Merge branch 'main' into embedded-vnc

# Conflicts:
#	client/ui/frontend/src/app.tsx
#	client/ui/frontend/src/modules/main/MainConnectionStatusSwitch.tsx
#	client/ui/i18n/locales/uk/common.json
#	go.sum

management/internals/modules/agentnetwork/handlers/handlers_test.go

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import (
 	"runtime"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
+	"time"
 
 	"go.uber.org/mock/gomock"
 	"github.com/gorilla/mux"
@@ -17,6 +18,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/internals/modules/agentnetwork"
 	agentNetworkTypes "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/internals/modules/agentnetwork/types"
+	rpproxy "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/proxy"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/server/account"
 	nbcontext "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/server/context"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/server/permissions"
@@ -29,6 +31,9 @@ import (
 const (
 	testAccountID = "acc-1"
 	testUserID    = "user-bob"
+	// testClusterAddress is the shared proxy cluster the settings tests pin
+	// their gateway to; the fixture seeds a connected private-capable proxy for it.
+	testClusterAddress = "eu.proxy.netbird.io"
 )
 
 // agentNetworkHandlerFixture builds a real agentnetwork.Manager with
@@ -75,6 +80,12 @@ func newAgentNetworkHandlerFixture(t *testing.T) *agentNetworkHandlerFixture {
 	manager := agentnetwork.NewManager(st, perms, accounts, nil)
 	h := &handler{manager: manager}
 
+	// The labeled bootstrap validates its proxy_address against the live
+	// clusters, so seed the shared cluster these tests pin to as a real,
+	// private-capable one — the wire-shape assertions then run through the
+	// validated path rather than the "nothing connected yet" carve-out.
+	seedSharedPrivateCluster(t, st, testClusterAddress)
+
 	router := mux.NewRouter()
 	router.HandleFunc("/agent-network/providers", h.createProvider).Methods("POST")
 	router.HandleFunc("/agent-network/providers/{providerId}", h.getProvider).Methods("GET")
@@ -268,3 +279,21 @@ func TestConsumptionHandler_PopulatedAccountListsRows(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, groupRow.WindowStartUtc, userRow.WindowStartUtc,
 		"rows recorded in the same window must share the aligned window_start_utc")
 }
+
+// seedSharedPrivateCluster registers a connected, NetBird-operated proxy
+// with private capabilities (the `private` capability) so
+// clusterAddr is a cluster any account may pin its agent-network gateway to.
+func seedSharedPrivateCluster(t *testing.T, st store.Store, clusterAddr string) {
+	t.Helper()
+	private := true
+	now := time.Now().UTC()
+	require.NoError(t, st.SaveProxy(context.Background(), &rpproxy.Proxy{
+		ID:             "shared-proxy-" + clusterAddr,
+		SessionID:      "shared-session",
+		ClusterAddress: clusterAddr,
+		LastSeen:       now,
+		ConnectedAt:    &now,
+		Status:         rpproxy.StatusConnected,
+		Capabilities:   rpproxy.Capabilities{Private: &private},
+	}), "seeding the shared proxy cluster must succeed")
+}

management/internals/modules/agentnetwork/manager.go

@@ -1036,6 +1036,18 @@ func (m *managerImpl) bootstrapSelfAddressed(ctx context.Context, settings *type
 	if err != nil {
 		return status.Errorf(status.InvalidArgument, "invalid endpoint: %s", err)
 	}
+	if err := m.requireHostNotForeign(ctx, settings.AccountID, hostname); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	// Another account's labeled pin beneath this hostname makes it their
+	// cluster: a proxy serving them there would never serve this endpoint.
+	// The domain unique index already arbitrates two endpoints on one name.
+	if err := m.requireNotClaimedByOtherAccount(ctx, settings.AccountID, hostname, m.store.HasGatewayClusterPinnedByOtherAccount); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if err := m.validateGatewayCluster(ctx, settings.AccountID, hostname); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
 
 	settings.Domain = hostname
 	settings.ProxyAddress = hostname
@@ -1054,6 +1066,99 @@ func (m *managerImpl) bootstrapSelfAddressed(ctx context.Context, settings *type
 	return nil
 }
 
+// validateGatewayCluster rejects a bootstrap pinned to a cluster that cannot
+// serve the account's gateway — a labeled endpoint beneath the cluster and a
+// self-addressed one on the very address a proxy declares alike, since the
+// service behind either is the same private one.
+//
+// The synthesised gateway service is unconditionally private
+// (buildAccountService): agents reach it over the WireGuard tunnel and are
+// authorised by ValidateTunnelPeer against the policies' source groups, and
+// its single target is the cluster itself with DirectUpstream. Only a cluster
+// with private capabilities can serve that. Management reports it per cluster
+// as the `private` capability, the same flag the dashboard renders as
+// supports_private when it gates NetBird-only services.
+//
+// Without this check the bootstrap happily pins to any cluster the caller
+// names, including one without private capabilities — and the endpoint it
+// allocates is immutable, so the account is left with a dead gateway that only
+// a DeleteSettings/re-bootstrap can undo.
+//
+// Whether management knows the cluster is decided on the proxy rows
+// themselves, never on how fresh their heartbeats are: a cluster's rows
+// outlive its proxies' liveness (only the stale-proxy reaper removes them), so
+// a cluster that exists stays judged as one. Judging on liveness instead would
+// make the same centralised cluster pass or fail depending on whether its
+// proxies happened to have heartbeated in the last couple of minutes.
+//
+// The single opening left is a cluster management holds no proxy row for at
+// all: pinning ahead of a proxy's first connection is a legitimate order — the
+// dedicated path claims an address the same way, before any proxy declares it.
+func (m *managerImpl) validateGatewayCluster(ctx context.Context, accountID, clusterAddr string) error {
+	declared, err := m.accountClusterSpellings(ctx, accountID, clusterAddr)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if len(declared) == 0 {
+		// No proxy has ever declared this address: an address-first pin.
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// A cluster management knows has to prove it can serve the gateway, and
+	// only a live proxy reporting the capability proves that. Both an explicit false and an
+	// unreported capability (nothing live in the cluster, or proxies predating
+	// capability reporting) fail here: unusable and unproven are the same
+	// answer for a decision that cannot be revisited later.
+	//
+	// The capability is read per declared spelling and taken as any-true, the
+	// same way it aggregates over a cluster's proxies: the store matches
+	// cluster_address exactly, so a host two proxies spelled differently must
+	// not come back unproven just because it was asked about under one of them.
+	for _, address := range declared {
+		if private := m.store.GetClusterSupportsPrivate(ctx, address); private != nil && *private {
+			return nil
+		}
+	}
+
+	return status.Errorf(status.InvalidArgument,
+		"proxy cluster %s has no private capabilities: the agent network gateway requires a reverse proxy cluster "+
+			"with private capabilities", clusterAddr)
+}
+
+// accountClusterSpellings returns every proxy cluster address in the account's
+// view — its own (BYOP) clusters plus the shared ones — that names the same
+// host as clusterAddr. Empty means management holds no proxy row for that host
+// in this account's view.
+//
+// A proxy declares its cluster address as the operator spelled it, so identity
+// is compared on the normalised form rather than byte-equal — an in-memory pass
+// over the account's clusters, not a query. What comes back is the stored
+// spelling, because the capability lookup matches cluster_address exactly and
+// would silently find nothing under a spelling the store never held. The
+// cluster listing is not gated on heartbeats, so this answer does not change
+// while a cluster's proxies are merely offline.
+func (m *managerImpl) accountClusterSpellings(ctx context.Context, accountID, clusterAddr string) ([]string, error) {
+	clusters, err := m.store.GetProxyClusters(ctx, accountID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("list proxy clusters: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	var spellings []string
+	for _, cluster := range clusters {
+		normalized, err := types.NormalizeHostname(cluster.Address)
+		if err != nil {
+			// An address declared in a shape we cannot normalise is not one an
+			// endpoint can be allocated beneath.
+			log.WithContext(ctx).Debugf("skipping unusable proxy cluster address %q: %s", cluster.Address, err)
+			continue
+		}
+		if normalized == clusterAddr {
+			spellings = append(spellings, cluster.Address)
+		}
+	}
+	return spellings, nil
+}
+
 // bootstrapLabeled allocates a labeled endpoint one label beneath the given
 // cluster address: Domain = <label>.<proxyAddress>, served by whichever proxy
 // declares the parent. Labels are adjective-noun tuples; a candidate is
@@ -1065,6 +1170,20 @@ func (m *managerImpl) bootstrapLabeled(ctx context.Context, settings *types.Sett
 	if err != nil {
 		return status.Errorf(status.InvalidArgument, "invalid proxy_address: %s", err)
 	}
+	if err := m.requireHostNotForeign(ctx, settings.AccountID, parent); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	// Another account's endpoint at this exact hostname means the proxy that
+	// declares it is theirs, so nothing would serve a label beneath it. Other
+	// accounts' labeled pins under the same cluster are not asked about: a
+	// shared cluster carries many of them by design.
+	if err := m.requireNotClaimedByOtherAccount(ctx, settings.AccountID, parent, m.store.HasGatewayEndpointByOtherAccount); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if err := m.validateGatewayCluster(ctx, settings.AccountID, parent); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
 
 	for attempt := 1; attempt <= maxDomainAllocationAttempts; attempt++ {
 		label := labelgen.PickTuple()
@@ -1111,6 +1230,41 @@ func (m *managerImpl) bootstrapLabeled(ctx context.Context, settings *types.Sett
 	return fmt.Errorf("allocate agent network endpoint for account %s: %d attempts exhausted", settings.AccountID, maxDomainAllocationAttempts)
 }
 
+// requireHostNotForeign refuses to pin the account's gateway onto a host that
+// another account's proxy declares. The pin's proxy_address is what selects
+// the proxy that serves the endpoint, and an account-scoped proxy only ever
+// receives its own account's mappings, so such a pin could never be served —
+// and the endpoint it assigns is immutable. Shared proxies are not foreign, and
+// a host no proxy has declared stays pinnable: claiming the address before the
+// proxy's first connection is the documented order.
+func (m *managerImpl) requireHostNotForeign(ctx context.Context, accountID, host string) error {
+	foreign, err := m.store.HasForeignAccountProxyAtHost(ctx, host, accountID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("check proxy host ownership: %w", err)
+	}
+	if foreign {
+		return errHostNotAvailable(host)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// requireNotClaimedByOtherAccount refuses the pin when another account's
+// gateway settings already claim the host in the shape claimed answers for.
+func (m *managerImpl) requireNotClaimedByOtherAccount(ctx context.Context, accountID, host string, claimed func(context.Context, string, string) (bool, error)) error {
+	taken, err := claimed(ctx, host, accountID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("check agent network gateway claims at host: %w", err)
+	}
+	if taken {
+		return errHostNotAvailable(host)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func errHostNotAvailable(host string) error {
+	return status.Errorf(status.InvalidArgument, "proxy cluster %s is not available to this account", host)
+}
+
 // isUniqueConstraintError reports whether err is a database unique-constraint
 // violation, matched on the driver message because CreateAgentNetworkSettings
 // deliberately returns the driver error unwrapped.

management/internals/modules/agentnetwork/settings_bootstrap_test.go

@@ -5,12 +5,14 @@ import (
 	"runtime"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
+	"time"
 
-	"go.uber.org/mock/gomock"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"go.uber.org/mock/gomock"
 
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/internals/modules/agentnetwork/types"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/proxy"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/server/account"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/server/permissions"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/server/permissions/modules"
@@ -70,6 +72,57 @@ func (f *bootstrapFixture) createSettings(ctx context.Context, accountID, userID
 	return f.manager.CreateSettings(ctx, userID, types.DefaultSettings(accountID), proxyAddress, endpoint)
 }
 
+func ptrTo[T any](v T) *T { return &v }
+
+// seedProxy registers a proxy in clusterAddr, heartbeating now, so the labeled
+// bootstrap path has a real cluster to validate against. accountID empty makes
+// it a shared (NetBird-operated) cluster; private mirrors the capability an
+// proxy with private capabilities reports, nil an unreported one.
+func (f *bootstrapFixture) seedProxy(t *testing.T, proxyID, accountID, clusterAddr string, private *bool) {
+	t.Helper()
+	f.seedProxyAt(t, proxyID, accountID, clusterAddr, private, time.Now().UTC())
+}
+
+// seedProxyAt is seedProxy with an explicit last-seen, for cases that need a
+// proxy whose heartbeat has aged past the active window while its row (and so
+// its cluster) is still on record.
+func (f *bootstrapFixture) seedProxyAt(t *testing.T, proxyID, accountID, clusterAddr string, private *bool, lastSeen time.Time) {
+	t.Helper()
+	p := &proxy.Proxy{
+		ID:             proxyID,
+		ClusterAddress: clusterAddr,
+		Status:         proxy.StatusConnected,
+		LastSeen:       lastSeen,
+		Capabilities:   proxy.Capabilities{Private: private},
+	}
+	if accountID != "" {
+		p.AccountID = &accountID
+	}
+	require.NoError(t, f.store.SaveProxy(context.Background(), p), "seeding a proxy must succeed")
+}
+
+// seedPrivateCluster is the common case: a shared cluster with a connected
+// proxy that has private capabilities, which is what a bootstrap requires.
+func (f *bootstrapFixture) seedPrivateCluster(t *testing.T, clusterAddr string) {
+	t.Helper()
+	f.seedProxy(t, "proxy-"+clusterAddr, "", clusterAddr, ptrTo(true))
+}
+
+// requireForeignClusterRefusal asserts the refusal a pin onto another
+// account's host gets, and that it left no row behind.
+func (f *bootstrapFixture) requireForeignClusterRefusal(t *testing.T, err error, accountID string) {
+	t.Helper()
+	require.Error(t, err, "another account's host must be refused")
+	var sErr *status.Error
+	require.ErrorAs(t, err, &sErr)
+	assert.Equal(t, status.InvalidArgument, sErr.Type(), "rejection must be a validation error")
+	assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "not available to this account",
+		"the error must say the host is not the account's to use")
+
+	_, err = f.store.GetAgentNetworkSettings(context.Background(), store.LockingStrengthNone, accountID)
+	assert.Error(t, err, "no row may be left behind by a rejected bootstrap")
+}
+
 // TestCreateSettingsRequiresPermission pins the gate: bootstrap assigns the
 // account's immutable endpoint, a settings write requiring the settings
 // Create permission — and a denial leaves no row behind.
@@ -94,6 +147,7 @@ func TestCreateSettingsRequiresPermission(t *testing.T) {
 func TestCreateSettingsLabeled(t *testing.T) {
 	ctx := context.Background()
 	f := newBootstrapFixture(t)
+	f.seedPrivateCluster(t, "cluster1.example.com")
 	f.expectPermission("account1", "user1", modules.AgentNetworkSettings, operations.Create, true)
 
 	created, err := f.createSettings(ctx, "account1", "user1", "Cluster1.Example.com", "")
@@ -167,6 +221,7 @@ func TestCreateSettingsIdentityFieldValidation(t *testing.T) {
 func TestCreateSettingsConflictsOnSecondBootstrap(t *testing.T) {
 	ctx := context.Background()
 	f := newBootstrapFixture(t)
+	f.seedPrivateCluster(t, "cluster1.example.com")
 	f.expectPermission("account1", "user1", modules.AgentNetworkSettings, operations.Create, true)
 
 	first, err := f.createSettings(ctx, "account1", "user1", "cluster1.example.com", "")
@@ -230,3 +285,279 @@ func TestCreateProviderHasNoSettingsSideEffects(t *testing.T) {
 	_, err = f.store.GetAgentNetworkSettings(ctx, store.LockingStrengthNone, "account1")
 	assert.Error(t, err, "provider create must not conjure a settings row")
 }
+
+// TestCreateSettingsRejectsOfflineCluster is the guard against deciding on
+// heartbeat freshness. A centralised cluster is refused while its proxies are
+// live; the same cluster must stay refused once they stop heartbeating, which
+// takes only a couple of minutes (proxyActiveThreshold). Judging on liveness
+// would turn "wait for the proxy to go quiet" into a way to pin the account's
+// immutable endpoint to a cluster that can never serve it.
+func TestCreateSettingsRejectsOfflineCluster(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	notPrivate := false
+
+	cases := map[string]*bool{
+		"centralised proxy gone quiet": &notPrivate,
+		// A cluster that could serve the gateway still has to have something
+		// live in it to prove so at bootstrap: refusing is the safe direction
+		// (reconnect the proxy and retry) where accepting is permanent.
+		"private proxy gone quiet": ptrTo(true),
+	}
+	for name, private := range cases {
+		t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			f := newBootstrapFixture(t)
+			f.seedProxyAt(t, "proxy1", "", "offline.example.com", private,
+				time.Now().UTC().Add(-time.Hour))
+			f.expectPermission("account1", "user1", modules.AgentNetworkSettings, operations.Create, true)
+
+			_, err := f.createSettings(ctx, "account1", "user1", "offline.example.com", "")
+			require.Error(t, err, "a known cluster with nothing live in it must be rejected")
+			var sErr *status.Error
+			require.ErrorAs(t, err, &sErr)
+			assert.Equal(t, status.InvalidArgument, sErr.Type(), "rejection must be a validation error")
+			assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "private capabilities",
+				"the error must say private capabilities are what is missing")
+
+			_, err = f.store.GetAgentNetworkSettings(ctx, store.LockingStrengthNone, "account1")
+			assert.Error(t, err, "no row may be left behind by a rejected bootstrap")
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// TestCreateSettingsRequiresPrivateCluster pins the capability gate: the
+// synthesised gateway service is always private, so a live cluster whose
+// proxies lack private capabilities cannot serve it and must not
+// become the account's immutable endpoint.
+func TestCreateSettingsRequiresPrivateCluster(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	f := newBootstrapFixture(t)
+	notPrivate := false
+	f.seedProxy(t, "proxy1", "", "central.example.com", &notPrivate)
+	f.expectPermission("account1", "user1", modules.AgentNetworkSettings, operations.Create, true)
+
+	_, err := f.createSettings(ctx, "account1", "user1", "central.example.com", "")
+	require.Error(t, err, "a cluster without private capabilities must be rejected")
+	var sErr *status.Error
+	require.ErrorAs(t, err, &sErr)
+	assert.Equal(t, status.InvalidArgument, sErr.Type(), "rejection must be a validation error")
+	assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "private capabilities", "the error must name what the cluster is missing")
+
+	_, err = f.store.GetAgentNetworkSettings(ctx, store.LockingStrengthNone, "account1")
+	assert.Error(t, err, "no row may be left behind by a rejected bootstrap")
+}
+
+// TestCreateSettingsAcceptsOwnPrivateCluster pins the BYOP happy path: the
+// account's own cluster with a connected private-capable proxy is a valid pin.
+func TestCreateSettingsAcceptsOwnPrivateCluster(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	f := newBootstrapFixture(t)
+	f.seedProxy(t, "proxy1", "account1", "byop.account1.example.com", ptrTo(true))
+	f.expectPermission("account1", "user1", modules.AgentNetworkSettings, operations.Create, true)
+
+	created, err := f.createSettings(ctx, "account1", "user1", "byop.account1.example.com", "")
+	require.NoError(t, err, "the account's own private cluster must be accepted")
+	assert.Equal(t, "byop.account1.example.com", created.ProxyAddress)
+}
+
+// TestCreateSettingsMatchesClusterCasing pins that a cluster spelled with
+// capitals in the store is still recognised as the same cluster the normalised
+// proxy_address names, in both directions: a private cluster is accepted and a
+// centralised one is refused, whatever the casing. The comparison is in memory
+// over the account's cluster list; the capability lookup is still asked under
+// the spelling the store actually holds, which is what an exact match needs.
+func TestCreateSettingsMatchesClusterCasing(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+
+	t.Run("own private cluster is found", func(t *testing.T) {
+		f := newBootstrapFixture(t)
+		f.seedProxy(t, "proxy1", "", "EU.Proxy.Example.com", ptrTo(true))
+		f.expectPermission("account1", "user1", modules.AgentNetworkSettings, operations.Create, true)
+
+		created, err := f.createSettings(ctx, "account1", "user1", "eu.proxy.example.com", "")
+		require.NoError(t, err, "a private cluster declared with capitals must still be accepted")
+		assert.Equal(t, "eu.proxy.example.com", created.ProxyAddress)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("non-private cluster is still refused", func(t *testing.T) {
+		f := newBootstrapFixture(t)
+		f.seedProxy(t, "proxy1", "", "Central.Example.com", ptrTo(false))
+		f.expectPermission("account1", "user1", modules.AgentNetworkSettings, operations.Create, true)
+
+		_, err := f.createSettings(ctx, "account1", "user1", "central.example.com", "")
+		require.Error(t, err, "casing must not become a way past the capability check")
+		assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "private capabilities")
+	})
+}
+
+// TestCreateSettingsRejectsForeignCluster pins tenant consistency on the pin:
+// an account may not pin its gateway onto a host another account's proxy
+// declares. That proxy only ever receives its own account's mappings, so the
+// pin could never be served, and the endpoint it assigns is immutable.
+// Ownership is decided on the proxy rows, not on heartbeat freshness — a
+// cluster whose proxies are merely offline is still somebody's — and on the
+// normalised host, since proxies declare their address as the operator
+// spelled it.
+func TestCreateSettingsRejectsForeignCluster(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+
+	cases := map[string]struct {
+		spelling string
+		lastSeen time.Time
+	}{
+		"live":            {"byop.account2.example.com", time.Now().UTC()},
+		"offline":         {"byop.account2.example.com", time.Now().UTC().Add(-time.Hour)},
+		"spelled in caps": {"BYOP.Account2.Example.com", time.Now().UTC()},
+	}
+	for name, tc := range cases {
+		t.Run("labeled "+name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			f := newBootstrapFixture(t)
+			f.seedProxyAt(t, "proxy1", "account2", tc.spelling, ptrTo(true), tc.lastSeen)
+			f.expectPermission("account1", "user1", modules.AgentNetworkSettings, operations.Create, true)
+
+			_, err := f.createSettings(ctx, "account1", "user1", "byop.account2.example.com", "")
+			f.requireForeignClusterRefusal(t, err, "account1")
+		})
+		t.Run("self-addressed "+name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			f := newBootstrapFixture(t)
+			f.seedProxyAt(t, "proxy1", "account2", tc.spelling, ptrTo(true), tc.lastSeen)
+			f.expectPermission("account1", "user1", modules.AgentNetworkSettings, operations.Create, true)
+
+			_, err := f.createSettings(ctx, "account1", "user1", "", "byop.account2.example.com")
+			f.requireForeignClusterRefusal(t, err, "account1")
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// TestCreateSettingsSharedClusterStaysPinnable pins the constraint the
+// ownership check must respect: a shared (NetBird-operated) cluster is not
+// anybody's, so any number of accounts pin their gateways to it — including
+// an account that also runs a proxy of its own elsewhere.
+func TestCreateSettingsSharedClusterStaysPinnable(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	f := newBootstrapFixture(t)
+	f.seedProxy(t, "shared", "", "eu.proxy.netbird.io", ptrTo(true))
+	f.seedProxy(t, "own", "account1", "byop.account1.example.com", ptrTo(true))
+
+	for _, account := range []string{"account1", "account2"} {
+		f.expectPermission(account, "user", modules.AgentNetworkSettings, operations.Create, true)
+		created, err := f.createSettings(ctx, account, "user", "eu.proxy.netbird.io", "")
+		require.NoError(t, err, "a shared cluster must stay pinnable by %s", account)
+		assert.Equal(t, "eu.proxy.netbird.io", created.ProxyAddress)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestCreateSettingsOwnClusterIsPinnable is the BYOP order in both directions:
+// the account's own proxy is not a competing claim, whether the pin is labeled
+// beneath its cluster or self-addressed onto the very host it declares.
+func TestCreateSettingsOwnClusterIsPinnable(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+
+	t.Run("labeled", func(t *testing.T) {
+		f := newBootstrapFixture(t)
+		f.seedProxy(t, "own", "account1", "byop.account1.example.com", ptrTo(true))
+		f.expectPermission("account1", "user1", modules.AgentNetworkSettings, operations.Create, true)
+
+		created, err := f.createSettings(ctx, "account1", "user1", "byop.account1.example.com", "")
+		require.NoError(t, err, "the account's own cluster must be pinnable")
+		assert.True(t, strings.HasSuffix(created.Domain, ".byop.account1.example.com"))
+	})
+	t.Run("self-addressed", func(t *testing.T) {
+		f := newBootstrapFixture(t)
+		f.seedProxy(t, "own", "account1", "gw.account1.example.com", ptrTo(true))
+		f.expectPermission("account1", "user1", modules.AgentNetworkSettings, operations.Create, true)
+
+		created, err := f.createSettings(ctx, "account1", "user1", "", "gw.account1.example.com")
+		require.NoError(t, err, "the host the account's own proxy declares must be pinnable")
+		assert.Equal(t, "gw.account1.example.com", created.ProxyAddress)
+	})
+}
+
+// TestCreateSettingsUnknownHostIsPinnable pins the address-first order: a host
+// no proxy has ever declared is nobody's, so the pin goes through and the
+// proxy is deployed after.
+func TestCreateSettingsUnknownHostIsPinnable(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	f := newBootstrapFixture(t)
+	f.expectPermission("account1", "user1", modules.AgentNetworkSettings, operations.Create, true)
+
+	created, err := f.createSettings(ctx, "account1", "user1", "future.example.com", "")
+	require.NoError(t, err, "a host no proxy has declared must stay pinnable")
+	assert.Equal(t, "future.example.com", created.ProxyAddress)
+}
+
+// TestCreateSettingsRejectsHostAnotherAccountPinned covers claims made by pins
+// rather than proxies, which the proxy-row check cannot see. A labeled pin
+// beneath a host makes that host the other account's cluster, so a
+// self-addressed endpoint on it would never be served; a self-addressed
+// endpoint on a host makes the proxy declaring it theirs, so a label beneath
+// it would never be served either. Neither is a shared-cluster shape: many
+// labeled pins under one cluster are asked about in neither direction.
+func TestCreateSettingsRejectsHostAnotherAccountPinned(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+
+	t.Run("self-addressed onto another account's cluster", func(t *testing.T) {
+		f := newBootstrapFixture(t)
+		f.expectPermission("account2", "user2", modules.AgentNetworkSettings, operations.Create, true)
+		_, err := f.createSettings(ctx, "account2", "user2", "gw.example.com", "")
+		require.NoError(t, err, "account2's labeled pin beneath the host must go through first")
+
+		f.expectPermission("account1", "user1", modules.AgentNetworkSettings, operations.Create, true)
+		_, err = f.createSettings(ctx, "account1", "user1", "", "gw.example.com")
+		f.requireForeignClusterRefusal(t, err, "account1")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("labeled beneath another account's endpoint", func(t *testing.T) {
+		f := newBootstrapFixture(t)
+		f.expectPermission("account2", "user2", modules.AgentNetworkSettings, operations.Create, true)
+		_, err := f.createSettings(ctx, "account2", "user2", "", "gw.example.com")
+		require.NoError(t, err, "account2's self-addressed endpoint must go through first")
+
+		f.expectPermission("account1", "user1", modules.AgentNetworkSettings, operations.Create, true)
+		_, err = f.createSettings(ctx, "account1", "user1", "gw.example.com", "")
+		f.requireForeignClusterRefusal(t, err, "account1")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("labeled beside another account's labeled pin stays allowed", func(t *testing.T) {
+		f := newBootstrapFixture(t)
+		for _, account := range []string{"account1", "account2"} {
+			f.expectPermission(account, "user", modules.AgentNetworkSettings, operations.Create, true)
+			_, err := f.createSettings(ctx, account, "user", "eu.proxy.netbird.io", "")
+			require.NoError(t, err, "labeled pins under one cluster are the shared-cluster shape and must not refuse each other")
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+// TestCreateSettingsSelfAddressedRequiresPrivateCluster pins that the
+// capability gate applies to a self-addressed endpoint too: the service behind
+// it is the same private one, so a proxy that already declares the hostname
+// must have private capabilities, whether the account's own or a shared cluster's. A
+// hostname no proxy declares yet stays claimable (TestCreateSettingsSelfAddressed).
+func TestCreateSettingsSelfAddressedRequiresPrivateCluster(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+
+	t.Run("centralised proxy at the hostname is refused", func(t *testing.T) {
+		f := newBootstrapFixture(t)
+		f.seedProxy(t, "central", "", "gw.example.com", ptrTo(false))
+		f.expectPermission("account1", "user1", modules.AgentNetworkSettings, operations.Create, true)
+
+		_, err := f.createSettings(ctx, "account1", "user1", "", "gw.example.com")
+		require.Error(t, err, "a self-addressed endpoint on a centralised proxy can never be served")
+		var sErr *status.Error
+		require.ErrorAs(t, err, &sErr)
+		assert.Equal(t, status.InvalidArgument, sErr.Type())
+		assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "private capabilities")
+
+		_, err = f.store.GetAgentNetworkSettings(ctx, store.LockingStrengthNone, "account1")
+		assert.Error(t, err, "no row may be left behind by a rejected bootstrap")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("private proxy at the hostname is accepted", func(t *testing.T) {
+		f := newBootstrapFixture(t)
+		f.seedProxy(t, "private", "", "gw.example.com", ptrTo(true))
+		f.expectPermission("account1", "user1", modules.AgentNetworkSettings, operations.Create, true)
+
+		created, err := f.createSettings(ctx, "account1", "user1", "", "gw.example.com")
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, "gw.example.com", created.ProxyAddress)
+	})
+}

management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/domain/domain.go

@@ -1,5 +1,13 @@
 package domain
 
+import "time"
+
+// ValidationTTL is the time available to validate a custom domain registration.
+const ValidationTTL = 48 * time.Hour
+
+// ID identifies a custom domain registration.
+type ID string
+
 type Type string
 
 const (
@@ -8,12 +16,13 @@ const (
 )
 
 type Domain struct {
-	ID            string `gorm:"unique;primaryKey;autoIncrement"`
-	Domain        string `gorm:"unique"` // Domain records must be unique, this avoids domain reuse across accounts.
-	AccountID     string `gorm:"index"`
-	TargetCluster string // The proxy cluster this domain should be validated against
-	Type          Type   `gorm:"-"`
-	Validated     bool
+	ID                  string `gorm:"unique;primaryKey;autoIncrement"`
+	Domain              string `gorm:"unique"` // Domain records must be unique, this avoids domain reuse across accounts.
+	AccountID           string `gorm:"index"`
+	TargetCluster       string // The proxy cluster this domain should be validated against
+	Type                Type   `gorm:"-"`
+	Validated           bool
+	ValidationExpiresAt *time.Time `gorm:"index"`
 	// SupportsCustomPorts is populated at query time for free domains from the
 	// proxy cluster capabilities. Not persisted.
 	SupportsCustomPorts *bool `gorm:"-"`
@@ -36,7 +45,12 @@ func (d *Domain) EventMeta() map[string]any {
 	}
 }
 
+// Copy returns a copy with an independent validation deadline.
 func (d *Domain) Copy() *Domain {
 	dCopy := *d
+	if d.ValidationExpiresAt != nil {
+		expiresAt := *d.ValidationExpiresAt
+		dCopy.ValidationExpiresAt = &expiresAt
+	}
 	return &dCopy
 }

management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/domain/manager/domain_test.go

@@ -66,8 +66,8 @@ func TestExtractClusterFromFreeDomain(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestExtractClusterFromCustomDomains(t *testing.T) {
 	customDomains := []*domain.Domain{
-		{Domain: "example.com", TargetCluster: "eu1.proxy.netbird.io"},
-		{Domain: "proxy.corp.io", TargetCluster: "us1.proxy.netbird.io"},
+		{Domain: "example.com", TargetCluster: "eu1.proxy.netbird.io", Validated: true},
+		{Domain: "proxy.corp.io", TargetCluster: "us1.proxy.netbird.io", Validated: true},
 	}
 
 	tests := []struct {
@@ -120,19 +120,49 @@ func TestExtractClusterFromCustomDomains(t *testing.T) {
 
 	for _, tc := range tests {
 		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			cluster, ok := extractClusterFromCustomDomains(tc.domain, customDomains)
-			assert.Equal(t, tc.wantOK, ok)
-			if ok {
-				assert.Equal(t, tc.wantVal, cluster)
+			cluster, match := extractClusterFromCustomDomains(tc.domain, customDomains)
+			if !tc.wantOK {
+				assert.Equal(t, customDomainNoMatch, match, "unrelated domain should not match any custom domain")
+				return
 			}
+			assert.Equal(t, customDomainValidated, match, "validated custom domain should resolve a cluster")
+			assert.Equal(t, tc.wantVal, cluster)
 		})
 	}
 }
 
+// An unvalidated row must never yield a cluster: the account has not shown it
+// controls the name, so no service may be bound to it.
+func TestExtractClusterFromCustomDomains_UnvalidatedDomainRefused(t *testing.T) {
+	customDomains := []*domain.Domain{
+		{Domain: "example.com", TargetCluster: "eu1.proxy.netbird.io", Validated: false},
+	}
+
+	for _, serviceDomain := range []string{"example.com", "app.example.com"} {
+		t.Run(serviceDomain, func(t *testing.T) {
+			cluster, match := extractClusterFromCustomDomains(serviceDomain, customDomains)
+			assert.Equal(t, customDomainUnvalidated, match, "unvalidated row must be reported as such")
+			assert.Empty(t, cluster, "unvalidated row must not resolve a cluster")
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// A more specific unvalidated row must not shadow a validated parent domain.
+func TestExtractClusterFromCustomDomains_ValidatedParentWinsOverUnvalidatedChild(t *testing.T) {
+	customDomains := []*domain.Domain{
+		{Domain: "example.com", TargetCluster: "cluster-generic", Validated: true},
+		{Domain: "app.example.com", TargetCluster: "cluster-app", Validated: false},
+	}
+
+	cluster, match := extractClusterFromCustomDomains("app.example.com", customDomains)
+	assert.Equal(t, customDomainValidated, match)
+	assert.Equal(t, "cluster-generic", cluster, "validated parent domain should provide the cluster")
+}
+
 func TestExtractClusterFromCustomDomains_OverlappingDomains(t *testing.T) {
 	customDomains := []*domain.Domain{
-		{Domain: "example.com", TargetCluster: "cluster-generic"},
-		{Domain: "app.example.com", TargetCluster: "cluster-app"},
+		{Domain: "example.com", TargetCluster: "cluster-generic", Validated: true},
+		{Domain: "app.example.com", TargetCluster: "cluster-app", Validated: true},
 	}
 
 	tests := []struct {
@@ -164,8 +194,8 @@ func TestExtractClusterFromCustomDomains_OverlappingDomains(t *testing.T) {
 
 	for _, tc := range tests {
 		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			cluster, ok := extractClusterFromCustomDomains(tc.domain, customDomains)
-			assert.True(t, ok)
+			cluster, match := extractClusterFromCustomDomains(tc.domain, customDomains)
+			assert.Equal(t, customDomainValidated, match)
 			assert.Equal(t, tc.wantVal, cluster)
 		})
 	}

management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/domain/manager/expiration.go

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+package manager
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"time"
+
+	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
+
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/domain"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/server/activity"
+)
+
+const (
+	validationCleanupInterval = 60 * time.Minute
+	validationCleanupBatch    = 100
+)
+
+// RunValidationCleanup removes expired registrations on startup and hourly until cancellation.
+func (m Manager) RunValidationCleanup(ctx context.Context) {
+	ticker := time.NewTicker(validationCleanupInterval)
+	defer ticker.Stop()
+	for {
+		m.cleanupExpiredDomains(ctx, time.Now().UTC())
+		select {
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			return
+		case <-ticker.C:
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (m Manager) cleanupExpiredDomains(ctx context.Context, now time.Time) {
+	var afterID domain.ID
+	for ctx.Err() == nil {
+		domains, err := m.store.GetExpiredCustomDomains(ctx, now, afterID, validationCleanupBatch)
+		if err != nil {
+			if ctx.Err() == nil {
+				log.WithContext(ctx).WithError(err).Error("list expired custom domain registrations")
+			}
+			return
+		}
+		for _, d := range domains {
+			if ctx.Err() != nil {
+				return
+			}
+			m.deleteExpiredDomain(ctx, d, now)
+			afterID = domain.ID(d.ID)
+		}
+		if len(domains) < validationCleanupBatch {
+			return
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (m Manager) deleteExpiredDomain(ctx context.Context, d *domain.Domain, now time.Time) {
+	deleted, err := m.store.DeleteExpiredCustomDomain(ctx, d, now)
+	if err != nil {
+		if ctx.Err() == nil {
+			log.WithContext(ctx).WithFields(log.Fields{"accountID": d.AccountID, "domainID": d.ID}).
+				WithError(err).Warn("could not expire custom domain registration")
+		}
+		return
+	}
+	if !deleted {
+		return
+	}
+	meta := d.EventMeta()
+	if d.ValidationExpiresAt != nil {
+		meta["validation_expires_at"] = d.ValidationExpiresAt.UTC().Format(time.RFC3339)
+	}
+	m.accountManager.StoreEvent(ctx, activity.SystemInitiator, d.ID, d.AccountID,
+		activity.CustomDomainValidationExpired, meta)
+}

management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/domain/manager/expiration_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,274 @@
+package manager
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"sync"
+	"testing"
+	"testing/synctest"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/domain"
+	rpservice "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/service"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/server/activity"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/server/mock_server"
+	nbstore "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/server/store"
+)
+
+func TestValidateDomain_ExpiredRegistration(t *testing.T) {
+	env := setupDomainTest(t)
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	d, err := env.manager.CreateDomain(ctx, accountA, accountAUser, "expired.example.com", testCluster)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	expiresAt := time.Now().Add(-time.Second)
+	db := env.store.(*nbstore.SqlStore).GetDB()
+	require.NoError(t, db.Model(&domain.Domain{}).Where("id = ?", d.ID).
+		Update("validation_expires_at", expiresAt).Error)
+	env.resolver.set("validation.expired.example.com", testCluster)
+
+	env.manager.ValidateDomain(ctx, accountA, accountAUser, d.ID)
+
+	stored := storedDomain(t, env.store, accountA, d.Domain)
+	require.NotNil(t, stored)
+	assert.False(t, stored.Validated, "an expired registration must not become usable before cleanup runs")
+}
+
+func TestCreateDomain_ValidationDeadline(t *testing.T) {
+	env := setupClockDomainTest(t)
+	synctest.Test(t, func(t *testing.T) {
+		ctx := context.Background()
+		createdAt := time.Now().UTC()
+		d, err := env.manager.CreateDomain(ctx, accountA, accountAUser, "pending.example.com", testCluster)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.NotNil(t, d.ValidationExpiresAt)
+		assert.Equal(t, createdAt.Add(48*time.Hour), *d.ValidationExpiresAt, "new registrations get 48 hours")
+
+		time.Sleep(time.Hour)
+		env.manager.ValidateDomain(ctx, accountA, accountAUser, d.ID)
+		stored := storedDomain(t, env.store, accountA, d.Domain)
+		require.NotNil(t, stored)
+		require.NotNil(t, stored.ValidationExpiresAt)
+		assert.WithinDuration(t, *d.ValidationExpiresAt, *stored.ValidationExpiresAt, 0, "failed validation must not extend the deadline")
+	})
+}
+
+func TestCleanupExpiredDomains_Boundaries(t *testing.T) {
+	env := setupDomainTest(t)
+	events := captureDomainEvents(env)
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	now := time.Now().UTC().Truncate(time.Second)
+	tests := []struct {
+		name      string
+		expiresAt time.Time
+		validated bool
+		deleted   bool
+	}{
+		{"expired", now.Add(-time.Second), false, true},
+		{"deadline", now, false, true},
+		{"pending", now.Add(time.Second), false, false},
+		{"validated", now.Add(-time.Hour), true, false},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			d := createExpiringDomain(t, env, tt.name+".example.com", tt.expiresAt)
+			if tt.validated {
+				require.NoError(t, env.store.(*nbstore.SqlStore).GetDB().Model(d).Update("validated", true).Error)
+			}
+			env.manager.cleanupExpiredDomains(ctx, now)
+			stored := storedDomain(t, env.store, accountA, d.Domain)
+			if !tt.deleted {
+				assert.NotNil(t, stored, "pending and validated registrations must survive cleanup")
+				return
+			}
+			assert.Nil(t, stored, "expired unused registrations must be removed")
+			replacement, err := env.manager.CreateDomain(ctx, accountB, accountBUser, d.Domain, testCluster)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			assert.NotEqual(t, d.ID, replacement.ID, "the released name must receive a fresh registration")
+			assert.False(t, replacement.Validated, "the new account must validate its own registration")
+		})
+	}
+	got := events.get()
+	require.Len(t, got, 2, "only successful expiration deletions emit events")
+	for _, event := range got {
+		assert.Equal(t, activity.CustomDomainValidationExpired, event.Activity, "use the requested expiration event")
+		assert.Equal(t, activity.SystemInitiator, event.InitiatorID, "cleanup is attributed to the system")
+		assert.Equal(t, accountA, event.AccountID, "expiration belongs to the original account")
+		assert.NotEmpty(t, event.TargetID, "retain the deleted domain ID")
+		assert.NotEmpty(t, event.Meta["domain"], "retain the deleted domain name")
+		assert.NotEmpty(t, event.Meta["validation_expires_at"], "include the validation deadline")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCleanupExpiredDomains_ContinuesPastProtectedBatch(t *testing.T) {
+	env := setupDomainTest(t)
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	now := time.Now().UTC()
+	for i := range validationCleanupBatch {
+		d := createExpiringDomain(t, env, fmt.Sprintf("protected-%d.example.com", i), now.Add(-time.Hour))
+		require.NoError(t, env.store.CreateService(ctx, &rpservice.Service{
+			ID: fmt.Sprintf("service-%d", i), AccountID: accountA, Domain: "app." + d.Domain,
+		}))
+	}
+	unprotected := createExpiringDomain(t, env, "unused.example.com", now.Add(-time.Hour))
+	env.manager.cleanupExpiredDomains(ctx, now)
+	assert.Nil(t, storedDomain(t, env.store, accountA, unprotected.Domain), "protected registrations must not starve later batches")
+	remaining, err := env.store.ListCustomDomains(ctx, accountA)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Len(t, remaining, validationCleanupBatch, "all registrations with dependent services must survive")
+}
+
+func TestCleanupExpiredDomains_ConcurrentWorkers(t *testing.T) {
+	env := setupDomainTest(t)
+	events := captureDomainEvents(env)
+	now := time.Now().UTC()
+	d := createExpiringDomain(t, env, "concurrent.example.com", now.Add(-time.Hour))
+	var workers sync.WaitGroup
+	for range 2 {
+		workers.Go(func() { env.manager.cleanupExpiredDomains(context.Background(), now) })
+	}
+	workers.Wait()
+	assert.Nil(t, storedDomain(t, env.store, accountA, d.Domain), "one worker must remove the expired registration")
+	assert.Len(t, events.get(), 1, "only the worker that deletes the row may emit the event")
+}
+
+func TestRunValidationCleanup_HourlyAndRestart(t *testing.T) {
+	env := setupClockDomainTest(t)
+	synctest.Test(t, func(t *testing.T) {
+		events := captureDomainEvents(env)
+		now := time.Now().UTC()
+		startup := createExpiringDomain(t, env, "startup.example.com", now.Add(-time.Hour))
+		hourly := createExpiringDomain(t, env, "hourly.example.com", now.Add(time.Minute))
+		ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
+		done := make(chan struct{})
+		go func() {
+			defer close(done)
+			env.manager.RunValidationCleanup(ctx)
+		}()
+		synctest.Wait()
+		assert.Nil(t, storedDomain(t, env.store, accountA, startup.Domain), "startup must collect overdue registrations")
+		time.Sleep(59 * time.Minute)
+		synctest.Wait()
+		assert.NotNil(t, storedDomain(t, env.store, accountA, hourly.Domain), "cleanup must wait for the 60-minute interval")
+		time.Sleep(time.Minute)
+		synctest.Wait()
+		assert.Nil(t, storedDomain(t, env.store, accountA, hourly.Domain), "the hourly scan must collect expired registrations")
+		cancel()
+		<-done
+
+		offline := createExpiringDomain(t, env, "offline.example.com", time.Now().UTC().Add(time.Minute))
+		time.Sleep(2 * time.Hour)
+		assert.NotNil(t, storedDomain(t, env.store, accountA, offline.Domain), "a stopped worker must not continue deleting")
+		ctx, cancel = context.WithCancel(context.Background())
+		done = make(chan struct{})
+		go func() {
+			defer close(done)
+			env.manager.RunValidationCleanup(ctx)
+		}()
+		synctest.Wait()
+		assert.Nil(t, storedDomain(t, env.store, accountA, offline.Domain), "restart must use the persisted deadline")
+		cancel()
+		<-done
+		assert.Len(t, events.get(), 3, "each deletion should emit an expiration event")
+	})
+}
+
+type blockingDomainResolver struct {
+	started chan struct{}
+	release chan struct{}
+}
+
+func (r blockingDomainResolver) LookupCNAME(context.Context, string) (string, error) {
+	close(r.started)
+	<-r.release
+	return testCluster + ".", nil
+}
+
+func TestValidateDomain_DeadlinePassesDuringLookup(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, cleanup := range []bool{false, true} {
+		t.Run(fmt.Sprintf("cleanup=%t", cleanup), func(t *testing.T) {
+			env := setupClockDomainTest(t)
+			synctest.Test(t, func(t *testing.T) {
+				events := captureDomainEvents(env)
+				ctx := context.Background()
+				d, err := env.manager.CreateDomain(ctx, accountA, accountAUser, "late.example.com", testCluster)
+				require.NoError(t, err)
+				resolver := blockingDomainResolver{started: make(chan struct{}), release: make(chan struct{})}
+				env.manager.validator.Resolver = resolver
+				done := make(chan struct{})
+				go func() {
+					defer close(done)
+					env.manager.ValidateDomain(ctx, accountA, accountAUser, d.ID)
+				}()
+				<-resolver.started
+				time.Sleep(48 * time.Hour)
+				if cleanup {
+					env.manager.cleanupExpiredDomains(ctx, time.Now().UTC())
+					_, err = env.store.CreateCustomDomain(ctx, accountB, d.Domain, testCluster, false)
+					require.NoError(t, err)
+				}
+				close(resolver.release)
+				<-done
+				owner := accountA
+				if cleanup {
+					assert.Nil(t, storedDomain(t, env.store, accountA, d.Domain), "late validation must not restore the old claim")
+					owner = accountB
+				}
+				stored := storedDomain(t, env.store, owner, d.Domain)
+				require.NotNil(t, stored)
+				assert.False(t, stored.Validated, "late validation must not validate either claim")
+				for _, event := range events.get() {
+					assert.NotEqual(t, activity.DomainValidated, event.Activity, "a rejected write must not emit a validation event")
+				}
+			})
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func setupClockDomainTest(t *testing.T) *domainTestEnv {
+	t.Helper()
+	// Network driver watchers cannot share cancellation channels across synctest bubbles.
+	// Store boundary and concurrency tests still exercise the selected database engine.
+	t.Setenv("NETBIRD_STORE_ENGINE", "sqlite")
+	return setupDomainTest(t)
+}
+
+func createExpiringDomain(t *testing.T, env *domainTestEnv, name string, expiresAt time.Time) *domain.Domain {
+	t.Helper()
+	d, err := env.store.CreateCustomDomain(context.Background(), accountA, name, testCluster, false)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, env.store.(*nbstore.SqlStore).GetDB().Model(d).Update("validation_expires_at", expiresAt).Error)
+	d.ValidationExpiresAt = &expiresAt
+	return d
+}
+
+type domainEvents struct {
+	mu     sync.Mutex
+	events []*activity.Event
+}
+
+func captureDomainEvents(env *domainTestEnv) *domainEvents {
+	events := &domainEvents{}
+	env.manager.accountManager = &mock_server.MockAccountManager{
+		StoreEventFunc: func(_ context.Context, initiator, target, account string, code activity.ActivityDescriber, meta map[string]any) {
+			if code == activity.DomainAdded {
+				return
+			}
+			events.mu.Lock()
+			defer events.mu.Unlock()
+			events.events = append(events.events, &activity.Event{
+				InitiatorID: initiator, TargetID: target, AccountID: account,
+				Activity: code.(activity.Activity), Meta: meta,
+			})
+		},
+	}
+	return events
+}
+
+func (e *domainEvents) get() []*activity.Event {
+	e.mu.Lock()
+	defer e.mu.Unlock()
+	return append([]*activity.Event(nil), e.events...)
+}

management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/domain/manager/manager.go

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"net"
 	"strings"
+	"time"
 
 	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 
@@ -18,6 +19,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/server/permissions/operations"
 	nbstore "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/server/store"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/server/types"
+	nbdomain "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/management/domain"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/management/status"
 )
 
@@ -26,11 +28,14 @@ type store interface {
 	GetAgentNetworkSettings(ctx context.Context, lockStrength nbstore.LockingStrength, accountID string) (*agentnetworkTypes.Settings, error)
 
 	GetCustomDomain(ctx context.Context, accountID string, domainID string) (*domain.Domain, error)
+	GetCustomDomainByName(ctx context.Context, domainName string) (*domain.Domain, error)
 	ListFreeDomains(ctx context.Context, accountID string) ([]string, error)
 	ListCustomDomains(ctx context.Context, accountID string) ([]*domain.Domain, error)
 	CreateCustomDomain(ctx context.Context, accountID string, domainName string, targetCluster string, validated bool) (*domain.Domain, error)
 	UpdateCustomDomain(ctx context.Context, accountID string, d *domain.Domain) (*domain.Domain, error)
 	DeleteCustomDomain(ctx context.Context, accountID string, domainID string) error
+	GetExpiredCustomDomains(ctx context.Context, now time.Time, afterID domain.ID, limit int) ([]*domain.Domain, error)
+	DeleteExpiredCustomDomain(ctx context.Context, d *domain.Domain, now time.Time) (bool, error)
 }
 
 type proxyManager interface {
@@ -105,12 +110,13 @@ func (m Manager) GetDomains(ctx context.Context, accountID, userID string) ([]*d
 	// Add custom domains.
 	for _, d := range domains {
 		cd := &domain.Domain{
-			ID:            d.ID,
-			Domain:        d.Domain,
-			AccountID:     accountID,
-			TargetCluster: d.TargetCluster,
-			Type:          domain.TypeCustom,
-			Validated:     d.Validated,
+			ID:                  d.ID,
+			Domain:              d.Domain,
+			AccountID:           accountID,
+			TargetCluster:       d.TargetCluster,
+			Type:                domain.TypeCustom,
+			Validated:           d.Validated,
+			ValidationExpiresAt: d.ValidationExpiresAt,
 		}
 		if d.TargetCluster != "" {
 			cd.SupportsCustomPorts = m.proxyManager.ClusterSupportsCustomPorts(ctx, d.TargetCluster)
@@ -125,6 +131,7 @@ func (m Manager) GetDomains(ctx context.Context, accountID, userID string) ([]*d
 	return ret, nil
 }
 
+// CreateDomain registers a normalized custom domain and attempts DNS validation.
 func (m Manager) CreateDomain(ctx context.Context, accountID, userID, domainName, targetCluster string) (*domain.Domain, error) {
 	ok, ctx, err := m.permissionsManager.ValidateUserPermissions(ctx, accountID, userID, modules.Services, operations.Create)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -134,6 +141,15 @@ func (m Manager) CreateDomain(ctx context.Context, accountID, userID, domainName
 		return nil, status.NewPermissionDeniedError()
 	}
 
+	parsed, err := nbdomain.FromString(strings.TrimSuffix(domainName, "."))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, status.Errorf(status.InvalidArgument, "invalid domain: %v", err)
+	}
+	domainName = parsed.PunycodeString()
+	if !nbdomain.IsValidDomainNoWildcard(domainName) {
+		return nil, status.Errorf(status.InvalidArgument, "invalid domain format")
+	}
+
 	// Verify the target cluster is in the available clusters for this account
 	allowList, err := m.getClusterAllowList(ctx, accountID)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -150,6 +166,10 @@ func (m Manager) CreateDomain(ctx context.Context, accountID, userID, domainName
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("target cluster %s is not available", targetCluster)
 	}
 
+	if err := m.checkDomainAvailable(ctx, domainName); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
 	// Attempt an initial validation against the specified cluster only
 	var validated bool
 	if m.validator.IsValid(ctx, domainName, []string{targetCluster}) {
@@ -166,6 +186,23 @@ func (m Manager) CreateDomain(ctx context.Context, accountID, userID, domainName
 	return d, nil
 }
 
+// checkDomainAvailable reports whether the domain is free to claim. The unique
+// index on the column is the real guard; this turns the violation into a
+// conflict the caller can act on instead of a database error, and says nothing
+// about which account holds the domain.
+func (m Manager) checkDomainAvailable(ctx context.Context, domainName string) error {
+	_, err := m.store.GetCustomDomainByName(ctx, domainName)
+	if err == nil {
+		return status.Errorf(status.AlreadyExists, "domain %s is already registered", domainName)
+	}
+
+	if sErr, ok := status.FromError(err); ok && sErr.Type() == status.NotFound {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	return fmt.Errorf("look up domain: %w", err)
+}
+
 func (m Manager) DeleteDomain(ctx context.Context, accountID, userID, domainID string) error {
 	ok, ctx, err := m.permissionsManager.ValidateUserPermissions(ctx, accountID, userID, modules.Services, operations.Delete)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -203,7 +240,9 @@ func (m Manager) ValidateDomain(ctx context.Context, accountID, userID, domainID
 		log.WithFields(log.Fields{
 			"accountID": accountID,
 			"domainID":  domainID,
-		}).WithError(err).Error("validate domain")
+			"userID":    userID,
+		}).Error("validate domain: permission denied")
+		return
 	}
 
 	log.WithFields(log.Fields{
@@ -219,6 +258,14 @@ func (m Manager) ValidateDomain(ctx context.Context, accountID, userID, domainID
 		}).WithError(err).Error("get custom domain from store")
 		return
 	}
+	if d.Validated {
+		return
+	}
+	if d.ValidationExpiresAt == nil || !time.Now().Before(*d.ValidationExpiresAt) {
+		log.WithFields(log.Fields{"accountID": accountID, "domainID": domainID}).
+			Debug("custom domain validation window has expired")
+		return
+	}
 
 	// Validate only against the domain's target cluster
 	targetCluster := d.TargetCluster
@@ -239,20 +286,21 @@ func (m Manager) ValidateDomain(ctx context.Context, accountID, userID, domainID
 	}).Info("validating domain against target cluster")
 
 	if m.validator.IsValid(context.Background(), d.Domain, []string{targetCluster}) {
-		log.WithFields(log.Fields{
-			"accountID": accountID,
-			"domainID":  domainID,
-			"domain":    d.Domain,
-		}).Info("domain validated successfully")
 		d.Validated = true
 		if _, err := m.store.UpdateCustomDomain(context.Background(), accountID, d); err != nil {
-			log.WithFields(log.Fields{
+			entry := log.WithFields(log.Fields{
 				"accountID": accountID,
 				"domainID":  domainID,
-				"domain":    d.Domain,
-			}).WithError(err).Error("update custom domain in store")
+			}).WithError(err)
+			if sErr, ok := status.FromError(err); ok && sErr.Type() == status.PreconditionFailed {
+				entry.Debug("custom domain registration is no longer pending validation")
+				return
+			}
+			entry.Error("update custom domain in store")
 			return
 		}
+		log.WithFields(log.Fields{"accountID": accountID, "domainID": domainID}).
+			Info("custom domain validated successfully")
 
 		m.accountManager.StoreEvent(context.Background(), userID, domainID, accountID, activity.DomainValidated, d.EventMeta())
 	} else {
@@ -298,9 +346,12 @@ func (m Manager) DeriveClusterFromDomain(ctx context.Context, accountID, domain
 		return "", fmt.Errorf("list custom domains: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	targetCluster, valid := extractClusterFromCustomDomains(domain, customDomains)
-	if valid {
+	targetCluster, match := extractClusterFromCustomDomains(domain, customDomains)
+	switch match {
+	case customDomainValidated:
 		return targetCluster, nil
+	case customDomainUnvalidated:
+		return "", status.Errorf(status.PreconditionFailed, "domain %s is not validated", domain)
 	}
 
 	return "", fmt.Errorf("domain %s does not match any available proxy cluster", domain)
@@ -363,19 +414,46 @@ func (m Manager) reservedGatewayAddress(ctx context.Context, accountID string) (
 	return settings.ProxyAddress, nil
 }
 
-func extractClusterFromCustomDomains(serviceDomain string, customDomains []*domain.Domain) (string, bool) {
+// customDomainMatch describes how a service domain relates to the account's
+// custom domain rows.
+type customDomainMatch int
+
+const (
+	customDomainNoMatch customDomainMatch = iota
+	customDomainUnvalidated
+	customDomainValidated
+)
+
+// extractClusterFromCustomDomains finds the longest custom domain covering the
+// service domain and reports its target cluster. Only a validated row yields a
+// cluster: until the CNAME check has passed the account has not shown it
+// controls the name, so no traffic may be routed for it.
+func extractClusterFromCustomDomains(serviceDomain string, customDomains []*domain.Domain) (string, customDomainMatch) {
 	bestCluster := ""
 	bestLen := -1
+	matched := false
 	for _, cd := range customDomains {
 		if serviceDomain != cd.Domain && !strings.HasSuffix(serviceDomain, "."+cd.Domain) {
 			continue
 		}
+		matched = true
+		if !cd.Validated {
+			continue
+		}
 		if l := len(cd.Domain); l > bestLen {
 			bestLen = l
 			bestCluster = cd.TargetCluster
 		}
 	}
-	return bestCluster, bestLen >= 0
+
+	switch {
+	case bestLen >= 0:
+		return bestCluster, customDomainValidated
+	case matched:
+		return "", customDomainUnvalidated
+	default:
+		return "", customDomainNoMatch
+	}
 }
 
 // ExtractClusterFromFreeDomain extracts the cluster address from a free domain.

management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/domain/manager/manager_realstore_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,321 @@
+package manager
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"sync"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric/noop"
+
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/domain"
+	proxymanager "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/proxy/manager"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/server/activity"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/server/mock_server"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/server/permissions"
+	nbstore "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/server/store"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/server/types"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/management/status"
+)
+
+const (
+	testCluster    = "eu.proxy.test"
+	accountA       = "account-a"
+	accountAUser   = "account-a-admin"
+	accountB       = "account-b"
+	accountBUser   = "account-b-admin"
+	accountAMember = "account-a-member"
+)
+
+// stubResolver answers CNAME lookups from a table the test controls, so a
+// domain can point at the cluster or nowhere without touching a real resolver.
+type stubResolver struct {
+	mu     sync.Mutex
+	cnames map[string]string
+}
+
+func (r *stubResolver) LookupCNAME(_ context.Context, host string) (string, error) {
+	r.mu.Lock()
+	defer r.mu.Unlock()
+
+	cname, ok := r.cnames[host]
+	if !ok {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("lookup %s: no such host", host)
+	}
+	return cname + ".", nil
+}
+
+func (r *stubResolver) set(host, cname string) {
+	r.mu.Lock()
+	defer r.mu.Unlock()
+	r.cnames[host] = cname
+}
+
+type domainTestEnv struct {
+	manager  Manager
+	store    nbstore.Store
+	resolver *stubResolver
+}
+
+// setupDomainTest builds the domain manager on a real SQLite store with two
+// accounts and one active public proxy cluster.
+func setupDomainTest(t *testing.T) *domainTestEnv {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	testStore, cleanup, err := nbstore.NewTestStoreFromSQL(ctx, "", t.TempDir())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	t.Cleanup(cleanup)
+
+	for accountID, userID := range map[string]string{accountA: accountAUser, accountB: accountBUser} {
+		users := map[string]*types.User{
+			userID: {
+				Id:        userID,
+				AccountID: accountID,
+				Role:      types.UserRoleAdmin,
+			},
+		}
+		if accountID == accountA {
+			// A real member of the account whose role denies Services:Create, so
+			// permission denial is exercised as ok=false rather than as a lookup
+			// error for a user who is not in the account at all.
+			users[accountAMember] = &types.User{
+				Id:        accountAMember,
+				AccountID: accountID,
+				Role:      types.UserRoleUser,
+			}
+		}
+
+		require.NoError(t, testStore.SaveAccount(ctx, &types.Account{
+			Id:        accountID,
+			CreatedBy: userID,
+			Settings:  &types.Settings{},
+			Users:     users,
+		}))
+	}
+
+	proxyMgr, err := proxymanager.NewManager(testStore, noop.NewMeterProvider().Meter(""))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	_, err = proxyMgr.Connect(ctx, "proxy-1", "session-1", testCluster, "127.0.0.1", nil, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	resolver := &stubResolver{cnames: make(map[string]string)}
+
+	mgr := Manager{
+		store:              testStore,
+		proxyManager:       proxyMgr,
+		validator:          domain.Validator{Resolver: resolver},
+		permissionsManager: permissions.NewManager(testStore),
+		accountManager: &mock_server.MockAccountManager{
+			StoreEventFunc: func(context.Context, string, string, string, activity.ActivityDescriber, map[string]any) {},
+		},
+	}
+
+	return &domainTestEnv{manager: mgr, store: testStore, resolver: resolver}
+}
+
+// storedDomain reads a domain row back through the store so assertions are made
+// on what was persisted rather than on the value the manager returned.
+func storedDomain(t *testing.T, s nbstore.Store, accountID, domainName string) *domain.Domain {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	domains, err := s.ListCustomDomains(context.Background(), accountID)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	for _, d := range domains {
+		if d.Domain == domainName {
+			return d
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// A domain whose CNAME check fails is stored unvalidated and must not resolve a
+// cluster, which is what service creation gates on.
+func TestCreateDomain_FailedLookupIsNotServable(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	env := setupDomainTest(t)
+
+	created, err := env.manager.CreateDomain(ctx, accountA, accountAUser, "apps.example.com", testCluster)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.False(t, created.Validated, "a domain whose CNAME lookup fails must not be created validated")
+
+	stored := storedDomain(t, env.store, accountA, "apps.example.com")
+	require.NotNil(t, stored, "domain row should exist")
+	assert.False(t, stored.Validated, "persisted row must be unvalidated")
+
+	cluster, err := env.manager.DeriveClusterFromDomain(ctx, accountA, "apps.example.com")
+	require.Error(t, err, "an unvalidated domain must not resolve a cluster")
+	assert.Empty(t, cluster)
+	assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "not validated", "error should tell the caller what to fix")
+
+	sErr, ok := status.FromError(err)
+	require.True(t, ok, "error should be a typed status error")
+	assert.Equal(t, status.PreconditionFailed, sErr.Type())
+
+	_, err = env.manager.DeriveClusterFromDomain(ctx, accountA, "sub.apps.example.com")
+	assert.Error(t, err, "subdomains of an unvalidated custom domain are not servable either")
+}
+
+// A second account claiming a registered domain gets a clean conflict, not a
+// database error surfaced as a 500.
+func TestCreateDomain_DuplicateIsAConflict(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	env := setupDomainTest(t)
+
+	_, err := env.manager.CreateDomain(ctx, accountA, accountAUser, "shared.example.com", testCluster)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	_, err = env.manager.CreateDomain(ctx, accountB, accountBUser, "shared.example.com", testCluster)
+	require.Error(t, err)
+
+	sErr, ok := status.FromError(err)
+	require.True(t, ok, "conflict must be a typed status error, not a raw database error")
+	assert.Equal(t, status.AlreadyExists, sErr.Type(), "conflict should map to 409, not 500")
+	assert.NotContains(t, sErr.Message, accountA, "the response must not reveal the holding account")
+
+	assert.Nil(t, storedDomain(t, env.store, accountB, "shared.example.com"), "no row should be written on conflict")
+}
+
+// The same account re-adding one of its own domains is a conflict too.
+func TestCreateDomain_SameAccountDuplicateIsAConflict(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	env := setupDomainTest(t)
+
+	_, err := env.manager.CreateDomain(ctx, accountA, accountAUser, "dup.example.com", testCluster)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	_, err = env.manager.CreateDomain(ctx, accountA, accountAUser, "dup.example.com", testCluster)
+	require.Error(t, err)
+
+	sErr, ok := status.FromError(err)
+	require.True(t, ok)
+	assert.Equal(t, status.AlreadyExists, sErr.Type())
+}
+
+// The negative control: a validated domain still derives its cluster, for the
+// bare name and for subdomains, exactly as before.
+func TestCreateDomain_ValidatedDomainDerivesCluster(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	env := setupDomainTest(t)
+	env.resolver.set("validation.valid.example.com", testCluster)
+
+	created, err := env.manager.CreateDomain(ctx, accountA, accountAUser, "valid.example.com", testCluster)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.True(t, created.Validated, "a matching CNAME should validate on create")
+
+	cluster, err := env.manager.DeriveClusterFromDomain(ctx, accountA, "valid.example.com")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, testCluster, cluster)
+
+	cluster, err = env.manager.DeriveClusterFromDomain(ctx, accountA, "app.valid.example.com")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, testCluster, cluster, "subdomains of a validated custom domain resolve too")
+}
+
+// Validating a domain flips the gate: the same lookup that failed before now
+// resolves a cluster.
+func TestValidateDomain_UnlocksClusterDerivation(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	env := setupDomainTest(t)
+
+	created, err := env.manager.CreateDomain(ctx, accountA, accountAUser, "later.example.com", testCluster)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.False(t, created.Validated)
+
+	_, err = env.manager.DeriveClusterFromDomain(ctx, accountA, "later.example.com")
+	require.Error(t, err)
+
+	env.resolver.set("validation.later.example.com", testCluster)
+	env.manager.ValidateDomain(ctx, accountA, accountAUser, created.ID)
+
+	require.True(t, storedDomain(t, env.store, accountA, "later.example.com").Validated)
+
+	cluster, err := env.manager.DeriveClusterFromDomain(ctx, accountA, "later.example.com")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, testCluster, cluster)
+}
+
+// Free cluster domains are unaffected by the custom domain gate.
+func TestDeriveClusterFromDomain_FreeDomainUnaffected(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	env := setupDomainTest(t)
+
+	cluster, err := env.manager.DeriveClusterFromDomain(ctx, accountA, "myapp.abc123."+testCluster)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, testCluster, cluster)
+}
+
+// The manager pre-check exists to turn a conflict into a 409, but the unique
+// index on the column is what actually guarantees the domain is claimed once.
+//
+// Two requests can clear the pre-check concurrently and race to the insert.
+// Inserting twice through the store reaches the same code path the loser of
+// that race takes, without the nondeterminism of driving it from goroutines,
+// and the loser must still see a conflict rather than an internal error.
+func TestStore_DuplicateDomainRejectedByIndexAsConflict(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	env := setupDomainTest(t)
+
+	_, err := env.store.CreateCustomDomain(ctx, accountA, "indexed.example.com", testCluster, false)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	_, err = env.store.CreateCustomDomain(ctx, accountB, "indexed.example.com", testCluster, false)
+	require.Error(t, err, "the unique index must reject the same domain in a second account")
+
+	sErr, ok := status.FromError(err)
+	require.True(t, ok, "the losing insert must return a typed status error")
+	assert.Equal(t, status.AlreadyExists, sErr.Type(), "a lost race is a 409, not a 500")
+}
+
+// Validation is what decides whether a domain routes traffic, so a caller
+// without permission to it must not be able to flip the flag. The check logged
+// the denial and then carried on, which was inert while nothing read Validated
+// and is not once cluster derivation gates on it.
+func TestValidateDomain_PermissionDeniedDoesNotValidate(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	env := setupDomainTest(t)
+
+	created, err := env.manager.CreateDomain(ctx, accountA, accountAUser, "guarded.example.com", testCluster)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.False(t, created.Validated)
+
+	// The CNAME is in place, so the only thing standing between this caller and
+	// a validated domain is the permission check.
+	env.resolver.set("validation.guarded.example.com", testCluster)
+
+	env.manager.ValidateDomain(ctx, accountA, accountAMember, created.ID)
+
+	stored := storedDomain(t, env.store, accountA, "guarded.example.com")
+	require.NotNil(t, stored)
+	assert.False(t, stored.Validated, "a caller without permission must not validate the domain")
+
+	_, err = env.manager.DeriveClusterFromDomain(ctx, accountA, "guarded.example.com")
+	assert.Error(t, err, "the domain must still be unservable")
+}
+
+// A validation finishing after deletion must reject the stale write, without
+// restoring the registration or reporting successful validation.
+func TestUpdateCustomDomain_DoesNotResurrectDeletedDomain(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	env := setupDomainTest(t)
+
+	created, err := env.manager.CreateDomain(ctx, accountA, accountAUser, "racy.example.com", testCluster)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	stale := storedDomain(t, env.store, accountA, "racy.example.com")
+	require.NotNil(t, stale)
+
+	require.NoError(t, env.manager.DeleteDomain(ctx, accountA, accountAUser, created.ID))
+	require.Nil(t, storedDomain(t, env.store, accountA, "racy.example.com"), "the domain should be gone")
+
+	// What an in-flight validation would write once its CNAME check succeeded.
+	stale.Validated = true
+	_, err = env.store.UpdateCustomDomain(ctx, accountA, stale)
+	require.Error(t, err, "a deleted registration must reject a late validation")
+
+	assert.Nil(t, storedDomain(t, env.store, accountA, "racy.example.com"),
+		"a late validation write must not recreate a deleted domain")
+}

management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/domain/manager/manager_test.go

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"errors"
 	"testing"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
@@ -184,6 +185,10 @@ func (s *stubStore) GetCustomDomain(context.Context, string, string) (*domain.Do
 	panic("not used in allow-list tests")
 }
 
+func (s *stubStore) GetCustomDomainByName(context.Context, string) (*domain.Domain, error) {
+	panic("not used in allow-list tests")
+}
+
 func (s *stubStore) ListFreeDomains(context.Context, string) ([]string, error) {
 	panic("not used in allow-list tests")
 }
@@ -204,6 +209,14 @@ func (s *stubStore) DeleteCustomDomain(context.Context, string, string) error {
 	panic("not used in allow-list tests")
 }
 
+func (s *stubStore) GetExpiredCustomDomains(context.Context, time.Time, domain.ID, int) ([]*domain.Domain, error) {
+	panic("not used in allow-list tests")
+}
+
+func (s *stubStore) DeleteExpiredCustomDomain(context.Context, *domain.Domain, time.Time) (bool, error) {
+	panic("not used in allow-list tests")
+}
+
 // TestGetClusterAllowList_DedicatedGatewayAddressExcluded pins invariant (B)'s
 // chokepoint: a self-addressed settings pin reserves the account's gateway
 // address, so it is dropped from the allow list — which, because the

management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/domain/manager/normalization_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+package manager
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/management/status"
+)
+
+func TestCreateDomain_NormalizesName(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, tt := range []struct {
+		name      string
+		input     string
+		canonical string
+	}{
+		{"mixed case", "Apps.Example.COM", "apps.example.com"},
+		{"unicode", "münchen.example.com", "xn--mnchen-3ya.example.com"},
+		{"trailing dot", "apps.example.com.", "apps.example.com"},
+		{"underscore", "My_App.example.com", "my_app.example.com"},
+	} {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			ctx := context.Background()
+			env := setupDomainTest(t)
+			env.resolver.set("validation."+tt.canonical, testCluster)
+
+			created, err := env.manager.CreateDomain(ctx, accountA, accountAUser, tt.input, testCluster)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.canonical, created.Domain, "the response must use the normalized name")
+			assert.True(t, created.Validated, "the CNAME lookup must use the normalized name")
+			stored, err := env.store.GetCustomDomain(ctx, accountA, created.ID)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.canonical, stored.Domain, "the database must retain the normalized name")
+
+			_, err = env.manager.CreateDomain(ctx, accountB, accountBUser, tt.canonical, testCluster)
+			require.Error(t, err)
+			sErr, ok := status.FromError(err)
+			require.True(t, ok, "an equivalent name must return a typed conflict")
+			assert.Equal(t, status.AlreadyExists, sErr.Type(), "normalization must precede the availability check")
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCreateDomain_NormalizedNameCanValidateLater(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	env := setupDomainTest(t)
+	created, err := env.manager.CreateDomain(ctx, accountA, accountAUser, "Apps.Example.COM.", testCluster)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.False(t, created.Validated, "a missing CNAME must leave the normalized registration pending")
+
+	env.resolver.set("validation.apps.example.com", testCluster)
+	env.manager.ValidateDomain(ctx, accountA, accountAUser, created.ID)
+	stored, err := env.store.GetCustomDomain(ctx, accountA, created.ID)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, "apps.example.com", stored.Domain, "retrying validation must retain the normalized name")
+	assert.True(t, stored.Validated, "later validation must look up the normalized name")
+}
+
+func TestCreateDomain_RejectsInvalidName(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	env := setupDomainTest(t)
+	for _, name := range []string{
+		"", ".", "app..example.com", "app.example.com..", "-app.example.com",
+		"app%.example.com", "app!.example.com", "*.example.com", "app example.com",
+		"https://example.com", strings.Repeat("a", 64) + ".example.com",
+	} {
+		t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			// A matching DNS response must not make a malformed name acceptable.
+			env.resolver.set("validation."+name, testCluster)
+			_, err := env.manager.CreateDomain(ctx, accountA, accountAUser, name, testCluster)
+			require.Error(t, err)
+			sErr, ok := status.FromError(err)
+			require.True(t, ok, "invalid names must return a typed client error")
+			assert.Equal(t, status.InvalidArgument, sErr.Type(), "malformed names must be rejected before storage")
+		})
+	}
+	stored, err := env.store.ListCustomDomains(ctx, accountA)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Empty(t, stored, "invalid registration attempts must not reserve any names")
+}

management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/service/manager/domain_validation_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+package manager
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric/noop"
+
+	domainmanager "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/domain/manager"
+	proxymanager "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/proxy/manager"
+	rpservice "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/service"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/server/activity"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/server/mock_server"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/server/permissions"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/server/store"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/management/status"
+)
+
+const validationTestCluster = "eu.proxy.test"
+
+// withRealDomainManager swaps the stub cluster deriver for the real domain
+// manager backed by the same store, so service creation is gated by the actual
+// domain rows rather than by a test double that always agrees.
+func withRealDomainManager(t *testing.T, mgr *Manager, testStore store.Store) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	proxyMgr, err := proxymanager.NewManager(testStore, noop.NewMeterProvider().Meter(""))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	_, err = proxyMgr.Connect(ctx, "proxy-1", "session-1", validationTestCluster, "127.0.0.1", nil, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	accountMgr := &mock_server.MockAccountManager{
+		StoreEventFunc: func(context.Context, string, string, string, activity.ActivityDescriber, map[string]any) {},
+	}
+	mgr.clusterDeriver = domainmanager.NewManager(testStore, proxyMgr, permissions.NewManager(testStore), accountMgr)
+}
+
+func newTestService(domain string) *rpservice.Service {
+	return &rpservice.Service{
+		Name:    "test-service",
+		Domain:  domain,
+		Enabled: true,
+		Mode:    rpservice.ModeHTTP,
+		Targets: []*rpservice.Target{{
+			Host:       "10.0.0.1",
+			Port:       8080,
+			Protocol:   "http",
+			TargetId:   testPeerID,
+			TargetType: "peer",
+			Enabled:    true,
+		}},
+	}
+}
+
+// A service must not bind to a domain the account has not validated, and
+// nothing may be persisted for the attempt.
+func TestCreateService_RefusesUnvalidatedDomain(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	mgr, testStore := setupIntegrationTest(t)
+	withRealDomainManager(t, mgr, testStore)
+
+	_, err := testStore.CreateCustomDomain(ctx, testAccountID, "unproven.example.com", validationTestCluster, false)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	_, err = mgr.CreateService(ctx, testAccountID, testUserID, newTestService("unproven.example.com"))
+	require.Error(t, err, "an unvalidated domain must not bind a service")
+	assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "not validated", "the API error should name the actual problem")
+
+	sErr, ok := status.FromError(err)
+	require.True(t, ok, "error should be a typed status error")
+	assert.Equal(t, status.PreconditionFailed, sErr.Type())
+
+	services, err := testStore.GetAccountServices(ctx, store.LockingStrengthNone, testAccountID)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Empty(t, services, "no service row should be written for a refused domain")
+}
+
+// The negative control: a validated domain still binds a service and derives
+// its cluster exactly as before.
+func TestCreateService_ValidatedDomainBindsService(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	mgr, testStore := setupIntegrationTest(t)
+	withRealDomainManager(t, mgr, testStore)
+
+	_, err := testStore.CreateCustomDomain(ctx, testAccountID, "proven.example.com", validationTestCluster, true)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	created, err := mgr.CreateService(ctx, testAccountID, testUserID, newTestService("app.proven.example.com"))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, validationTestCluster, created.ProxyCluster, "service should bind to the domain's target cluster")
+
+	services, err := testStore.GetAccountServices(ctx, store.LockingStrengthNone, testAccountID)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Len(t, services, 1, "the service should be persisted")
+	assert.Equal(t, "app.proven.example.com", services[0].Domain)
+}
+
+// An update must not be a way around the creation gate: moving a live service
+// onto an unvalidated domain has to fail rather than silently keep the old
+// cluster and start serving the new hostname.
+func TestUpdateService_RefusesMoveToUnvalidatedDomain(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	mgr, testStore := setupIntegrationTest(t)
+	withRealDomainManager(t, mgr, testStore)
+
+	_, err := testStore.CreateCustomDomain(ctx, testAccountID, "proven.example.com", validationTestCluster, true)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	_, err = testStore.CreateCustomDomain(ctx, testAccountID, "unproven.example.com", validationTestCluster, false)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	created, err := mgr.CreateService(ctx, testAccountID, testUserID, newTestService("app.proven.example.com"))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	moved := *created
+	moved.Domain = "app.unproven.example.com"
+	_, err = mgr.UpdateService(ctx, testAccountID, testUserID, &moved)
+	require.Error(t, err, "moving to an unvalidated domain must fail")
+	assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "not validated")
+
+	stored, err := testStore.GetServiceByID(ctx, store.LockingStrengthNone, testAccountID, created.ID)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, "app.proven.example.com", stored.Domain, "the service must keep its original domain")
+}

management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/service/manager/manager.go

@@ -606,16 +606,19 @@ func (m *Manager) resolveEffectiveCluster(ctx context.Context, accountID string,
 		return existing.ProxyCluster, nil
 	}
 
-	if m.clusterDeriver != nil {
-		derived, err := m.clusterDeriver.DeriveClusterFromDomain(ctx, accountID, svc.Domain)
-		if err != nil {
-			log.WithError(err).Warnf("could not derive cluster from domain %s", svc.Domain)
-		} else {
-			return derived, nil
-		}
+	if m.clusterDeriver == nil {
+		return existing.ProxyCluster, nil
 	}
 
-	return existing.ProxyCluster, nil
+	// Falling back to the old cluster here would let an update move a service
+	// onto a domain the account has not validated, bypassing the check that
+	// creation makes.
+	derived, err := m.clusterDeriver.DeriveClusterFromDomain(ctx, accountID, svc.Domain)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", status.Errorf(status.PreconditionFailed, "could not derive cluster from domain %s: %v", svc.Domain, err)
+	}
+
+	return derived, nil
 }
 
 func (m *Manager) executeServiceUpdate(ctx context.Context, transaction store.Store, accountID string, service *service.Service, updateInfo *serviceUpdateInfo, customPorts *bool, effectiveCluster string) error {

management/internals/server/boot.go

@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ import (
 	rpservice "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/service"
 	networkmapdb "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/internals/network_map_db"
 	networkmapdbfactory "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/internals/network_map_db/factory"
+	nbconfig "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/internals/server/config"
 	nbgrpc "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/internals/shared/grpc"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/server/activity"
 	activitystore "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/server/activity/store"
@@ -111,7 +112,8 @@ func (s *BaseServer) NetworkMapStore() *networkmapdb.NetworkMapDBStoreImpl {
 			s.Config.StoreConfig.Engine,
 			s.Config.Datadir,
 			s.IntegratedValidator(),
-			s.SettingsManager())
+			s.SettingsManager(),
+		)
 		// networkmap db store supports postgres and sqlite backends only
 		// for other backends a fallback is used, so NotSupportedStoreEngineError
 		// is not a fatal error
@@ -180,24 +182,7 @@ func (s *BaseServer) RateLimiter() *middleware.APIRateLimiter {
 
 func (s *BaseServer) GRPCServer() *grpc.Server {
 	return Create(s, func() *grpc.Server {
-		trustedPeers := s.Config.ReverseProxy.TrustedPeers
-		defaultTrustedPeers := []netip.Prefix{netip.MustParsePrefix("0.0.0.0/0"), netip.MustParsePrefix("::/0")}
-		if len(trustedPeers) == 0 || slices.Equal[[]netip.Prefix](trustedPeers, defaultTrustedPeers) {
-			log.WithContext(context.Background()).Warn("TrustedPeers are configured to default value '0.0.0.0/0', '::/0'. This allows connection IP spoofing.")
-			trustedPeers = defaultTrustedPeers
-		}
-		trustedHTTPProxies := s.Config.ReverseProxy.TrustedHTTPProxies
-		trustedProxiesCount := s.Config.ReverseProxy.TrustedHTTPProxiesCount
-		if len(trustedHTTPProxies) > 0 && trustedProxiesCount > 0 {
-			log.WithContext(context.Background()).Warn("TrustedHTTPProxies and TrustedHTTPProxiesCount both are configured. " +
-				"This is not recommended way to extract X-Forwarded-For. Consider using one of these options.")
-		}
-		realipOpts := []realip.Option{
-			realip.WithTrustedPeers(trustedPeers),
-			realip.WithTrustedProxies(trustedHTTPProxies),
-			realip.WithTrustedProxiesCount(trustedProxiesCount),
-			realip.WithHeaders([]string{realip.XForwardedFor, realip.XRealIp}),
-		}
+		realipOpts := realIPOptions(s.Config.ReverseProxy)
 		proxyUnary, proxyStream, proxyAuthClose := nbgrpc.NewProxyAuthInterceptors(s.Store())
 		s.proxyAuthClose = proxyAuthClose
 		gRPCOpts := []grpc.ServerOption{
@@ -333,7 +318,7 @@ func (s *BaseServer) AccessLogsManager() accesslogs.Manager {
 	})
 }
 
-func loadTLSConfig(certFile string, certKey string) (*tls.Config, error) {
+func loadTLSConfig(certFile, certKey string) (*tls.Config, error) {
 	// Load server's certificate and private key
 	serverCert, err := tls.LoadX509KeyPair(certFile, certKey)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -380,3 +365,37 @@ func streamInterceptor(
 	wrapped.WrappedContext = context.WithValue(ctx, nbContext.RequestIDKey, reqID)
 	return handler(srv, wrapped)
 }
+
+// realIPOptions builds the real-IP middleware options.
+//
+// Empty TrustedPeers trusts all IPv4 and IPv6 sources. Configure TrustedPeers
+// with the reverse proxy address or network.
+//
+// X-Forwarded-For takes precedence over X-Real-IP.
+func realIPOptions(cfg nbconfig.ReverseProxy) []realip.Option {
+	trustedPeers := cfg.TrustedPeers
+	if len(trustedPeers) == 0 {
+		trustedPeers = []netip.Prefix{
+			netip.MustParsePrefix("0.0.0.0/0"),
+			netip.MustParsePrefix("::/0"),
+		}
+	}
+	if idx := slices.IndexFunc(trustedPeers, func(p netip.Prefix) bool { return p.Bits() == 0 }); idx >= 0 {
+		log.WithContext(context.Background()).Warnf("TrustedPeers contains the default route %s, which trusts "+
+			"X-Forwarded-For from every client and allows connection IP spoofing. Set TrustedPeers to the address "+
+			"of your reverse proxy.", trustedPeers[idx])
+	}
+	if cfg.TrustedHTTPProxiesCount > 0 {
+		log.WithContext(context.Background()).Warn(
+			"TrustedHTTPProxiesCount skips X-Forwarded-For entries by position before TrustedHTTPProxies filters by address. " +
+				"An incorrect count may skip the real client IP and produce an incorrect source address.",
+		)
+	}
+
+	return []realip.Option{
+		realip.WithTrustedPeers(trustedPeers),
+		realip.WithTrustedProxies(cfg.TrustedHTTPProxies),
+		realip.WithTrustedProxiesCount(cfg.TrustedHTTPProxiesCount),
+		realip.WithHeaders([]string{realip.XForwardedFor, realip.XRealIp}),
+	}
+}

management/internals/server/realip_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+package server
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"io"
+	"net"
+	"net/netip"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/grpc-ecosystem/go-grpc-middleware/v2/interceptors/realip"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"google.golang.org/grpc"
+	"google.golang.org/grpc/credentials/insecure"
+	"google.golang.org/grpc/metadata"
+	"google.golang.org/protobuf/types/known/emptypb"
+
+	nbconfig "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/internals/server/config"
+)
+
+const (
+	realIPProbeMethod       = "/netbird.test.RealIPProbe/Probe"
+	realIPProbeStreamMethod = "/netbird.test.RealIPProbe/ProbeStream"
+)
+
+// realIPProbe records the real IP the middleware derived for each call.
+type realIPProbe struct {
+	got chan string
+}
+
+func (p *realIPProbe) record(ctx context.Context) {
+	addr, _ := realip.FromContext(ctx)
+	p.got <- addr.String()
+}
+
+func (p *realIPProbe) wait(t *testing.T) string {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	select {
+	case got := <-p.got:
+		return got
+	case <-time.After(5 * time.Second):
+		t.Fatal("timed out waiting for probe")
+		return ""
+	}
+}
+
+func startProbeServer(t *testing.T, cfg nbconfig.ReverseProxy) (*grpc.ClientConn, *realIPProbe) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	listener, err := net.Listen("tcp", "127.0.0.1:0")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	probe := &realIPProbe{got: make(chan string, 1)}
+	opts := realIPOptions(cfg)
+	srv := grpc.NewServer(
+		grpc.ChainUnaryInterceptor(realip.UnaryServerInterceptorOpts(opts...)),
+		grpc.ChainStreamInterceptor(realip.StreamServerInterceptorOpts(opts...)),
+	)
+	srv.RegisterService(&grpc.ServiceDesc{
+		ServiceName: "netbird.test.RealIPProbe",
+		HandlerType: (*any)(nil),
+		Methods: []grpc.MethodDesc{{
+			MethodName: "Probe",
+			Handler: func(_ any, ctx context.Context, dec func(any) error, interceptor grpc.UnaryServerInterceptor) (any, error) {
+				req := new(emptypb.Empty)
+				if err := dec(req); err != nil {
+					return nil, err
+				}
+				handler := func(ctx context.Context, _ any) (any, error) {
+					probe.record(ctx)
+					return &emptypb.Empty{}, nil
+				}
+				if interceptor == nil {
+					return handler(ctx, req)
+				}
+				return interceptor(ctx, req, &grpc.UnaryServerInfo{FullMethod: realIPProbeMethod}, handler)
+			},
+		}},
+		Streams: []grpc.StreamDesc{{
+			StreamName:    "ProbeStream",
+			ServerStreams: true,
+			Handler: func(_ any, stream grpc.ServerStream) error {
+				probe.record(stream.Context())
+				return nil
+			},
+		}},
+	}, probe)
+
+	go func() { _ = srv.Serve(listener) }()
+	t.Cleanup(srv.Stop)
+
+	conn, err := grpc.NewClient(listener.Addr().String(), grpc.WithTransportCredentials(insecure.NewCredentials()))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	t.Cleanup(func() { _ = conn.Close() })
+
+	return conn, probe
+}
+
+func callUnary(t *testing.T, conn *grpc.ClientConn, probe *realIPProbe, kv ...string) string {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 5*time.Second)
+	defer cancel()
+	ctx = metadata.AppendToOutgoingContext(ctx, kv...)
+	require.NoError(t, conn.Invoke(ctx, realIPProbeMethod, &emptypb.Empty{}, &emptypb.Empty{}))
+
+	return probe.wait(t)
+}
+
+func callStream(t *testing.T, conn *grpc.ClientConn, probe *realIPProbe, kv ...string) string {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 5*time.Second)
+	defer cancel()
+	ctx = metadata.AppendToOutgoingContext(ctx, kv...)
+	desc := &grpc.StreamDesc{StreamName: "ProbeStream", ServerStreams: true}
+	stream, err := conn.NewStream(ctx, desc, realIPProbeStreamMethod)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, stream.CloseSend())
+	require.ErrorIs(t, stream.RecvMsg(&emptypb.Empty{}), io.EOF)
+
+	return probe.wait(t)
+}
+
+func assertRealIP(t *testing.T, cfg nbconfig.ReverseProxy, want string, kv ...string) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	conn, probe := startProbeServer(t, cfg)
+	t.Run("unary", func(t *testing.T) {
+		assert.Equal(t, want, callUnary(t, conn, probe, kv...))
+	})
+	t.Run("stream", func(t *testing.T) {
+		assert.Equal(t, want, callStream(t, conn, probe, kv...))
+	})
+}
+
+func TestRealIPDefaultTrustsForwardedHeaders(t *testing.T) {
+	assertRealIP(t, nbconfig.ReverseProxy{}, "203.0.113.44",
+		realip.XForwardedFor, "203.0.113.44",
+		realip.XRealIp, "203.0.113.44",
+	)
+}
+
+func TestRealIPUntrustedPeerIgnoresForwardedHeaders(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := nbconfig.ReverseProxy{TrustedPeers: []netip.Prefix{netip.MustParsePrefix("10.9.8.7/32")}}
+
+	assertRealIP(t, cfg, "127.0.0.1",
+		realip.XForwardedFor, "203.0.113.44",
+		realip.XRealIp, "203.0.113.44",
+	)
+}
+
+func TestRealIPTrustedPeerHonoursForwardedHeaders(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := nbconfig.ReverseProxy{TrustedPeers: []netip.Prefix{netip.MustParsePrefix("127.0.0.1/32")}}
+
+	assertRealIP(t, cfg, "203.0.113.44",
+		realip.XForwardedFor, "203.0.113.44",
+		realip.XRealIp, "203.0.113.44",
+	)
+}
+
+func TestRealIPReadsXRealIPWhenProxyCountSkipsForwardedFor(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := nbconfig.ReverseProxy{
+		TrustedPeers:            []netip.Prefix{netip.MustParsePrefix("127.0.0.1/32")},
+		TrustedHTTPProxiesCount: 1,
+	}
+
+	t.Run("no X-Forwarded-For", func(t *testing.T) {
+		assertRealIP(t, cfg, "203.0.113.44", realip.XRealIp, "203.0.113.44")
+	})
+	t.Run("single-entry X-Forwarded-For", func(t *testing.T) {
+		assertRealIP(t, cfg, "198.51.100.7",
+			realip.XForwardedFor, "203.0.113.44",
+			realip.XRealIp, "198.51.100.7",
+		)
+	})
+}

management/internals/server/server.go

@@ -66,7 +66,8 @@ type BaseServer struct {
 	disableLegacyManagementPort bool
 	autoResolveDomains          bool
 
-	proxyAuthClose func()
+	proxyAuthClose    func()
+	domainCleanupStop func()
 
 	// grpcExtensions holds additional gRPC services, interceptors, and shutdown
 	// hooks registered by external modules via RegisterGRPCExtension. Populated
@@ -74,6 +75,7 @@ type BaseServer struct {
 	grpcExtensions []GRPCExtension
 
 	listener    net.Listener
+	tlsConfig   *tls.Config
 	certManager *autocert.Manager
 	update      *version.Update
 
@@ -94,6 +96,7 @@ type Config struct {
 	DisableGeoliteUpdate        bool
 	UserDeleteFromIDPEnabled    bool
 	AutoResolveDomains          bool
+	TLSConfig                   *tls.Config
 }
 
 // NewServer initializes and configures a new Server instance
@@ -110,6 +113,7 @@ func NewServer(cfg *Config) *BaseServer {
 		disableLegacyManagementPort: cfg.DisableLegacyManagementPort,
 		mgmtMetricsPort:             cfg.MgmtMetricsPort,
 		autoResolveDomains:          cfg.AutoResolveDomains,
+		tlsConfig:                   cfg.TLSConfig,
 	}
 	s.container[ContainerKeyBaseServer] = s
 
@@ -139,21 +143,9 @@ func (s *BaseServer) Start(ctx context.Context) error {
 	}
 	s.EphemeralManager().LoadInitialPeers(srvCtx)
 
-	var tlsConfig *tls.Config
-	tlsEnabled := false
-	if s.Config.HttpConfig.LetsEncryptDomain != "" {
-		s.certManager, err = encryption.CreateCertManager(s.Config.Datadir, s.Config.HttpConfig.LetsEncryptDomain)
-		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("failed creating LetsEncrypt cert manager: %v", err)
-		}
-		tlsEnabled = true
-	} else if s.Config.HttpConfig.CertFile != "" && s.Config.HttpConfig.CertKey != "" {
-		tlsConfig, err = loadTLSConfig(s.Config.HttpConfig.CertFile, s.Config.HttpConfig.CertKey)
-		if err != nil {
-			log.WithContext(srvCtx).Errorf("cannot load TLS credentials: %v", err)
-			return err
-		}
-		tlsEnabled = true
+	tlsEnabled, err := s.setupTLS(srvCtx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
 	}
 
 	installationID, err := getInstallationID(srvCtx, s.Store())
@@ -215,8 +207,8 @@ func (s *BaseServer) Start(ctx context.Context) error {
 			log.WithContext(ctx).Infof("running HTTP server (LetsEncrypt challenge handler): %s", cml.Addr().String())
 			s.serveHTTP(ctx, cml, s.certManager.HTTPHandler(nil))
 		}
-	case tlsConfig != nil:
-		s.listener, err = tls.Listen("tcp", fmt.Sprintf(":%d", s.mgmtPort), tlsConfig)
+	case s.tlsConfig != nil:
+		s.listener, err = tls.Listen("tcp", fmt.Sprintf(":%d", s.mgmtPort), s.tlsConfig)
 		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("failed creating TLS listener on port %d: %v", s.mgmtPort, err)
 		}
@@ -236,14 +228,59 @@ func (s *BaseServer) Start(ctx context.Context) error {
 	s.update.SetOnUpdateListener(func() {
 		log.WithContext(ctx).Infof("your management version, \"%s\", is outdated, a new management version is available. Learn more here: https://github.com/netbirdio/netbird/releases", version.NetbirdVersion())
 	})
+	s.startDomainCleanup(srvCtx)
 
 	return nil
 }
+func (s *BaseServer) startDomainCleanup(ctx context.Context) {
+	if s.domainCleanupStop != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	mgr := s.ReverseProxyDomainManager()
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(ctx)
+	done := make(chan struct{})
+	s.domainCleanupStop = func() {
+		cancel()
+		<-done
+	}
+	go func() {
+		defer close(done)
+		mgr.RunValidationCleanup(ctx)
+	}()
+}
+
+// setupTLS resolves the listener's TLS source: an injected config wins over the HttpConfig certificate settings
+func (s *BaseServer) setupTLS(ctx context.Context) (bool, error) {
+	switch {
+	case s.tlsConfig != nil:
+		return true, nil
+	case s.Config.HttpConfig.LetsEncryptDomain != "":
+		certManager, err := encryption.CreateCertManager(s.Config.Datadir, s.Config.HttpConfig.LetsEncryptDomain)
+		if err != nil {
+			return false, fmt.Errorf("failed creating LetsEncrypt cert manager: %v", err)
+		}
+		s.certManager = certManager
+		return true, nil
+	case s.Config.HttpConfig.CertFile != "" && s.Config.HttpConfig.CertKey != "":
+		tlsConfig, err := loadTLSConfig(s.Config.HttpConfig.CertFile, s.Config.HttpConfig.CertKey)
+		if err != nil {
+			log.WithContext(ctx).Errorf("cannot load TLS credentials: %v", err)
+			return false, err
+		}
+		s.tlsConfig = tlsConfig
+		return true, nil
+	default:
+		return false, nil
+	}
+}
 
 // Stop attempts a graceful shutdown, waiting up to 5 seconds for active connections to finish
 func (s *BaseServer) Stop() error {
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 5*time.Second)
 	defer cancel()
+	if s.domainCleanupStop != nil {
+		s.domainCleanupStop()
+	}
 
 	s.IntegratedValidator().Stop(ctx)
 	if s.GeoLocationManager() != nil {

management/internals/shared/grpc/peer_update_handler.go

@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+package grpc
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/encryption"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/internals/controllers/network_map"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/server/telemetry"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/management/proto"
+	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
+	"golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/wgctrl/wgtypes"
+	"google.golang.org/grpc/codes"
+	"google.golang.org/grpc/status"
+)
+
+func PeerUpdateHandlerFactory(
+	peerKey wgtypes.Key,
+	updates chan *network_map.UpdateMessage,
+	secretsManager SecretsManager,
+	srv proto.ManagementService_SyncServer,
+	cleanupfunc func()) *PeerUpdateHandler {
+	return &PeerUpdateHandler{
+		peerKey:        peerKey,
+		updates:        updates,
+		secretsManager: secretsManager,
+		srv:            srv,
+		encrypter:      encryption.DefaultEncrypter{},
+		debouncer:      NewUpdateDebouncer(1000 * time.Millisecond),
+		cleanupFunc:    cleanupfunc,
+	}
+}
+
+// PeerUpdateHandler sends updates to the connected peer until the updates channel is closed.
+// It implements a backpressure mechanism that sends the first update immediately,
+// then debounces subsequent rapid updates, ensuring only the latest update is sent
+// after a quiet period.
+type PeerUpdateHandler struct {
+	peerKey        wgtypes.Key
+	updates        chan *network_map.UpdateMessage
+	appMetrics     telemetry.AppMetrics
+	secretsManager SecretsManager
+	srv            syncSender
+	encrypter      encryption.Encrypter
+	debouncer      Debouncer
+	cleanupFunc    func()
+}
+
+func (pu *PeerUpdateHandler) WithMetrics(appMetrics telemetry.AppMetrics) *PeerUpdateHandler {
+	pu.appMetrics = appMetrics
+	return pu
+}
+
+//go:generate go tool mockgen -source=./peer_update_handler.go -destination=./sync_sender_mock.go -package=grpc
+type syncSender interface {
+	Send(*proto.EncryptedMessage) error
+	Context() context.Context
+}
+
+func (pu *PeerUpdateHandler) HandleUpdates(ctx context.Context) error {
+	log.WithContext(ctx).Tracef("starting to handle updates for peer %s", pu.peerKey.String())
+
+	defer pu.debouncer.Stop()
+
+	for {
+		select {
+		// condition when there are some updates
+		// todo set the updates channel size to 1
+		case update, open := <-pu.updates:
+			if pu.appMetrics != nil {
+				pu.appMetrics.GRPCMetrics().UpdateChannelQueueLength(len(pu.updates) + 1)
+			}
+
+			if !open {
+				log.WithContext(ctx).Debugf("updates channel for peer %s was closed", pu.peerKey.String())
+				pu.cleanupFunc()
+				return nil
+			}
+
+			log.WithContext(ctx).Tracef("received an update for peer %s", pu.peerKey.String())
+			if pu.debouncer.ProcessUpdate(update) {
+				// Send immediately (first update or after quiet period)
+				if err := pu.SendUpdate(ctx, update); err != nil {
+					log.WithContext(ctx).Debugf("error while sending an update to peer %s: %v", pu.peerKey.String(), err)
+					return err
+				}
+			}
+
+		// Timer expired - quiet period reached, send pending updates if any
+		case <-pu.debouncer.TimerChannel():
+			pendingUpdates := pu.debouncer.GetPendingUpdates()
+			if len(pendingUpdates) == 0 {
+				continue
+			}
+			log.WithContext(ctx).Debugf("sending %d debounced update(s) for peer %s", len(pendingUpdates), pu.peerKey.String())
+			for _, pendingUpdate := range pendingUpdates {
+				if err := pu.SendUpdate(ctx, pendingUpdate); err != nil {
+					log.WithContext(ctx).Debugf("error while sending an update to peer %s: %v", pu.peerKey.String(), err)
+					return err
+				}
+			}
+
+		// condition when client <-> server connection has been terminated
+		case <-pu.srv.Context().Done():
+			// happens when connection drops, e.g. client disconnects
+			log.WithContext(ctx).Debugf("stream of peer %s has been closed", pu.peerKey.String())
+			pu.cleanupFunc()
+			return pu.srv.Context().Err()
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (pu *PeerUpdateHandler) SendUpdate(ctx context.Context, update *network_map.UpdateMessage) error {
+	key, err := pu.secretsManager.GetWGKey()
+	if err != nil {
+		pu.cleanupFunc()
+		return status.Errorf(codes.Internal, "failed processing update message")
+	}
+
+	encryptedResp, err := pu.encrypter.EncryptMessage(pu.peerKey, key, update.Update)
+	if err != nil {
+		pu.cleanupFunc()
+		return status.Errorf(codes.Internal, "failed processing update message")
+	}
+	err = pu.srv.Send(&proto.EncryptedMessage{
+		WgPubKey: key.PublicKey().String(),
+		Body:     encryptedResp,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		pu.cleanupFunc()
+		return status.Errorf(codes.Internal, "failed sending update message")
+	}
+	log.WithContext(ctx).Tracef("sent an update to peer %s", pu.peerKey.String())
+	return nil
+}

management/internals/shared/grpc/peer_update_handler_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+package grpc
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"sync"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	pb "github.com/golang/protobuf/proto" //nolint
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/internals/controllers/network_map"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/management/proto"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"go.uber.org/mock/gomock"
+	"golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/wgctrl/wgtypes"
+)
+
+func TestSendPeerUpdates_FirstUpdate(t *testing.T) {
+	ctrl := gomock.NewController(t)
+	secretsManager := NewMockSecretsManager(ctrl)
+	updateDebouncer := NewMockDebouncer(ctrl)
+	syncSender := NewMocksyncSender(ctrl)
+
+	pu := PeerUpdateHandler{
+		peerKey:        mustGenerateKey(t),
+		updates:        make(chan *network_map.UpdateMessage),
+		secretsManager: secretsManager,
+		encrypter:      testEncrypter{},
+		debouncer:      updateDebouncer,
+		srv:            syncSender,
+		cleanupFunc:    func() {},
+	}
+
+	msg := network_map.UpdateMessage{
+		Update: &proto.SyncResponse{Version: 1},
+	}
+
+	timeCh := make(chan time.Time)
+	srvCtx := context.TODO()
+	srvKey := mustGenerateKey(t)
+	// mock a first update, should send it right away
+	updateDebouncer.EXPECT().ProcessUpdate(gomock.Eq(&msg)).Return(true)
+	updateDebouncer.EXPECT().TimerChannel().AnyTimes().Return(timeCh)
+	syncSender.EXPECT().Context().AnyTimes().Return(srvCtx)
+	secretsManager.EXPECT().GetWGKey().Return(srvKey, nil)
+	syncSender.EXPECT().Send(pbMatcher{x: &proto.EncryptedMessage{WgPubKey: srvKey.PublicKey().String(), Body: mustMarshal(t, &msg)}})
+	updateDebouncer.EXPECT().Stop()
+
+	var wg sync.WaitGroup
+	wg.Go(func() { pu.HandleUpdates(context.TODO()) }) //nolint:errcheck
+	pu.updates <- &msg
+	close(pu.updates)
+	wg.Wait()
+}
+
+func TestSendPeerUpdates_TimerUpdate(t *testing.T) {
+	ctrl := gomock.NewController(t)
+	secretsManager := NewMockSecretsManager(ctrl)
+	updateDebouncer := NewMockDebouncer(ctrl)
+	syncSender := NewMocksyncSender(ctrl)
+
+	pu := PeerUpdateHandler{
+		peerKey:        mustGenerateKey(t),
+		updates:        make(chan *network_map.UpdateMessage),
+		secretsManager: secretsManager,
+		encrypter:      testEncrypter{},
+		debouncer:      updateDebouncer,
+		srv:            syncSender,
+		cleanupFunc:    func() {},
+	}
+
+	msg := network_map.UpdateMessage{
+		Update: &proto.SyncResponse{Version: 1},
+	}
+
+	timeCh := make(chan time.Time)
+	srvCtx := context.TODO()
+	srvKey := mustGenerateKey(t)
+	updateDebouncer.EXPECT().GetPendingUpdates().Return([]*network_map.UpdateMessage{&msg})
+	updateDebouncer.EXPECT().TimerChannel().AnyTimes().Return(timeCh)
+	syncSender.EXPECT().Context().AnyTimes().Return(srvCtx)
+	secretsManager.EXPECT().GetWGKey().Return(srvKey, nil)
+	syncSender.EXPECT().Send(pbMatcher{x: &proto.EncryptedMessage{WgPubKey: srvKey.PublicKey().String(), Body: mustMarshal(t, &msg)}})
+	updateDebouncer.EXPECT().Stop()
+
+	var wg sync.WaitGroup
+	wg.Go(func() { pu.HandleUpdates(context.TODO()) }) //nolint:errcheck
+	timeCh <- time.Now()
+	close(pu.updates)
+	wg.Wait()
+}
+
+func TestSendPeerUpdates_ServerContextDone(t *testing.T) {
+	ctrl := gomock.NewController(t)
+	secretsManager := NewMockSecretsManager(ctrl)
+	updateDebouncer := NewMockDebouncer(ctrl)
+	syncSender := NewMocksyncSender(ctrl)
+
+	pu := PeerUpdateHandler{
+		peerKey:        mustGenerateKey(t),
+		updates:        make(chan *network_map.UpdateMessage),
+		secretsManager: secretsManager,
+		encrypter:      testEncrypter{},
+		debouncer:      updateDebouncer,
+		srv:            syncSender,
+		cleanupFunc:    func() {},
+	}
+
+	timeCh := make(chan time.Time)
+	srvCtx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.TODO())
+	updateDebouncer.EXPECT().TimerChannel().AnyTimes().Return(timeCh)
+	syncSender.EXPECT().Context().AnyTimes().Return(srvCtx)
+	updateDebouncer.EXPECT().Stop()
+
+	var wg sync.WaitGroup
+	wg.Go(func() { pu.HandleUpdates(context.TODO()) }) //nolint:errcheck
+	cancel()
+	wg.Wait()
+}
+
+func mustGenerateKey(t *testing.T) wgtypes.Key {
+	t.Helper()
+	k, err := wgtypes.GenerateKey()
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	return k
+}
+
+func mustMarshal(t *testing.T, msg *network_map.UpdateMessage) []byte {
+	t.Helper()
+	r, err := pb.Marshal(msg.Update)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	return r
+}
+
+type testEncrypter struct{}
+
+func (testEncrypter) EncryptMessage(remotePubKey wgtypes.Key, ourPrivateKey wgtypes.Key, message pb.Message) ([]byte, error) {
+	return pb.Marshal(message)
+}
+
+type pbMatcher struct {
+	x pb.Message
+}
+
+func (pbm pbMatcher) Matches(x any) bool {
+	msg, ok := x.(pb.Message)
+	if !ok {
+		return false
+	}
+	return pb.Equal(pbm.x, msg)
+}
+
+func (pbm pbMatcher) String() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("is equal to %s (%T)", pbm.x, pbm.x)
+}

management/internals/shared/grpc/proxy.go

@@ -102,7 +102,8 @@ type ProxyServiceServer struct {
 
 	mu sync.RWMutex
 	// Manager for reverse proxy operations
-	serviceManager rpservice.Manager
+	serviceManager   rpservice.Manager
+	credentialLimits credentialVerificationLimiter
 	// agentNetworkSynth produces synthesised reverse-proxy services from
 	// Agent Network state. Optional — when nil the snapshot path only ships
 	// persisted services.
@@ -242,9 +243,10 @@ func (s *ProxyServiceServer) cleanupStaleProxies(ctx context.Context) {
 	}
 }
 
-// Close stops background goroutines.
+// Close stops background goroutines and releases credential verification state.
 func (s *ProxyServiceServer) Close() {
 	s.cancel()
+	s.credentialLimits.close()
 }
 
 // SetServiceManager sets the service manager. Must be called before serving.
@@ -1223,6 +1225,7 @@ func shallowCloneMapping(m *proto.ProxyMapping) *proto.ProxyMapping {
 	}
 }
 
+// Authenticate verifies service credentials and issues a session token.
 func (s *ProxyServiceServer) Authenticate(ctx context.Context, req *proto.AuthenticateRequest) (*proto.AuthenticateResponse, error) {
 	if err := enforceAccountScope(ctx, req.GetAccountId()); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -1234,6 +1237,14 @@ func (s *ProxyServiceServer) Authenticate(ctx context.Context, req *proto.Authen
 		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.FailedPrecondition, "get service from store: %v", err)
 	}
 
+	switch req.GetRequest().(type) {
+	case *proto.AuthenticateRequest_Pin, *proto.AuthenticateRequest_Password:
+		key := credentialVerificationKey{accountID: credentialAccountID(service.AccountID), serviceID: credentialServiceID(service.ID)}
+		if err := s.credentialLimits.allow(key); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+
 	authenticated, userId, method := s.authenticateRequest(ctx, req, service)
 
 	// Non-OIDC schemes (PIN/Password/Header) authenticate against per-service

management/internals/shared/grpc/proxy_credential_limiter.go

@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+package grpc
+
+import (
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+
+	"golang.org/x/time/rate"
+	"google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc/errdetails"
+	"google.golang.org/grpc/codes"
+	"google.golang.org/grpc/status"
+	"google.golang.org/protobuf/types/known/durationpb"
+)
+
+const (
+	credentialVerificationInterval        = 6 * time.Second
+	credentialVerificationBurst           = 5
+	credentialVerificationMaxServices     = 4096
+	credentialVerificationIdleTimeout     = 15 * time.Minute
+	credentialVerificationCleanupInterval = time.Minute
+)
+
+type credentialAccountID string
+type credentialServiceID string
+
+type credentialVerificationKey struct {
+	accountID credentialAccountID
+	serviceID credentialServiceID
+}
+
+type credentialVerificationBudget struct {
+	limiter  *rate.Limiter
+	lastUsed time.Time
+}
+
+// The zero value is ready to use. Budgets are local to this Management process;
+// proxy replicas reaching this process share a service's verification budget.
+type credentialVerificationLimiter struct {
+	mu          sync.Mutex
+	now         func() time.Time
+	services    map[credentialVerificationKey]*credentialVerificationBudget
+	nextCleanup time.Time
+	closed      bool
+}
+
+func (l *credentialVerificationLimiter) allow(key credentialVerificationKey) error {
+	l.mu.Lock()
+	defer l.mu.Unlock()
+	if l.closed {
+		return status.Error(codes.Unavailable, "credential verification is closed")
+	}
+	now := time.Now()
+	if l.now != nil {
+		now = l.now()
+	}
+	l.cleanup(now)
+	budget := l.services[key]
+	if budget == nil {
+		if len(l.services) >= credentialVerificationMaxServices {
+			return credentialVerificationThrottled(credentialVerificationCleanupInterval)
+		}
+		if l.services == nil {
+			l.services = make(map[credentialVerificationKey]*credentialVerificationBudget)
+		}
+		budget = &credentialVerificationBudget{limiter: rate.NewLimiter(rate.Every(credentialVerificationInterval), credentialVerificationBurst)}
+		l.services[key] = budget
+	}
+	budget.lastUsed = now
+	if budget.limiter.AllowN(now, 1) {
+		return nil
+	}
+	delay := max(time.Nanosecond, time.Duration((1-budget.limiter.TokensAt(now))*float64(credentialVerificationInterval)))
+	return credentialVerificationThrottled(delay)
+}
+
+func (l *credentialVerificationLimiter) cleanup(now time.Time) {
+	if now.Before(l.nextCleanup) {
+		return
+	}
+	l.nextCleanup = now.Add(credentialVerificationCleanupInterval)
+	for key, budget := range l.services {
+		if now.Sub(budget.lastUsed) >= credentialVerificationIdleTimeout {
+			delete(l.services, key)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (l *credentialVerificationLimiter) close() {
+	l.mu.Lock()
+	defer l.mu.Unlock()
+	l.closed = true
+	l.services = nil
+}
+
+func credentialVerificationThrottled(delay time.Duration) error {
+	s := status.New(codes.ResourceExhausted, "too many credential verification attempts")
+	withRetry, err := s.WithDetails(&errdetails.RetryInfo{RetryDelay: durationpb.New(delay)})
+	if err != nil {
+		return s.Err()
+	}
+	return withRetry.Err()
+}

management/internals/shared/grpc/proxy_credential_limiter_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+package grpc
+
+import (
+	"strconv"
+	"sync"
+	"sync/atomic"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc/errdetails"
+	"google.golang.org/grpc/codes"
+	"google.golang.org/grpc/status"
+)
+
+func TestCredentialVerificationRefillAndIsolation(t *testing.T) {
+	now := time.Now()
+	l := credentialVerificationLimiter{now: func() time.Time { return now }}
+	key := credentialVerificationKey{accountID: "account", serviceID: "service"}
+	for range credentialVerificationBurst {
+		require.NoError(t, l.allow(key))
+	}
+	err := l.allow(key)
+	require.Equal(t, codes.ResourceExhausted, status.Code(err), "the burst must be bounded")
+	now = now.Add(3 * time.Second)
+	err = l.allow(key)
+	require.Equal(t, codes.ResourceExhausted, status.Code(err), "a partially refilled token must not permit a check")
+	details := status.Convert(err).Details()
+	require.Len(t, details, 1, "throttling must provide RetryInfo")
+	retry, ok := details[0].(*errdetails.RetryInfo)
+	require.True(t, ok, "retry details must use the standard message")
+	assert.Equal(t, 3*time.Second, retry.RetryDelay.AsDuration(), "retry hint must reflect time until the next check")
+	now = now.Add(3 * time.Second)
+	require.NoError(t, l.allow(key))
+	assert.Equal(t, codes.ResourceExhausted, status.Code(l.allow(key)), "only one check must refill every six seconds")
+	require.NoError(t, l.allow(credentialVerificationKey{accountID: "other-account", serviceID: key.serviceID}))
+	require.NoError(t, l.allow(credentialVerificationKey{accountID: key.accountID, serviceID: "other-service"}))
+}
+
+func TestCredentialVerificationCapacityAndExpiry(t *testing.T) {
+	now := time.Now()
+	l := credentialVerificationLimiter{now: func() time.Time { return now }}
+	for i := range credentialVerificationMaxServices {
+		require.NoError(t, l.allow(credentialVerificationKey{accountID: "account", serviceID: credentialServiceID(strconv.Itoa(i))}))
+	}
+	key := credentialVerificationKey{accountID: "account", serviceID: "new-service"}
+	assert.Equal(t, codes.ResourceExhausted, status.Code(l.allow(key)), "capacity exhaustion must deny new checks")
+	now = now.Add(credentialVerificationIdleTimeout)
+	for range credentialVerificationBurst {
+		require.NoError(t, l.allow(key))
+	}
+	assert.Equal(t, codes.ResourceExhausted, status.Code(l.allow(key)), "expiry must retain the normal burst bound")
+}
+
+func TestCredentialVerificationConcurrentChecksAndClose(t *testing.T) {
+	var l credentialVerificationLimiter
+	key := credentialVerificationKey{accountID: "account", serviceID: "service"}
+	var admitted atomic.Int32
+	var wg sync.WaitGroup
+	for range 100 {
+		wg.Go(func() {
+			if err := l.allow(key); err == nil {
+				admitted.Add(1)
+			} else {
+				assert.Equal(t, codes.ResourceExhausted, status.Code(err), "excess checks must be throttled")
+			}
+		})
+	}
+	wg.Wait()
+	assert.EqualValues(t, credentialVerificationBurst, admitted.Load(), "concurrent checks must share the burst")
+	for range 10 {
+		wg.Go(l.close)
+		wg.Go(func() { assert.Error(t, l.allow(key)) })
+	}
+	wg.Wait()
+	assert.Empty(t, l.services, "closing must release retained budgets")
+	assert.Equal(t, codes.Unavailable, status.Code(l.allow(key)), "checks after close must fail closed")
+}

management/internals/shared/grpc/proxy_credentials.md

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# Reverse proxy credential verification
+
+The `ProxyService.Authenticate` RPC limits PIN and password checks before
+verifying their Argon2 hashes. Both methods share one budget per account and
+service: a burst of five checks, replenishing one check every six seconds
+(ten per minute). Successful and failed checks consume the budget. Account
+scope and service lookup run before the limiter.
+
+Excess checks receive gRPC `ResourceExhausted` with a standard `RetryInfo` delay.
+Updated proxies translate it to HTTP 429 and `Retry-After`. Older proxies show
+an authentication-service error but cannot bypass the Management limit.
+
+Budgets are held in memory per Management process and reset on restart. Proxy
+replicas reaching the same Management process share its budgets. Multiple
+Management processes have independent budgets; this is not a cluster-wide
+limit. At most 4,096 service budgets are retained, with idle entries expiring
+after fifteen minutes. Capacity exhaustion denies new checks until entries
+expire. Closing the server releases the retained state.

management/internals/shared/grpc/proxy_credentials_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+package grpc_test
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"net"
+	"net/netip"
+	"sync"
+	"sync/atomic"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc/errdetails"
+	"google.golang.org/grpc"
+	"google.golang.org/grpc/codes"
+	"google.golang.org/grpc/metadata"
+	"google.golang.org/grpc/peer"
+	"google.golang.org/grpc/status"
+
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/service"
+	servicemanager "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/service/manager"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/internals/modules/reverseproxy/sessionkey"
+	nbgrpc "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/internals/shared/grpc"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/server/store"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/server/types"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/management/proto"
+)
+
+func credentialServer(t *testing.T) (*nbgrpc.ProxyServiceServer, context.Context, grpc.UnaryServerInterceptor) {
+	t.Helper()
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	s, err := store.NewStore(ctx, types.SqliteStoreEngine, t.TempDir(), nil, false)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	t.Cleanup(func() { assert.NoError(t, s.Close(ctx)) })
+	require.NoError(t, s.SaveAccount(ctx, &types.Account{Id: "account"}))
+	keys, err := sessionkey.GenerateKeyPair()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	for _, id := range []string{"service", "other-service"} {
+		svc := &service.Service{
+			ID: id, AccountID: "account", Name: id, Domain: id + ".example.com",
+			Enabled: true, SessionPrivateKey: keys.PrivateKey, SessionPublicKey: keys.PublicKey,
+			Auth: service.AuthConfig{
+				PinAuth:      &service.PINAuthConfig{Enabled: true, Pin: "842716"},
+				PasswordAuth: &service.PasswordAuthConfig{Enabled: true, Password: "test-password"},
+			},
+		}
+		require.NoError(t, svc.Auth.HashSecrets())
+		require.NoError(t, s.CreateService(ctx, svc))
+	}
+	account := "account"
+	token, err := types.CreateNewProxyAccessToken("test proxy", time.Hour, &account, "admin")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, s.SaveProxyAccessToken(ctx, &token.ProxyAccessToken))
+	ctx = metadata.NewIncomingContext(ctx, metadata.Pairs("authorization", "Bearer "+string(token.PlainToken)))
+	ctx = peer.NewContext(ctx, &peer.Peer{Addr: net.TCPAddrFromAddrPort(netip.MustParseAddrPort("192.0.2.1:443"))})
+	server := nbgrpc.NewProxyServiceServer(nil, nil, nil, nbgrpc.ProxyOIDCConfig{}, nil, nil, nil, nil, nil)
+	t.Cleanup(server.Close)
+	server.SetServiceManager(servicemanager.NewManager(s, nil, nil, nil, nil, nil))
+	interceptor, _, closeInterceptor := nbgrpc.NewProxyAuthInterceptors(s)
+	t.Cleanup(closeInterceptor)
+	return server, ctx, interceptor
+}
+
+func TestAuthenticateCredentialRateLimit(t *testing.T) {
+	server, ctx, interceptor := credentialServer(t)
+	authenticate := func(req *proto.AuthenticateRequest) (*proto.AuthenticateResponse, error) {
+		response, err := interceptor(ctx, req, &grpc.UnaryServerInfo{FullMethod: "/management.ProxyService/Authenticate"}, func(ctx context.Context, req any) (any, error) {
+			return server.Authenticate(ctx, req.(*proto.AuthenticateRequest))
+		})
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		return response.(*proto.AuthenticateResponse), nil
+	}
+	for i := range 5 {
+		req := &proto.AuthenticateRequest{AccountId: "account", Id: "service"}
+		if i%2 == 0 {
+			req.Request = &proto.AuthenticateRequest_Pin{Pin: &proto.PinRequest{Pin: "000000"}}
+		} else {
+			req.Request = &proto.AuthenticateRequest_Password{Password: &proto.PasswordRequest{Password: "wrong-password"}}
+		}
+		resp, err := authenticate(req)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.False(t, resp.GetSuccess(), "incorrect PINs and passwords must be denied")
+		assert.Empty(t, resp.GetSessionToken(), "incorrect credentials must not issue a token")
+	}
+	req := &proto.AuthenticateRequest{AccountId: "account", Id: "service", Request: &proto.AuthenticateRequest_Pin{Pin: &proto.PinRequest{Pin: "842716"}}}
+	resp, err := authenticate(req)
+	assert.Nil(t, resp, "a throttled verification must not return a session")
+	require.Equal(t, codes.ResourceExhausted, status.Code(err), "PIN and password checks must share a service budget even with a valid proxy token")
+	details := status.Convert(err).Details()
+	require.Len(t, details, 1, "throttled responses must include a retry hint")
+	retry, ok := details[0].(*errdetails.RetryInfo)
+	require.True(t, ok, "the hint must use the standard RetryInfo message")
+	assert.Positive(t, retry.RetryDelay.AsDuration(), "the retry delay must be positive")
+	assert.LessOrEqual(t, retry.RetryDelay.AsDuration(), 6*time.Second, "the service must replenish one verification every six seconds")
+	req.AccountId = "another-account"
+	_, err = authenticate(req)
+	assert.Equal(t, codes.PermissionDenied, status.Code(err), "account scope must still be enforced before throttling")
+	req.AccountId = "account"
+	req.Id = "other-service"
+	resp, err = authenticate(req)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.True(t, resp.GetSuccess(), "one service's throttle must not block another service")
+	assert.NotEmpty(t, resp.GetSessionToken(), "valid credentials on another service must issue a session")
+}
+
+func TestAuthenticateCredentialConcurrentLimit(t *testing.T) {
+	server, _, _ := credentialServer(t)
+	req := &proto.AuthenticateRequest{AccountId: "account", Id: "service", Request: &proto.AuthenticateRequest_Pin{Pin: &proto.PinRequest{Pin: "000000"}}}
+	var checked, throttled atomic.Int32
+	var wg sync.WaitGroup
+	for range 20 {
+		wg.Go(func() {
+			resp, err := server.Authenticate(context.Background(), req)
+			switch status.Code(err) {
+			case codes.OK:
+				checked.Add(1)
+				assert.False(t, resp.GetSuccess(), "incorrect credentials must be denied")
+			case codes.ResourceExhausted:
+				throttled.Add(1)
+			default:
+				assert.NoError(t, err)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+	wg.Wait()
+	assert.EqualValues(t, 5, checked.Load(), "only the burst budget may reach concurrent credential verification")
+	assert.EqualValues(t, 15, throttled.Load(), "excess concurrent checks must be throttled")
+}

management/internals/shared/grpc/server.go

@@ -337,7 +337,8 @@ func (s *Server) Sync(req *proto.EncryptedMessage, srv proto.ManagementService_S
 
 	s.syncSem.Add(-1)
 
-	return s.handleUpdates(ctx, accountID, peerKey, peer, updates, srv, syncStart)
+	return PeerUpdateHandlerFactory(peerKey, updates, s.secretsManager, srv, func() { s.cancelPeerRoutines(ctx, accountID, peer, syncStart) }).
+		WithMetrics(s.appMetrics).HandleUpdates(ctx)
 }
 
 func (s *Server) handleHandshake(ctx context.Context, srv proto.ManagementService_JobServer) (wgtypes.Key, error) {
@@ -404,91 +405,6 @@ func (s *Server) sendJobsLoop(ctx context.Context, accountID string, peerKey wgt
 	}
 }
 
-// handleUpdates sends updates to the connected peer until the updates channel is closed.
-// It implements a backpressure mechanism that sends the first update immediately,
-// then debounces subsequent rapid updates, ensuring only the latest update is sent
-// after a quiet period.
-func (s *Server) handleUpdates(ctx context.Context, accountID string, peerKey wgtypes.Key, peer *nbpeer.Peer, updates chan *network_map.UpdateMessage, srv proto.ManagementService_SyncServer, streamStartTime time.Time) error {
-	log.WithContext(ctx).Tracef("starting to handle updates for peer %s", peerKey.String())
-
-	// Create a debouncer for this peer connection
-	debouncer := NewUpdateDebouncer(1000 * time.Millisecond)
-	defer debouncer.Stop()
-
-	for {
-		select {
-		// condition when there are some updates
-		// todo set the updates channel size to 1
-		case update, open := <-updates:
-			if s.appMetrics != nil {
-				s.appMetrics.GRPCMetrics().UpdateChannelQueueLength(len(updates) + 1)
-			}
-
-			if !open {
-				log.WithContext(ctx).Debugf("updates channel for peer %s was closed", peerKey.String())
-				s.cancelPeerRoutines(ctx, accountID, peer, streamStartTime)
-				return nil
-			}
-
-			log.WithContext(ctx).Tracef("received an update for peer %s", peerKey.String())
-			if debouncer.ProcessUpdate(update) {
-				// Send immediately (first update or after quiet period)
-				if err := s.sendUpdate(ctx, accountID, peerKey, peer, update, srv, streamStartTime); err != nil {
-					log.WithContext(ctx).Debugf("error while sending an update to peer %s: %v", peerKey.String(), err)
-					return err
-				}
-			}
-
-		// Timer expired - quiet period reached, send pending updates if any
-		case <-debouncer.TimerChannel():
-			pendingUpdates := debouncer.GetPendingUpdates()
-			if len(pendingUpdates) == 0 {
-				continue
-			}
-			log.WithContext(ctx).Debugf("sending %d debounced update(s) for peer %s", len(pendingUpdates), peerKey.String())
-			for _, pendingUpdate := range pendingUpdates {
-				if err := s.sendUpdate(ctx, accountID, peerKey, peer, pendingUpdate, srv, streamStartTime); err != nil {
-					log.WithContext(ctx).Debugf("error while sending an update to peer %s: %v", peerKey.String(), err)
-					return err
-				}
-			}
-
-		// condition when client <-> server connection has been terminated
-		case <-srv.Context().Done():
-			// happens when connection drops, e.g. client disconnects
-			log.WithContext(ctx).Debugf("stream of peer %s has been closed", peerKey.String())
-			s.cancelPeerRoutines(ctx, accountID, peer, streamStartTime)
-			return srv.Context().Err()
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-// sendUpdate encrypts the update message using the peer key and the server's wireguard key,
-// then sends the encrypted message to the connected peer via the sync server.
-func (s *Server) sendUpdate(ctx context.Context, accountID string, peerKey wgtypes.Key, peer *nbpeer.Peer, update *network_map.UpdateMessage, srv proto.ManagementService_SyncServer, streamStartTime time.Time) error {
-	key, err := s.secretsManager.GetWGKey()
-	if err != nil {
-		s.cancelPeerRoutines(ctx, accountID, peer, streamStartTime)
-		return status.Errorf(codes.Internal, "failed processing update message")
-	}
-
-	encryptedResp, err := encryption.EncryptMessage(peerKey, key, update.Update)
-	if err != nil {
-		s.cancelPeerRoutines(ctx, accountID, peer, streamStartTime)
-		return status.Errorf(codes.Internal, "failed processing update message")
-	}
-	err = srv.Send(&proto.EncryptedMessage{
-		WgPubKey: key.PublicKey().String(),
-		Body:     encryptedResp,
-	})
-	if err != nil {
-		s.cancelPeerRoutines(ctx, accountID, peer, streamStartTime)
-		return status.Errorf(codes.Internal, "failed sending update message")
-	}
-	log.WithContext(ctx).Tracef("sent an update to peer %s", peerKey.String())
-	return nil
-}
-
 // sendJob encrypts the update message using the peer key and the server's wireguard key,
 // then sends the encrypted message to the connected peer via the sync server.
 func (s *Server) sendJob(ctx context.Context, peerKey wgtypes.Key, job *job.Event, srv proto.ManagementService_JobServer) error {

management/internals/shared/grpc/sync_sender_mock.go

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+// Code generated by MockGen. DO NOT EDIT.
+// Source: ./peer_update_handler.go
+//
+// Generated by this command:
+//
+//	mockgen -source=./peer_update_handler.go -destination=./sync_sender_mock.go -package=grpc
+//
+
+// Package grpc is a generated GoMock package.
+package grpc
+
+import (
+	context "context"
+	reflect "reflect"
+
+	proto "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/management/proto"
+	gomock "go.uber.org/mock/gomock"
+)
+
+// MocksyncSender is a mock of syncSender interface.
+type MocksyncSender struct {
+	ctrl     *gomock.Controller
+	recorder *MocksyncSenderMockRecorder
+	isgomock struct{}
+}
+
+// MocksyncSenderMockRecorder is the mock recorder for MocksyncSender.
+type MocksyncSenderMockRecorder struct {
+	mock *MocksyncSender
+}
+
+// NewMocksyncSender creates a new mock instance.
+func NewMocksyncSender(ctrl *gomock.Controller) *MocksyncSender {
+	mock := &MocksyncSender{ctrl: ctrl}
+	mock.recorder = &MocksyncSenderMockRecorder{mock}
+	return mock
+}
+
+// EXPECT returns an object that allows the caller to indicate expected use.
+func (m *MocksyncSender) EXPECT() *MocksyncSenderMockRecorder {
+	return m.recorder
+}
+
+// Context mocks base method.
+func (m *MocksyncSender) Context() context.Context {
+	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "Context")
+	ret0, _ := ret[0].(context.Context)
+	return ret0
+}
+
+// Context indicates an expected call of Context.
+func (mr *MocksyncSenderMockRecorder) Context() *gomock.Call {
+	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "Context", reflect.TypeOf((*MocksyncSender)(nil).Context))
+}
+
+// Send mocks base method.
+func (m *MocksyncSender) Send(arg0 *proto.EncryptedMessage) error {
+	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "Send", arg0)
+	ret0, _ := ret[0].(error)
+	return ret0
+}
+
+// Send indicates an expected call of Send.
+func (mr *MocksyncSenderMockRecorder) Send(arg0 any) *gomock.Call {
+	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "Send", reflect.TypeOf((*MocksyncSender)(nil).Send), arg0)
+}

management/internals/shared/grpc/token_mgr.go

@@ -25,6 +25,8 @@ import (
 const defaultDuration = 12 * time.Hour
 
 // SecretsManager used to manage TURN and relay secrets
+//
+//go:generate go tool mockgen -source=./token_mgr.go -destination=./token_mgr_mock.go -package=grpc
 type SecretsManager interface {
 	GenerateTurnToken() (*Token, error)
 	GenerateRelayToken() (*Token, error)

management/internals/shared/grpc/token_mgr_mock.go

@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+// Code generated by MockGen. DO NOT EDIT.
+// Source: ./token_mgr.go
+//
+// Generated by this command:
+//
+//	mockgen -source=./token_mgr.go -destination=./token_mgr_mock.go -package=grpc
+//
+
+// Package grpc is a generated GoMock package.
+package grpc
+
+import (
+	context "context"
+	reflect "reflect"
+
+	gomock "go.uber.org/mock/gomock"
+	wgtypes "golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/wgctrl/wgtypes"
+)
+
+// MockSecretsManager is a mock of SecretsManager interface.
+type MockSecretsManager struct {
+	ctrl     *gomock.Controller
+	recorder *MockSecretsManagerMockRecorder
+	isgomock struct{}
+}
+
+// MockSecretsManagerMockRecorder is the mock recorder for MockSecretsManager.
+type MockSecretsManagerMockRecorder struct {
+	mock *MockSecretsManager
+}
+
+// NewMockSecretsManager creates a new mock instance.
+func NewMockSecretsManager(ctrl *gomock.Controller) *MockSecretsManager {
+	mock := &MockSecretsManager{ctrl: ctrl}
+	mock.recorder = &MockSecretsManagerMockRecorder{mock}
+	return mock
+}
+
+// EXPECT returns an object that allows the caller to indicate expected use.
+func (m *MockSecretsManager) EXPECT() *MockSecretsManagerMockRecorder {
+	return m.recorder
+}
+
+// CancelRefresh mocks base method.
+func (m *MockSecretsManager) CancelRefresh(peerKey string) {
+	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	m.ctrl.Call(m, "CancelRefresh", peerKey)
+}
+
+// CancelRefresh indicates an expected call of CancelRefresh.
+func (mr *MockSecretsManagerMockRecorder) CancelRefresh(peerKey any) *gomock.Call {
+	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "CancelRefresh", reflect.TypeOf((*MockSecretsManager)(nil).CancelRefresh), peerKey)
+}
+
+// GenerateRelayToken mocks base method.
+func (m *MockSecretsManager) GenerateRelayToken() (*Token, error) {
+	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "GenerateRelayToken")
+	ret0, _ := ret[0].(*Token)
+	ret1, _ := ret[1].(error)
+	return ret0, ret1
+}
+
+// GenerateRelayToken indicates an expected call of GenerateRelayToken.
+func (mr *MockSecretsManagerMockRecorder) GenerateRelayToken() *gomock.Call {
+	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "GenerateRelayToken", reflect.TypeOf((*MockSecretsManager)(nil).GenerateRelayToken))
+}
+
+// GenerateTurnToken mocks base method.
+func (m *MockSecretsManager) GenerateTurnToken() (*Token, error) {
+	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "GenerateTurnToken")
+	ret0, _ := ret[0].(*Token)
+	ret1, _ := ret[1].(error)
+	return ret0, ret1
+}
+
+// GenerateTurnToken indicates an expected call of GenerateTurnToken.
+func (mr *MockSecretsManagerMockRecorder) GenerateTurnToken() *gomock.Call {
+	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "GenerateTurnToken", reflect.TypeOf((*MockSecretsManager)(nil).GenerateTurnToken))
+}
+
+// GetWGKey mocks base method.
+func (m *MockSecretsManager) GetWGKey() (wgtypes.Key, error) {
+	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "GetWGKey")
+	ret0, _ := ret[0].(wgtypes.Key)
+	ret1, _ := ret[1].(error)
+	return ret0, ret1
+}
+
+// GetWGKey indicates an expected call of GetWGKey.
+func (mr *MockSecretsManagerMockRecorder) GetWGKey() *gomock.Call {
+	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "GetWGKey", reflect.TypeOf((*MockSecretsManager)(nil).GetWGKey))
+}
+
+// SetupRefresh mocks base method.
+func (m *MockSecretsManager) SetupRefresh(ctx context.Context, accountID, peerKey string) {
+	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	m.ctrl.Call(m, "SetupRefresh", ctx, accountID, peerKey)
+}
+
+// SetupRefresh indicates an expected call of SetupRefresh.
+func (mr *MockSecretsManagerMockRecorder) SetupRefresh(ctx, accountID, peerKey any) *gomock.Call {
+	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "SetupRefresh", reflect.TypeOf((*MockSecretsManager)(nil).SetupRefresh), ctx, accountID, peerKey)
+}

management/internals/shared/grpc/update_debouncer.go

@@ -6,6 +6,14 @@ import (
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/internals/controllers/network_map"
 )
 
+//go:generate go tool mockgen -source=./update_debouncer.go -destination=./update_debouncer_mock.go -package=grpc
+type Debouncer interface {
+	Stop()
+	TimerChannel() <-chan time.Time
+	ProcessUpdate(update *network_map.UpdateMessage) bool
+	GetPendingUpdates() []*network_map.UpdateMessage
+}
+
 // UpdateDebouncer implements a backpressure mechanism that:
 // - Sends the first update immediately
 // - Coalesces rapid subsequent network map updates (only latest matters)

management/internals/shared/grpc/update_debouncer_mock.go

@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+// Code generated by MockGen. DO NOT EDIT.
+// Source: ./update_debouncer.go
+//
+// Generated by this command:
+//
+//	mockgen -source=./update_debouncer.go -destination=./update_debouncer_mock.go -package=grpc
+//
+
+// Package grpc is a generated GoMock package.
+package grpc
+
+import (
+	reflect "reflect"
+	time "time"
+
+	network_map "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/management/internals/controllers/network_map"
+	gomock "go.uber.org/mock/gomock"
+)
+
+// MockDebouncer is a mock of Debouncer interface.
+type MockDebouncer struct {
+	ctrl     *gomock.Controller
+	recorder *MockDebouncerMockRecorder
+	isgomock struct{}
+}
+
+// MockDebouncerMockRecorder is the mock recorder for MockDebouncer.
+type MockDebouncerMockRecorder struct {
+	mock *MockDebouncer
+}
+
+// NewMockDebouncer creates a new mock instance.
+func NewMockDebouncer(ctrl *gomock.Controller) *MockDebouncer {
+	mock := &MockDebouncer{ctrl: ctrl}
+	mock.recorder = &MockDebouncerMockRecorder{mock}
+	return mock
+}
+
+// EXPECT returns an object that allows the caller to indicate expected use.
+func (m *MockDebouncer) EXPECT() *MockDebouncerMockRecorder {
+	return m.recorder
+}
+
+// GetPendingUpdates mocks base method.
+func (m *MockDebouncer) GetPendingUpdates() []*network_map.UpdateMessage {
+	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "GetPendingUpdates")
+	ret0, _ := ret[0].([]*network_map.UpdateMessage)
+	return ret0
+}
+
+// GetPendingUpdates indicates an expected call of GetPendingUpdates.
+func (mr *MockDebouncerMockRecorder) GetPendingUpdates() *gomock.Call {
+	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "GetPendingUpdates", reflect.TypeOf((*MockDebouncer)(nil).GetPendingUpdates))
+}
+
+// ProcessUpdate mocks base method.
+func (m *MockDebouncer) ProcessUpdate(update *network_map.UpdateMessage) bool {
+	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "ProcessUpdate", update)
+	ret0, _ := ret[0].(bool)
+	return ret0
+}
+
+// ProcessUpdate indicates an expected call of ProcessUpdate.
+func (mr *MockDebouncerMockRecorder) ProcessUpdate(update any) *gomock.Call {
+	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "ProcessUpdate", reflect.TypeOf((*MockDebouncer)(nil).ProcessUpdate), update)
+}
+
+// Stop mocks base method.
+func (m *MockDebouncer) Stop() {
+	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	m.ctrl.Call(m, "Stop")
+}
+
+// Stop indicates an expected call of Stop.
+func (mr *MockDebouncerMockRecorder) Stop() *gomock.Call {
+	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "Stop", reflect.TypeOf((*MockDebouncer)(nil).Stop))
+}
+
+// TimerChannel mocks base method.
+func (m *MockDebouncer) TimerChannel() <-chan time.Time {
+	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "TimerChannel")
+	ret0, _ := ret[0].(<-chan time.Time)
+	return ret0
+}
+
+// TimerChannel indicates an expected call of TimerChannel.
+func (mr *MockDebouncerMockRecorder) TimerChannel() *gomock.Call {
+	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "TimerChannel", reflect.TypeOf((*MockDebouncer)(nil).TimerChannel))
+}