on
+// this Preferences instance; passing nil disables MDM enforcement.
+func (p *Preferences) SetMDMPolicyFetcher(f PolicyFetcher) {
+	p.mdmLoader.Store(loaderFor(f))
+}
+
+// GetRestrictionsJSON returns the UI enforcement snapshot derived from the
+// active MDM policy, in the JSON shape shared with the desktop frontend.
+func (p *Preferences) GetRestrictionsJSON() (string, error) {
+	return mdm.BuildRestrictions(p.policy()).JSON()
+}
+
+func (p *Preferences) policy() *mdm.Policy {
+	return p.mdmLoader.Load().Load()
 }
 
 // GetManagementURL read url from config file
 func (p *Preferences) GetManagementURL() (string, error) {
+	if v, ok := p.policy().GetString(mdm.KeyManagementURL); ok {
+		return mdm.CanonicalURL(v), nil
+	}
 	if p.configInput.ManagementURL != "" {
 		return p.configInput.ManagementURL, nil
 	}
@@ -30,7 +53,7 @@ func (p *Preferences) GetManagementURL() (string, error) {
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", err
 	}
-	return cfg.ManagementURL.String(), err
+	return cfg.ManagementURL.String(), nil
 }
 
 // SetManagementURL store the given url and wait for commit
@@ -56,17 +79,21 @@ func (p *Preferences) SetAdminURL(url string) {
 	p.configInput.AdminURL = url
 }
 
-// GetPreSharedKey read preshared key from config file
-func (p *Preferences) GetPreSharedKey() (string, error) {
+// HasPreSharedKey reports whether a pre-shared key is staged, persisted, or
+// enforced by MDM; the key itself is never handed to the native layer.
+func (p *Preferences) HasPreSharedKey() (bool, error) {
+	if _, ok := p.policy().GetString(mdm.KeyPreSharedKey); ok {
+		return true, nil
+	}
 	if p.configInput.PreSharedKey != nil {
-		return *p.configInput.PreSharedKey, nil
+		return *p.configInput.PreSharedKey != "", nil
 	}
 
 	cfg, err := profilemanager.ReadConfig(p.configInput.ConfigPath)
 	if err != nil {
-		return "", err
+		return false, err
 	}
-	return cfg.PreSharedKey, err
+	return cfg.PreSharedKey != "", nil
 }
 
 // SetPreSharedKey store the given key and wait for commit
@@ -81,6 +108,9 @@ func (p *Preferences) SetRosenpassEnabled(enabled bool) {
 
 // GetRosenpassEnabled read rosenpass enabled from config file
 func (p *Preferences) GetRosenpassEnabled() (bool, error) {
+	if v, ok := p.policy().GetBool(mdm.KeyRosenpassEnabled); ok {
+		return v, nil
+	}
 	if p.configInput.RosenpassEnabled != nil {
 		return *p.configInput.RosenpassEnabled, nil
 	}
@@ -99,6 +129,9 @@ func (p *Preferences) SetRosenpassPermissive(permissive bool) {
 
 // GetRosenpassPermissive read rosenpass permissive from config file
 func (p *Preferences) GetRosenpassPermissive() (bool, error) {
+	if v, ok := p.policy().GetBool(mdm.KeyRosenpassPermissive); ok {
+		return v, nil
+	}
 	if p.configInput.RosenpassPermissive != nil {
 		return *p.configInput.RosenpassPermissive, nil
 	}
@@ -130,7 +163,8 @@ func (p *Preferences) SetDisableIPv6(disable bool) {
 
 // GetRemoteJobsAllowed reads the remote jobs opt-in from config file
 func (p *Preferences) GetRemoteJobsAllowed() (bool, error) {
-	if p.configInput.RemoteJobsAllowed != nil {
+	policy := p.policy()
+	if !policy.HasKey(mdm.KeyRemoteJobsAllowed) && p.configInput.RemoteJobsAllowed != nil {
 		return *p.configInput.RemoteJobsAllowed, nil
 	}
 
@@ -138,10 +172,11 @@ func (p *Preferences) GetRemoteJobsAllowed() (bool, error) {
 	if err != nil {
 		return false, err
 	}
+	cfg.ApplyMDMPolicy(policy)
 	if cfg.RemoteJobsAllowed == nil {
 		return false, nil
 	}
-	return *cfg.RemoteJobsAllowed, err
+	return *cfg.RemoteJobsAllowed, nil
 }
 
 // SetRemoteJobsAllowed stores the given value and waits for commit
@@ -151,6 +186,9 @@ func (p *Preferences) SetRemoteJobsAllowed(allowed bool) {
 
 // Commit write out the changes into config file
 func (p *Preferences) Commit() error {
+	if err := profilemanager.CheckMDMConflicts(p.configInput, p.policy()); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
 	// Use DirectUpdateOrCreateConfig to avoid atomic file operations (temp file + rename)
 	// which are blocked by the tvOS sandbox in App Group containers
 	_, err := profilemanager.DirectUpdateOrCreateConfig(p.configInput)
diff --git a/client/ios/NetBirdSDK/preferences_test.go b/client/ios/NetBirdSDK/preferences_test.go
index 5f75e7c9a..2382e123c 100644
--- a/client/ios/NetBirdSDK/preferences_test.go
+++ b/client/ios/NetBirdSDK/preferences_test.go
@@ -31,14 +31,13 @@ func TestPreferences_DefaultValues(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Errorf("invalid default management url: %s", defaultVar)
 	}
 
-	var preSharedKey string
-	preSharedKey, err = p.GetPreSharedKey()
+	hasPSK, err := p.HasPreSharedKey()
 	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("failed to read default preshared key: %s", err)
+		t.Fatalf("failed to read default preshared key presence: %s", err)
 	}
 
-	if preSharedKey != "" {
-		t.Errorf("invalid preshared key: %s", preSharedKey)
+	if hasPSK {
+		t.Errorf("unexpected preshared key presence on fresh config")
 	}
 }
 
@@ -69,13 +68,13 @@ func TestPreferences_ReadUncommitedValues(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	p.SetPreSharedKey(exampleString)
-	resp, err = p.GetPreSharedKey()
+	hasPSK, err := p.HasPreSharedKey()
 	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("failed to read preshared key: %s", err)
+		t.Fatalf("failed to read preshared key presence: %s", err)
 	}
 
-	if resp != exampleString {
-		t.Errorf("unexpected preshared key: %s", resp)
+	if !hasPSK {
+		t.Errorf("expected preshared key presence after staging one")
 	}
 }
 
@@ -114,12 +113,12 @@ func TestPreferences_Commit(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Errorf("unexpected management url: %s", resp)
 	}
 
-	resp, err = p.GetPreSharedKey()
+	hasPSK, err := p.HasPreSharedKey()
 	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("failed to read preshared key: %s", err)
+		t.Fatalf("failed to read preshared key presence: %s", err)
 	}
 
-	if resp != examplePresharedKey {
-		t.Errorf("unexpected preshared key: %s", resp)
+	if !hasPSK {
+		t.Errorf("expected preshared key presence after commit")
 	}
 }
diff --git a/client/ios/NetBirdSDK/profile_manager.go b/client/ios/NetBirdSDK/profile_manager.go
index 139521c7f..df962e227 100644
--- a/client/ios/NetBirdSDK/profile_manager.go
+++ b/client/ios/NetBirdSDK/profile_manager.go
@@ -52,6 +52,12 @@ func NewProfileManager(configDir string) *ProfileManager {
 	return &ProfileManager{impl: mobile.NewProfileManager(configDir, iosUsername)}
 }
 
+// SetMDMPolicyFetcher registers the native-provided MDM policy fetcher on
+// this ProfileManager; passing nil disables MDM enforcement.
+func (pm *ProfileManager) SetMDMPolicyFetcher(f PolicyFetcher) {
+	pm.impl.SetMDMLoader(loaderFor(f))
+}
+
 // ListProfiles returns all available profiles, including the default profile,
 // with their active status set.
 func (pm *ProfileManager) ListProfiles() (*ProfileArray, error) {
diff --git a/client/mdm/changedetector.go b/client/mdm/changedetector.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5c21ae355
--- /dev/null
+++ b/client/mdm/changedetector.go
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+package mdm
+
+import "sync"
+
+// ChangeDetector tracks the last observed policy of a Loader so an
+// OS-notification-driven caller can ask whether the managed configuration
+// actually changed before restarting anything.
+type ChangeDetector struct {
+	mu     sync.Mutex
+	loader *Loader
+	prev   *Policy
+}
+
+// NewChangeDetector constructs a ChangeDetector seeded with the loader's
+// current policy, so only a later change reports as changed.
+func NewChangeDetector(loader *Loader) *ChangeDetector {
+	return &ChangeDetector{
+		loader: loader,
+		prev:   loader.Load(),
+	}
+}
+
+// Changed re-reads the policy, logs the per-key diff, and reports whether it
+// diverged from the last observation; the new snapshot becomes the baseline.
+func (d *ChangeDetector) Changed() bool {
+	d.mu.Lock()
+	defer d.mu.Unlock()
+	curr := d.loader.Load()
+	if !policyChanged(d.prev, curr) {
+		return false
+	}
+	d.prev = curr
+	return true
+}
diff --git a/client/mdm/conflicts.go b/client/mdm/conflicts.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a04cfb05c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/client/mdm/conflicts.go
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+package mdm
+
+import "net/url"
+
+// PreSharedKeyRedactedSentinel is the redaction mask returned in place of a
+// real pre-shared key; an incoming value equal to it is a round-trip echo,
+// never an override.
+const PreSharedKeyRedactedSentinel = "**********"
+
+// ConflictCheck is a value-aware comparison between a single requested field
+// and the corresponding MDM-enforced value.
+type ConflictCheck struct {
+	Key   string
+	Check func(*Policy) bool
+}
+
+// ConflictBool builds a ConflictCheck for a boolean MDM key.
+func ConflictBool(key string, p *bool) ConflictCheck {
+	return ConflictCheck{
+		Key: key,
+		Check: func(pol *Policy) bool {
+			if p == nil {
+				return true
+			}
+			want, ok := pol.GetBool(key)
+			return ok && want == *p
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+// ConflictStringPtr builds a ConflictCheck for an optional string MDM key,
+// where an explicit empty value is still a request to change the setting. A
+// nil p means "field not set" (no override requested).
+func ConflictStringPtr(key string, p *string) ConflictCheck {
+	return ConflictCheck{
+		Key: key,
+		Check: func(pol *Policy) bool {
+			if p == nil {
+				return true
+			}
+			want, ok := pol.GetString(key)
+			return ok && want == *p
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+// ConflictURL builds a ConflictCheck for a URL-typed MDM key; both sides are
+// normalized via CanonicalURL before comparison.
+func ConflictURL(key, got string) ConflictCheck {
+	return ConflictCheck{
+		Key: key,
+		Check: func(pol *Policy) bool {
+			if got == "" {
+				return true
+			}
+			want, ok := pol.GetString(key)
+			return ok && CanonicalURL(want) == CanonicalURL(got)
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+// ConflictInt64 builds a ConflictCheck for an integer MDM key.
+func ConflictInt64(key string, p *int64) ConflictCheck {
+	return ConflictCheck{
+		Key: key,
+		Check: func(pol *Policy) bool {
+			if p == nil {
+				return true
+			}
+			want, ok := pol.GetInt(key)
+			return ok && want == *p
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+// ResolveConflicts returns the names of keys whose requested value diverges
+// from the policy-enforced value; keys the policy does not manage are skipped,
+// a managed key without a Check counts as a conflict.
+func ResolveConflicts(policy *Policy, checks []ConflictCheck) []string {
+	if policy.IsEmpty() {
+		return nil
+	}
+	var conflicts []string
+	for _, c := range checks {
+		if !policy.HasKey(c.Key) {
+			continue
+		}
+		if c.Check == nil || !c.Check(policy) {
+			conflicts = append(conflicts, c.Key)
+		}
+	}
+	return conflicts
+}
+
+// CanonicalURL normalizes a service URL by appending the scheme default port
+// when none is present; unparseable input is returned unchanged.
+func CanonicalURL(s string) string {
+	u, err := url.ParseRequestURI(s)
+	if err != nil {
+		return s
+	}
+	if u.Port() == "" {
+		switch u.Scheme {
+		case "https":
+			u.Host += ":443"
+		case "http":
+			u.Host += ":80"
+		}
+	}
+	return u.String()
+}
diff --git a/client/mdm/jsonloader.go b/client/mdm/jsonloader.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7139b0e4f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/client/mdm/jsonloader.go
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+package mdm
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+
+	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
+)
+
+type jsonPolicyFetcher struct {
+	fetch func() string
+}
+
+// NewJSONLoader constructs a Loader whose policy source is a JSON-encoded
+// object string, as produced by the mobile native layers; a nil fetch
+// disables MDM enforcement.
+func NewJSONLoader(fetch func() string) *Loader {
+	if fetch == nil {
+		return NewLoader(nil)
+	}
+	return NewLoader(&jsonPolicyFetcher{fetch: fetch})
+}
+
+func (f *jsonPolicyFetcher) Fetch() map[string]any {
+	raw := f.fetch()
+	if raw == "" {
+		return nil
+	}
+	var out map[string]any
+	if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(raw), &out); err != nil {
+		log.Warnf("MDM mobile fetcher: invalid JSON payload from native: %v", err)
+		return nil
+	}
+	return out
+}
diff --git a/client/mdm/policy.go b/client/mdm/policy.go
index dac135ea6..c57c5303e 100644
--- a/client/mdm/policy.go
+++ b/client/mdm/policy.go
@@ -119,16 +119,46 @@ func NewPolicy(values map[string]any) *Policy {
 	return &Policy{values: values}
 }
 
-// LoadPolicy reads the platform-native MDM configuration. Returns an
-// empty (but non-nil) Policy when no source is present, the source is
-// empty, or the platform is unsupported.
+// PolicyFetcher supplies the managed configuration to a Loader. Mobile
+// platforms (Android / iOS) implement it to push the OS-managed values
+// into the Go runtime. On every platform a non-nil fetcher takes
+// precedence over the native source, which is the test seam for the
+// registry / plist loaders; a nil fetcher leaves the native source in
+// charge, or disables MDM enforcement where there is none.
+type PolicyFetcher interface {
+	Fetch() map[string]any
+}
+
+// Loader is the DI-friendly entry point for reading the active MDM
+// policy. Construct one at the daemon's lifecycle owner (Server on
+// desktop, gomobile-exposed bridge on mobile) and pass it to anything
+// that needs to read MDM state (the reload ticker, profilemanager's
+// Config). Each callsite has the Loader handed in instead of looking
+// up package-level state.
+type Loader struct {
+	fetcher PolicyFetcher
+}
+
+// NewLoader constructs a Loader. A non-nil fetcher takes precedence over
+// the platform-native source; production desktop callers pass nil so the
+// registry / plist stays authoritative.
+func NewLoader(f PolicyFetcher) *Loader {
+	return &Loader{fetcher: f}
+}
+
+// Load reads the platform-native MDM configuration and returns a
+// Policy. Returns an empty (but non-nil) Policy when no source is
+// present, the source is empty, or the platform is unsupported.
 //
 // Diagnostic logging differentiates the three states:
 //   - source absent / unsupported platform: trace log only
 //   - source present, zero keys:             info "MDM enrolled (no managed keys)"
 //   - source present, N keys:                info "MDM enrolled with N managed keys: [...]"
-func LoadPolicy() *Policy {
-	values, err := loadPlatformPolicy()
+func (l *Loader) Load() *Policy {
+	if l == nil {
+		return &Policy{values: map[string]any{}}
+	}
+	values, err := l.loadPlatform()
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Tracef("MDM policy load: %v", err)
 		return &Policy{values: map[string]any{}}
@@ -270,7 +300,7 @@ func (p *Policy) GetStringSlice(key string) ([]string, bool) {
 }
 
 // sortedKeys returns the keys of m as a deterministic, lexicographically
-// sorted slice. Used internally by Policy.ManagedKeys and LoadPolicy's
+// sorted slice. Used internally by Policy.ManagedKeys and Loader.Load's
 // diagnostic log line so callers see a stable key order across runs
 // regardless of Go's randomised map iteration.
 func sortedKeys(m map[string]any) []string {
diff --git a/client/mdm/policy_darwin.go b/client/mdm/policy_darwin.go
index 57aa1168c..4159f5b7e 100644
--- a/client/mdm/policy_darwin.go
+++ b/client/mdm/policy_darwin.go
@@ -25,8 +25,9 @@ import (
 // writable plist, as a defense against tampered installs.
 const policyPlistPath = "/Library/Managed Preferences/io.netbird.client.plist"
 
-// loadPlatformPolicy reads the MDM-managed configuration from the macOS
-// managed-preferences plist at policyPlistPath. Returns:
+// loadPlatform reads the MDM-managed configuration from the macOS
+// managed-preferences plist at policyPlistPath, unless a fetcher was
+// injected, in which case its values are returned instead. Returns:
 //   - (nil, nil)  when the plist is absent (device not MDM-enrolled for
 //     NetBird, or admin has not yet pushed a payload)
 //   - (map, nil)  with N entries when N managed values are present
@@ -39,13 +40,19 @@ const policyPlistPath = "/Library/Managed Preferences/io.netbird.client.plist"
 // skipped so a stray entry in the payload does not block startup.
 // Native plist value types map naturally onto the Policy accessor
 // expectations (GetString / GetBool / GetInt / GetStringSlice).
-func loadPlatformPolicy() (map[string]any, error) {
+func (l *Loader) loadPlatform() (map[string]any, error) {
+	// Honour the injected fetcher when present so tests (and any
+	// future non-macOS MDM channel) can short-circuit the plist read
+	// with a scripted policy.
+	if l != nil && l.fetcher != nil {
+		return l.fetcher.Fetch(), nil
+	}
 	f, err := os.Open(policyPlistPath)
 	if err != nil {
 		if errors.Is(err, fs.ErrNotExist) {
 			// Not enrolled for NetBird. Caller treats nil as
 			// "no MDM source present".
-			//nolint:nilnil // (nil, nil) is the documented platform-absent sentinel; see LoadPolicy.
+			//nolint:nilnil // (nil, nil) is the documented platform-absent sentinel; see Loader.Load.
 			return nil, nil
 		}
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("open %s: %w", policyPlistPath, err)
diff --git a/client/mdm/policy_mobile.go b/client/mdm/policy_mobile.go
index ec25d4bb1..2e25a2bb5 100644
--- a/client/mdm/policy_mobile.go
+++ b/client/mdm/policy_mobile.go
@@ -2,13 +2,14 @@
 
 package mdm
 
-// loadPlatformPolicy is unused on mobile: the native layer (Swift on iOS,
-// Kotlin/Java on Android) reads the OS managed-config store and pushes the
-// resulting dictionary in-process via a gomobile entry point that lands in
-// Phase 5 / Phase 6. The stub keeps the package compilable for mobile
-// builds and returns (nil, nil) — the platform-absent sentinel that
-// LoadPolicy in policy.go treats as "no MDM source present".
-func loadPlatformPolicy() (map[string]any, error) {
-	//nolint:nilnil // (nil, nil) is the documented platform-absent sentinel; see LoadPolicy.
-	return nil, nil
+// loadPlatform reads the OS-managed configuration via the native
+// PolicyFetcher injected at Loader construction. Returns
+// (nil, nil) — the platform-absent sentinel that Loader.Load treats as
+// "no MDM source present" — when no fetcher was provided.
+func (l *Loader) loadPlatform() (map[string]any, error) {
+	if l == nil || l.fetcher == nil {
+		//nolint:nilnil // (nil, nil) is the documented platform-absent sentinel; see Loader.Load.
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	return l.fetcher.Fetch(), nil
 }
diff --git a/client/mdm/policy_other.go b/client/mdm/policy_other.go
index f4263afa2..5d0b17cfd 100644
--- a/client/mdm/policy_other.go
+++ b/client/mdm/policy_other.go
@@ -2,13 +2,17 @@
 
 package mdm
 
-// loadPlatformPolicy returns no policy on platforms without an MDM channel
-// (Linux, FreeBSD). MDM enforcement is off and the client behaves as if
-// the feature did not exist. Returns (nil, nil) — the platform-absent
-// sentinel the caller (LoadPolicy in policy.go) treats as "no MDM
-// source present"; an error here would just translate to the same
-// outcome with an extra log line.
-func loadPlatformPolicy() (map[string]any, error) {
-	//nolint:nilnil // (nil, nil) is the documented platform-absent sentinel; see LoadPolicy.
+// loadPlatform reads the MDM policy on platforms without a native MDM
+// channel (Linux, FreeBSD). When no fetcher was injected the policy is
+// (nil, nil) — the platform-absent sentinel that Loader.Load treats as
+// "MDM enforcement disabled". A non-nil fetcher takes precedence: it
+// is the test-seam used by unit tests to inject a scripted policy
+// without touching the OS, and the same hook supports any future
+// non-mobile OS that grows an out-of-band MDM channel.
+func (l *Loader) loadPlatform() (map[string]any, error) {
+	if l != nil && l.fetcher != nil {
+		return l.fetcher.Fetch(), nil
+	}
+	//nolint:nilnil // (nil, nil) is the documented platform-absent sentinel; see Loader.Load.
 	return nil, nil
 }
diff --git a/client/mdm/policy_test.go b/client/mdm/policy_test.go
index 6cbe69776..177fcd550 100644
--- a/client/mdm/policy_test.go
+++ b/client/mdm/policy_test.go
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package mdm
 
 import (
+	"runtime"
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
@@ -155,10 +156,15 @@ func TestPolicy_GetStringSlice(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 }
 
-func TestLoadPolicy_PlatformStubReturnsEmpty(t *testing.T) {
-	// loadPlatformPolicy is a stub on every OS for Phase 1. LoadPolicy must
-	// degrade gracefully and never return nil.
-	p := LoadPolicy()
+func TestLoader_NilFetcherReturnsEmpty(t *testing.T) {
+	// Loader.Load with no fetcher (desktop construction) must degrade
+	// gracefully and never return nil; on linux loadPlatform is a stub
+	// returning (nil, nil), and Load is expected to translate that
+	// into a non-nil empty Policy.
+	if runtime.GOOS == "windows" || runtime.GOOS == "darwin" {
+		t.Skip("a nil fetcher reads the OS-managed policy on this platform")
+	}
+	p := NewLoader(nil).Load()
 	require.NotNil(t, p)
 	assert.True(t, p.IsEmpty())
 	assert.Empty(t, p.ManagedKeys())
diff --git a/client/mdm/policy_windows.go b/client/mdm/policy_windows.go
index 0c2629f98..9363db436 100644
--- a/client/mdm/policy_windows.go
+++ b/client/mdm/policy_windows.go
@@ -61,8 +61,9 @@ func readRegistryValue(k registry.Key, name, canonical string, out map[string]an
 	}
 }
 
-// loadPlatformPolicy reads the MDM-managed configuration from the
-// Windows registry under HKLM\Software\Policies\NetBird. Returns:
+// loadPlatform reads the MDM-managed configuration from the Windows
+// registry under HKLM\Software\Policies\NetBird, unless a fetcher was
+// injected, in which case its values are returned instead. Returns:
 //   - (nil, nil)  when the key is absent (device not MDM-enrolled for NetBird)
 //   - (map, nil)  with N entries when N managed values are set (N may be 0)
 //   - (nil, err)  on open / enumerate registry errors
@@ -70,12 +71,18 @@ func readRegistryValue(k registry.Key, name, canonical string, out map[string]an
 // Per-value type coercion + skip-on-error is delegated to
 // readRegistryValue. Unknown value names are logged and skipped so a
 // malformed deployment does not block startup.
-func loadPlatformPolicy() (map[string]any, error) {
+func (l *Loader) loadPlatform() (map[string]any, error) {
+	// Honour the injected fetcher when present so tests (and any
+	// future non-Windows MDM channel) can short-circuit the registry
+	// read with a scripted policy.
+	if l != nil && l.fetcher != nil {
+		return l.fetcher.Fetch(), nil
+	}
 	k, err := registry.OpenKey(registry.LOCAL_MACHINE, policyRegistryPath, registry.QUERY_VALUE)
 	if err != nil {
 		if errors.Is(err, registry.ErrNotExist) {
 			// Not enrolled. Caller treats nil as "no MDM source present".
-			//nolint:nilnil // (nil, nil) is the documented platform-absent sentinel; see LoadPolicy.
+			//nolint:nilnil // (nil, nil) is the documented platform-absent sentinel; see Loader.Load.
 			return nil, nil
 		}
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("open %s: %w", policyRegistryPath, err)
diff --git a/client/mdm/restrictions.go b/client/mdm/restrictions.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c8e443395
--- /dev/null
+++ b/client/mdm/restrictions.go
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+package mdm
+
+import "encoding/json"
+
+// Fields carries the per-key MDM enforcement state for a UI: value-typed
+// fields hold the enforced value (nil pointer = not managed), boolean
+// fields report that the key is managed.
+type Fields struct {
+	ManagementURL            string `json:"managementURL"`
+	PreSharedKey             bool   `json:"preSharedKey"`
+	WireguardPort            bool   `json:"wireguardPort"`
+	RosenpassEnabled         bool   `json:"rosenpassEnabled"`
+	RosenpassPermissive      bool   `json:"rosenpassPermissive"`
+	DisableClientRoutes      bool   `json:"disableClientRoutes"`
+	DisableServerRoutes      bool   `json:"disableServerRoutes"`
+	AllowServerSSH           *bool  `json:"allowServerSSH"`
+	DisableAutoConnect       bool   `json:"disableAutoConnect"`
+	DisableAutostart         bool   `json:"disableAutostart"`
+	BlockInbound             bool   `json:"blockInbound"`
+	DisableMetricsCollection bool   `json:"disableMetricsCollection"`
+	SplitTunnelMode          bool   `json:"splitTunnelMode"`
+	SplitTunnelApps          bool   `json:"splitTunnelApps"`
+	DisableAdvancedView      *bool  `json:"disableAdvancedView"`
+}
+
+// Features carries the feature gates a UI must honor.
+type Features struct {
+	DisableProfiles       bool `json:"disableProfiles"`
+	DisableNetworks       bool `json:"disableNetworks"`
+	DisableUpdateSettings bool `json:"disableUpdateSettings"`
+}
+
+// Restrictions is the UI-facing enforcement snapshot; the JSON shape is
+// shared by the desktop frontend and the mobile bridges.
+type Restrictions struct {
+	MDM      Fields   `json:"mdm"`
+	Features Features `json:"features"`
+}
+
+// BuildRestrictions derives the UI enforcement snapshot from the active
+// policy.
+func BuildRestrictions(policy *Policy) Restrictions {
+	var r Restrictions
+	if policy.IsEmpty() {
+		return r
+	}
+
+	if v, ok := policy.GetString(KeyManagementURL); ok {
+		r.MDM.ManagementURL = CanonicalURL(v)
+	}
+	r.MDM.PreSharedKey = policy.HasKey(KeyPreSharedKey)
+	r.MDM.WireguardPort = policy.HasKey(KeyWireguardPort)
+	r.MDM.RosenpassEnabled = policy.HasKey(KeyRosenpassEnabled)
+	r.MDM.RosenpassPermissive = policy.HasKey(KeyRosenpassPermissive)
+	r.MDM.DisableClientRoutes = policy.HasKey(KeyDisableClientRoutes)
+	r.MDM.DisableServerRoutes = policy.HasKey(KeyDisableServerRoutes)
+	r.MDM.DisableAutoConnect = policy.HasKey(KeyDisableAutoConnect)
+	r.MDM.DisableAutostart = policy.HasKey(KeyDisableAutostart)
+	r.MDM.BlockInbound = policy.HasKey(KeyBlockInbound)
+	r.MDM.DisableMetricsCollection = policy.HasKey(KeyDisableMetricsCollection)
+	r.MDM.SplitTunnelMode = policy.HasKey(KeySplitTunnelMode)
+	r.MDM.SplitTunnelApps = policy.HasKey(KeySplitTunnelApps)
+	if v, ok := policy.GetBool(KeyAllowServerSSH); ok {
+		r.MDM.AllowServerSSH = &v
+	}
+	if v, ok := policy.GetBool(KeyDisableAdvancedView); ok {
+		r.MDM.DisableAdvancedView = &v
+	}
+
+	if v, ok := policy.GetBool(KeyDisableProfiles); ok {
+		r.Features.DisableProfiles = v
+	}
+	if v, ok := policy.GetBool(KeyDisableNetworks); ok {
+		r.Features.DisableNetworks = v
+	}
+	if v, ok := policy.GetBool(KeyDisableUpdateSettings); ok {
+		r.Features.DisableUpdateSettings = v
+	}
+	return r
+}
+
+// JSON renders the snapshot in the shared UI JSON shape.
+func (r Restrictions) JSON() (string, error) {
+	b, err := json.Marshal(r)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	return string(b), nil
+}
diff --git a/client/mdm/ticker.go b/client/mdm/ticker.go
index abd6ae233..be8fdcce7 100644
--- a/client/mdm/ticker.go
+++ b/client/mdm/ticker.go
@@ -15,33 +15,33 @@ import (
 // instead, hence anticipating the ticker mechanism entirely.
 const DefaultReloadInterval = 1 * time.Minute
 
-// policyLoader is the indirection through which the ticker reads the
-// OS-native policy, both for the initial observation and on every tick.
-// Production points it at LoadPolicy; tests in this package override it to
-// feed a scripted sequence of policies without touching the real OS store.
-var policyLoader = LoadPolicy
-
-// Ticker periodically re-reads the OS-native MDM policy via LoadPolicy and
-// invokes the onChange callback (supplied to Run) whenever the observed
-// Policy diverges from the last observation (added / removed / changed
-// keys). Launch with Run from a goroutine; cancel the supplied context
-// to stop.
+// Ticker periodically re-reads the OS-native MDM policy via the
+// injected Loader and invokes the onChange callback (supplied to Run)
+// whenever the observed Policy diverges from the last observation
+// (added / removed / changed keys). Launch with Run from a goroutine;
+// cancel the supplied context to stop.
 type Ticker struct {
 	interval time.Duration
+	loader   *Loader
 	prev     *Policy
 }
 
 // NewTicker constructs a Ticker that will re-read the OS-native policy
-// every reloadInterval once Run is called.
-// The initial snapshot is populated by calling policyLoader at
+// every reloadInterval once Run is called. The Loader is injected so
+// the ticker doesn't depend on any package-level state — production
+// passes the daemon-owned Loader, tests pass a fake Loader (built with
+// a fake PolicyFetcher).
+//
+// The initial snapshot is populated by calling loader.Load() at
 // construction time so the first tick only fires
 // onChange when the policy actually changed since boot — without
 // this baseline the first tick would report every currently-managed
 // key as "added" and trigger a spurious engine restart.
-func NewTicker(reloadInterval time.Duration) *Ticker {
+func NewTicker(reloadInterval time.Duration, loader *Loader) *Ticker {
 	return &Ticker{
 		interval: reloadInterval,
-		prev:     policyLoader(),
+		loader:   loader,
+		prev:     loader.Load(),
 	}
 }
 
@@ -58,13 +58,10 @@ func (t *Ticker) Run(ctx context.Context, onChange func(prev, curr *Policy) erro
 			log.Info("MDM policy reload ticker stopped")
 			return
 		case <-tk.C:
-			curr := policyLoader()
-			if policiesEqual(t.prev, curr) {
+			curr := t.loader.Load()
+			if !policyChanged(t.prev, curr) {
 				continue
 			}
-			added, removed, changed := diffPolicies(t.prev, curr)
-			log.Infof("MDM policy changed: added=%v removed=%v changed=%v",
-				added, removed, changed)
 			prev := t.prev
 			if err := onChange(prev, curr); err != nil {
 				log.Errorf("MDM policy change handler failed (retrying in 1 minute): %v", err)
@@ -127,3 +124,12 @@ func mapOf(p *Policy) map[string]any {
 	}
 	return out
 }
+
+func policyChanged(prev, curr *Policy) bool {
+	if policiesEqual(prev, curr) {
+		return false
+	}
+	added, removed, changed := diffPolicies(prev, curr)
+	log.Infof("MDM policy changed: added=%v removed=%v changed=%v", added, removed, changed)
+	return true
+}
diff --git a/client/mdm/ticker_test.go b/client/mdm/ticker_test.go
index 17f3cfc2f..29e48e728 100644
--- a/client/mdm/ticker_test.go
+++ b/client/mdm/ticker_test.go
@@ -13,28 +13,40 @@ import (
 // testReloadInterval for speeding up the ticker cadence under `go test`
 const testReloadInterval = 1 * time.Second
 
-// withPolicyLoader overrides the package-level policyLoader for the duration
-// of the test so the ticker observes a scripted policy instead of the real
-// OS-native store. The original loader is restored on cleanup.
-func withPolicyLoader(t *testing.T, fn func() *Policy) {
-	t.Helper()
-	prev := policyLoader
-	policyLoader = fn
-	t.Cleanup(func() { policyLoader = prev })
+// fakePolicyFetcher implements PolicyFetcher returning a scripted
+// policy map. Goroutine-safe so the test can mutate the script while
+// the ticker is observing it.
+type fakePolicyFetcher struct {
+	mu     sync.Mutex
+	values map[string]any
+}
+
+func (f *fakePolicyFetcher) Fetch() map[string]any {
+	f.mu.Lock()
+	defer f.mu.Unlock()
+	if f.values == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	out := make(map[string]any, len(f.values))
+	for k, v := range f.values {
+		out[k] = v
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
+func (f *fakePolicyFetcher) set(values map[string]any) {
+	f.mu.Lock()
+	defer f.mu.Unlock()
+	f.values = values
 }
 
 func TestTicker_FiresOnChangeWithDelta(t *testing.T) {
-	var mu sync.Mutex
-	current := NewPolicy(nil) // initial observation: empty (no enforcement)
-	withPolicyLoader(t, func() *Policy {
-		mu.Lock()
-		defer mu.Unlock()
-		return current
-	})
+	fetcher := &fakePolicyFetcher{} // initial observation: empty (no enforcement)
+	loader := NewLoader(fetcher)
 
 	type change struct{ prev, curr *Policy }
 	changes := make(chan change, 1)
-	tk := NewTicker(testReloadInterval)
+	tk := NewTicker(testReloadInterval, loader)
 	require.Equal(t, testReloadInterval, tk.interval)
 
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
@@ -49,15 +61,13 @@ func TestTicker_FiresOnChangeWithDelta(t *testing.T) {
 		})
 		close(done)
 	}()
-	// Stop Run and wait for it to exit before returning, so the policyLoader
-	// restore in t.Cleanup can't race the ticker goroutine still reading it.
+	// Stop Run and wait for it to exit before returning, so the test
+	// goroutine doesn't race the still-running ticker.
 	defer func() { cancel(); <-done }()
 
-	// Flip the OS-observed policy from empty to one managed key. The next
-	// tick must detect the diff and invoke onChange.
-	mu.Lock()
-	current = NewPolicy(map[string]any{KeyManagementURL: "https://mdm.example.com:443"})
-	mu.Unlock()
+	// Flip the OS-observed policy from empty to one managed key. The
+	// next tick must detect the diff and invoke onChange.
+	fetcher.set(map[string]any{KeyManagementURL: "https://mdm.example.com:443"})
 
 	select {
 	case c := <-changes:
@@ -69,12 +79,11 @@ func TestTicker_FiresOnChangeWithDelta(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestTicker_NoCallbackWhenPolicyUnchanged(t *testing.T) {
-	withPolicyLoader(t, func() *Policy {
-		return NewPolicy(map[string]any{KeyBlockInbound: true})
-	})
+	fetcher := &fakePolicyFetcher{values: map[string]any{KeyBlockInbound: true}}
+	loader := NewLoader(fetcher)
 
 	fired := make(chan struct{}, 1)
-	tk := NewTicker(testReloadInterval)
+	tk := NewTicker(testReloadInterval, loader)
 
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
 	done := make(chan struct{})
@@ -90,8 +99,8 @@ func TestTicker_NoCallbackWhenPolicyUnchanged(t *testing.T) {
 	}()
 	defer func() { cancel(); <-done }()
 
-	// Over ~2 ticks at the 1s test cadence the policy never changes, so the
-	// diff guard must suppress the callback entirely.
+	// Over ~2 ticks at the 1s test cadence the policy never changes,
+	// so the diff guard must suppress the callback entirely.
 	select {
 	case <-fired:
 		t.Fatal("onChange fired despite an unchanged policy")
diff --git a/client/mobile/profile_manager.go b/client/mobile/profile_manager.go
index 1ddabf0a9..348b7253b 100644
--- a/client/mobile/profile_manager.go
+++ b/client/mobile/profile_manager.go
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 package mobile
 
 import (
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
@@ -11,6 +12,7 @@ import (
 	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/profilemanager"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/mdm"
 )
 
 const (
@@ -22,6 +24,9 @@ const (
 	profilesSubdir = "profiles"
 )
 
+// ErrProfilesDisabled marks a profile mutation rejected by MDM policy.
+var ErrProfilesDisabled = errors.New("profile management is disabled by MDM policy")
+
 /*
 
 <configDir>/                                    ← app-writable config root
@@ -55,6 +60,7 @@ type ProfileManager struct {
 	configDir  string
 	username   string
 	serviceMgr *profilemanager.ServiceManager
+	mdmLoader  *mdm.Loader
 }
 
 // NewProfileManager creates a profile manager rooted at configDir, the
@@ -127,6 +133,9 @@ func (pm *ProfileManager) GetActiveProfile() (*Profile, error) {
 // SwitchProfile records the given profile ID as the active profile. The caller
 // must stop the VPN tunnel before switching.
 func (pm *ProfileManager) SwitchProfile(id string) error {
+	if err := pm.checkProfilesAllowed(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
 	if err := pm.serviceMgr.SetActiveProfileState(&profilemanager.ActiveProfileState{
 		ID:       profilemanager.ID(id),
 		Username: pm.username,
@@ -141,6 +150,9 @@ func (pm *ProfileManager) SwitchProfile(id string) error {
 // AddProfile creates a new profile with the given display name and a
 // generated ID. It returns the created profile so the caller learns the ID.
 func (pm *ProfileManager) AddProfile(displayName string) (*Profile, error) {
+	if err := pm.checkProfilesAllowed(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
 	profile, err := pm.serviceMgr.AddProfile(displayName, pm.username)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("add profile: %w", err)
@@ -153,6 +165,9 @@ func (pm *ProfileManager) AddProfile(displayName string) (*Profile, error) {
 // RenameProfile changes the display name of the profile identified by id. The
 // on-disk filename (the ID) is left unchanged.
 func (pm *ProfileManager) RenameProfile(id string, newName string) error {
+	if err := pm.checkProfilesAllowed(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
 	if err := pm.serviceMgr.RenameProfile(profilemanager.ID(id), pm.username, newName); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("rename profile: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -165,6 +180,9 @@ func (pm *ProfileManager) RenameProfile(id string, newName string) error {
 // private key and SSH key from the config, forcing a re-login. The management
 // URL and other settings are preserved.
 func (pm *ProfileManager) LogoutProfile(id string) error {
+	if err := pm.checkProfileLogoutAllowed(id); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
 	configPath, err := pm.getProfileConfigPath(id)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -196,6 +214,9 @@ func (pm *ProfileManager) LogoutProfile(id string) error {
 // RemoveProfile deletes a profile. The default profile and the active profile
 // cannot be removed.
 func (pm *ProfileManager) RemoveProfile(id string) error {
+	if err := pm.checkProfilesAllowed(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
 	configPath, err := pm.getProfileConfigPath(id)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -267,6 +288,27 @@ func (pm *ProfileManager) GetActiveStateFilePath() (string, error) {
 	return pm.GetStateFilePath(activeProfile.ID)
 }
 
+// SetMDMLoader registers the MDM policy source consulted before profile
+// mutations; a nil loader disables enforcement.
+func (pm *ProfileManager) SetMDMLoader(loader *mdm.Loader) {
+	pm.mdmLoader = loader
+}
+
+func (pm *ProfileManager) checkProfilesAllowed() error {
+	if v, ok := pm.mdmLoader.Load().GetBool(mdm.KeyDisableProfiles); ok && v {
+		return ErrProfilesDisabled
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (pm *ProfileManager) checkProfileLogoutAllowed(id string) error {
+	active, err := pm.serviceMgr.GetActiveProfileState()
+	if err == nil && active.ID.String() == id {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return pm.checkProfilesAllowed()
+}
+
 // profileEmail returns the account email recorded for a profile. Display-only,
 // so an unresolvable path degrades to "" rather than an error.
 func (pm *ProfileManager) profileEmail(id string) string {
diff --git a/client/mobile/profile_manager_mdm_test.go b/client/mobile/profile_manager_mdm_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..305becac3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/client/mobile/profile_manager_mdm_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+package mobile
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/profilemanager"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/mdm"
+)
+
+type fakeFetcher struct{ values map[string]any }
+
+func (f *fakeFetcher) Fetch() map[string]any { return f.values }
+
+func newTestProfileManager(t *testing.T) *ProfileManager {
+	t.Helper()
+	origDir := profilemanager.DefaultConfigPathDir
+	origPath := profilemanager.DefaultConfigPath
+	origActive := profilemanager.ActiveProfileStatePath
+	t.Cleanup(func() {
+		profilemanager.DefaultConfigPathDir = origDir
+		profilemanager.DefaultConfigPath = origPath
+		profilemanager.ActiveProfileStatePath = origActive
+	})
+
+	configDir := t.TempDir()
+	pm := NewProfileManager(configDir, "mobile")
+	_, err := profilemanager.UpdateOrCreateConfig(profilemanager.ConfigInput{
+		ConfigPath: filepath.Join(configDir, defaultConfigFilename),
+	})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	return pm
+}
+
+func privateKeyOf(t *testing.T, pm *ProfileManager, id string) string {
+	t.Helper()
+	path, err := pm.getProfileConfigPath(id)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	raw, err := os.ReadFile(path)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	var cfg struct{ PrivateKey string }
+	require.NoError(t, json.Unmarshal(raw, &cfg))
+	return cfg.PrivateKey
+}
+
+func TestLogoutProfile_DisableProfiles(t *testing.T) {
+	pm := newTestProfileManager(t)
+	other, err := pm.AddProfile("work")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, pm.SwitchProfile(profilemanager.DefaultProfileName))
+	require.NotEmpty(t, privateKeyOf(t, pm, profilemanager.DefaultProfileName))
+	require.NotEmpty(t, privateKeyOf(t, pm, other.ID))
+
+	pm.SetMDMLoader(mdm.NewLoader(&fakeFetcher{values: map[string]any{
+		mdm.KeyDisableProfiles: true,
+	}}))
+
+	err = pm.LogoutProfile(other.ID)
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrProfilesDisabled)
+	assert.NotEmpty(t, privateKeyOf(t, pm, other.ID))
+
+	require.NoError(t, pm.LogoutProfile(profilemanager.DefaultProfileName))
+	assert.Empty(t, privateKeyOf(t, pm, profilemanager.DefaultProfileName))
+}
+
+func TestLogoutProfile_ProfilesAllowed(t *testing.T) {
+	pm := newTestProfileManager(t)
+	other, err := pm.AddProfile("work")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, pm.SwitchProfile(profilemanager.DefaultProfileName))
+
+	pm.SetMDMLoader(mdm.NewLoader(&fakeFetcher{values: map[string]any{
+		mdm.KeyDisableProfiles: false,
+	}}))
+
+	require.NoError(t, pm.LogoutProfile(other.ID))
+	assert.Empty(t, privateKeyOf(t, pm, other.ID))
+}
diff --git a/client/server/mdm.go b/client/server/mdm.go
index b41e2b590..7a47b2a57 100644
--- a/client/server/mdm.go
+++ b/client/server/mdm.go
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ package server
 import (
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
-	"net/url"
 	"time"
 
 	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
@@ -14,28 +13,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/proto"
 )
 
-// preSharedKeyRedactedSentinel is the value GetConfig returns in place
-// of an actual PSK, so a UI that round-trips the field back to the
-// daemon (via SetConfig / Login) can be distinguished from a deliberate
-// override. Any incoming PSK that equals this sentinel is treated as
-// a no-op echo, never as a conflict with the policy.
-const preSharedKeyRedactedSentinel = "**********"
-
-// loadMDMPolicy is the indirection used by server handlers to read the
-// active MDM policy. Tests override this to inject a fake policy.
-var loadMDMPolicy = mdm.LoadPolicy
-
-// conflictCheck is a value-aware comparison between a single field in
-// the incoming request and the corresponding MDM-enforced value. It
-// runs only when the field was actually set in the request (presence
-// already filtered upstream); ok=true reports the policy value, ok=false
-// means the policy is silent on the key — both are treated as conflicts
-// to be safe (an MDM key declared as managed must hold a value).
-type conflictCheck struct {
-	key   string
-	check func(*mdm.Policy) (match bool)
-}
-
 // onMDMPolicyChange is invoked by the MDM reload ticker every time the
 // OS-native managed-config store reports a diff vs the last observation.
 //
@@ -168,126 +145,6 @@ func (s *Server) restartEngineForMDMLocked() error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-// conflictBool builds a conflictCheck for a boolean MDM key. If p is nil
-// the field is treated as matching (no override requested); otherwise the
-// check returns true only when the policy contains the key and its
-// boolean value equals *p.
-func conflictBool(key string, p *bool) conflictCheck {
-	return conflictCheck{
-		key: key,
-		check: func(pol *mdm.Policy) bool {
-			if p == nil {
-				return true // absent → match by definition
-			}
-			want, ok := pol.GetBool(key)
-			return ok && want == *p
-		},
-	}
-}
-
-func canonicalURL(s string) string {
-	u, err := url.ParseRequestURI(s)
-	if err != nil {
-		return s
-	}
-	if u.Port() == "" {
-		switch u.Scheme {
-		case "https":
-			u.Host += ":443"
-		case "http":
-			u.Host += ":80"
-		}
-	}
-	return u.String()
-}
-
-// conflictURL is conflictString for URL-typed keys: both sides are
-// normalized via canonicalURL before comparison.
-func conflictURL(key, got string) conflictCheck {
-	return conflictCheck{
-		key: key,
-		check: func(pol *mdm.Policy) bool {
-			if got == "" {
-				return true
-			}
-			want, ok := pol.GetString(key)
-			return ok && canonicalURL(want) == canonicalURL(got)
-		},
-	}
-}
-
-// conflictString builds a conflictCheck for a string MDM key. An empty
-// `got` is treated as "field not set" (no override requested); otherwise
-// the check returns true only when the policy contains the key and its
-// value equals got.
-func conflictString(key, got string) conflictCheck {
-	return conflictCheck{
-		key: key,
-		check: func(pol *mdm.Policy) bool {
-			if got == "" {
-				return true
-			}
-			want, ok := pol.GetString(key)
-			return ok && want == got
-		},
-	}
-}
-
-// conflictStringPtr is conflictString for optional proto fields, where an
-// explicit empty value is still a request to change the setting. If p is
-// nil the field is treated as matching (no override requested); otherwise
-// the check returns true only when the policy contains the key and its
-// value equals *p.
-func conflictStringPtr(key string, p *string) conflictCheck {
-	return conflictCheck{
-		key: key,
-		check: func(pol *mdm.Policy) bool {
-			if p == nil {
-				return true
-			}
-			want, ok := pol.GetString(key)
-			return ok && want == *p
-		},
-	}
-}
-
-// conflictInt64 builds a conflictCheck for an integer MDM key. If p is
-// nil the field is treated as matching; otherwise the check returns
-// true only when the policy contains the key and its int value equals *p.
-func conflictInt64(key string, p *int64) conflictCheck {
-	return conflictCheck{
-		key: key,
-		check: func(pol *mdm.Policy) bool {
-			if p == nil {
-				return true
-			}
-			want, ok := pol.GetInt(key)
-			return ok && want == *p
-		},
-	}
-}
-
-// resolveConflicts walks the per-field checks against the active MDM
-// policy and returns the names of keys whose requested value diverges
-// from the policy-enforced value. Keys not present in the policy are
-// skipped silently (the gate fires only for keys the admin has
-// actually pushed). Returns nil for an empty policy.
-func resolveConflicts(policy *mdm.Policy, checks []conflictCheck) []string {
-	if policy.IsEmpty() {
-		return nil
-	}
-	var conflicts []string
-	for _, c := range checks {
-		if !policy.HasKey(c.key) {
-			continue
-		}
-		if !c.check(policy) {
-			conflicts = append(conflicts, c.key)
-		}
-	}
-	return conflicts
-}
-
 // mdmManagedFieldConflicts returns the names of MDM-managed keys whose
 // requested value in the SetConfigRequest differs from the MDM-enforced
 // value. A field set to the same value the policy already enforces is
@@ -301,27 +158,25 @@ func mdmManagedFieldConflicts(msg *proto.SetConfigRequest, policy *mdm.Policy) [
 		return nil
 	}
 
-	// PSK round-trip echo: collapse the sentinel to empty so the
-	// shared check treats it as "field not set".
-	pskGot := ""
-	if msg.OptionalPreSharedKey != nil && *msg.OptionalPreSharedKey != preSharedKeyRedactedSentinel {
-		pskGot = *msg.OptionalPreSharedKey
+	pskGot := msg.OptionalPreSharedKey
+	if pskGot != nil && *pskGot == mdm.PreSharedKeyRedactedSentinel {
+		pskGot = nil
 	}
 
-	return resolveConflicts(policy, []conflictCheck{
-		conflictURL(mdm.KeyManagementURL, msg.ManagementUrl),
-		conflictString(mdm.KeyPreSharedKey, pskGot),
-		conflictBool(mdm.KeyRosenpassEnabled, msg.RosenpassEnabled),
-		conflictBool(mdm.KeyRosenpassPermissive, msg.RosenpassPermissive),
-		conflictBool(mdm.KeyDisableAutoConnect, msg.DisableAutoConnect),
-		conflictBool(mdm.KeyAllowServerSSH, msg.ServerSSHAllowed),
-		conflictBool(mdm.KeyRemoteJobsAllowed, msg.RemoteJobsAllowed),
-		conflictBool(mdm.KeyDisableClientRoutes, msg.DisableClientRoutes),
-		conflictBool(mdm.KeyDisableServerRoutes, msg.DisableServerRoutes),
-		conflictBool(mdm.KeyBlockInbound, msg.BlockInbound),
-		conflictInt64(mdm.KeyWireguardPort, msg.WireguardPort),
-		conflictBool(mdm.KeyEnableLocalMetrics, msg.EnableLocalMetrics),
-		conflictStringPtr(mdm.KeyLocalMetricsAddress, msg.LocalMetricsAddress),
+	return mdm.ResolveConflicts(policy, []mdm.ConflictCheck{
+		mdm.ConflictURL(mdm.KeyManagementURL, msg.ManagementUrl),
+		mdm.ConflictStringPtr(mdm.KeyPreSharedKey, pskGot),
+		mdm.ConflictBool(mdm.KeyRosenpassEnabled, msg.RosenpassEnabled),
+		mdm.ConflictBool(mdm.KeyRosenpassPermissive, msg.RosenpassPermissive),
+		mdm.ConflictBool(mdm.KeyDisableAutoConnect, msg.DisableAutoConnect),
+		mdm.ConflictBool(mdm.KeyAllowServerSSH, msg.ServerSSHAllowed),
+		mdm.ConflictBool(mdm.KeyRemoteJobsAllowed, msg.RemoteJobsAllowed),
+		mdm.ConflictBool(mdm.KeyDisableClientRoutes, msg.DisableClientRoutes),
+		mdm.ConflictBool(mdm.KeyDisableServerRoutes, msg.DisableServerRoutes),
+		mdm.ConflictBool(mdm.KeyBlockInbound, msg.BlockInbound),
+		mdm.ConflictInt64(mdm.KeyWireguardPort, msg.WireguardPort),
+		mdm.ConflictBool(mdm.KeyEnableLocalMetrics, msg.EnableLocalMetrics),
+		mdm.ConflictStringPtr(mdm.KeyLocalMetricsAddress, msg.LocalMetricsAddress),
 	})
 }
 
@@ -424,34 +279,28 @@ func loginRequestMDMConflicts(msg *proto.LoginRequest, policy *mdm.Policy) []str
 		return nil
 	}
 
-	// Collapse the two PSK fields + the redaction sentinel down to a
-	// single "got" string the shared check can compare against the
-	// policy: OptionalPreSharedKey wins if set; PreSharedKey (deprecated)
-	// is the fallback; sentinel echo is treated as "field not set".
-	pskGot := ""
-	if msg.OptionalPreSharedKey != nil {
-		pskGot = *msg.OptionalPreSharedKey
-	} else if msg.PreSharedKey != "" { //nolint:staticcheck // SA1019: legacy proto field still accepted by Login
-		pskGot = msg.PreSharedKey //nolint:staticcheck // SA1019
+	pskGot := msg.OptionalPreSharedKey
+	if pskGot == nil && msg.PreSharedKey != "" { //nolint:staticcheck // SA1019: legacy proto field still accepted by Login
+		pskGot = &msg.PreSharedKey //nolint:staticcheck // SA1019
 	}
-	if pskGot == preSharedKeyRedactedSentinel {
-		pskGot = ""
+	if pskGot != nil && *pskGot == mdm.PreSharedKeyRedactedSentinel {
+		pskGot = nil
 	}
 
-	return resolveConflicts(policy, []conflictCheck{
-		conflictURL(mdm.KeyManagementURL, msg.ManagementUrl),
-		conflictString(mdm.KeyPreSharedKey, pskGot),
-		conflictBool(mdm.KeyRosenpassEnabled, msg.RosenpassEnabled),
-		conflictBool(mdm.KeyRosenpassPermissive, msg.RosenpassPermissive),
-		conflictBool(mdm.KeyDisableAutoConnect, msg.DisableAutoConnect),
-		conflictBool(mdm.KeyAllowServerSSH, msg.ServerSSHAllowed),
-		conflictBool(mdm.KeyRemoteJobsAllowed, msg.RemoteJobsAllowed),
-		conflictBool(mdm.KeyDisableClientRoutes, msg.DisableClientRoutes),
-		conflictBool(mdm.KeyDisableServerRoutes, msg.DisableServerRoutes),
-		conflictBool(mdm.KeyBlockInbound, msg.BlockInbound),
-		conflictInt64(mdm.KeyWireguardPort, msg.WireguardPort),
-		conflictBool(mdm.KeyEnableLocalMetrics, msg.EnableLocalMetrics),
-		conflictStringPtr(mdm.KeyLocalMetricsAddress, msg.LocalMetricsAddress),
+	return mdm.ResolveConflicts(policy, []mdm.ConflictCheck{
+		mdm.ConflictURL(mdm.KeyManagementURL, msg.ManagementUrl),
+		mdm.ConflictStringPtr(mdm.KeyPreSharedKey, pskGot),
+		mdm.ConflictBool(mdm.KeyRosenpassEnabled, msg.RosenpassEnabled),
+		mdm.ConflictBool(mdm.KeyRosenpassPermissive, msg.RosenpassPermissive),
+		mdm.ConflictBool(mdm.KeyDisableAutoConnect, msg.DisableAutoConnect),
+		mdm.ConflictBool(mdm.KeyAllowServerSSH, msg.ServerSSHAllowed),
+		mdm.ConflictBool(mdm.KeyRemoteJobsAllowed, msg.RemoteJobsAllowed),
+		mdm.ConflictBool(mdm.KeyDisableClientRoutes, msg.DisableClientRoutes),
+		mdm.ConflictBool(mdm.KeyDisableServerRoutes, msg.DisableServerRoutes),
+		mdm.ConflictBool(mdm.KeyBlockInbound, msg.BlockInbound),
+		mdm.ConflictInt64(mdm.KeyWireguardPort, msg.WireguardPort),
+		mdm.ConflictBool(mdm.KeyEnableLocalMetrics, msg.EnableLocalMetrics),
+		mdm.ConflictStringPtr(mdm.KeyLocalMetricsAddress, msg.LocalMetricsAddress),
 	})
 }
 
diff --git a/client/server/server.go b/client/server/server.go
index 410a9d98f..108aa8a41 100644
--- a/client/server/server.go
+++ b/client/server/server.go
@@ -138,6 +138,15 @@ type Server struct {
 	// stopped by the rootCtx cancellation.
 	mdmTicker *mdm.Ticker
 
+	// mdmLoader is the daemon-owned source of the active MDM policy.
+	// Constructed once during Server.Start (with a nil PolicyFetcher on
+	// desktop — the build-tagged Loader.loadPlatform reads the OS
+	// registry / plist directly) and injected into every consumer:
+	// mdmTicker for its periodic reload, the SetConfig / Login MDM
+	// gates for conflict detection, and every Config produced via
+	// getConfig() so its apply() picks up the same overlay.
+	mdmLoader *mdm.Loader
+
 	updateManager *updater.Manager
 
 	jwtCache *jwtCache
@@ -246,8 +255,14 @@ func (s *Server) Start() error {
 	// Runs re-resolves Config (re-running profilemanager.Config.apply which
 	// applies the freshly-read MDM policy as the last layer) and brings
 	// the engine back with the new values.
+	if s.mdmLoader == nil {
+		// Desktop builds pass a nil PolicyFetcher: the Loader's
+		// build-tagged loadPlatform reads the OS source directly
+		// (registry on Windows, plist on macOS, no-op elsewhere).
+		s.mdmLoader = mdm.NewLoader(nil)
+	}
 	if s.mdmTicker == nil {
-		s.mdmTicker = mdm.NewTicker(mdm.DefaultReloadInterval)
+		s.mdmTicker = mdm.NewTicker(mdm.DefaultReloadInterval, s.mdmLoader)
 		go s.mdmTicker.Run(s.rootCtx, s.onMDMPolicyChange)
 	}
 
@@ -493,7 +508,7 @@ func (s *Server) SetConfig(callerCtx context.Context, msg *proto.SetConfigReques
 	// by the active MDM policy. The error carries an MDMManagedFields-
 	// Violation detail listing the offending key names. Non-conflicting
 	// fields in the same request are not applied either.
-	policy := loadMDMPolicy()
+	policy := s.mdmLoader.Load()
 	if err := rejectMDMManagedFieldConflicts(mdmManagedFieldConflicts(msg, policy)); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -636,7 +651,7 @@ func (s *Server) Login(callerCtx context.Context, msg *proto.LoginRequest) (*pro
 		if s.checkUpdateSettingsDisabled() {
 			return nil, gstatus.Errorf(codes.Unavailable, errUpdateSettingsDisabled)
 		}
-		policy := loadMDMPolicy()
+		policy := s.mdmLoader.Load()
 		if err := rejectMDMManagedFieldConflicts(loginRequestMDMConflicts(msg, policy)); err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
@@ -1487,6 +1502,12 @@ func (s *Server) getConfig(activeProf *profilemanager.ActiveProfileState) (*prof
 		return nil, false, fmt.Errorf("failed to get config: %w", err)
 	}
 
+	// Apply the daemon-owned MDM policy on top of the just-resolved
+	// Config. profilemanager's apply() initialises the policy to
+	// empty — the Loader lives outside Config, so this overlay step
+	// is driven externally here.
+	config.ApplyMDMPolicy(s.mdmLoader.Load())
+
 	return config, configExisted, nil
 }
 
@@ -1543,6 +1564,9 @@ func (s *Server) logoutFromProfile(ctx context.Context, profile *profilemanager.
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("profile '%s' not found", profile.ID)
 	}
+	// Honour any MDM-enforced ManagementURL when issuing the logout
+	// RPC: the user-stored value may have been overridden by policy.
+	config.ApplyMDMPolicy(s.mdmLoader.Load())
 
 	return s.sendLogoutRequestWithConfig(ctx, config)
 }
@@ -2177,6 +2201,11 @@ func (s *Server) GetConfig(ctx context.Context, req *proto.GetConfigRequest) (*p
 		log.Errorf("failed to get active profile config: %v", err)
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to get active profile config: %w", err)
 	}
+	// Overlay the active MDM policy so the response's MDMManagedFields
+	// list reflects what the GUI / CLI must render as read-only.
+	// profilemanager.GetConfig itself returns a Config without the
+	// overlay (Loader lives outside profilemanager).
+	cfg.ApplyMDMPolicy(s.mdmLoader.Load())
 	managementURL := cfg.ManagementURL
 	adminURL := cfg.AdminURL
 
diff --git a/client/server/setconfig_mdm_test.go b/client/server/setconfig_mdm_test.go
index ad3b7ade7..a392af6d3 100644
--- a/client/server/setconfig_mdm_test.go
+++ b/client/server/setconfig_mdm_test.go
@@ -16,14 +16,40 @@ import (
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/proto"
 )
 
-// withMDMPolicy temporarily overrides the server-package loadMDMPolicy hook
-// so SetConfig observes the supplied Policy. Restores the original loader
-// at test cleanup.
-func withMDMPolicy(t *testing.T, policy *mdm.Policy) {
+// fakeMDMFetcher implements mdm.PolicyFetcher returning a pre-set
+// policy map. Tests build one per Server instance to inject a
+// scripted MDM overlay via a Loader rather than via package-level state.
+type fakeMDMFetcher struct{ values map[string]any }
+
+func (f *fakeMDMFetcher) Fetch() map[string]any { return f.values }
+
+// withMDMPolicy installs an mdm.Loader on the given Server whose
+// loadPlatform returns the supplied Policy's underlying values. Use
+// after setupServerWithProfile to inject the scripted policy the
+// SetConfig / Login MDM gates will observe.
+func withMDMPolicy(t *testing.T, s *Server, policy *mdm.Policy) {
 	t.Helper()
-	prev := loadMDMPolicy
-	loadMDMPolicy = func() *mdm.Policy { return policy }
-	t.Cleanup(func() { loadMDMPolicy = prev })
+	values := map[string]any{}
+	if policy != nil {
+		for _, k := range policy.ManagedKeys() {
+			if v, ok := policy.GetString(k); ok {
+				values[k] = v
+				continue
+			}
+			if v, ok := policy.GetInt(k); ok {
+				values[k] = v
+				continue
+			}
+			if v, ok := policy.GetBool(k); ok {
+				values[k] = v
+				continue
+			}
+			if v, ok := policy.GetStringSlice(k); ok {
+				values[k] = v
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	s.mdmLoader = mdm.NewLoader(&fakeMDMFetcher{values: values})
 }
 
 // setupServerWithProfile mirrors the boilerplate of TestSetConfig_AllFieldsSaved:
@@ -93,12 +119,11 @@ func extractViolation(t *testing.T, err error) *proto.MDMManagedFieldsViolation
 }
 
 func TestSetConfig_MDMReject_SingleField(t *testing.T) {
-	withMDMPolicy(t, mdm.NewPolicy(map[string]any{
+	s, ctx, profName, username, _ := setupServerWithProfile(t)
+	withMDMPolicy(t, s, mdm.NewPolicy(map[string]any{
 		mdm.KeyManagementURL: "https://mdm.example.com:443",
 	}))
 
-	s, ctx, profName, username, _ := setupServerWithProfile(t)
-
 	_, err := s.SetConfig(ctx, &proto.SetConfigRequest{
 		ProfileName:   profName,
 		Username:      username,
@@ -110,14 +135,13 @@ func TestSetConfig_MDMReject_SingleField(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestSetConfig_MDMReject_MultipleFields(t *testing.T) {
-	withMDMPolicy(t, mdm.NewPolicy(map[string]any{
+	s, ctx, profName, username, _ := setupServerWithProfile(t)
+	withMDMPolicy(t, s, mdm.NewPolicy(map[string]any{
 		mdm.KeyManagementURL:    "https://mdm.example.com:443",
 		mdm.KeyBlockInbound:     true,
 		mdm.KeyRosenpassEnabled: true,
 	}))
 
-	s, ctx, profName, username, _ := setupServerWithProfile(t)
-
 	blockInbound := false
 	rosenpassEnabled := false
 	_, err := s.SetConfig(ctx, &proto.SetConfigRequest{
@@ -137,13 +161,12 @@ func TestSetConfig_MDMReject_MultipleFields(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestSetConfig_MDMReject_LocalMetrics(t *testing.T) {
-	withMDMPolicy(t, mdm.NewPolicy(map[string]any{
+	s, ctx, profName, username, _ := setupServerWithProfile(t)
+	withMDMPolicy(t, s, mdm.NewPolicy(map[string]any{
 		mdm.KeyEnableLocalMetrics:  true,
 		mdm.KeyLocalMetricsAddress: "127.0.0.1:9191",
 	}))
 
-	s, ctx, profName, username, _ := setupServerWithProfile(t)
-
 	enabled := false
 	addr := "0.0.0.0:9999"
 	_, err := s.SetConfig(ctx, &proto.SetConfigRequest{
@@ -164,12 +187,11 @@ func TestSetConfig_MDMReject_LocalMetrics(t *testing.T) {
 // (the manager falls back to the default), so presence must be honored
 // rather than collapsed to "field not set".
 func TestSetConfig_MDMReject_LocalMetricsEmptyAddress(t *testing.T) {
-	withMDMPolicy(t, mdm.NewPolicy(map[string]any{
+	s, ctx, profName, username, _ := setupServerWithProfile(t)
+	withMDMPolicy(t, s, mdm.NewPolicy(map[string]any{
 		mdm.KeyLocalMetricsAddress: "127.0.0.1:9999",
 	}))
 
-	s, ctx, profName, username, _ := setupServerWithProfile(t)
-
 	addr := ""
 	_, err := s.SetConfig(ctx, &proto.SetConfigRequest{
 		ProfileName:         profName,
@@ -181,17 +203,80 @@ func TestSetConfig_MDMReject_LocalMetricsEmptyAddress(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.ElementsMatch(t, []string{mdm.KeyLocalMetricsAddress}, v.GetFields())
 }
 
+func TestSetConfig_MDMReject_EmptyPreSharedKey(t *testing.T) {
+	s, ctx, profName, username, _ := setupServerWithProfile(t)
+	withMDMPolicy(t, s, mdm.NewPolicy(map[string]any{
+		mdm.KeyPreSharedKey: "mdm-enforced-psk",
+	}))
+
+	psk := ""
+	_, err := s.SetConfig(ctx, &proto.SetConfigRequest{
+		ProfileName:          profName,
+		Username:             username,
+		OptionalPreSharedKey: &psk,
+	})
+
+	v := extractViolation(t, err)
+	assert.ElementsMatch(t, []string{mdm.KeyPreSharedKey}, v.GetFields())
+}
+
+func TestSetConfig_MDMAllow_PreSharedKeySentinelEcho(t *testing.T) {
+	s, ctx, profName, username, _ := setupServerWithProfile(t)
+	withMDMPolicy(t, s, mdm.NewPolicy(map[string]any{
+		mdm.KeyPreSharedKey: "mdm-enforced-psk",
+	}))
+
+	psk := mdm.PreSharedKeyRedactedSentinel
+	resp, err := s.SetConfig(ctx, &proto.SetConfigRequest{
+		ProfileName:          profName,
+		Username:             username,
+		OptionalPreSharedKey: &psk,
+	})
+
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NotNil(t, resp)
+}
+
+func TestLoginRequestMDMConflicts_PreSharedKey(t *testing.T) {
+	policy := mdm.NewPolicy(map[string]any{
+		mdm.KeyPreSharedKey: "mdm-enforced-psk",
+	})
+	empty := ""
+	sentinel := mdm.PreSharedKeyRedactedSentinel
+	same := "mdm-enforced-psk"
+	other := "user-psk"
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name string
+		msg  *proto.LoginRequest
+		want []string
+	}{
+		{name: "unset", msg: &proto.LoginRequest{}, want: nil},
+		{name: "optional empty", msg: &proto.LoginRequest{OptionalPreSharedKey: &empty}, want: []string{mdm.KeyPreSharedKey}},
+		{name: "optional sentinel echo", msg: &proto.LoginRequest{OptionalPreSharedKey: &sentinel}, want: nil},
+		{name: "optional same value", msg: &proto.LoginRequest{OptionalPreSharedKey: &same}, want: nil},
+		{name: "optional divergent", msg: &proto.LoginRequest{OptionalPreSharedKey: &other}, want: []string{mdm.KeyPreSharedKey}},
+		{name: "legacy empty is unset", msg: &proto.LoginRequest{PreSharedKey: ""}, want: nil},                         //nolint:staticcheck // SA1019: legacy proto field still accepted by Login
+		{name: "legacy sentinel echo", msg: &proto.LoginRequest{PreSharedKey: sentinel}, want: nil},                    //nolint:staticcheck // SA1019: legacy proto field still accepted by Login
+		{name: "legacy divergent", msg: &proto.LoginRequest{PreSharedKey: other}, want: []string{mdm.KeyPreSharedKey}}, //nolint:staticcheck // SA1019: legacy proto field still accepted by Login
+	}
+	for _, tc := range tests {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			assert.Equal(t, tc.want, loginRequestMDMConflicts(tc.msg, policy))
+		})
+	}
+}
+
 func TestSetConfig_MDMReject_AllOrNothing(t *testing.T) {
 	// MDM enforces ManagementURL only; user request touches both the
 	// enforced field AND a non-enforced field (RosenpassEnabled).
 	// The whole request must be rejected — non-conflicting fields are not
 	// applied either.
-	withMDMPolicy(t, mdm.NewPolicy(map[string]any{
+	s, ctx, profName, username, cfgPath := setupServerWithProfile(t)
+	withMDMPolicy(t, s, mdm.NewPolicy(map[string]any{
 		mdm.KeyManagementURL: "https://mdm.example.com:443",
 	}))
 
-	s, ctx, profName, username, cfgPath := setupServerWithProfile(t)
-
 	rosenpassEnabled := true
 	_, err := s.SetConfig(ctx, &proto.SetConfigRequest{
 		ProfileName:      profName,
@@ -213,12 +298,11 @@ func TestSetConfig_MDMReject_AllOrNothing(t *testing.T) {
 func TestSetConfig_MDMAllow_NonManagedFields(t *testing.T) {
 	// MDM enforces ManagementURL but the user only writes RosenpassEnabled.
 	// Request must succeed.
-	withMDMPolicy(t, mdm.NewPolicy(map[string]any{
+	s, ctx, profName, username, _ := setupServerWithProfile(t)
+	withMDMPolicy(t, s, mdm.NewPolicy(map[string]any{
 		mdm.KeyManagementURL: "https://mdm.example.com:443",
 	}))
 
-	s, ctx, profName, username, _ := setupServerWithProfile(t)
-
 	rosenpassEnabled := true
 	resp, err := s.SetConfig(ctx, &proto.SetConfigRequest{
 		ProfileName:      profName,
@@ -247,12 +331,11 @@ func TestSetConfig_MDMAllow_ManagementURLPortNormalized(t *testing.T) {
 
 	for _, tc := range tests {
 		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			withMDMPolicy(t, mdm.NewPolicy(map[string]any{
+			s, ctx, profName, username, _ := setupServerWithProfile(t)
+			withMDMPolicy(t, s, mdm.NewPolicy(map[string]any{
 				mdm.KeyManagementURL: tc.mdmURL,
 			}))
 
-			s, ctx, profName, username, _ := setupServerWithProfile(t)
-
 			rosenpassEnabled := true
 			resp, err := s.SetConfig(ctx, &proto.SetConfigRequest{
 				ProfileName:      profName,
@@ -269,9 +352,8 @@ func TestSetConfig_MDMAllow_ManagementURLPortNormalized(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestSetConfig_MDMEmpty_NoEnforcement(t *testing.T) {
 	// No MDM policy active: any field can be written.
-	withMDMPolicy(t, mdm.NewPolicy(nil))
-
 	s, ctx, profName, username, _ := setupServerWithProfile(t)
+	withMDMPolicy(t, s, mdm.NewPolicy(nil))
 
 	resp, err := s.SetConfig(ctx, &proto.SetConfigRequest{
 		ProfileName:   profName,
diff --git a/client/ui/autostart_default.go b/client/ui/autostart_default.go
index 162922579..0c67667dd 100644
--- a/client/ui/autostart_default.go
+++ b/client/ui/autostart_default.go
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ func netbirdFootprintExists() bool {
 // retrying autostart entry writes on every launch. A user's later disable in
 // Settings is never overridden: the marker guarantees at-most-once, ever.
 func applyAutostartDefault(ctx context.Context, autostart *services.Autostart, prefs *preferences.Store, prefsFileExisted bool) {
-	mdmDisabled := autostartDisabledByMDM(mdm.LoadPolicy())
+	mdmDisabled := autostartDisabledByMDM(mdm.NewLoader(nil).Load())
 
 	if mdmDisabled {
 		if enabled, err := autostart.IsEnabled(ctx); err != nil {
diff --git a/client/ui/services/settings.go b/client/ui/services/settings.go
index 91aac0467..7c20184bd 100644
--- a/client/ui/services/settings.go
+++ b/client/ui/services/settings.go
@@ -11,37 +11,18 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/daemonaddr"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/ipcauth"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/mdm"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/proto"
 )
 
-type MDMFields struct {
-	ManagementURL            string `json:"managementURL"`
-	PreSharedKey             bool   `json:"preSharedKey"`
-	WireguardPort            bool   `json:"wireguardPort"`
-	RosenpassEnabled         bool   `json:"rosenpassEnabled"`
-	RosenpassPermissive      bool   `json:"rosenpassPermissive"`
-	DisableClientRoutes      bool   `json:"disableClientRoutes"`
-	DisableServerRoutes      bool   `json:"disableServerRoutes"`
-	AllowServerSSH           *bool  `json:"allowServerSSH"`
-	DisableAutoConnect       bool   `json:"disableAutoConnect"`
-	DisableAutostart         bool   `json:"disableAutostart"`
-	BlockInbound             bool   `json:"blockInbound"`
-	DisableMetricsCollection bool   `json:"disableMetricsCollection"`
-	SplitTunnelMode          bool   `json:"splitTunnelMode"`
-	SplitTunnelApps          bool   `json:"splitTunnelApps"`
-	DisableAdvancedView      bool   `json:"disableAdvancedView"`
-}
+// MDMFields is the shared per-key MDM enforcement snapshot; see mdm.Fields.
+type MDMFields = mdm.Fields
 
-type Features struct {
-	DisableProfiles       bool `json:"disableProfiles"`
-	DisableNetworks       bool `json:"disableNetworks"`
-	DisableUpdateSettings bool `json:"disableUpdateSettings"`
-}
+// Features is the shared feature-gate snapshot; see mdm.Features.
+type Features = mdm.Features
 
-type Restrictions struct {
-	MDM      MDMFields `json:"mdm"`
-	Features Features  `json:"features"`
-}
+// Restrictions is the shared UI enforcement snapshot; see mdm.Restrictions.
+type Restrictions = mdm.Restrictions
 
 // Privilege tells the frontend whether this process may perform the changes the
 // daemon restricts to root/administrator, whether it can ask the operating
@@ -383,7 +364,7 @@ func (s *Settings) GetRestrictions(ctx context.Context) (Restrictions, error) {
 		},
 	}
 	applyMDMRestrictions(&r.MDM, cfgResp)
-	r.MDM.DisableAdvancedView = featResp.GetDisableAdvancedView()
+	r.MDM.DisableAdvancedView = featResp.DisableAdvancedView
 	return r, nil
 }
 
@@ -411,9 +392,6 @@ func applyMDMRestrictions(mdm *MDMFields, cfgResp *proto.GetConfigResponse) {
 		if v.Field(i).Kind() != reflect.Bool {
 			continue
 		}
-		if t.Field(i).Name == "DisableAdvancedView" {
-			continue
-		}
 		if _, ok := set[t.Field(i).Tag.Get("json")]; ok {
 			v.Field(i).SetBool(true)
 		}

From 7a62d63a360624de9bf07d44217a4c7f2aa2160f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pascal Fischer <32096965+pascal-fischer@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 8 Sep 2026 13:47:32 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 17/21] [management] fix delete of owner user (#7456)

---
 management/server/user.go      |  4 ++++
 management/server/user_test.go | 43 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 47 insertions(+)

diff --git a/management/server/user.go b/management/server/user.go
index 7c0a3088d..0a711389a 100644
--- a/management/server/user.go
+++ b/management/server/user.go
@@ -1337,6 +1337,10 @@ func (am *DefaultAccountManager) deleteRegularUser(ctx context.Context, accountI
 			return fmt.Errorf("failed to get user to delete: %w", err)
 		}
 
+		if targetUser.Role == types.UserRoleOwner && targetUser.Id != initiatorUserID {
+			return status.NewOwnerDeletePermissionError()
+		}
+
 		settings, err = transaction.GetAccountSettings(ctx, store.LockingStrengthNone, accountID)
 		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("failed to get account settings: %w", err)
diff --git a/management/server/user_test.go b/management/server/user_test.go
index 3a2414540..ec0bbc54e 100644
--- a/management/server/user_test.go
+++ b/management/server/user_test.go
@@ -942,6 +942,49 @@ func TestUser_DeleteUser_regularUser(t *testing.T) {
 
 }
 
+func TestUser_deleteRegularUser_RejectsOwner(t *testing.T) {
+	s, cleanup, err := store.NewTestStoreFromSQL(context.Background(), "", t.TempDir())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	t.Cleanup(cleanup)
+
+	account := newAccountWithId(context.Background(), mockAccountID, mockUserID, "", "", "", false)
+	account.Users[mockTargetUserId] = &types.User{
+		Id:     mockTargetUserId,
+		Issued: types.UserIssuedAPI,
+		Role:   types.UserRoleOwner,
+	}
+	require.NoError(t, s.SaveAccount(context.Background(), account))
+
+	am := DefaultAccountManager{Store: s}
+
+	_, err = am.deleteRegularUser(context.Background(), mockAccountID, mockUserID, &types.UserInfo{ID: mockTargetUserId})
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, status.NewOwnerDeletePermissionError().Error())
+}
+
+func TestUser_deleteRegularUser_InitiatorOwnerDeletesThemself(t *testing.T) {
+	s, cleanup, err := store.NewTestStoreFromSQL(context.Background(), "", t.TempDir())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	t.Cleanup(cleanup)
+
+	account := newAccountWithId(context.Background(), mockAccountID, mockUserID, "", "", "", false)
+	require.NoError(t, s.SaveAccount(context.Background(), account))
+
+	networkMapControllerMock := network_map.NewMockController(gomock.NewController(t))
+	networkMapControllerMock.EXPECT().OnPeersDeleted(gomock.Any(), gomock.Any(), gomock.Any(), gomock.Any()).Return(nil)
+
+	am := DefaultAccountManager{
+		Store:                s,
+		eventStore:           &activity.InMemoryEventStore{},
+		networkMapController: networkMapControllerMock,
+	}
+
+	_, err = am.deleteRegularUser(context.Background(), mockAccountID, mockUserID, &types.UserInfo{ID: mockUserID})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	_, err = s.GetUserByUserID(context.Background(), store.LockingStrengthNone, mockUserID)
+	assert.Equal(t, status.NewUserNotFoundError(mockUserID), err)
+}
+
 func TestUser_DeleteUser_RegularUsers(t *testing.T) {
 	store, cleanup, err := store.NewTestStoreFromSQL(context.Background(), "", t.TempDir())
 	if err != nil {

From bb4de1d0088d6d440ee6ac13496e7c6c60d14113 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Riccardo Manfrin <3090891+riccardomanfrin@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 8 Sep 2026 15:06:46 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 18/21] [client] Read MDM boolean keys delivered as JSON
 numbers (#7471)
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

encoding/json decodes every JSON number into float64, so the policy
values the mobile loaders produce never contain int or int64. GetBool
accepted both of those but not float64, so a managed boolean pushed as
1 or 0 — how some MDM consoles normalise flags — was reported as
unreadable while the key still counted as managed: the policy was not
applied, and the conflict gate rejected both values the user could pick
for that field.

The rejected-float assertion predates the JSON channel. It came with the
registry and plist loaders, where a real number for a flag is a
configuration mistake; on the JSON channel an integer is the only shape
a number can take. GetInt already accepts float64.
---
 client/mdm/policy.go      |  2 ++
 client/mdm/policy_test.go | 17 ++++++++++++++++-
 2 files changed, 18 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/client/mdm/policy.go b/client/mdm/policy.go
index c57c5303e..638fa0d80 100644
--- a/client/mdm/policy.go
+++ b/client/mdm/policy.go
@@ -235,6 +235,8 @@ func (p *Policy) GetBool(key string) (bool, bool) {
 		return t != 0, true
 	case int64:
 		return t != 0, true
+	case float64:
+		return t != 0, true
 	}
 	return false, false
 }
diff --git a/client/mdm/policy_test.go b/client/mdm/policy_test.go
index 177fcd550..ea467f861 100644
--- a/client/mdm/policy_test.go
+++ b/client/mdm/policy_test.go
@@ -96,7 +96,8 @@ func TestPolicy_GetBool(t *testing.T) {
 		{"int64 nonzero", int64(2), true, true},
 		{"int64 zero", int64(0), false, true},
 		{"string garbage", "maybe", false, false},
-		{"float unsupported", 1.0, false, false},
+		{"float nonzero", 1.0, true, true},
+		{"float zero", 0.0, false, true},
 	}
 	for _, c := range cases {
 		t.Run(c.name, func(t *testing.T) {
@@ -156,6 +157,20 @@ func TestPolicy_GetStringSlice(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 }
 
+// encoding/json decodes every JSON number into float64, so the mobile
+// loaders never see int.
+func TestJSONLoader_BoolFromNumber(t *testing.T) {
+	p := NewJSONLoader(func() string { return `{"blockInbound":1,"disableProfiles":0}` }).Load()
+
+	got, ok := p.GetBool(KeyBlockInbound)
+	assert.True(t, ok)
+	assert.True(t, got)
+
+	got, ok = p.GetBool(KeyDisableProfiles)
+	assert.True(t, ok)
+	assert.False(t, got)
+}
+
 func TestLoader_NilFetcherReturnsEmpty(t *testing.T) {
 	// Loader.Load with no fetcher (desktop construction) must degrade
 	// gracefully and never return nil; on linux loadPlatform is a stub

From d2e62e358a07333462fa1e60587ef2964af85b1f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Riccardo Manfrin <3090891+riccardomanfrin@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 8 Sep 2026 16:32:16 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 19/21] [client] Compare MDM-managed URLs as endpoints, not as
 strings (#7472)

A policy that enforces a management URL refuses any SetConfig or Login whose
URL differs from it. The comparison normalized only the default port, so
three ways of writing the very endpoint the policy names were reported as
conflicts:

  policy https://mgmt.example.com  vs  https://mgmt.example.com/     refused
                                       https://MGMT.example.com      refused
                                       https://mgmt.example.com:0443 refused

For an MDM-managed deployment whose stored or command-line URL is spelled
differently from the policy's value, that means every settings update is
refused with an MDMManagedFieldsViolation naming a field the caller did not
change. `netbird up --management-url https://MGMT.example.com` reproduces it.

The rules now live in util.SameServiceURL, and ConflictURL delegates: scheme
and host compared case-insensitively, the effective port normalized
numerically, a trailing slash ignored, and a path otherwise still part of the
identity so /other remains a divergence. Unparseable input falls back to
string equality.

util rather than either caller, because comparing two service URLs is
neither device management nor profile storage, and more than one place does
it: an MDM-enforced management URL against a requested one here, a stored
profile URL against a command-line one in profilemanager and the SSH gate.
Every copy of these rules that drifts turns an equivalent URL into a refused
request, which is how this one arose.

CanonicalURL is left alone: besides comparison it is the canonical value
handed to mdm.Restrictions and to the Android and iOS Preferences getters,
and normalizing what those return is a separate decision.
---
 client/mdm/conflicts.go      | 13 +++++--
 client/mdm/conflicts_test.go | 40 ++++++++++++++++++++
 util/serviceurl.go           | 69 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 util/serviceurl_test.go      | 73 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 4 files changed, 191 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 client/mdm/conflicts_test.go
 create mode 100644 util/serviceurl.go
 create mode 100644 util/serviceurl_test.go

diff --git a/client/mdm/conflicts.go b/client/mdm/conflicts.go
index a04cfb05c..160212afb 100644
--- a/client/mdm/conflicts.go
+++ b/client/mdm/conflicts.go
@@ -1,6 +1,10 @@
 package mdm
 
-import "net/url"
+import (
+	"net/url"
+
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/util"
+)
 
 // PreSharedKeyRedactedSentinel is the redaction mask returned in place of a
 // real pre-shared key; an incoming value equal to it is a round-trip echo,
@@ -44,8 +48,9 @@ func ConflictStringPtr(key string, p *string) ConflictCheck {
 	}
 }
 
-// ConflictURL builds a ConflictCheck for a URL-typed MDM key; both sides are
-// normalized via CanonicalURL before comparison.
+// ConflictURL builds a ConflictCheck for a URL-typed MDM key. The two sides are
+// compared as the endpoints they address, not as strings: see
+// util.SameServiceURL.
 func ConflictURL(key, got string) ConflictCheck {
 	return ConflictCheck{
 		Key: key,
@@ -54,7 +59,7 @@ func ConflictURL(key, got string) ConflictCheck {
 				return true
 			}
 			want, ok := pol.GetString(key)
-			return ok && CanonicalURL(want) == CanonicalURL(got)
+			return ok && util.SameServiceURLStrings(want, got)
 		},
 	}
 }
diff --git a/client/mdm/conflicts_test.go b/client/mdm/conflicts_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d145ec103
--- /dev/null
+++ b/client/mdm/conflicts_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+package mdm
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+// The same spellings, through the conflict check that decides whether a request
+// is refused. An enforced URL restated in another spelling addresses the very
+// server the policy names, so it must not be reported as a conflict.
+func TestConflictURLComparesEndpoints(t *testing.T) {
+	policy := NewPolicy(map[string]any{KeyManagementURL: "https://mgmt.example.com"})
+	require.True(t, policy.HasKey(KeyManagementURL))
+
+	for _, restated := range []string{
+		"https://mgmt.example.com",
+		"https://mgmt.example.com:443",
+		"https://mgmt.example.com/",
+		"https://MGMT.example.com",
+		"https://mgmt.example.com:0443",
+	} {
+		conflicts := ResolveConflicts(policy, []ConflictCheck{ConflictURL(KeyManagementURL, restated)})
+		assert.Empty(t, conflicts, "%q is the enforced endpoint written differently", restated)
+	}
+
+	for _, diverging := range []string{
+		"https://other.example.com",
+		"http://mgmt.example.com",
+		"https://mgmt.example.com:8443",
+		"https://mgmt.example.com/other",
+	} {
+		conflicts := ResolveConflicts(policy, []ConflictCheck{ConflictURL(KeyManagementURL, diverging)})
+		assert.Equal(t, []string{KeyManagementURL}, conflicts, "%q addresses another endpoint", diverging)
+	}
+
+	// An unset field is not a request to change anything.
+	assert.Empty(t, ResolveConflicts(policy, []ConflictCheck{ConflictURL(KeyManagementURL, "")}))
+}
diff --git a/util/serviceurl.go b/util/serviceurl.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ffd287df1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/util/serviceurl.go
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+package util
+
+import (
+	"net/url"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+// SameServiceURL reports whether two service URLs address the same endpoint.
+// One endpoint can be written several ways, and every spelling below reaches
+// the same server, so none of them is a divergence from another:
+//
+//	an implicit default port    https://mgmt.example.com   :443
+//	a zero-padded port          https://mgmt.example.com:0443
+//	a different host case       https://MGMT.example.com
+//	a trailing slash            https://mgmt.example.com/
+//
+// A path is otherwise part of the identity: https://mgmt.example.com and
+// https://mgmt.example.com/other are two endpoints.
+//
+// It lives here rather than next to any one caller because several of them
+// compare the same kind of URL — an MDM-enforced management URL against a
+// requested one, a stored profile URL against a command-line one — and every
+// copy of these rules that drifts turns an equivalent URL into a refused
+// request.
+func SameServiceURL(a, b *url.URL) bool {
+	if a == nil || b == nil {
+		return a == b
+	}
+
+	return strings.EqualFold(a.Hostname(), b.Hostname()) &&
+		strings.EqualFold(a.Scheme, b.Scheme) &&
+		ServiceURLPort(a) == ServiceURLPort(b) &&
+		strings.TrimSuffix(a.Path, "/") == strings.TrimSuffix(b.Path, "/")
+}
+
+// SameServiceURLStrings is SameServiceURL for unparsed input. Input that does
+// not parse falls back to string equality, which is the strictest thing left
+// to do with it.
+func SameServiceURLStrings(a, b string) bool {
+	ua, errA := url.ParseRequestURI(a)
+	ub, errB := url.ParseRequestURI(b)
+	if errA != nil || errB != nil {
+		return a == b
+	}
+
+	return SameServiceURL(ua, ub)
+}
+
+// ServiceURLPort is the port a URL addresses: the one it carries, normalized
+// numerically so ":0443" and ":443" are one port, or the scheme's default.
+func ServiceURLPort(u *url.URL) string {
+	port := u.Port()
+	if port == "" {
+		switch strings.ToLower(u.Scheme) {
+		case "https":
+			return "443"
+		case "http":
+			return "80"
+		default:
+			return ""
+		}
+	}
+
+	if n, err := strconv.Atoi(port); err == nil {
+		return strconv.Itoa(n)
+	}
+	return port
+}
diff --git a/util/serviceurl_test.go b/util/serviceurl_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..af32a7c29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/util/serviceurl_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+package util
+
+import (
+	"net/url"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestSameServiceURLSpellings(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		a, b string
+		want bool
+	}{
+		// One endpoint, written several ways.
+		{a: "https://mgmt.example.com", b: "https://mgmt.example.com:443", want: true},
+		{a: "https://mgmt.example.com", b: "https://mgmt.example.com/", want: true},
+		{a: "https://mgmt.example.com/", b: "https://mgmt.example.com:443/", want: true},
+		{a: "https://MGMT.example.com", b: "https://mgmt.example.com", want: true},
+		{a: "https://mgmt.example.com:0443", b: "https://mgmt.example.com:443", want: true},
+		{a: "http://mgmt.example.com", b: "http://mgmt.example.com:80", want: true},
+		{a: "HTTPS://mgmt.example.com", b: "https://mgmt.example.com", want: true},
+
+		// Different endpoints.
+		{a: "https://mgmt.example.com", b: "http://mgmt.example.com", want: false},
+		{a: "https://mgmt.example.com", b: "https://mgmt.example.com:8443", want: false},
+		{a: "https://mgmt.example.com", b: "https://other.example.com", want: false},
+		{a: "https://mgmt.example.com", b: "https://mgmt.example.com/other", want: false},
+
+		// Unparseable input falls back to string equality.
+		{a: "mgmt.example.com", b: "mgmt.example.com", want: true},
+		{a: "mgmt.example.com", b: "https://mgmt.example.com", want: false},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.a+" vs "+tt.b, func(t *testing.T) {
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.want, SameServiceURLStrings(tt.a, tt.b))
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.want, SameServiceURLStrings(tt.b, tt.a), "the comparison must be symmetric")
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// The parsed form is the primitive the string form delegates to, so it must
+// answer the same for a spelling that only the parser can tell apart.
+func TestSameServiceURLParsed(t *testing.T) {
+	parse := func(raw string) *url.URL {
+		t.Helper()
+		u, err := url.ParseRequestURI(raw)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		return u
+	}
+
+	assert.True(t, SameServiceURL(parse("https://mgmt.example.com:0443/"), parse("https://MGMT.example.com")))
+	assert.False(t, SameServiceURL(parse("https://mgmt.example.com"), parse("https://mgmt.example.com:8443")))
+
+	assert.True(t, SameServiceURL(nil, nil), "two absent URLs are the same absence")
+	assert.False(t, SameServiceURL(nil, parse("https://mgmt.example.com")))
+}
+
+func TestServiceURLPort(t *testing.T) {
+	parse := func(raw string) *url.URL {
+		t.Helper()
+		u, err := url.ParseRequestURI(raw)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		return u
+	}
+
+	assert.Equal(t, "443", ServiceURLPort(parse("https://mgmt.example.com")))
+	assert.Equal(t, "80", ServiceURLPort(parse("http://mgmt.example.com")))
+	assert.Equal(t, "443", ServiceURLPort(parse("https://mgmt.example.com:0443")))
+	assert.Equal(t, "8443", ServiceURLPort(parse("https://mgmt.example.com:8443")))
+}

From d101f6cc46724129f954cb01ab22d1cba42ba30a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Viktor Liu <17948409+lixmal@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 9 Sep 2026 18:32:11 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 20/21] [client] Redirect DNS port 53 with UDP and TCP DNAT
 instead of the eBPF forwarder (#7439)

---
 client/internal/dns/service_listener.go       | 223 +++++++++++-------
 client/internal/dns/service_listener_test.go  | 133 +++++++++++
 client/internal/ebpf/ebpf/bpf_bpfeb.go        |  36 ++-
 client/internal/ebpf/ebpf/bpf_bpfeb.o         | Bin 14408 -> 8712 bytes
 client/internal/ebpf/ebpf/bpf_bpfel.go        |  36 ++-
 client/internal/ebpf/ebpf/bpf_bpfel.o         | Bin 14408 -> 8712 bytes
 client/internal/ebpf/ebpf/dns_fwd_linux.go    |  52 ----
 client/internal/ebpf/ebpf/manager_linux.go    |   7 +-
 .../internal/ebpf/ebpf/manager_linux_test.go  |  17 +-
 client/internal/ebpf/ebpf/src/bpf_map_def.h   |  16 ++
 client/internal/ebpf/ebpf/src/dns_fwd.c       |  67 ------
 client/internal/ebpf/ebpf/src/prog.c          |   6 -
 client/internal/ebpf/ebpf/src/readme.md       |  18 +-
 client/internal/ebpf/manager/manager.go       |   6 +-
 14 files changed, 363 insertions(+), 254 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 client/internal/ebpf/ebpf/dns_fwd_linux.go
 create mode 100644 client/internal/ebpf/ebpf/src/bpf_map_def.h
 delete mode 100644 client/internal/ebpf/ebpf/src/dns_fwd.c

diff --git a/client/internal/dns/service_listener.go b/client/internal/dns/service_listener.go
index 3dc29c4dc..d65a727b1 100644
--- a/client/internal/dns/service_listener.go
+++ b/client/internal/dns/service_listener.go
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"net"
 	"net/netip"
 	"runtime"
+	"slices"
 	"strconv"
 	"sync"
 	"time"
@@ -17,17 +18,20 @@ import (
 	nberrors "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/errors"
 
 	firewall "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/firewall/manager"
-	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/ebpf"
-	ebpfMgr "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/ebpf/manager"
 )
 
 const (
 	customPort = 5053
+	// randomPortAttempts bounds the search for a port free on both protocols.
+	randomPortAttempts = 5
 )
 
 var (
 	defaultIP = netip.MustParseAddr("127.0.0.1")
 	customIP  = netip.MustParseAddr("127.0.0.153")
+
+	// dnatProtocols are the protocols the port 53 redirect covers.
+	dnatProtocols = []firewall.Protocol{firewall.ProtocolUDP, firewall.ProtocolTCP}
 )
 
 type serviceViaListener struct {
@@ -40,9 +44,20 @@ type serviceViaListener struct {
 	listenPort        uint16
 	listenerIsRunning bool
 	listenerFlagLock  sync.Mutex
-	ebpfService       ebpfMgr.Manager
 	firewall          Firewall
-	tcpDNATConfigured bool
+	// dnatRules holds the port 53 redirects that are installed and not yet
+	// removed, so a removal that fails can be retried.
+	dnatRules []dnatRule
+}
+
+// dnatRule is a port 53 redirect as it was installed. The target is kept with
+// the rule because the listener can come back on a different address or port,
+// and a retried removal has to name the address and port the rule was added
+// with, not the ones in use now.
+type dnatRule struct {
+	protocol firewall.Protocol
+	ip       netip.Addr
+	port     uint16
 }
 
 func newServiceViaListener(wgIface WGIface, customAddr *netip.AddrPort, fw Firewall) *serviceViaListener {
@@ -112,34 +127,93 @@ func (s *serviceViaListener) Listen() error {
 		}
 	}()
 
-	// When eBPF redirects UDP port 53 to our listen port, TCP still needs
-	// a DNAT rule because eBPF only handles UDP.
-	if s.ebpfService != nil && s.firewall != nil && s.listenPort != DefaultPort {
-		if err := s.firewall.AddOutputDNAT(s.listenIP, firewall.ProtocolTCP, DefaultPort, s.listenPort); err != nil {
-			log.Warnf("failed to add DNS TCP DNAT rule, TCP DNS on port 53 will not work: %v", err)
-		} else {
-			s.tcpDNATConfigured = true
-			log.Infof("added DNS TCP DNAT rule: %s:%d -> %s:%d", s.listenIP, DefaultPort, s.listenIP, s.listenPort)
-		}
+	if s.listenPort != DefaultPort {
+		s.setupDNAT()
 	}
 
 	return nil
 }
 
+// setupDNAT redirects port 53 to the port the DNS server actually listens on.
+// Both protocols must be redirected or none: RuntimePort reports port 53 only
+// while the full redirect is in place, so a half-configured redirect would
+// advertise a resolver that answers over one protocol.
+func (s *serviceViaListener) setupDNAT() {
+	if s.firewall == nil {
+		log.Errorf("no firewall manager available to redirect DNS port %d to %d, "+
+			"clients pointed at %s will not reach the resolver", DefaultPort, s.listenPort, s.listenIP)
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Clear whatever an earlier removal left behind first. Those rules can point
+	// at an address or port this listener no longer uses, and they are matched
+	// before anything added now, so adding a redirect on top of one would keep
+	// sending port 53 traffic to the previous listener while reporting the
+	// redirect as complete. The rules stay recorded for a later attempt.
+	if err := s.removeDNAT(); err != nil {
+		log.Errorf("failed to remove stale DNS DNAT rules, leaving port %d redirected to the previous listener: %v",
+			DefaultPort, err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	for _, proto := range dnatProtocols {
+		if err := s.firewall.AddOutputDNAT(s.listenIP, proto, DefaultPort, s.listenPort); err != nil {
+			log.Errorf("failed to add DNS %s DNAT rule, DNS on port %d will not work: %v",
+				proto, DefaultPort, err)
+			if err := s.removeDNAT(); err != nil {
+				log.Warnf("failed to roll back DNS DNAT rules, retrying on stop: %v", err)
+			}
+			return
+		}
+		s.dnatRules = append(s.dnatRules, dnatRule{protocol: proto, ip: s.listenIP, port: s.listenPort})
+	}
+
+	log.Infof("added DNS DNAT rules: %s:%d -> %s:%d (UDP + TCP)", s.listenIP, DefaultPort, s.listenIP, s.listenPort)
+}
+
+// removeDNAT removes every installed port 53 redirect. A rule whose removal
+// fails stays recorded so a later setup or Stop retries it, rather than leaving
+// port 53 pointing at a resolver that is no longer listening.
+func (s *serviceViaListener) removeDNAT() error {
+	if s.firewall == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	var merr *multierror.Error
+	var remaining []dnatRule
+	for _, rule := range s.dnatRules {
+		if err := s.firewall.RemoveOutputDNAT(rule.ip, rule.protocol, DefaultPort, rule.port); err != nil {
+			merr = multierror.Append(merr, fmt.Errorf("remove DNS %s DNAT rule for %s:%d: %w",
+				rule.protocol, rule.ip, rule.port, err))
+			remaining = append(remaining, rule)
+		}
+	}
+	s.dnatRules = remaining
+
+	return nberrors.FormatErrorOrNil(merr)
+}
+
 func (s *serviceViaListener) Stop() error {
 	s.listenerFlagLock.Lock()
 	defer s.listenerFlagLock.Unlock()
 
+	var merr *multierror.Error
+
+	// Redirects are removed even when the listener is already stopped, so that
+	// a removal which failed earlier is retried instead of leaving port 53
+	// pointing at a resolver that no longer listens.
+	if err := s.removeDNAT(); err != nil {
+		merr = multierror.Append(merr, err)
+	}
+
 	if !s.listenerIsRunning {
-		return nil
+		return nberrors.FormatErrorOrNil(merr)
 	}
 	s.listenerIsRunning = false
 
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 5*time.Second)
 	defer cancel()
 
-	var merr *multierror.Error
-
 	if err := s.server.ShutdownContext(ctx); err != nil {
 		merr = multierror.Append(merr, fmt.Errorf("stop DNS UDP server: %w", err))
 	}
@@ -148,19 +222,6 @@ func (s *serviceViaListener) Stop() error {
 		merr = multierror.Append(merr, fmt.Errorf("stop DNS TCP server: %w", err))
 	}
 
-	if s.tcpDNATConfigured && s.firewall != nil {
-		if err := s.firewall.RemoveOutputDNAT(s.listenIP, firewall.ProtocolTCP, DefaultPort, s.listenPort); err != nil {
-			merr = multierror.Append(merr, fmt.Errorf("remove DNS TCP DNAT rule: %w", err))
-		}
-		s.tcpDNATConfigured = false
-	}
-
-	if s.ebpfService != nil {
-		if err := s.ebpfService.FreeDNSFwd(); err != nil {
-			merr = multierror.Append(merr, fmt.Errorf("stop traffic forwarder: %w", err))
-		}
-	}
-
 	return nberrors.FormatErrorOrNil(merr)
 }
 
@@ -177,11 +238,23 @@ func (s *serviceViaListener) RuntimePort() int {
 	s.listenerFlagLock.Lock()
 	defer s.listenerFlagLock.Unlock()
 
-	if s.ebpfService != nil {
+	if s.redirectInstalled() {
 		return DefaultPort
-	} else {
-		return int(s.listenPort)
 	}
+	return int(s.listenPort)
+}
+
+// redirectInstalled reports whether every protocol is redirected from port 53
+// to the address and port the listener currently serves. Rules left over from
+// an earlier listener do not count.
+func (s *serviceViaListener) redirectInstalled() bool {
+	for _, proto := range dnatProtocols {
+		current := dnatRule{protocol: proto, ip: s.listenIP, port: s.listenPort}
+		if !slices.Contains(s.dnatRules, current) {
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+	return true
 }
 
 func (s *serviceViaListener) RuntimeIP() netip.Addr {
@@ -190,30 +263,29 @@ func (s *serviceViaListener) RuntimeIP() netip.Addr {
 
 // evalListenAddress figures out the listen address for the DNS server.
 // IPv4-only: all peers have a v4 overlay address, and DNS config points to v4.
-// First checks port 53 on WG interface or lo, then tries eBPF on a random port,
-// then falls back to port 5053.
+// Prefers port 53 on the overlay interface or lo, so no redirect is needed at
+// all; when it is taken it falls back to port 5053 and then to a random free
+// port, both of which need the port 53 redirect set up by setupDNAT.
 func (s *serviceViaListener) evalListenAddress() (netip.Addr, uint16, error) {
 	if s.customAddr != nil {
 		return s.customAddr.Addr(), s.customAddr.Port(), nil
 	}
 
-	ip, ok := s.testFreePort(DefaultPort)
-	if ok {
+	if ip, ok := s.testFreePort(DefaultPort); ok {
 		return ip, DefaultPort, nil
 	}
 
-	ebpfSrv, port, ok := s.tryToUseeBPF()
-	if ok {
-		s.ebpfService = ebpfSrv
-		return s.wgInterface.Address().IP, port, nil
-	}
-
-	ip, ok = s.testFreePort(customPort)
-	if ok {
+	if ip, ok := s.testFreePort(customPort); ok {
 		return ip, customPort, nil
 	}
 
-	return netip.Addr{}, 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to find a free port for DNS server")
+	ip := s.wgInterface.Address().IP
+	port, err := s.randomFreePort(ip)
+	if err != nil {
+		return netip.Addr{}, 0, fmt.Errorf("find a free port for DNS server: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return ip, port, nil
 }
 
 func (s *serviceViaListener) testFreePort(port int) (netip.Addr, bool) {
@@ -260,48 +332,25 @@ func (s *serviceViaListener) tryToBind(ip netip.Addr, port int) bool {
 	return true
 }
 
-// tryToUseeBPF decides whether to apply eBPF program to capture DNS traffic on port 53.
-// This is needed because on some operating systems if we start a DNS server not on a default port 53,
-// the domain name  resolution won't work. So, in case we are running on Linux and picked a free
-// port we should fall back to the eBPF solution that will capture traffic on port 53 and forward
-// it to a local DNS server running on the chosen port.
-func (s *serviceViaListener) tryToUseeBPF() (ebpfMgr.Manager, uint16, bool) {
-	if runtime.GOOS != "linux" {
-		return nil, 0, false
+// randomFreePort returns a port that is free on ip for both UDP and TCP, since
+// the DNS server binds both. The probe listeners are closed again, so the port
+// is only likely, not guaranteed, to still be free when the server binds it.
+func (s *serviceViaListener) randomFreePort(ip netip.Addr) (uint16, error) {
+	for range randomPortAttempts {
+		probeListener, err := net.ListenUDP("udp4", &net.UDPAddr{})
+		if err != nil {
+			return 0, fmt.Errorf("bind random port: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		port := uint16(probeListener.LocalAddr().(*net.UDPAddr).Port)
+		if err := probeListener.Close(); err != nil {
+			return 0, fmt.Errorf("free up probed port: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		if s.tryToBind(ip, int(port)) {
+			return port, nil
+		}
 	}
 
-	port, err := s.generateFreePort() //nolint:staticcheck,unused
-	if err != nil {
-		log.Warnf("failed to generate a free port for eBPF DNS forwarder server: %s", err)
-		return nil, 0, false
-	}
-
-	ebpfSrv := ebpf.GetEbpfManagerInstance()
-	err = ebpfSrv.LoadDNSFwd(s.wgInterface.Address().IP, int(port))
-	if err != nil {
-		log.Warnf("failed to load DNS forwarder eBPF program, error: %s", err)
-		return nil, 0, false
-	}
-
-	return ebpfSrv, port, true
-}
-
-func (s *serviceViaListener) generateFreePort() (uint16, error) {
-	ok := s.tryToBind(s.wgInterface.Address().IP, customPort)
-	if ok {
-		return customPort, nil
-	}
-
-	probeListener, err := net.ListenUDP("udp4", &net.UDPAddr{})
-	if err != nil {
-		log.Debugf("failed to bind random port for DNS: %s", err)
-		return 0, err
-	}
-
-	port := uint16(probeListener.LocalAddr().(*net.UDPAddr).Port)
-	if err = probeListener.Close(); err != nil {
-		log.Debugf("failed to free up DNS port: %s", err)
-		return 0, err
-	}
-	return port, nil
+	return 0, fmt.Errorf("no port free for UDP and TCP on %s after %d attempts", ip, randomPortAttempts)
 }
diff --git a/client/internal/dns/service_listener_test.go b/client/internal/dns/service_listener_test.go
index 90ef71d19..b158a79fd 100644
--- a/client/internal/dns/service_listener_test.go
+++ b/client/internal/dns/service_listener_test.go
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package dns
 
 import (
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"net"
 	"net/netip"
@@ -10,6 +11,8 @@ import (
 	"github.com/miekg/dns"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+
+	firewall "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/firewall/manager"
 )
 
 func TestServiceViaListener_TCPAndUDP(t *testing.T) {
@@ -84,3 +87,133 @@ func TestServiceViaListener_TCPAndUDP(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NotEmpty(t, tcpResp.Answer)
 	assert.Contains(t, tcpResp.Answer[0].String(), "192.0.2.1", "TCP response should contain expected IP")
 }
+
+type dnatCall struct {
+	rule  dnatRule
+	added bool
+}
+
+// fakeFirewall records DNAT calls and fails the ones named in addErrs/removeErrs.
+type fakeFirewall struct {
+	calls      []dnatCall
+	addErrs    map[firewall.Protocol]error
+	removeErrs map[firewall.Protocol]error
+}
+
+func (f *fakeFirewall) AddOutputDNAT(ip netip.Addr, protocol firewall.Protocol, _, translatedPort uint16) error {
+	if err := f.addErrs[protocol]; err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	f.calls = append(f.calls, dnatCall{rule: dnatRule{protocol: protocol, ip: ip, port: translatedPort}, added: true})
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (f *fakeFirewall) RemoveOutputDNAT(ip netip.Addr, protocol firewall.Protocol, _, translatedPort uint16) error {
+	if err := f.removeErrs[protocol]; err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	f.calls = append(f.calls, dnatCall{rule: dnatRule{protocol: protocol, ip: ip, port: translatedPort}})
+	return nil
+}
+
+func newDNATTestService(fw Firewall) *serviceViaListener {
+	return &serviceViaListener{
+		listenIP:   netip.MustParseAddr("100.64.0.1"),
+		listenPort: customPort,
+		firewall:   fw,
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSetupDNAT_BothProtocols(t *testing.T) {
+	svc := newDNATTestService(&fakeFirewall{})
+
+	svc.setupDNAT()
+
+	assert.Len(t, svc.dnatRules, len(dnatProtocols))
+	assert.Equal(t, DefaultPort, svc.RuntimePort(), "port 53 is advertised once both redirects are installed")
+}
+
+func TestSetupDNAT_RollsBackPartialRedirect(t *testing.T) {
+	fw := &fakeFirewall{addErrs: map[firewall.Protocol]error{firewall.ProtocolTCP: errors.New("nftables busy")}}
+	svc := newDNATTestService(fw)
+
+	svc.setupDNAT()
+
+	assert.Empty(t, svc.dnatRules, "the UDP redirect installed before the failure must be rolled back")
+	assert.Equal(t, int(svc.listenPort), svc.RuntimePort(), "an incomplete redirect must not advertise port 53")
+	udp := dnatRule{protocol: firewall.ProtocolUDP, ip: svc.listenIP, port: svc.listenPort}
+	assert.Contains(t, fw.calls, dnatCall{rule: udp}, "UDP removal should have been attempted")
+}
+
+// A rollback that fails must keep the rule recorded, so port 53 is not left
+// redirected to a resolver that no longer listens.
+func TestStop_RetriesFailedDNATRemoval(t *testing.T) {
+	fw := &fakeFirewall{
+		addErrs:    map[firewall.Protocol]error{firewall.ProtocolTCP: errors.New("nftables busy")},
+		removeErrs: map[firewall.Protocol]error{firewall.ProtocolUDP: errors.New("nftables busy")},
+	}
+	svc := newDNATTestService(fw)
+
+	svc.setupDNAT()
+	udp := dnatRule{protocol: firewall.ProtocolUDP, ip: svc.listenIP, port: svc.listenPort}
+	require.Equal(t, []dnatRule{udp}, svc.dnatRules, "a failed rollback keeps the rule for a later retry")
+
+	require.Error(t, svc.Stop(), "the failing removal should be reported")
+	require.Equal(t, []dnatRule{udp}, svc.dnatRules)
+
+	delete(fw.removeErrs, firewall.ProtocolUDP)
+	require.NoError(t, svc.Stop(), "a later stop retries the removal")
+	assert.Empty(t, svc.dnatRules)
+}
+
+// A stale rule that cannot be removed is matched before anything added now, so
+// no new redirect may be installed on top of it and port 53 must not be
+// advertised as reaching this listener.
+func TestSetupDNAT_AbortsWhileStaleRuleRemains(t *testing.T) {
+	fw := &fakeFirewall{removeErrs: map[firewall.Protocol]error{firewall.ProtocolUDP: errors.New("nftables busy")}}
+	svc := newDNATTestService(fw)
+	stalePort := svc.listenPort
+
+	svc.setupDNAT()
+	require.Error(t, svc.Stop())
+	staleUDP := dnatRule{protocol: firewall.ProtocolUDP, ip: svc.listenIP, port: stalePort}
+	require.Equal(t, []dnatRule{staleUDP}, svc.dnatRules)
+
+	svc.listenPort = stalePort + 1
+	fw.calls = nil
+
+	svc.setupDNAT()
+
+	assert.Equal(t, []dnatRule{staleUDP}, svc.dnatRules, "the stale rule stays recorded for a later attempt")
+	for _, call := range fw.calls {
+		assert.False(t, call.added, "no redirect may be installed while a stale one is still in place")
+	}
+	assert.Equal(t, int(svc.listenPort), svc.RuntimePort(), "port 53 must not be advertised")
+}
+
+// A rule left behind by a failed removal must be removed with the address and
+// port it was installed with, even when the listener has since moved to another
+// port, and it must not count towards the redirect the new listener advertises.
+func TestSetupDNAT_ClearsStaleRuleAfterPortChange(t *testing.T) {
+	fw := &fakeFirewall{removeErrs: map[firewall.Protocol]error{firewall.ProtocolUDP: errors.New("nftables busy")}}
+	svc := newDNATTestService(fw)
+	stalePort := svc.listenPort
+
+	svc.setupDNAT()
+	require.Error(t, svc.Stop())
+	staleUDP := dnatRule{protocol: firewall.ProtocolUDP, ip: svc.listenIP, port: stalePort}
+	require.Equal(t, []dnatRule{staleUDP}, svc.dnatRules)
+
+	delete(fw.removeErrs, firewall.ProtocolUDP)
+	svc.listenPort = stalePort + 1
+	fw.calls = nil
+
+	svc.setupDNAT()
+
+	assert.Contains(t, fw.calls, dnatCall{rule: staleUDP}, "the stale rule must be removed with its original port")
+	assert.Len(t, svc.dnatRules, len(dnatProtocols))
+	assert.Equal(t, DefaultPort, svc.RuntimePort(), "the new listener is fully redirected")
+	for _, rule := range svc.dnatRules {
+		assert.Equal(t, svc.listenPort, rule.port, "only rules for the current listener remain")
+	}
+}
diff --git a/client/internal/ebpf/ebpf/bpf_bpfeb.go b/client/internal/ebpf/ebpf/bpf_bpfeb.go
index 04b19883b..4b6230217 100644
--- a/client/internal/ebpf/ebpf/bpf_bpfeb.go
+++ b/client/internal/ebpf/ebpf/bpf_bpfeb.go
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 // Code generated by bpf2go; DO NOT EDIT.
-//go:build arm64be || armbe || mips || mips64 || mips64p32 || ppc64 || s390 || s390x || sparc || sparc64
+//go:build mips || mips64 || ppc64 || s390x
 
 package ebpf
 
@@ -47,9 +47,10 @@ func loadBpfObjects(obj interface{}, opts *ebpf.CollectionOptions) error {
 type bpfSpecs struct {
 	bpfProgramSpecs
 	bpfMapSpecs
+	bpfVariableSpecs
 }
 
-// bpfSpecs contains programs before they are loaded into the kernel.
+// bpfProgramSpecs contains programs before they are loaded into the kernel.
 //
 // It can be passed ebpf.CollectionSpec.Assign.
 type bpfProgramSpecs struct {
@@ -61,17 +62,28 @@ type bpfProgramSpecs struct {
 // It can be passed ebpf.CollectionSpec.Assign.
 type bpfMapSpecs struct {
 	NbFeatures           *ebpf.MapSpec `ebpf:"nb_features"`
-	NbMapDnsIp           *ebpf.MapSpec `ebpf:"nb_map_dns_ip"`
-	NbMapDnsPort         *ebpf.MapSpec `ebpf:"nb_map_dns_port"`
 	NbWgProxySettingsMap *ebpf.MapSpec `ebpf:"nb_wg_proxy_settings_map"`
 }
 
+// bpfVariableSpecs contains global variables before they are loaded into the kernel.
+//
+// It can be passed ebpf.CollectionSpec.Assign.
+type bpfVariableSpecs struct {
+	FlagFeatureWgProxy *ebpf.VariableSpec `ebpf:"flag_feature_wg_proxy"`
+	MapKeyFeatures     *ebpf.VariableSpec `ebpf:"map_key_features"`
+	MapKeyProxyPort    *ebpf.VariableSpec `ebpf:"map_key_proxy_port"`
+	MapKeyWgPort       *ebpf.VariableSpec `ebpf:"map_key_wg_port"`
+	ProxyPort          *ebpf.VariableSpec `ebpf:"proxy_port"`
+	WgPort             *ebpf.VariableSpec `ebpf:"wg_port"`
+}
+
 // bpfObjects contains all objects after they have been loaded into the kernel.
 //
 // It can be passed to loadBpfObjects or ebpf.CollectionSpec.LoadAndAssign.
 type bpfObjects struct {
 	bpfPrograms
 	bpfMaps
+	bpfVariables
 }
 
 func (o *bpfObjects) Close() error {
@@ -86,20 +98,28 @@ func (o *bpfObjects) Close() error {
 // It can be passed to loadBpfObjects or ebpf.CollectionSpec.LoadAndAssign.
 type bpfMaps struct {
 	NbFeatures           *ebpf.Map `ebpf:"nb_features"`
-	NbMapDnsIp           *ebpf.Map `ebpf:"nb_map_dns_ip"`
-	NbMapDnsPort         *ebpf.Map `ebpf:"nb_map_dns_port"`
 	NbWgProxySettingsMap *ebpf.Map `ebpf:"nb_wg_proxy_settings_map"`
 }
 
 func (m *bpfMaps) Close() error {
 	return _BpfClose(
 		m.NbFeatures,
-		m.NbMapDnsIp,
-		m.NbMapDnsPort,
 		m.NbWgProxySettingsMap,
 	)
 }
 
+// bpfVariables contains all global variables after they have been loaded into the kernel.
+//
+// It can be passed to loadBpfObjects or ebpf.CollectionSpec.LoadAndAssign.
+type bpfVariables struct {
+	FlagFeatureWgProxy *ebpf.Variable `ebpf:"flag_feature_wg_proxy"`
+	MapKeyFeatures     *ebpf.Variable `ebpf:"map_key_features"`
+	MapKeyProxyPort    *ebpf.Variable `ebpf:"map_key_proxy_port"`
+	MapKeyWgPort       *ebpf.Variable `ebpf:"map_key_wg_port"`
+	ProxyPort          *ebpf.Variable `ebpf:"proxy_port"`
+	WgPort             *ebpf.Variable `ebpf:"wg_port"`
+}
+
 // bpfPrograms contains all programs after they have been loaded into the kernel.
 //
 // It can be passed to loadBpfObjects or ebpf.CollectionSpec.LoadAndAssign.
diff --git a/client/internal/ebpf/ebpf/bpf_bpfeb.o b/client/internal/ebpf/ebpf/bpf_bpfeb.o
index 7433ad740ac150d19705f49d188d055d3c4c8cc2..b435d49647544d14fc150e72031fe0251e485a42 100644
GIT binary patch
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diff --git a/client/internal/ebpf/ebpf/bpf_bpfel.go b/client/internal/ebpf/ebpf/bpf_bpfel.go
index 03b494aa2..f56efc901 100644
--- a/client/internal/ebpf/ebpf/bpf_bpfel.go
+++ b/client/internal/ebpf/ebpf/bpf_bpfel.go
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 // Code generated by bpf2go; DO NOT EDIT.
-//go:build 386 || amd64 || amd64p32 || arm || arm64 || loong64 || mips64le || mips64p32le || mipsle || ppc64le || riscv64
+//go:build 386 || amd64 || arm || arm64 || loong64 || mips64le || mipsle || ppc64le || riscv64 || wasm
 
 package ebpf
 
@@ -47,9 +47,10 @@ func loadBpfObjects(obj interface{}, opts *ebpf.CollectionOptions) error {
 type bpfSpecs struct {
 	bpfProgramSpecs
 	bpfMapSpecs
+	bpfVariableSpecs
 }
 
-// bpfSpecs contains programs before they are loaded into the kernel.
+// bpfProgramSpecs contains programs before they are loaded into the kernel.
 //
 // It can be passed ebpf.CollectionSpec.Assign.
 type bpfProgramSpecs struct {
@@ -61,17 +62,28 @@ type bpfProgramSpecs struct {
 // It can be passed ebpf.CollectionSpec.Assign.
 type bpfMapSpecs struct {
 	NbFeatures           *ebpf.MapSpec `ebpf:"nb_features"`
-	NbMapDnsIp           *ebpf.MapSpec `ebpf:"nb_map_dns_ip"`
-	NbMapDnsPort         *ebpf.MapSpec `ebpf:"nb_map_dns_port"`
 	NbWgProxySettingsMap *ebpf.MapSpec `ebpf:"nb_wg_proxy_settings_map"`
 }
 
+// bpfVariableSpecs contains global variables before they are loaded into the kernel.
+//
+// It can be passed ebpf.CollectionSpec.Assign.
+type bpfVariableSpecs struct {
+	FlagFeatureWgProxy *ebpf.VariableSpec `ebpf:"flag_feature_wg_proxy"`
+	MapKeyFeatures     *ebpf.VariableSpec `ebpf:"map_key_features"`
+	MapKeyProxyPort    *ebpf.VariableSpec `ebpf:"map_key_proxy_port"`
+	MapKeyWgPort       *ebpf.VariableSpec `ebpf:"map_key_wg_port"`
+	ProxyPort          *ebpf.VariableSpec `ebpf:"proxy_port"`
+	WgPort             *ebpf.VariableSpec `ebpf:"wg_port"`
+}
+
 // bpfObjects contains all objects after they have been loaded into the kernel.
 //
 // It can be passed to loadBpfObjects or ebpf.CollectionSpec.LoadAndAssign.
 type bpfObjects struct {
 	bpfPrograms
 	bpfMaps
+	bpfVariables
 }
 
 func (o *bpfObjects) Close() error {
@@ -86,20 +98,28 @@ func (o *bpfObjects) Close() error {
 // It can be passed to loadBpfObjects or ebpf.CollectionSpec.LoadAndAssign.
 type bpfMaps struct {
 	NbFeatures           *ebpf.Map `ebpf:"nb_features"`
-	NbMapDnsIp           *ebpf.Map `ebpf:"nb_map_dns_ip"`
-	NbMapDnsPort         *ebpf.Map `ebpf:"nb_map_dns_port"`
 	NbWgProxySettingsMap *ebpf.Map `ebpf:"nb_wg_proxy_settings_map"`
 }
 
 func (m *bpfMaps) Close() error {
 	return _BpfClose(
 		m.NbFeatures,
-		m.NbMapDnsIp,
-		m.NbMapDnsPort,
 		m.NbWgProxySettingsMap,
 	)
 }
 
+// bpfVariables contains all global variables after they have been loaded into the kernel.
+//
+// It can be passed to loadBpfObjects or ebpf.CollectionSpec.LoadAndAssign.
+type bpfVariables struct {
+	FlagFeatureWgProxy *ebpf.Variable `ebpf:"flag_feature_wg_proxy"`
+	MapKeyFeatures     *ebpf.Variable `ebpf:"map_key_features"`
+	MapKeyProxyPort    *ebpf.Variable `ebpf:"map_key_proxy_port"`
+	MapKeyWgPort       *ebpf.Variable `ebpf:"map_key_wg_port"`
+	ProxyPort          *ebpf.Variable `ebpf:"proxy_port"`
+	WgPort             *ebpf.Variable `ebpf:"wg_port"`
+}
+
 // bpfPrograms contains all programs after they have been loaded into the kernel.
 //
 // It can be passed to loadBpfObjects or ebpf.CollectionSpec.LoadAndAssign.
diff --git a/client/internal/ebpf/ebpf/bpf_bpfel.o b/client/internal/ebpf/ebpf/bpf_bpfel.o
index 779f43a00989cdd8ee0fa82d6467b244bc12331f..a388b6d6d747827318287b94a4d069e8b15748e4 100644
GIT binary patch
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diff --git a/client/internal/ebpf/ebpf/dns_fwd_linux.go b/client/internal/ebpf/ebpf/dns_fwd_linux.go
deleted file mode 100644
index 1e7774573..000000000
--- a/client/internal/ebpf/ebpf/dns_fwd_linux.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,52 +0,0 @@
-package ebpf
-
-import (
-	"encoding/binary"
-	"fmt"
-	"net/netip"
-
-	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
-)
-
-const (
-	mapKeyDNSIP   uint32 = 0
-	mapKeyDNSPort uint32 = 1
-)
-
-func (tf *GeneralManager) LoadDNSFwd(ip netip.Addr, dnsPort int) error {
-	log.Debugf("load eBPF DNS forwarder, watching addr: %s:53, redirect to port: %d", ip, dnsPort)
-	tf.lock.Lock()
-	defer tf.lock.Unlock()
-
-	err := tf.loadXdp()
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	if !ip.Is4() {
-		return fmt.Errorf("eBPF DNS forwarder only supports IPv4, got %s", ip)
-	}
-	ip4 := ip.As4()
-	err = tf.bpfObjs.NbMapDnsIp.Put(mapKeyDNSIP, binary.BigEndian.Uint32(ip4[:]))
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	err = tf.bpfObjs.NbMapDnsPort.Put(mapKeyDNSPort, uint16(dnsPort))
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	tf.setFeatureFlag(featureFlagDnsForwarder)
-	err = tf.bpfObjs.NbFeatures.Put(mapKeyFeatures, tf.featureFlags)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
-func (tf *GeneralManager) FreeDNSFwd() error {
-	log.Debugf("free ebpf DNS forwarder")
-	return tf.unsetFeatureFlag(featureFlagDnsForwarder)
-}
-
diff --git a/client/internal/ebpf/ebpf/manager_linux.go b/client/internal/ebpf/ebpf/manager_linux.go
index 7520a6387..a13f5f19a 100644
--- a/client/internal/ebpf/ebpf/manager_linux.go
+++ b/client/internal/ebpf/ebpf/manager_linux.go
@@ -15,8 +15,7 @@ import (
 const (
 	mapKeyFeatures uint32 = 0
 
-	featureFlagWGProxy      = 0b00000001
-	featureFlagDnsForwarder = 0b00000010
+	featureFlagWGProxy = 0b00000001
 )
 
 var (
@@ -28,9 +27,9 @@ var (
 
 // GeneralManager is used to load multiple eBPF programs with a custom check (if then) done in prog.c
 // The manager simply adds a feature (byte) of each program to a map that is shared between the userspace and kernel.
-// When packet arrives, the C code checks for each feature (if it is set) and executes each enabled program (e.g., dns_fwd.c and wg_proxy.c).
+// When packet arrives, the C code checks for each feature (if it is set) and executes each enabled program (e.g., wg_proxy.c).
 //
-//go:generate go run github.com/cilium/ebpf/cmd/bpf2go -cc clang-14 bpf src/prog.c -- -I /usr/x86_64-linux-gnu/include
+//go:generate go run github.com/cilium/ebpf/cmd/bpf2go -cc clang-14 bpf src/prog.c -- -I /usr/x86_64-linux-gnu/include -include src/bpf_map_def.h
 type GeneralManager struct {
 	lock         sync.Mutex
 	link         link.Link
diff --git a/client/internal/ebpf/ebpf/manager_linux_test.go b/client/internal/ebpf/ebpf/manager_linux_test.go
index 5664a4565..e09fcb977 100644
--- a/client/internal/ebpf/ebpf/manager_linux_test.go
+++ b/client/internal/ebpf/ebpf/manager_linux_test.go
@@ -7,33 +7,24 @@ import (
 func TestManager_setFeatureFlag(t *testing.T) {
 	mgr := GeneralManager{}
 	mgr.setFeatureFlag(featureFlagWGProxy)
-	if mgr.featureFlags != 1 {
+	if mgr.featureFlags != featureFlagWGProxy {
 		t.Errorf("invalid feature state")
 	}
 
-	mgr.setFeatureFlag(featureFlagDnsForwarder)
-	if mgr.featureFlags != 3 {
-		t.Errorf("invalid feature state")
+	mgr.setFeatureFlag(featureFlagWGProxy)
+	if mgr.featureFlags != featureFlagWGProxy {
+		t.Errorf("setting a flag twice must be idempotent, got: %d", mgr.featureFlags)
 	}
 }
 
 func TestManager_unsetFeatureFlag(t *testing.T) {
 	mgr := GeneralManager{}
 	mgr.setFeatureFlag(featureFlagWGProxy)
-	mgr.setFeatureFlag(featureFlagDnsForwarder)
 
 	err := mgr.unsetFeatureFlag(featureFlagWGProxy)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Errorf("unexpected error: %s", err)
 	}
-	if mgr.featureFlags != 2 {
-		t.Errorf("invalid feature state, expected: %d, got: %d", 2, mgr.featureFlags)
-	}
-
-	err = mgr.unsetFeatureFlag(featureFlagDnsForwarder)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Errorf("unexpected error: %s", err)
-	}
 	if mgr.featureFlags != 0 {
 		t.Errorf("invalid feature state, expected: %d, got: %d", 0, mgr.featureFlags)
 	}
diff --git a/client/internal/ebpf/ebpf/src/bpf_map_def.h b/client/internal/ebpf/ebpf/src/bpf_map_def.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9528fb592
--- /dev/null
+++ b/client/internal/ebpf/ebpf/src/bpf_map_def.h
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+// libbpf 1.0 removed struct bpf_map_def, but the programs here keep the legacy
+// map definitions: they load on kernels built without BTF, which BTF-style
+// (SEC(".maps")) definitions do not. Define the struct ourselves so the
+// programs compile against current libbpf headers.
+#ifndef NB_BPF_MAP_DEF_H
+#define NB_BPF_MAP_DEF_H
+
+struct bpf_map_def {
+	unsigned int type;
+	unsigned int key_size;
+	unsigned int value_size;
+	unsigned int max_entries;
+	unsigned int map_flags;
+};
+
+#endif
diff --git a/client/internal/ebpf/ebpf/src/dns_fwd.c b/client/internal/ebpf/ebpf/src/dns_fwd.c
deleted file mode 100644
index 9f8de2001..000000000
--- a/client/internal/ebpf/ebpf/src/dns_fwd.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,67 +0,0 @@
-const __u32 map_key_dns_ip = 0;
-const __u32 map_key_dns_port = 1;
-
-struct bpf_map_def SEC("maps") nb_map_dns_ip = {
-	.type = BPF_MAP_TYPE_ARRAY,
-	.key_size = sizeof(__u32),
-	.value_size = sizeof(__u32),
-	.max_entries = 10,
-};
-
-struct bpf_map_def SEC("maps") nb_map_dns_port = {
-	.type = BPF_MAP_TYPE_ARRAY,
-	.key_size = sizeof(__u32),
-	.value_size = sizeof(__u16),
-	.max_entries = 10,
-};
-
-__be32 dns_ip = 0;
-__be16 dns_port = 0;
-
-// 13568 is 53 in big endian
-__be16 GENERAL_DNS_PORT = 13568;
-
-bool read_settings() {
-    __u16 *port_value;
-    __u32 *ip_value;
-
-    // read dns ip
-    ip_value = bpf_map_lookup_elem(&nb_map_dns_ip, &map_key_dns_ip);
-    if(!ip_value) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    dns_ip = htonl(*ip_value);
-
-    // read dns port
-    port_value = bpf_map_lookup_elem(&nb_map_dns_port, &map_key_dns_port);
-    if (!port_value) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    dns_port = htons(*port_value);
-    return true;
-}
-
-int xdp_dns_fwd(struct iphdr  *ip, struct udphdr *udp) {
-    if (dns_port == 0) {
-        if(!read_settings()){
-            return XDP_PASS;
-        }
-        // bpf_printk("dns port: %d", ntohs(dns_port));
-        // bpf_printk("dns ip: %d", ntohl(dns_ip));
-    }
-
-    if (udp->dest == GENERAL_DNS_PORT && ip->daddr == dns_ip) {
-        udp->dest = dns_port;
-        // Clear the now-stale checksum; zero means "not computed" for IPv4.
-        udp->check = 0;
-        return XDP_PASS;
-    }
-
-    if (udp->source == dns_port && ip->saddr == dns_ip) {
-        udp->source = GENERAL_DNS_PORT;
-        udp->check = 0;
-        return XDP_PASS;
-    }
-
-    return XDP_PASS;
-}
diff --git a/client/internal/ebpf/ebpf/src/prog.c b/client/internal/ebpf/ebpf/src/prog.c
index f32103f28..44ee53458 100644
--- a/client/internal/ebpf/ebpf/src/prog.c
+++ b/client/internal/ebpf/ebpf/src/prog.c
@@ -5,11 +5,9 @@
 #include <netinet/in.h>
 #include <linux/bpf.h>
 #include <bpf/bpf_helpers.h>
-#include "dns_fwd.c"
 #include "wg_proxy.c"
 
 const __u16 flag_feature_wg_proxy = 0b01;
-const __u16 flag_feature_dns_fwd = 0b10;
 
 const __u32 map_key_features = 0;
 struct bpf_map_def SEC("maps") nb_features = {
@@ -48,10 +46,6 @@ int nb_xdp_prog(struct xdp_md *ctx) {
        return XDP_PASS;
     }
 
-    if (*features & flag_feature_dns_fwd) {
-        xdp_dns_fwd(ip, udp);
-    }
-
     if (*features & flag_feature_wg_proxy) {
         xdp_wg_proxy(ip, udp);
     }
diff --git a/client/internal/ebpf/ebpf/src/readme.md b/client/internal/ebpf/ebpf/src/readme.md
index 0ab393dd4..aa47847da 100644
--- a/client/internal/ebpf/ebpf/src/readme.md
+++ b/client/internal/ebpf/ebpf/src/readme.md
@@ -1,8 +1,18 @@
-# DNS forwarder
+# XDP programs
 
-The agent attach the XDP program to the lo device. We can not use fake address in eBPF because the
-traffic does not appear in the eBPF program. The program capture the traffic on wg_ip:53 and 
-overwrite in it the destination port to 5053.
+`prog.c` is attached to the `lo` device and dispatches to the features enabled in the
+`nb_features` map. The only feature is the WireGuard proxy (`wg_proxy.c`): it rewrites
+loopback UDP sent from the WireGuard listen port so it reaches the userspace relay proxy
+port instead, and swaps the peer endpoint port into the source so the proxy can tell
+peers apart.
+
+Maps use the legacy `struct bpf_map_def` form, defined in `bpf_map_def.h` because libbpf
+1.0 removed it. They load on kernels built without BTF, which BTF-style (`SEC(".maps")`)
+definitions do not.
+
+Regenerate the objects with `go generate ./client/internal/ebpf/ebpf/`; it needs
+`clang-14`. Loading a regenerated object needs root, attaching it needs `bpf_link`
+(kernel >= 5.7), and only one XDP program can own `lo` at a time.
 
 # Debug
 
diff --git a/client/internal/ebpf/manager/manager.go b/client/internal/ebpf/manager/manager.go
index 25a767090..fdc5d8d82 100644
--- a/client/internal/ebpf/manager/manager.go
+++ b/client/internal/ebpf/manager/manager.go
@@ -1,11 +1,7 @@
 package manager
 
-import "net/netip"
-
-// Manager is used to load multiple eBPF programs. E.g., current DNS programs and WireGuard proxy
+// Manager is used to load multiple eBPF programs. E.g., the WireGuard proxy
 type Manager interface {
-	LoadDNSFwd(ip netip.Addr, dnsPort int) error
-	FreeDNSFwd() error
 	LoadWgProxy(proxyPort, wgPort int) error
 	FreeWGProxy() error
 }

From 269cbadfeb43a611423d461b666b65973d67be56 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pascal Fischer <32096965+pascal-fischer@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 9 Sep 2026 13:44:19 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 21/21] [management] expire and disconnect peers while
 including offline peers (#7467)

---
 management/server/account.go        |   7 +-
 management/server/account_test.go   | 179 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 management/server/peer.go           |  16 ++-
 management/server/scheduler.go      |   9 +-
 management/server/scheduler_test.go |  89 ++++++++++++++
 management/server/types/account.go  |   5 +-
 management/server/user.go           |  77 +++++++++---
 7 files changed, 350 insertions(+), 32 deletions(-)

diff --git a/management/server/account.go b/management/server/account.go
index 3ceef79db..6ccf673f5 100644
--- a/management/server/account.go
+++ b/management/server/account.go
@@ -719,8 +719,10 @@ func (am *DefaultAccountManager) schedulePeerLoginExpiration(ctx context.Context
 		log.WithContext(ctx).Tracef("peer login expiration job for account %s is already scheduled", accountID)
 		return
 	}
+	// The job outlives the request that arms it, so it must not inherit the request's cancellation.
+	jobCtx := context.WithoutCancel(ctx)
 	if nextRun, ok := am.getNextPeerExpiration(ctx, accountID); ok {
-		go am.peerLoginExpiry.Schedule(ctx, nextRun, accountID, am.peerLoginExpirationJob(ctx, accountID))
+		go am.peerLoginExpiry.Schedule(jobCtx, nextRun, accountID, am.peerLoginExpirationJob(jobCtx, accountID))
 	}
 }
 
@@ -752,8 +754,9 @@ func (am *DefaultAccountManager) peerInactivityExpirationJob(ctx context.Context
 // checkAndSchedulePeerInactivityExpiration periodically checks for inactive peers to end their sessions
 func (am *DefaultAccountManager) checkAndSchedulePeerInactivityExpiration(ctx context.Context, accountID string) {
 	am.peerInactivityExpiry.Cancel(ctx, []string{accountID})
+	jobCtx := context.WithoutCancel(ctx)
 	if nextRun, ok := am.getNextInactivePeerExpiration(ctx, accountID); ok {
-		go am.peerInactivityExpiry.Schedule(ctx, nextRun, accountID, am.peerInactivityExpirationJob(ctx, accountID))
+		go am.peerInactivityExpiry.Schedule(jobCtx, nextRun, accountID, am.peerInactivityExpirationJob(jobCtx, accountID))
 	}
 }
 
diff --git a/management/server/account_test.go b/management/server/account_test.go
index b462cc2a6..bd7bf2d97 100644
--- a/management/server/account_test.go
+++ b/management/server/account_test.go
@@ -1920,6 +1920,154 @@ func TestDefaultAccountManager_MarkPeerConnected_PeerLoginExpiration(t *testing.
 	}
 }
 
+func TestDefaultAccountManager_SchedulePeerLoginExpiration_IncludesOfflinePeers(t *testing.T) {
+	manager, updateManager, err := createManager(t)
+	require.NoError(t, err, "unable to create account manager")
+
+	accountID, err := manager.GetAccountIDByUserID(context.Background(), auth.UserAuth{UserId: userID})
+	require.NoError(t, err, "unable to create an account")
+
+	connectedKey, offlineKey := addExpiringPeers(t, manager)
+	_, err = manager.UpdateAccountSettings(context.Background(), accountID, userID, &types.Settings{
+		PeerLoginExpiration:        time.Hour,
+		PeerLoginExpirationEnabled: true,
+		Extra:                      &types.ExtraSettings{},
+	})
+	require.NoError(t, err, "expecting to update account settings successfully but got error")
+	manager.peerLoginExpiry.CancelAll(context.Background())
+
+	// The connected peer logged in just now, so a job computed from connected peers alone
+	// would be armed for an hour. The offline peer's login expires in two seconds; a
+	// reconnect of that peer must not have to wait for the connected peer's tick.
+	now := time.Now().UTC()
+	setPeerLogin(t, manager, accountID, connectedKey, true, now)
+	setPeerLogin(t, manager, accountID, offlineKey, false, now.Add(-time.Hour+2*time.Second))
+
+	offlinePeer, err := manager.Store.GetPeerByPeerPubKey(context.Background(), store.LockingStrengthNone, offlineKey)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	updateManager.CreateChannel(context.Background(), offlinePeer.ID)
+
+	manager.peerLoginExpiry = NewDefaultScheduler()
+	t.Cleanup(func() { manager.peerLoginExpiry.CancelAll(context.Background()) })
+	manager.schedulePeerLoginExpiration(context.Background(), accountID)
+
+	// The flag is committed per peer before the disconnect fans out, so wait for both.
+	require.Eventually(t, func() bool {
+		peer, err := manager.Store.GetPeerByPeerPubKey(context.Background(), store.LockingStrengthNone, offlineKey)
+		return err == nil && peer.Status.LoginExpired && !updateManager.HasChannel(offlinePeer.ID)
+	}, 10*time.Second, 100*time.Millisecond, "offline peer should be expired and disconnected at its own deadline")
+
+	connectedPeer, err := manager.Store.GetPeerByPeerPubKey(context.Background(), store.LockingStrengthNone, connectedKey)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.False(t, connectedPeer.Status.LoginExpired, "connected peer with a fresh login must not expire")
+}
+
+func TestDefaultAccountManager_SchedulePeerLoginExpiration_DetachesRequestContext(t *testing.T) {
+	manager, _, err := createManager(t)
+	require.NoError(t, err, "unable to create account manager")
+
+	accountID, err := manager.GetAccountIDByUserID(context.Background(), auth.UserAuth{UserId: userID})
+	require.NoError(t, err, "unable to create an account")
+	connectedKey, _ := addExpiringPeers(t, manager)
+	setPeerLogin(t, manager, accountID, connectedKey, true, time.Now().UTC())
+
+	scheduled := make(chan context.Context, 1)
+	manager.peerLoginExpiry = &MockScheduler{
+		IsSchedulerRunningFunc: func(string) bool { return false },
+		ScheduleFunc: func(ctx context.Context, _ time.Duration, _ string, _ func() (time.Duration, bool)) {
+			scheduled <- ctx
+		},
+	}
+
+	requestCtx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
+	manager.schedulePeerLoginExpiration(requestCtx, accountID)
+	cancel()
+
+	select {
+	case jobCtx := <-scheduled:
+		assert.NoError(t, jobCtx.Err(), "the expiration job must outlive the request that armed it")
+	case <-time.After(time.Second):
+		t.Fatal("timeout while waiting for the job to be scheduled")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestDefaultAccountManager_ExpireAndUpdatePeers_SkipsPeerThatLoggedInAgain(t *testing.T) {
+	manager, updateManager, err := createManager(t)
+	require.NoError(t, err, "unable to create account manager")
+
+	accountID, err := manager.GetAccountIDByUserID(context.Background(), auth.UserAuth{UserId: userID})
+	require.NoError(t, err, "unable to create an account")
+
+	reloggedKey, staleKey := addExpiringPeers(t, manager)
+	_, err = manager.UpdateAccountSettings(context.Background(), accountID, userID, &types.Settings{
+		PeerLoginExpiration:        time.Hour,
+		PeerLoginExpirationEnabled: true,
+		Extra:                      &types.ExtraSettings{},
+	})
+	require.NoError(t, err, "expecting to update account settings successfully but got error")
+	manager.peerLoginExpiry.CancelAll(context.Background())
+
+	expiredLogin := time.Now().UTC().Add(-2 * time.Hour)
+	setPeerLogin(t, manager, accountID, reloggedKey, true, expiredLogin)
+	setPeerLogin(t, manager, accountID, staleKey, true, expiredLogin)
+
+	expiredPeers, err := manager.getExpiredPeers(context.Background(), accountID)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Len(t, expiredPeers, 2, "both peers should be due for expiration")
+
+	// The job holds the candidate list while one peer completes a fresh login, which
+	// moves its deadline into the future and must win over the stale candidate entry.
+	setPeerLogin(t, manager, accountID, reloggedKey, true, time.Now().UTC())
+
+	reloggedPeer, err := manager.Store.GetPeerByPeerPubKey(context.Background(), store.LockingStrengthNone, reloggedKey)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	stalePeer, err := manager.Store.GetPeerByPeerPubKey(context.Background(), store.LockingStrengthNone, staleKey)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	updateManager.CreateChannel(context.Background(), reloggedPeer.ID)
+	updateManager.CreateChannel(context.Background(), stalePeer.ID)
+
+	err = manager.expireAndUpdatePeers(context.Background(), accountID, expiredPeers, peerExpirationSessionExpired)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	reloggedPeer, err = manager.Store.GetPeerByPeerPubKey(context.Background(), store.LockingStrengthNone, reloggedKey)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.False(t, reloggedPeer.Status.LoginExpired, "a peer that logged in again must not be flagged from the stale candidate list")
+	assert.True(t, reloggedPeer.Status.Connected, "the re-logged peer must keep its connected status")
+	assert.True(t, updateManager.HasChannel(reloggedPeer.ID), "the re-logged peer's update channel must stay open")
+
+	stalePeer, err = manager.Store.GetPeerByPeerPubKey(context.Background(), store.LockingStrengthNone, staleKey)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.True(t, stalePeer.Status.LoginExpired, "a peer that is still due must be flagged")
+	assert.False(t, updateManager.HasChannel(stalePeer.ID), "the expired peer's update channel must be closed")
+}
+
+// addExpiringPeers registers two SSO peers with login expiration enabled and returns their public keys.
+func addExpiringPeers(t *testing.T, manager *DefaultAccountManager) (string, string) {
+	t.Helper()
+	keys := make([]string, 0, 2)
+	for _, hostname := range []string{"connected-peer", "offline-peer"} {
+		key, err := wgtypes.GenerateKey()
+		require.NoError(t, err, "unable to generate WireGuard key")
+		_, _, _, _, err = manager.AddPeer(context.Background(), "", "", userID, &nbpeer.Peer{
+			Key:                    key.PublicKey().String(),
+			Meta:                   nbpeer.PeerSystemMeta{Hostname: hostname},
+			LoginExpirationEnabled: true,
+		}, false)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "unable to add peer")
+		keys = append(keys, key.PublicKey().String())
+	}
+	return keys[0], keys[1]
+}
+
+func setPeerLogin(t *testing.T, manager *DefaultAccountManager, accountID, peerKey string, connected bool, lastLogin time.Time) {
+	t.Helper()
+	peer, err := manager.Store.GetPeerByPeerPubKey(context.Background(), store.LockingStrengthNone, peerKey)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	peer.Status.Connected = connected
+	peer.LastLogin = &lastLogin
+	require.NoError(t, manager.Store.SavePeer(context.Background(), accountID, peer))
+}
+
 func TestDefaultAccountManager_MarkPeerDisconnected_SchedulesInactivityExpiration(t *testing.T) {
 	manager, _, err := createManager(t)
 	require.NoError(t, err, "unable to create account manager")
@@ -2702,7 +2850,7 @@ func TestAccount_GetNextPeerExpiration(t *testing.T) {
 			expectedNextExpiration: time.Duration(0),
 		},
 		{
-			name: "No connected peers, no expiration",
+			name: "Offline peer with expiration, return expiration",
 			peers: map[string]*nbpeer.Peer{
 				"peer-1": {
 					Status: &nbpeer.PeerStatus{
@@ -2721,8 +2869,33 @@ func TestAccount_GetNextPeerExpiration(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 			expiration:             time.Second,
 			expirationEnabled:      false,
-			expectedNextRun:        false,
-			expectedNextExpiration: time.Duration(0),
+			expectedNextRun:        true,
+			expectedNextExpiration: time.Second,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "Offline peer with the earliest deadline defines the next run",
+			peers: map[string]*nbpeer.Peer{
+				"peer-1": {
+					Status: &nbpeer.PeerStatus{
+						Connected: true,
+					},
+					LoginExpirationEnabled: true,
+					LastLogin:              util.ToPtr(time.Now().UTC()),
+					UserID:                 userID,
+				},
+				"peer-2": {
+					Status: &nbpeer.PeerStatus{
+						Connected: false,
+					},
+					LoginExpirationEnabled: true,
+					LastLogin:              util.ToPtr(time.Now().UTC().Add(-50 * time.Minute)),
+					UserID:                 userID,
+				},
+			},
+			expiration:             time.Hour,
+			expirationEnabled:      true,
+			expectedNextRun:        true,
+			expectedNextExpiration: 10 * time.Minute,
 		},
 		{
 			name: "Connected peers with disabled expiration, no expiration",
diff --git a/management/server/peer.go b/management/server/peer.go
index 07619f51e..9f5572252 100644
--- a/management/server/peer.go
+++ b/management/server/peer.go
@@ -1494,9 +1494,12 @@ func checkAuth(ctx context.Context, loginUserID string, peer *nbpeer.Peer) error
 
 func peerLoginExpired(ctx context.Context, peer *nbpeer.Peer, settings *types.Settings) bool {
 	expired, expiresIn := peer.LoginExpired(settings.PeerLoginExpiration)
-	expired = settings.PeerLoginExpirationEnabled && expired
-	if expired || peer.Status.LoginExpired {
-		log.WithContext(ctx).Debugf("peer's %s login expired %v ago", peer.ID, expiresIn)
+	if settings.PeerLoginExpirationEnabled && expired {
+		log.WithContext(ctx).Debugf("peer's %s login expired %v ago", peer.ID, -expiresIn)
+		return true
+	}
+	if peer.Status.LoginExpired {
+		log.WithContext(ctx).Debugf("peer's %s login is marked as expired", peer.ID)
 		return true
 	}
 	return false
@@ -1643,7 +1646,9 @@ func (am *DefaultAccountManager) UpdateAccountPeer(ctx context.Context, accountI
 
 // getNextPeerExpiration returns the minimum duration in which the next peer of the account will expire if it was found.
 // If there is no peer that expires this function returns false and a duration of 0.
-// This function only considers peers that haven't been expired yet and that are connected.
+// This function only considers peers that haven't been expired yet. Offline peers count too:
+// a running job is never re-armed on connect, so a peer that reconnects with an old login
+// must already be part of the scheduled run.
 func (am *DefaultAccountManager) getNextPeerExpiration(ctx context.Context, accountID string) (time.Duration, bool) {
 	peersWithExpiry, err := am.Store.GetAccountPeersWithExpiration(ctx, store.LockingStrengthNone, accountID)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -1663,8 +1668,7 @@ func (am *DefaultAccountManager) getNextPeerExpiration(ctx context.Context, acco
 
 	var nextExpiry *time.Duration
 	for _, peer := range peersWithExpiry {
-		// consider only connected peers because others will require login on connecting to the management server
-		if peer.Status.LoginExpired || !peer.Status.Connected {
+		if peer.Status.LoginExpired {
 			continue
 		}
 		_, duration := peer.LoginExpired(settings.PeerLoginExpiration)
diff --git a/management/server/scheduler.go b/management/server/scheduler.go
index b61643295..1daea4295 100644
--- a/management/server/scheduler.go
+++ b/management/server/scheduler.go
@@ -117,6 +117,7 @@ func (wm *DefaultScheduler) Schedule(ctx context.Context, in time.Duration, ID s
 	}
 
 	ticker := time.NewTicker(in)
+	period := in
 
 	wm.jobs[ID] = cancel
 	log.WithContext(ctx).Debugf("scheduled a job %s to run in %s. There are %d total jobs scheduled.", ID, in.String(), len(wm.jobs))
@@ -136,14 +137,18 @@ func (wm *DefaultScheduler) Schedule(ctx context.Context, in time.Duration, ID s
 				if !reschedule {
 					wm.mu.Lock()
 					defer wm.mu.Unlock()
-					delete(wm.jobs, ID)
+					// A Cancel during job() may have registered a replacement under this ID.
+					if current, ok := wm.jobs[ID]; ok && current == cancel {
+						delete(wm.jobs, ID)
+					}
 					log.WithContext(ctx).Debugf("job %s is not scheduled to run again", ID)
 					ticker.Stop()
 					return
 				}
 				// we need this comparison to avoid resetting the ticker with the same duration and missing the current elapsesed time
-				if runIn != in {
+				if runIn != period {
 					ticker.Reset(runIn)
+					period = runIn
 				}
 			case <-cancel:
 				log.WithContext(ctx).Debugf("job %s was canceled, stopping timer", ID)
diff --git a/management/server/scheduler_test.go b/management/server/scheduler_test.go
index e3af551ad..9dd13ce6b 100644
--- a/management/server/scheduler_test.go
+++ b/management/server/scheduler_test.go
@@ -6,10 +6,12 @@ import (
 	"math/rand"
 	"runtime"
 	"sync"
+	"sync/atomic"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )
 
 func TestScheduler_Performance(t *testing.T) {
@@ -150,3 +152,90 @@ func TestScheduler_Schedule(t *testing.T) {
 	scheduler.cancel(context.Background(), jobID)
 
 }
+
+func TestScheduler_Schedule_ResetsTickerAfterReturningInitialInterval(t *testing.T) {
+	jobID := "test-scheduler-job-2"
+	scheduler := NewDefaultScheduler()
+	defer scheduler.Cancel(context.Background(), []string{jobID})
+
+	initial := 30 * time.Millisecond
+	stretched := 400 * time.Millisecond
+	runs := make(chan time.Time, 3)
+	count := 0
+	// The first run stretches the period; the second returns the initial interval again,
+	// which must shrink the period back instead of keeping the stretched one.
+	job := func() (nextRunIn time.Duration, reschedule bool) {
+		count++
+		runs <- time.Now()
+		switch count {
+		case 1:
+			return stretched, true
+		case 2:
+			return initial, true
+		default:
+			return 0, false
+		}
+	}
+	scheduler.Schedule(context.Background(), initial, jobID, job)
+
+	var stamps []time.Time
+	for len(stamps) < 3 {
+		select {
+		case ts := <-runs:
+			stamps = append(stamps, ts)
+		case <-time.After(2 * time.Second):
+			t.Fatalf("timed out after %d runs", len(stamps))
+		}
+	}
+	assert.Less(t, stamps[2].Sub(stamps[1]), stretched/2, "returning the initial interval must reset the stretched ticker")
+}
+
+func TestScheduler_Schedule_StaleCompletionKeepsReplacement(t *testing.T) {
+	jobID := "test-scheduler-job-3"
+	scheduler := NewDefaultScheduler()
+	defer scheduler.Cancel(context.Background(), []string{jobID})
+
+	started := make(chan struct{})
+	release := make(chan struct{})
+	staleJob := func() (nextRunIn time.Duration, reschedule bool) {
+		close(started)
+		<-release
+		return 0, false
+	}
+	scheduler.Schedule(context.Background(), 10*time.Millisecond, jobID, staleJob)
+	select {
+	case <-started:
+	case <-time.After(time.Second):
+		t.Fatal("timed out waiting for the first job to start")
+	}
+
+	// Cancel the job while it is still executing and register a replacement under the
+	// same ID, as the expiration paths do on a settings change.
+	scheduler.Cancel(context.Background(), []string{jobID})
+	var replacementRuns atomic.Int32
+	scheduler.Schedule(context.Background(), 20*time.Millisecond, jobID, func() (nextRunIn time.Duration, reschedule bool) {
+		replacementRuns.Add(1)
+		return 20 * time.Millisecond, true
+	})
+	require.True(t, scheduler.IsSchedulerRunning(jobID), "replacement must be registered")
+
+	// The stale job now completes without rescheduling; its cleanup must leave the
+	// replacement's entry in place.
+	close(release)
+	assert.Never(t, func() bool { return !scheduler.IsSchedulerRunning(jobID) }, 200*time.Millisecond, 10*time.Millisecond,
+		"stale completion must not drop the replacement job")
+
+	var duplicateRuns atomic.Int32
+	scheduler.Schedule(context.Background(), 10*time.Millisecond, jobID, func() (nextRunIn time.Duration, reschedule bool) {
+		duplicateRuns.Add(1)
+		return 10 * time.Millisecond, true
+	})
+	assert.Never(t, func() bool { return duplicateRuns.Load() > 0 }, 100*time.Millisecond, 10*time.Millisecond,
+		"a duplicate schedule must be refused while the replacement is registered")
+
+	scheduler.Cancel(context.Background(), []string{jobID})
+	assert.False(t, scheduler.IsSchedulerRunning(jobID), "cancel must find and remove the replacement")
+	runsAfterCancel := replacementRuns.Load()
+	assert.Never(t, func() bool { return replacementRuns.Load() > runsAfterCancel+1 }, 150*time.Millisecond, 10*time.Millisecond,
+		"the replacement must stop after cancel")
+}
diff --git a/management/server/types/account.go b/management/server/types/account.go
index d689b0175..d0688d1ee 100644
--- a/management/server/types/account.go
+++ b/management/server/types/account.go
@@ -404,7 +404,7 @@ func (a *Account) GetExpiredPeers() []*nbpeer.Peer {
 
 // GetNextPeerExpiration returns the minimum duration in which the next peer of the account will expire if it was found.
 // If there is no peer that expires this function returns false and a duration of 0.
-// This function only considers peers that haven't been expired yet and that are connected.
+// This function only considers peers that haven't been expired yet, whether connected or not.
 func (a *Account) GetNextPeerExpiration() (time.Duration, bool) {
 	peersWithExpiry := a.GetPeersWithExpiration()
 	if len(peersWithExpiry) == 0 {
@@ -412,8 +412,7 @@ func (a *Account) GetNextPeerExpiration() (time.Duration, bool) {
 	}
 	var nextExpiry *time.Duration
 	for _, peer := range peersWithExpiry {
-		// consider only connected peers because others will require login on connecting to the management server
-		if peer.Status.LoginExpired || !peer.Status.Connected {
+		if peer.Status.LoginExpired {
 			continue
 		}
 		_, duration := peer.LoginExpired(a.Settings.PeerLoginExpiration)
diff --git a/management/server/user.go b/management/server/user.go
index 0a711389a..823c1b2e4 100644
--- a/management/server/user.go
+++ b/management/server/user.go
@@ -1177,28 +1177,35 @@ func (am *DefaultAccountManager) expireAndUpdatePeers(ctx context.Context, accou
 	dnsDomain := am.networkMapController.GetDNSDomain(settings)
 
 	var peerIDs []string
-	for _, peer := range peers {
+	defer func() {
+		if len(peerIDs) == 0 {
+			return
+		}
+		// this will trigger peer disconnect from the management service
+		log.Debugf("Expiring %d peers for account %s", len(peerIDs), accountID)
+		am.networkMapController.DisconnectPeers(ctx, accountID, peerIDs)
+	}()
+	for _, candidate := range peers {
 		// nolint:staticcheck
-		ctx = context.WithValue(ctx, nbcontext.PeerIDKey, peer.Key)
+		peerCtx := context.WithValue(ctx, nbcontext.PeerIDKey, candidate.Key)
 
-		if peer.UserID == "" {
+		if candidate.UserID == "" {
 			// we do not want to expire peers that are added via setup key
 			continue
 		}
 
-		if peer.Status.LoginExpired {
+		peer, err := am.expirePeerIfStillDue(peerCtx, accountID, candidate.ID, settings, reason)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if peer == nil {
 			continue
 		}
 		peerIDs = append(peerIDs, peer.ID)
-		peer.MarkLoginExpired(true)
-
-		if err := am.Store.SavePeerStatus(ctx, accountID, peer.ID, *peer.Status); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
 		meta := peer.EventMeta(dnsDomain)
 		meta["reason"] = string(reason)
 		am.StoreEvent(
-			ctx,
+			peerCtx,
 			peer.UserID, peer.ID, accountID,
 			activity.PeerLoginExpired, meta,
 		)
@@ -1215,15 +1222,53 @@ func (am *DefaultAccountManager) expireAndUpdatePeers(ctx context.Context, accou
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("notify network map controller of peer update: %w", err)
 	}
-
-	if len(peerIDs) != 0 {
-		// this will trigger peer disconnect from the management service
-		log.Debugf("Expiring %d peers for account %s", len(peerIDs), accountID)
-		am.networkMapController.DisconnectPeers(ctx, accountID, peerIDs)
-	}
 	return nil
 }
 
+// expirePeerIfStillDue flags the peer as login-expired and returns its fresh copy, or nil
+// when it no longer qualifies. The candidate list is read without a lock, so a login that
+// landed in between would otherwise be overwritten with a stale expired status.
+func (am *DefaultAccountManager) expirePeerIfStillDue(ctx context.Context, accountID, peerID string, settings *types.Settings, reason peerExpirationReason) (*nbpeer.Peer, error) {
+	var expired *nbpeer.Peer
+	err := am.Store.ExecuteInTransaction(ctx, func(transaction store.Store) error {
+		peer, err := transaction.GetPeerByID(ctx, store.LockingStrengthUpdate, accountID, peerID)
+		if err != nil {
+			if s, ok := status.FromError(err); ok && s.Type() == status.NotFound {
+				return nil
+			}
+			return err
+		}
+		if peer.Status.LoginExpired || !peerExpirationDue(peer, settings, reason) {
+			return nil
+		}
+		peer.MarkLoginExpired(true)
+		if err := transaction.SavePeerStatus(ctx, accountID, peer.ID, *peer.Status); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		expired = peer
+		return nil
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return expired, nil
+}
+
+// peerExpirationDue re-evaluates a time-based expiry against the peer's current state.
+// Administrative reasons expire the peer unconditionally.
+func peerExpirationDue(peer *nbpeer.Peer, settings *types.Settings, reason peerExpirationReason) bool {
+	switch reason {
+	case peerExpirationSessionExpired:
+		expired, _ := peer.LoginExpired(settings.PeerLoginExpiration)
+		return settings.PeerLoginExpirationEnabled && expired
+	case peerExpirationInactivity:
+		expired, _ := peer.SessionExpired(settings.PeerInactivityExpiration)
+		return settings.PeerInactivityExpirationEnabled && expired
+	default:
+		return true
+	}
+}
+
 func (am *DefaultAccountManager) deleteUserFromIDP(ctx context.Context, targetUserID, accountID string) error {
 	if am.userDeleteFromIDPEnabled {
 		log.WithContext(ctx).Debugf("user %s deleted from IdP", targetUserID)