[client, management] implement certificate posture check (#7535)

Co-authored-by: mlsmaycon <mlsmaycon@gmail.com>

client/internal/certproof/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,277 @@
+# Certificate posture proofs
+
+A peer answers a management certificate challenge by signing the challenge nonce with a
+private key it holds, and sending back the certificate chain. Management verifies the
+chain against the CAs configured on the check and verifies the signature, which proves
+the peer holds the key rather than merely a copy of the certificate.
+
+The signature covers `netbird-posture-cert-v1 || nonce || peerKey`, so a proof is bound
+to one WireGuard peer key and cannot be replayed by another peer.
+
+## Where certificates come from
+
+| Platform | Store | Read by |
+| --- | --- | --- |
+| macOS | System keychain | the daemon, directly |
+| macOS | console user's login keychain | a helper in that user's desktop session |
+| Windows | `LocalMachine\MY` | the service, directly |
+| Windows | signed-in user's `CurrentUser\MY` | a helper launched with that session's token |
+| Linux and others | PEM directory: `CertStoreDir` in the profile config, else `NB_CERT_STORE_DIR`, else `/etc/netbird/certs` | the daemon, directly |
+| Linux | a `TSS2 PRIVATE KEY` file in that directory, signed by the TPM | the daemon, through `/dev/tpmrm0` |
+| Linux | a PKCS#11 token, tpm2-pkcs11 for one, enabled by `CertPKCS11PIN` in the profile config | the daemon, through the token's module, in builds with the `pkcs11` tag |
+
+macOS and Windows both keep per-user certificates out of reach of a privileged daemon,
+and both are handled the same way: the daemon reads the machine store itself and
+launches `netbird posture cert-proof` as the signed-in user for the rest. Only the
+signature and the chain come back. The helper, the request and response types and the
+subcommand are shared; only the way the child is launched differs.
+
+## macOS: why the daemon cannot read a login keychain
+
+The daemon runs as root from a LaunchDaemon. Its keychain search list is the System
+keychain, which is where MDM installs device identities, and nothing else. A user's
+login keychain is out of reach for reasons that are not about privilege:
+
+- `login.keychain-db` is unlocked by `securityd` **in the user's session**. The daemon
+  lives in a different Mach bootstrap namespace, so from where it stands the keychain is
+  locked no matter which uid it runs as.
+- Every private key carries an ACL naming the applications allowed to use it. A process
+  that is not listed causes a consent prompt *in the user's session*. A daemon has no
+  session to show one in, so it receives `errSecInteractionNotAllowed (-25308)` instead.
+
+Dropping to the user's uid with `SysProcAttr.Credential` does **not** fix this: uid is
+not what selects the securityd instance, the bootstrap namespace is. The process has to
+enter the user's session, which is what `launchctl asuser` does.
+
+## macOS: the console user helper
+
+When a certificate challenge arrives and the daemon is root, it:
+
+1. Reads the System keychain itself, so MDM device identities are answered with no user
+   session involved.
+2. Resolves the console user with `SCDynamicStoreCopyConsoleUser`.
+3. Launches itself as that user with
+   `launchctl asuser <uid> sudo -u <user> -H netbird posture cert-proof`, writing the
+   challenges to the child's stdin as JSON and reading proofs from its stdout.
+4. Merges both sets of proofs, dropping a leaf that both keychains hold.
+
+The child runs `RunHelper`, which uses the ordinary `KeychainStore` — inside the user's
+session it simply works. **The private key never crosses the boundary; only the
+signature and the certificate chain come back.**
+
+`-H` matters: it sets `HOME`, which is how the login keychain path is resolved.
+
+`netbird posture cert-proof` is hidden and not meant to be run by hand. It writes proofs
+to stdout and every log line to stderr, so stdout stays parseable.
+
+## Windows: the service and the signed-in user
+
+`LocalMachine\MY` is what the service reads, and it is where AD and Intune enrol device
+certificates. `CurrentUser\MY` lives in the signed-in user's registry hive with private
+keys protected by DPAPI against their profile, so it is only readable while running as
+that user.
+
+The failure mode differs from macOS in an important way: a service that opens
+`CURRENT_USER` does **not** get an error. "Current user" resolves to the service
+account's own hive, `HKU\S-1-5-18`, so it silently reads an empty and irrelevant store.
+There is nothing to log. That is why the service only ever opens `LocalMachine` and asks
+a helper for the rest.
+
+Windows does let a privileged service assume a user identity, which macOS does not for
+keychains, so no external tooling is involved:
+
+```go
+windows.WTSQueryUserToken(session, &token)
+cmd.SysProcAttr = &syscall.SysProcAttr{Token: syscall.Token(token), CreationFlags: windows.CREATE_NO_WINDOW}
+```
+
+`CREATE_NO_WINDOW` matters: without it a console window flashes on the user's desktop on
+every sync.
+
+Session selection prefers the physical console, then falls back to any active session,
+so remote desktop and VDI hosts work. `WTSQueryUserToken` needs `SE_TCB_NAME`, which
+LocalSystem holds and an ordinary process does not, so a user-run `netbird up` skips the
+helper and reads the machine store alone.
+
+In-process impersonation would also work, but it is per-OS-thread while goroutines
+migrate freely, so it would need `runtime.LockOSThread` around every key operation. The
+child process avoids that class of bug entirely.
+
+Unlike macOS, the Windows store acquires keys with `CRYPT_ACQUIRE_SILENT_FLAG`, so a key
+that would need a prompt fails immediately instead of blocking. That also means a
+smartcard PIN can never be satisfied this way.
+
+## Linux: keys held by the TPM
+
+Enrollment tooling on Linux keeps a TPM-resident key as a `TSS2 PRIVATE KEY` PEM file,
+the format of draft-bottomley-tpm2-keys that tpm2-openssl, tpm2-tss-engine and
+`tpm2_encodeobject` write. The file holds the key wrapped by its parent; the TPM is the
+only thing that can use it. Drop it next to the certificate as usual:
+
+```
+openssl genpkey -provider tpm2 -algorithm EC -pkeyopt group:P-256 -out /etc/netbird/certs/device.key
+openssl req -provider tpm2 -provider default -new -key /etc/netbird/certs/device.key -subj /CN=device -out device.csr
+```
+
+Sign the CSR with the organisation CA and store the result as `device.pem`. The store
+parses the key file without touching the TPM, so the certificate is listed as a
+candidate like any other, and every signature opens `/dev/tpmrm0`, loads the key under
+its parent, signs, flushes and closes again. `NB_TPM_DEVICE` overrides the device path.
+
+What the key file may look like:
+
+- **Parent.** A persistent handle such as `0x81000001` is used as is. The owner
+  hierarchy, which both tpm2-openssl and tpm2-tss-engine default to, means the key was
+  created under a transient primary from the TCG default ECC P-256 template, and that
+  same primary is derived again before loading.
+- **No authorization value.** A key created with a password needs someone to type it,
+  which the daemon cannot arrange, so the certificate is skipped with a log line rather
+  than blocking on a TPM auth failure.
+- **RSA-2048 or P-256, sometimes P-384.** Those are what the PC Client profile requires
+  of a TPM; P-384 depends on the chip. The TPM chooses the RSA-PSS salt itself, which is
+  why management verifies PSS proofs with `rsa.PSSSaltLengthAuto`.
+
+Windows needs none of this: a certificate enrolled into the TPM sits behind the Microsoft
+Platform Crypto Provider and the CNG path above signs with it unchanged. macOS has no
+TPM; its Secure Enclave keys are reachable only through the keychain path.
+
+To exercise the path without hardware, run a software TPM and point the end-to-end test
+at it:
+
+```
+swtpm socket --tpm2 --server type=unixio,path=/tmp/swtpm.sock --ctrl type=unixio,path=/tmp/swtpm.ctrl --flags not-need-init,startup-clear
+NB_TPM_DEVICE=/tmp/swtpm.sock go test ./client/internal/certproof/ -run TestCollect_TPMKeyEndToEnd -v
+```
+
+## Linux: keys behind a PKCS#11 token
+
+Distributions that follow Red Hat's guidance reach the TPM through tpm2-pkcs11, a PKCS#11
+module whose token holds both the key and, after `tpm2_ptool addcert`, the certificate.
+The store reads that token when the profile config, `/etc/netbird/config.json` by default,
+carries the token's user PIN:
+
+```json
+"CertPKCS11PIN": "1234"
+```
+
+That alone opens the first token the p11-kit proxy exposes, which is tpm2-pkcs11 on a
+stock setup that has registered it. `CertPKCS11URI`, an RFC 7512 URI, narrows that down
+on a host with several tokens or without p11-kit:
+
+```json
+"CertPKCS11URI": "pkcs11:token=netbird?module-path=/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libtpm2_pkcs11.so"
+```
+
+`token` selects the token by label, or the first token present when absent. `module-path`
+names the library to load; `module-name=tpm2_pkcs11` resolves to `libtpm2_pkcs11.so` on
+the loader's search path, and with neither the p11-kit proxy is loaded, which exposes every
+module the system has registered. The URI may carry the PIN itself, as `pin-value` inline
+or `pin-source` naming a file, and `CertPKCS11PIN` takes precedence over both. Without any
+PIN no login happens, and tpm2-pkcs11 then shows no private keys at all. Every other
+attribute is ignored.
+
+The certificate may live on the token or in the PEM directory: `CertStoreDir` in the
+profile config, else `NB_CERT_STORE_DIR`, else `/etc/netbird/certs`. On the token,
+certificates and private keys are paired by `CKA_ID`,
+which is what `tpm2_ptool addcert` and `pkcs11-tool` set. In the directory, a certificate
+file without a key of its own is paired with the token key whose public key it carries, so
+`device.pem` alone next to a key that only the TPM holds is enough; the token's public key
+object, which `tpm2_ptool addkey` and `import` create alongside the private one, is what
+the store compares against. Chains are completed from the certificates on the token and in
+the directory together, so intermediates may sit in either place.
+
+Each operation opens a session, logs in, works, logs out and closes, so no token handle
+outlives a call, and the PEM directory keeps working when the token does not: the two are
+queried together and a failing token is logged rather than hiding file certificates.
+
+Two consequences of the PIN are worth knowing. It is a secret on disk, which the profile
+config already is: it holds the WireGuard private key and is written readable by root
+alone, and the debug bundle's config dump leaves `CertPKCS11PIN` out. And a wrong PIN
+counts against the TPM's dictionary-attack lockout, which is shared with everything else
+on the machine that uses the TPM.
+
+The module is loaded at runtime without cgo, through `purego`, which means the binary is
+dynamically linked against libc. The store is therefore compiled in only with `-tags pkcs11`
+on linux/amd64 and linux/arm64: the deb and rpm packages are built that way, since they
+target glibc distributions, while the release tarballs and the Alpine-based container
+images keep the fully static build. Without the tag, setting `CertPKCS11PIN` logs that
+the build lacks the support.
+
+To exercise the path without hardware, initialise a SoftHSM token and run the end-to-end
+test, which imports a key and certificate itself:
+
+```
+softhsm2-util --init-token --free --label netbird --pin 1234 --so-pin 1234
+NB_TEST_PKCS11_URI='pkcs11:token=netbird?module-path=/usr/lib/softhsm/libsofthsm2.so&pin-value=1234' \
+  go test -tags pkcs11 ./client/internal/certproof/ -run PKCS11 -v
+```
+
+## Only the signed-in user can be validated
+
+This is the central limitation of the design, and it is deliberate.
+
+A proof from a user store can only ever be produced for **the user whose session is
+currently open**. Consequences worth designing around:
+
+- **At the sign-in screen there is no user proof.** macOS reports no console user or
+  attributes the console to root, and `CurrentConsoleUser` returns false for both.
+  Windows reports no active session with a token. Only machine proofs are sent, so a
+  posture check that demands a user certificate fails on a machine nobody has signed
+  into yet.
+- **Signing out changes the answer.** Posture can flip between compliant and
+  non-compliant across a sign-out, so management should treat "no proof" as its own
+  state rather than as a failed check, or users get disconnected at the sign-in screen.
+- **One session is asked, not all of them.** macOS asks the console user, so other
+  fast-user-switched accounts are skipped even though their keychains are unlocked.
+  Windows prefers the console and otherwise takes the first active session. If you ever
+  need every signed-in user, both platforms would have to enumerate sessions and ask
+  each one.
+- **A locked keychain still blocks signing.** A user can be logged in with their
+  keychain locked (locked on sleep, or manually). The helper then needs an unlock prompt
+  and may block, which is why the spawn has a 30s timeout and a failure is reported as
+  "no proof" rather than an error.
+- **The first signature prompts.** The user sees "netbird wants to use your confidential
+  information stored in ...". Choosing *Always Allow* records the helper's designated
+  requirement in the key's ACL, so it persists across restarts and updates while the
+  signing identity is stable. Unsigned or ad-hoc development builds re-prompt every run.
+
+## What a user proof does and does not attest
+
+It attests: *some process in that user's session had ACL permission to use a private key
+whose certificate chains to CA X, and signed a nonce bound to this peer key*.
+
+It does not attest that the daemon controls the key, that the key is hardware-bound, or
+that a particular binary produced the signature. Any code running in that user's session
+with an existing ACL grant can produce the same signature by calling
+`SecKeyCreateSignature` directly — the proof format is not a secret. The helper does not
+create that capability, it only packages it.
+
+If you need a stronger guarantee, use a device identity that never involves a user
+session (MDM into the System keychain, which the daemon reads directly), or a key that
+requires user presence for each signature (Secure Enclave or a PIV token).
+
+## Reading the logs
+
+Everything in this path logs at info. A healthy macOS run shows, in order:
+
+```
+certificate posture: answering N certificate challenges from store *certproof.KeychainStore
+macOS Security framework loaded for certificate posture, running as uid=0 euid=0
+keychain search list contains 2 keychains
+keychain search list[0]: /Library/Keychains/System.keychain
+keychain identity query returned N items
+certificate posture: asking the desktop session of "user" (uid 501) to answer N challenges
+certificate posture: desktop session of "user" returned N proofs
+peer meta carries N certificate posture proofs
+```
+
+Common outcomes and what they mean:
+
+| Log line | Meaning |
+| --- | --- |
+| `keychain identity query returned errSecItemNotFound (-25300)` | The keychain is readable and holds no identity of that class. Any other OSStatus is a real access failure. |
+| `holds no identities usable for certificate posture, but N readable certificates` | Reading works; the certificate is present without its private key, or is not there at all. |
+| `no console user is logged in` | Login window. Device proofs only. |
+| `has no issuer in the keychain` | The chain ships leaf-only and verifies only if the challenge supplies that exact root. |
+| `challenge N rejected "..." : x509: unhandled critical extension` | The chain is fine but Go refuses an extension in it, which is common for Apple-issued certificates. |
+| `challenge N matched none of the M candidates` | Every candidate was rejected; the preceding lines give the reason for each. |

client/internal/certproof/collect.go

@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+package certproof
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"crypto/sha256"
+	"time"
+
+	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
+
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/management/certposture"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/management/proto"
+)
+
+// Collect answers the certificate challenges in checks: for each challenge it picks a
+// stored certificate that chains to the challenge's CAs and signs the nonce with its
+// key. The same certificate is proven once even if several checks accept it.
+func Collect(ctx context.Context, store Store, checks []*proto.Checks, peerKey []byte) []certposture.Proof {
+	challenges := certificateChallenges(checks)
+	if len(challenges) == 0 {
+		logNoChallenges(checks)
+		return nil
+	}
+	return CollectChallenges(ctx, store, challenges, peerKey)
+}
+
+func logNoChallenges(checks []*proto.Checks) {
+	if len(checks) > 0 {
+		log.Infof("certificate posture: %d posture checks received, none carries a certificate challenge", len(checks))
+	}
+}
+
+// CollectChallenges answers challenges already extracted from the posture checks, so a
+// caller that ships them across a process boundary reuses the same matching and signing.
+func CollectChallenges(ctx context.Context, store Store, challenges []*proto.CertificateChallenge, peerKey []byte) []certposture.Proof {
+	log.Infof("certificate posture: answering %d certificate challenges from store %T", len(challenges), store)
+
+	candidates, err := store.Candidates(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Warnf("failed loading certificates for posture checks: %v", err)
+		return nil
+	}
+	if len(candidates) == 0 {
+		log.Info("certificate posture: certificate store holds no candidates, no proof will be sent")
+		return nil
+	}
+	log.Infof("certificate posture: store holds %d candidate certificates", len(candidates))
+
+	now := time.Now()
+	proven := make(map[[sha256.Size]byte]struct{})
+	var proofs []certposture.Proof
+	for i, challenge := range challenges {
+		roots, err := certposture.ParseCAs(challenge.GetCaCertificates())
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Warnf("skipping certificate challenge with invalid CA certificates: %v", err)
+			continue
+		}
+		log.Infof("certificate posture: challenge %d accepts %d CA certificates, nonce is %d bytes", i, len(challenge.GetCaCertificates()), len(challenge.GetNonce()))
+
+		matched := false
+		for _, candidate := range candidates {
+			if len(candidate.Chain) == 0 {
+				continue
+			}
+			leaf := candidate.Chain[0]
+			if err := certposture.VerifyChain(candidate.Chain, roots, now); err != nil {
+				log.Infof("certificate posture: challenge %d rejected %q issued by %q, chain of %d: %v", i, leaf.Subject, leaf.Issuer, len(candidate.Chain), err)
+				continue
+			}
+			matched = true
+
+			fingerprint := sha256.Sum256(leaf.Raw)
+			if _, done := proven[fingerprint]; done {
+				log.Infof("certificate posture: challenge %d matched %q, already proven for an earlier challenge", i, leaf.Subject)
+				break
+			}
+			proof, err := prove(candidate, challenge.GetNonce(), peerKey)
+			if err != nil {
+				log.Warnf("failed signing certificate proof for %s: %v", leaf.Subject, err)
+				continue
+			}
+			log.Infof("certificate posture: challenge %d proven by %q with %s, signature %d bytes, chain of %d", i, leaf.Subject, proof.SigAlg, len(proof.Signature), len(proof.Chain))
+			proven[fingerprint] = struct{}{}
+			proofs = append(proofs, proof)
+			break
+		}
+		if !matched {
+			log.Infof("certificate posture: challenge %d matched none of the %d candidates", i, len(candidates))
+		}
+	}
+	log.Infof("certificate posture: %d challenges produced %d proofs", len(challenges), len(proofs))
+	return proofs
+}
+
+func certificateChallenges(checks []*proto.Checks) []*proto.CertificateChallenge {
+	var challenges []*proto.CertificateChallenge
+	for _, check := range checks {
+		if challenge := check.GetCertificateChallenge(); challenge != nil && len(challenge.GetNonce()) > 0 {
+			challenges = append(challenges, challenge)
+		}
+	}
+	return challenges
+}
+
+func prove(candidate Candidate, nonce, peerKey []byte) (certposture.Proof, error) {
+	sigAlg, sig, err := certposture.Sign(candidate.Signer, nonce, peerKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		return certposture.Proof{}, err
+	}
+	chain := make([][]byte, 0, len(candidate.Chain))
+	for _, cert := range candidate.Chain {
+		chain = append(chain, cert.Raw)
+	}
+	return certposture.Proof{Nonce: nonce, Chain: chain, SigAlg: sigAlg, Signature: sig}, nil
+}

client/internal/certproof/collect_darwin.go

@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+package certproof
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"os/exec"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
+
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/management/certposture"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/management/proto"
+)
+
+const helperTimeout = 30 * time.Second
+
+// CollectProofs answers the certificate challenges in checks from every store this Mac
+// can reach. The root daemon reads the System keychain itself, which is where MDM
+// installs device identities, and reaches the console user's login keychain only by
+// launching a helper into that user's session. A Mac sitting at the login window
+// therefore yields device proofs alone.
+func CollectProofs(ctx context.Context, checks []*proto.Checks, peerKey []byte, _ Config) []certposture.Proof {
+	challenges := certificateChallenges(checks)
+	if len(challenges) == 0 {
+		logNoChallenges(checks)
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// A helper already runs inside the user's session, so it reads its own keychain
+	// directly and must never launch another one.
+	if os.Geteuid() != 0 {
+		return CollectChallenges(ctx, DefaultStore(), challenges, peerKey)
+	}
+
+	proofs := CollectChallenges(ctx, DefaultStore(), challenges, peerKey)
+
+	userProofs, err := collectAsConsoleUser(ctx, challenges, peerKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Infof("certificate posture: console user keychain unavailable: %v", err)
+	}
+	return mergeProofs(proofs, userProofs)
+}
+
+// collectAsConsoleUser runs the helper inside the desktop session of the logged-in
+// user. Dropping to their uid is not enough: keychain access is an XPC call to a
+// per-session securityd, so the helper has to enter their Mach bootstrap namespace,
+// which is what launchctl asuser does.
+func collectAsConsoleUser(ctx context.Context, challenges []*proto.CertificateChallenge, peerKey []byte) ([]certposture.Proof, error) {
+	user, ok := CurrentConsoleUser()
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	binary, err := os.Executable()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("resolve own binary: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	payload, err := json.Marshal(helperRequest(challenges, peerKey))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("encode helper request: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, helperTimeout)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	uid := strconv.FormatUint(uint64(user.UID), 10)
+	cmd := exec.CommandContext(ctx, "launchctl", "asuser", uid, "sudo", "-u", user.Name, "-H", binary, "posture", "cert-proof")
+	cmd.Stdin = bytes.NewReader(payload)
+	var stdout, stderr bytes.Buffer
+	cmd.Stdout = &stdout
+	cmd.Stderr = &stderr
+
+	log.Infof("certificate posture: asking the desktop session of %q (uid %s) to answer %d challenges", user.Name, uid, len(challenges))
+	if err := cmd.Run(); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("run helper as %s: %w: %s", user.Name, err, strings.TrimSpace(stderr.String()))
+	}
+
+	var resp HelperResponse
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(stdout.Bytes(), &resp); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("decode helper response: %w", err)
+	}
+	log.Infof("certificate posture: desktop session of %q returned %d proofs", user.Name, len(resp.Proofs))
+	return resp.Proofs, nil
+}
+
+// helperStore is the store the helper reads. On macOS the keychain search list of the
+// user's own session already is that user's keychain, so the platform default is right.
+func helperStore() Store {
+	return DefaultStore()
+}

client/internal/certproof/collect_other.go

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+//go:build !darwin && !windows
+
+package certproof
+
+import (
+	"context"
+
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/management/certposture"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/management/proto"
+)
+
+// CollectProofs answers the certificate challenges in checks from the PEM directory cfg
+// names, joined by its PKCS#11 token when it names one. Only macOS and Windows keep
+// per-user certificates out of reach of a privileged daemon, so every other platform
+// reads its store in the daemon itself.
+func CollectProofs(ctx context.Context, checks []*proto.Checks, peerKey []byte, cfg Config) []certposture.Proof {
+	return Collect(ctx, storeWithToken(cfg), checks, peerKey)
+}
+
+// helperStore is the store the helper reads. Nothing launches a helper on these
+// platforms, so it is the platform default.
+func helperStore() Store {
+	return DefaultStore()
+}

client/internal/certproof/collect_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+package certproof
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/management/certposture"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/management/certposture/certtest"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/management/proto"
+)
+
+var peerKey = []byte("peer-public-key-aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa")
+
+func TestCollect_ProvesOneMatchingCertificatePerChallenge(t *testing.T) {
+	corpCA := certtest.NewCA(t, "corp-root")
+	otherCA := certtest.NewCA(t, "other-root")
+	unrelatedCA := certtest.NewCA(t, "unrelated-root")
+
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	deviceKey := certtest.ECDSAKey(t)
+	device := corpCA.Issue(t, deviceKey, "device")
+	writeFile(t, dir, "device.pem", certtest.CertPEM(device)+certtest.KeyPEM(t, deviceKey))
+
+	otherKey := certtest.RSAKey(t)
+	writeFile(t, dir, "other.crt", certtest.CertPEM(otherCA.Issue(t, otherKey, "other")))
+	writeFile(t, dir, "other.key", certtest.KeyPEM(t, otherKey))
+
+	writeFile(t, dir, "keyless.crt", certtest.CertPEM(corpCA.Issue(t, certtest.ECDSAKey(t), "keyless")))
+	writeFile(t, dir, "notes.txt", "ignored")
+
+	challenger := certposture.NewChallenger([]byte("secret"))
+	nonce := challenger.Nonce(peerKey, time.Now())
+	challenge := func(cas ...string) *proto.Checks {
+		return &proto.Checks{CertificateChallenge: &proto.CertificateChallenge{Nonce: nonce, CaCertificates: cas}}
+	}
+	checks := []*proto.Checks{
+		{Files: []string{"/usr/bin/agent"}},
+		challenge(corpCA.PEM),
+		challenge(corpCA.PEM),
+		challenge(otherCA.PEM),
+		challenge(unrelatedCA.PEM),
+		challenge("not a pem"),
+	}
+
+	proofs := Collect(context.Background(), NewFileStore(dir), checks, peerKey)
+
+	require.Len(t, proofs, 2)
+	var subjects []string
+	for _, p := range proofs {
+		chain, err := challenger.Verify(p, peerKey, time.Now())
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		subjects = append(subjects, chain[0].Subject.CommonName)
+	}
+	assert.ElementsMatch(t, []string{"device", "other"}, subjects)
+}
+
+func TestCollect_NothingToProve(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	key := certtest.ECDSAKey(t)
+	ca := certtest.NewCA(t, "root")
+	writeFile(t, dir, "device.pem", certtest.CertPEM(ca.Issue(t, key, "device"))+certtest.KeyPEM(t, key))
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name   string
+		store  Store
+		checks []*proto.Checks
+	}{
+		{"no checks", NewFileStore(dir), nil},
+		{"files only", NewFileStore(dir), []*proto.Checks{{Files: []string{"/bin/x"}}}},
+		{"challenge without nonce", NewFileStore(dir), []*proto.Checks{{CertificateChallenge: &proto.CertificateChallenge{CaCertificates: []string{ca.PEM}}}}},
+		{"missing store dir", NewFileStore(filepath.Join(dir, "missing")), []*proto.Checks{{CertificateChallenge: &proto.CertificateChallenge{Nonce: []byte{1}, CaCertificates: []string{ca.PEM}}}}},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			assert.Nil(t, Collect(context.Background(), tt.store, tt.checks, peerKey))
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFileStore_ChainWithIntermediate(t *testing.T) {
+	root := certtest.NewCA(t, "root")
+	intermediate := certtest.NewIntermediate(t, root, "intermediate")
+	key := certtest.ECDSAKey(t)
+	leaf := intermediate.Issue(t, key, "device")
+
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	writeFile(t, dir, "device.pem", certtest.CertPEM(leaf)+certtest.CertPEM(intermediate.Cert)+certtest.KeyPEM(t, key))
+
+	candidates, err := NewFileStore(dir).Candidates(context.Background())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Len(t, candidates, 1)
+	require.Len(t, candidates[0].Chain, 2)
+
+	roots, err := certposture.ParseCAs([]string{root.PEM})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NoError(t, certposture.VerifyChain(candidates[0].Chain, roots, time.Now()))
+}
+
+func writeFile(t *testing.T, dir, name, content string) {
+	t.Helper()
+	require.NoError(t, os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, name), []byte(content), 0o600))
+}

client/internal/certproof/collect_windows.go

@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+package certproof
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"os/exec"
+	"strings"
+	"syscall"
+	"time"
+
+	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
+	"golang.org/x/sys/windows"
+
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/management/certposture"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/management/proto"
+)
+
+const helperTimeout = 30 * time.Second
+
+// CollectProofs answers the certificate challenges in checks from every store this
+// machine can reach. The service reads the local machine store itself, where AD and
+// Intune enrol device certificates, and reaches the signed-in user's store by launching
+// a helper with that session's token. A machine at the sign-in screen therefore proves
+// device certificates alone.
+func CollectProofs(ctx context.Context, checks []*proto.Checks, peerKey []byte, _ Config) []certposture.Proof {
+	challenges := certificateChallenges(checks)
+	if len(challenges) == 0 {
+		logNoChallenges(checks)
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	proofs := CollectChallenges(ctx, DefaultStore(), challenges, peerKey)
+
+	// The helper already runs as the signed-in user, and an ordinary process has no
+	// right to a session token, so only the service goes looking for one.
+	if !runningAsLocalSystem() {
+		return proofs
+	}
+
+	userProofs, err := collectAsDesktopUser(ctx, challenges, peerKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Infof("certificate posture: user certificate store unavailable: %v", err)
+	}
+	return mergeProofs(proofs, userProofs)
+}
+
+// helperStore is the store the helper reads. It runs as the signed-in user, so it wants
+// that user's store rather than the machine store the service already read.
+func helperStore() Store {
+	return NewUserStore()
+}
+
+// collectAsDesktopUser runs the helper inside the interactive session of the signed-in
+// user. Unlike a keychain on macOS, a Windows service can assume a user identity
+// directly, so the session token goes straight into the child process.
+func collectAsDesktopUser(ctx context.Context, challenges []*proto.CertificateChallenge, peerKey []byte) ([]certposture.Proof, error) {
+	user, ok := CurrentDesktopUser()
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	defer user.Close()
+
+	binary, err := os.Executable()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("resolve own binary: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	payload, err := json.Marshal(helperRequest(challenges, peerKey))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("encode helper request: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, helperTimeout)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	cmd := exec.CommandContext(ctx, binary, "posture", "cert-proof")
+	cmd.SysProcAttr = &syscall.SysProcAttr{
+		Token:         syscall.Token(user.Token),
+		HideWindow:    true,
+		CreationFlags: windows.CREATE_NO_WINDOW,
+	}
+	cmd.Stdin = bytes.NewReader(payload)
+	var stdout, stderr bytes.Buffer
+	cmd.Stdout = &stdout
+	cmd.Stderr = &stderr
+
+	log.Infof("certificate posture: asking the session of %q (session %d) to answer %d challenges", user.Name, user.Session, len(challenges))
+	if err := cmd.Run(); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("run helper as %s: %w: %s", user.Name, err, strings.TrimSpace(stderr.String()))
+	}
+
+	var resp HelperResponse
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(stdout.Bytes(), &resp); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("decode helper response: %w", err)
+	}
+	log.Infof("certificate posture: session of %q returned %d proofs", user.Name, len(resp.Proofs))
+	return resp.Proofs, nil
+}

client/internal/certproof/consoleuser_darwin.go

@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+package certproof
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"fmt"
+	"sync"
+
+	"github.com/ebitengine/purego"
+	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
+)
+
+const (
+	systemConfigurationFramework = "/System/Library/Frameworks/SystemConfiguration.framework/SystemConfiguration"
+
+	encodingUTF8       = 0x08000100
+	consoleNameBufSize = 256
+)
+
+var (
+	consoleOnce sync.Once
+	consoleErr  error
+
+	scDynamicStoreCopyConsoleUser func(store uintptr, uid, gid *uint32) uintptr
+	cfStringGetCString            func(str uintptr, buffer *byte, size int, encoding uint32) bool
+)
+
+// ConsoleUser is the account whose desktop session owns the display. Its login keychain
+// is the only user keychain a NetBird daemon can reach, and only while it is logged in.
+type ConsoleUser struct {
+	Name string
+	UID  uint32
+	GID  uint32
+}
+
+// CurrentConsoleUser reports the user sitting at the desktop. The second return value is
+// false when nobody is: at the login window macOS either reports no console user at all
+// or attributes the session to root, and neither has a login keychain to offer.
+func CurrentConsoleUser() (ConsoleUser, bool) {
+	if err := loadConsoleUser(); err != nil {
+		log.Infof("console user lookup unavailable: %v", err)
+		return ConsoleUser{}, false
+	}
+
+	var uid, gid uint32
+	name := scDynamicStoreCopyConsoleUser(0, &uid, &gid)
+	if name == 0 {
+		log.Info("no console user is logged in, no login keychain is reachable")
+		return ConsoleUser{}, false
+	}
+	defer cfRelease(name)
+
+	user := ConsoleUser{Name: cfString(name), UID: uid, GID: gid}
+	if !user.hasDesktop() {
+		log.Infof("console session belongs to %q uid=%d, which is not a desktop login, no login keychain is reachable", user.Name, user.UID)
+		return ConsoleUser{}, false
+	}
+	return user, true
+}
+
+// hasDesktop reports whether the console session is a real user desktop. The login
+// window runs as root and some macOS releases name it "loginwindow" instead.
+func (u ConsoleUser) hasDesktop() bool {
+	switch u.Name {
+	case "", "root", "loginwindow":
+		return false
+	}
+	return u.UID != 0
+}
+
+func cfString(str uintptr) string {
+	buf := make([]byte, consoleNameBufSize)
+	if !cfStringGetCString(str, &buf[0], len(buf), encodingUTF8) {
+		return ""
+	}
+	if end := bytes.IndexByte(buf, 0); end >= 0 {
+		return string(buf[:end])
+	}
+	return string(buf)
+}
+
+// loadConsoleUser resolves the console user symbols. It loads the keychain bindings
+// first because CFRelease is resolved there and released strings depend on it.
+func loadConsoleUser() error {
+	if err := loadKeychain(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	consoleOnce.Do(func() { consoleErr = resolveConsoleUser() })
+	return consoleErr
+}
+
+func resolveConsoleUser() error {
+	systemConfiguration, err := purego.Dlopen(systemConfigurationFramework, purego.RTLD_LAZY|purego.RTLD_GLOBAL)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("open %s: %w", systemConfigurationFramework, err)
+	}
+	coreFoundation, err := purego.Dlopen(coreFoundationFramework, purego.RTLD_LAZY|purego.RTLD_GLOBAL)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("open %s: %w", coreFoundationFramework, err)
+	}
+
+	symbol, err := purego.Dlsym(systemConfiguration, "SCDynamicStoreCopyConsoleUser")
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("resolve SCDynamicStoreCopyConsoleUser: %w", err)
+	}
+	purego.RegisterFunc(&scDynamicStoreCopyConsoleUser, symbol)
+
+	symbol, err = purego.Dlsym(coreFoundation, "CFStringGetCString")
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("resolve CFStringGetCString: %w", err)
+	}
+	purego.RegisterFunc(&cfStringGetCString, symbol)
+	return nil
+}

client/internal/certproof/consoleuser_darwin_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+package certproof
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+)
+
+func TestConsoleUser_OnlyADesktopSessionCanBeValidated(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name    string
+		user    ConsoleUser
+		desktop bool
+	}{
+		{"logged in user", ConsoleUser{Name: "maycon", UID: 501, GID: 20}, true},
+		{"login window as root", ConsoleUser{Name: "root", UID: 0}, false},
+		{"login window by name", ConsoleUser{Name: "loginwindow", UID: 0}, false},
+		{"named user still at uid 0", ConsoleUser{Name: "admin", UID: 0}, false},
+		{"no console user", ConsoleUser{}, false},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.desktop, tt.user.hasDesktop(), "only a real desktop session offers a login keychain")
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// CurrentConsoleUser runs against the real SystemConfiguration framework. A machine with
+// a desktop open must report a non-root user; a headless runner must report none.
+func TestCurrentConsoleUser_AgreesWithItself(t *testing.T) {
+	user, ok := CurrentConsoleUser()
+	if !ok {
+		t.Log("no console user, running headless")
+		return
+	}
+	assert.NotEmpty(t, user.Name, "a console user must have a name")
+	assert.NotZero(t, user.UID, "a desktop session never belongs to uid 0")
+	assert.True(t, user.hasDesktop(), "a reported console user must be a desktop session")
+}

client/internal/certproof/desktopuser_windows.go

@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+package certproof
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"unsafe"
+
+	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
+	"golang.org/x/sys/windows"
+)
+
+const (
+	noActiveSession = 0xFFFFFFFF
+
+	// wtsCurrentServer is WTS_CURRENT_SERVER_HANDLE and wtsActive is WTSActive of
+	// WTS_CONNECTSTATE_CLASS. Neither is exported by x/sys/windows.
+	wtsCurrentServer = windows.Handle(0)
+	wtsActive        = 0
+)
+
+// DesktopUser is an interactive session and the account signed into it. The user's
+// certificate store is readable only from a process running as that account, because
+// its private keys are protected against the user profile rather than the machine.
+type DesktopUser struct {
+	Session uint32
+	Name    string
+	Token   windows.Token
+}
+
+// Close releases the session token.
+func (u DesktopUser) Close() {
+	if err := u.Token.Close(); err != nil {
+		log.Debugf("failed closing desktop session token: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// CurrentDesktopUser returns a token for the interactive user whose certificate store
+// should be asked. The physical console comes first, and an active remote desktop
+// session is used when nobody is at the console, which is how servers and VDI hosts are
+// normally reached. The second return is false at the sign-in screen, where no
+// interactive session exists and only machine certificates can be proven.
+//
+// Obtaining the token needs SE_TCB_NAME, which the LocalSystem service has and an
+// ordinary process does not.
+func CurrentDesktopUser() (DesktopUser, bool) {
+	if session := windows.WTSGetActiveConsoleSessionId(); session != noActiveSession {
+		if user, ok := desktopUser(session); ok {
+			return user, true
+		}
+		log.Infof("console session %d has nobody signed in, looking for an active remote session", session)
+	}
+
+	sessions, err := activeSessions()
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Infof("cannot enumerate terminal sessions: %v", err)
+		return DesktopUser{}, false
+	}
+	for _, session := range sessions {
+		if user, ok := desktopUser(session); ok {
+			return user, true
+		}
+	}
+
+	log.Info("no interactive session is signed in, no user certificate store is reachable")
+	return DesktopUser{}, false
+}
+
+func desktopUser(session uint32) (DesktopUser, bool) {
+	var token windows.Token
+	if err := windows.WTSQueryUserToken(session, &token); err != nil {
+		log.Debugf("no user token for session %d: %v", session, err)
+		return DesktopUser{}, false
+	}
+
+	name, err := tokenAccount(token)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Infof("session %d token has no readable account: %v", session, err)
+		if closeErr := token.Close(); closeErr != nil {
+			log.Debugf("failed closing session token: %v", closeErr)
+		}
+		return DesktopUser{}, false
+	}
+	return DesktopUser{Session: session, Name: name, Token: token}, true
+}
+
+func tokenAccount(token windows.Token) (string, error) {
+	user, err := token.GetTokenUser()
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("read token user: %w", err)
+	}
+	account, domain, _, err := user.User.Sid.LookupAccount("")
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("look up account: %w", err)
+	}
+	if domain == "" {
+		return account, nil
+	}
+	return domain + `\` + account, nil
+}
+
+func activeSessions() ([]uint32, error) {
+	var info *windows.WTS_SESSION_INFO
+	var count uint32
+	if err := windows.WTSEnumerateSessions(wtsCurrentServer, 0, 1, &info, &count); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("enumerate sessions: %w", err)
+	}
+	defer windows.WTSFreeMemory(uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(info)))
+
+	var active []uint32
+	for _, session := range unsafe.Slice(info, count) {
+		if session.State == wtsActive {
+			active = append(active, session.SessionID)
+		}
+	}
+	return active, nil
+}
+
+// runningAsLocalSystem reports whether this process is the service. The helper runs as
+// the signed-in user and must read its own store rather than launching another helper.
+func runningAsLocalSystem() bool {
+	user, err := windows.GetCurrentProcessToken().GetTokenUser()
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Debugf("failed reading own token user: %v", err)
+		return false
+	}
+	return user.User.Sid.IsWellKnown(windows.WinLocalSystemSid)
+}

client/internal/certproof/helper.go

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+package certproof
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+
+	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
+
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/management/certposture"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/management/proto"
+)
+
+// HelperRequest is the work the daemon hands to a helper running in a user session. The
+// peer key binds every signature to this machine, so a proof cannot be replayed onto
+// another peer.
+type HelperRequest struct {
+	PeerKey    []byte            `json:"peerKey"`
+	Challenges []HelperChallenge `json:"challenges"`
+}
+
+// HelperChallenge is one certificate challenge in the form the helper needs.
+type HelperChallenge struct {
+	Nonce          []byte   `json:"nonce"`
+	CACertificates []string `json:"caCertificates"`
+}
+
+// HelperResponse carries the proofs the helper produced from its own keychain.
+type HelperResponse struct {
+	Proofs []certposture.Proof `json:"proofs"`
+}
+
+// RunHelper answers the challenges on in from the store of the user running this
+// process and writes the proofs to out. It is the child half of the console user
+// lookup: the daemon cannot read a login keychain, so it launches this in the user's
+// session instead. Only the signature crosses back, never the private key.
+func RunHelper(ctx context.Context, in io.Reader, out io.Writer) error {
+	return runHelper(ctx, helperStore(), in, out)
+}
+
+func runHelper(ctx context.Context, store Store, in io.Reader, out io.Writer) error {
+	var req HelperRequest
+	if err := json.NewDecoder(in).Decode(&req); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("decode helper request: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	challenges := make([]*proto.CertificateChallenge, 0, len(req.Challenges))
+	for _, challenge := range req.Challenges {
+		challenges = append(challenges, &proto.CertificateChallenge{
+			Nonce:          challenge.Nonce,
+			CaCertificates: challenge.CACertificates,
+		})
+	}
+
+	var proofs []certposture.Proof
+	if len(challenges) > 0 {
+		proofs = CollectChallenges(ctx, store, challenges, req.PeerKey)
+	}
+	log.Infof("certificate posture helper: answering %d challenges with %d proofs", len(challenges), len(proofs))
+
+	if err := json.NewEncoder(out).Encode(HelperResponse{Proofs: proofs}); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("encode helper response: %w", err)
+	}
+	return nil
+}

client/internal/certproof/helper_spawn.go

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+//go:build darwin || windows
+
+package certproof
+
+import (
+	"crypto/sha256"
+	"crypto/x509"
+
+	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
+
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/management/certposture"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/management/proto"
+)
+
+func helperRequest(challenges []*proto.CertificateChallenge, peerKey []byte) HelperRequest {
+	req := HelperRequest{PeerKey: peerKey, Challenges: make([]HelperChallenge, 0, len(challenges))}
+	for _, challenge := range challenges {
+		req.Challenges = append(req.Challenges, HelperChallenge{
+			Nonce:          challenge.GetNonce(),
+			CACertificates: challenge.GetCaCertificates(),
+		})
+	}
+	return req
+}
+
+// mergeProofs appends the user session proofs to the device proofs, dropping a leaf that
+// both stores hold so the same certificate is proven once.
+func mergeProofs(device, user []certposture.Proof) []certposture.Proof {
+	if len(user) == 0 {
+		return device
+	}
+
+	seen := make(map[[sha256.Size]byte]struct{}, len(device))
+	for _, proof := range device {
+		if len(proof.Chain) > 0 {
+			seen[sha256.Sum256(proof.Chain[0])] = struct{}{}
+		}
+	}
+
+	merged := device
+	for _, proof := range user {
+		if len(proof.Chain) == 0 {
+			continue
+		}
+		fingerprint := sha256.Sum256(proof.Chain[0])
+		if _, done := seen[fingerprint]; done {
+			continue
+		}
+		seen[fingerprint] = struct{}{}
+		merged = append(merged, proof)
+		logUserProof(proof)
+	}
+	return merged
+}
+
+func logUserProof(proof certposture.Proof) {
+	leaf, err := x509.ParseCertificate(proof.Chain[0])
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Infof("certificate posture: user proof carries an unparsable leaf: %v", err)
+		return
+	}
+	log.Infof("certificate posture: signed-in user proved %q issued by %q", leaf.Subject, leaf.Issuer)
+}

client/internal/certproof/helper_spawn_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+//go:build darwin || windows
+
+package certproof
+
+import (
+	"crypto/sha256"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/management/certposture"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/management/certposture/certtest"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/management/proto"
+)
+
+func TestMergeProofs_ProvesACertificateHeldByBothStoresOnce(t *testing.T) {
+	ca := certtest.NewCA(t, "corp-root")
+	shared := ca.Issue(t, certtest.ECDSAKey(t), "shared")
+	userOnly := ca.Issue(t, certtest.ECDSAKey(t), "user-only")
+
+	device := []certposture.Proof{{Chain: [][]byte{shared.Raw}}}
+	user := []certposture.Proof{{Chain: [][]byte{shared.Raw}}, {Chain: [][]byte{userOnly.Raw}}, {}}
+
+	merged := mergeProofs(device, user)
+
+	require.Len(t, merged, 2, "the shared leaf is proven once and the empty chain is dropped")
+	assert.Equal(t, shared.Raw, merged[0].Chain[0], "the device proof keeps its place")
+	assert.Equal(t, userOnly.Raw, merged[1].Chain[0], "the user-only certificate is appended")
+}
+
+func TestMergeProofs_KeepsDeviceProofsWhenNoUserSession(t *testing.T) {
+	ca := certtest.NewCA(t, "corp-root")
+	device := []certposture.Proof{{Chain: [][]byte{ca.Issue(t, certtest.ECDSAKey(t), "device").Raw}}}
+
+	merged := mergeProofs(device, nil)
+
+	require.Len(t, merged, 1, "a machine with nobody signed in still sends its device proof")
+	assert.Equal(t, sha256.Sum256(device[0].Chain[0]), sha256.Sum256(merged[0].Chain[0]), "the device proof is unchanged")
+}
+
+func TestHelperRequest_CarriesEveryChallenge(t *testing.T) {
+	ca := certtest.NewCA(t, "corp-root")
+	challenges := []*proto.CertificateChallenge{
+		{Nonce: []byte("first"), CaCertificates: []string{ca.PEM}},
+		{Nonce: []byte("second")},
+	}
+
+	req := helperRequest(challenges, peerKey)
+
+	require.Len(t, req.Challenges, 2, "every challenge must reach the helper")
+	assert.Equal(t, peerKey, req.PeerKey, "the peer key binds the signature to this machine")
+	assert.Equal(t, []byte("first"), req.Challenges[0].Nonce, "the nonce must survive unchanged")
+	assert.Equal(t, []string{ca.PEM}, req.Challenges[0].CACertificates, "the accepted CAs must survive unchanged")
+	assert.Empty(t, req.Challenges[1].CACertificates, "a challenge without CAs stays without CAs")
+}

client/internal/certproof/helper_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+package certproof
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/management/certposture"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/management/certposture/certtest"
+)
+
+func TestRunHelper_ProofSurvivesTheProcessBoundary(t *testing.T) {
+	ca := certtest.NewCA(t, "corp-root")
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	key := certtest.ECDSAKey(t)
+	writeFile(t, dir, "device.pem", certtest.CertPEM(ca.Issue(t, key, "device"))+certtest.KeyPEM(t, key))
+
+	challenger := certposture.NewChallenger([]byte("secret"))
+	nonce := challenger.Nonce(peerKey, time.Now())
+	request, err := json.Marshal(HelperRequest{
+		PeerKey:    peerKey,
+		Challenges: []HelperChallenge{{Nonce: nonce, CACertificates: []string{ca.PEM}}},
+	})
+	require.NoError(t, err, "request must encode")
+
+	var stdout bytes.Buffer
+	require.NoError(t, runHelper(context.Background(), NewFileStore(dir), bytes.NewReader(request), &stdout))
+
+	var resp HelperResponse
+	require.NoError(t, json.Unmarshal(stdout.Bytes(), &resp), "helper must emit decodable JSON")
+	require.Len(t, resp.Proofs, 1, "the matching certificate should produce one proof")
+
+	// Verify exactly as management does, so the proof is proven to survive the encode,
+	// the process boundary and the decode intact.
+	chain, err := challenger.Verify(resp.Proofs[0], peerKey, time.Now())
+	require.NoError(t, err, "the decoded proof must verify against the issued nonce")
+	assert.Equal(t, "device", chain[0].Subject.CommonName, "the proven leaf should be the device certificate")
+}
+
+func TestRunHelper_NoChallengesYieldsEmptyResponse(t *testing.T) {
+	request, err := json.Marshal(HelperRequest{PeerKey: peerKey})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	var stdout bytes.Buffer
+	require.NoError(t, runHelper(context.Background(), NewFileStore(t.TempDir()), bytes.NewReader(request), &stdout))
+
+	var resp HelperResponse
+	require.NoError(t, json.Unmarshal(stdout.Bytes(), &resp), "an empty request must still emit valid JSON")
+	assert.Empty(t, resp.Proofs, "no challenges should produce no proofs")
+}
+
+func TestRunHelper_RejectsMalformedRequest(t *testing.T) {
+	var stdout bytes.Buffer
+	err := runHelper(context.Background(), NewFileStore(t.TempDir()), bytes.NewReader([]byte("not json")), &stdout)
+
+	require.Error(t, err, "a malformed request must fail rather than emit an empty proof set")
+	assert.Empty(t, stdout.String(), "nothing should be written to stdout on a decode failure")
+}

client/internal/certproof/keychain_darwin.go

@@ -0,0 +1,363 @@
+package certproof
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"crypto"
+	"crypto/x509"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"os"
+	"sync"
+	"unsafe"
+
+	"github.com/ebitengine/purego"
+	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
+)
+
+const (
+	securityFramework       = "/System/Library/Frameworks/Security.framework/Security"
+	coreFoundationFramework = "/System/Library/Frameworks/CoreFoundation.framework/CoreFoundation"
+
+	errSecItemNotFound = -25300
+)
+
+var (
+	keychainOnce sync.Once
+	keychainErr  error
+
+	secItemCopyMatching        func(query uintptr, result *uintptr) int32
+	secIdentityCopyCertificate func(identity uintptr, cert *uintptr) int32
+	secIdentityCopyPrivateKey  func(identity uintptr, key *uintptr) int32
+	secCertificateCopyData     func(cert uintptr) uintptr
+	secKeyCreateSignature      func(key, algorithm, data uintptr, err *uintptr) uintptr
+
+	secKeychainCopySearchList func(searchList *uintptr) int32
+	secKeychainGetPath        func(keychain uintptr, pathLength *uint32, path *byte) int32
+
+	cfDictionaryCreate     func(alloc uintptr, keys, values *uintptr, count int, keyCallBacks, valueCallBacks uintptr) uintptr
+	cfArrayGetCount        func(array uintptr) int
+	cfArrayGetValueAtIndex func(array uintptr, index int) uintptr
+	cfDataCreate           func(alloc uintptr, data *byte, length int) uintptr
+	cfDataGetLength        func(data uintptr) int
+	cfDataGetBytePtr       func(data uintptr) unsafe.Pointer
+	cfErrorGetCode         func(err uintptr) int
+	cfRelease              func(ref uintptr)
+
+	kSecClass, kSecClassIdentity, kSecClassCertificate, kSecMatchLimit, kSecMatchLimitAll, kSecReturnRef uintptr
+	kSecKeyAlgorithmECDSASHA256, kSecKeyAlgorithmECDSASHA384, kSecKeyAlgorithmRSAPSSSHA256               uintptr
+	kCFBooleanTrue, kCFTypeDictionaryKeyCallBacks, kCFTypeDictionaryValueCallBacks                       uintptr
+)
+
+// DefaultStore is the keychain search list of the daemon, which for the root daemon is
+// the System keychain where MDM installs device identities.
+func DefaultStore() Store {
+	return NewKeychainStore()
+}
+
+// KeychainStore yields the identities of the process's keychain search list, reached
+// through purego so the client keeps building with CGO_ENABLED=0.
+type KeychainStore struct{}
+
+func NewKeychainStore() *KeychainStore {
+	return &KeychainStore{}
+}
+
+func (s *KeychainStore) Candidates(_ context.Context) ([]Candidate, error) {
+	if err := loadKeychain(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	var leaves []*x509.Certificate
+	err := eachIdentity(func(_ uintptr, der []byte) (bool, error) {
+		cert, err := x509.ParseCertificate(der)
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Warnf("skipping keychain identity: %v", err)
+			return false, nil
+		}
+		log.Infof("keychain identity: subject=%q issuer=%q serial=%s expires=%s", cert.Subject, cert.Issuer, cert.SerialNumber, cert.NotAfter)
+		leaves = append(leaves, cert)
+		return false, nil
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	// The certificate query runs even without identities: it separates a keychain that is
+	// readable but holds no identity from one the process cannot read at all.
+	pool, err := keychainCertificates()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if len(leaves) == 0 {
+		log.Infof("keychain search list holds no identities usable for certificate posture, but %d readable certificates: an identity needs its private key in the same keychain", len(pool))
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	log.Infof("keychain search list holds %d identities and %d certificates for chain building", len(leaves), len(pool))
+
+	candidates := make([]Candidate, 0, len(leaves))
+	for _, leaf := range leaves {
+		chain := buildChain(leaf, pool)
+		log.Infof("keychain candidate %q issued by %q built a chain of %d certificates", leaf.Subject, leaf.Issuer, len(chain))
+		if len(chain) == 1 && leaf.CheckSignatureFrom(leaf) != nil {
+			log.Infof("keychain candidate %q has no issuer in the keychain, its proof carries the leaf alone and only verifies if the challenge supplies %q", leaf.Subject, leaf.Issuer)
+		}
+		candidates = append(candidates, Candidate{Chain: chain, Signer: &keychainSigner{leaf: leaf}})
+	}
+	return candidates, nil
+}
+
+// keychainSigner holds only the certificate; the identity is looked up again at signing
+// time so no keychain references outlive a call.
+type keychainSigner struct {
+	leaf *x509.Certificate
+}
+
+func (s *keychainSigner) Public() crypto.PublicKey {
+	return s.leaf.PublicKey
+}
+
+func (s *keychainSigner) Sign(_ io.Reader, digest []byte, opts crypto.SignerOpts) ([]byte, error) {
+	scheme, err := schemeFor(s.leaf.PublicKey, opts)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	log.Infof("signing certificate posture challenge with keychain key of %q", s.leaf.Subject)
+
+	algorithm := keychainAlgorithm(scheme)
+	var signature []byte
+	err = eachIdentity(func(identity uintptr, der []byte) (bool, error) {
+		if !bytes.Equal(der, s.leaf.Raw) {
+			return false, nil
+		}
+		signature, err = signWithIdentity(identity, algorithm, digest)
+		return true, err
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if signature == nil {
+		return nil, errors.New("certificate is no longer in the keychain")
+	}
+	log.Infof("keychain signed certificate posture challenge for %q, %d bytes", s.leaf.Subject, len(signature))
+	return signature, nil
+}
+
+func keychainAlgorithm(scheme sigScheme) uintptr {
+	switch scheme {
+	case schemeECDSASHA384:
+		return kSecKeyAlgorithmECDSASHA384
+	case schemeRSAPSSSHA256:
+		return kSecKeyAlgorithmRSAPSSSHA256
+	default:
+		return kSecKeyAlgorithmECDSASHA256
+	}
+}
+
+func signWithIdentity(identity, algorithm uintptr, digest []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	var key uintptr
+	if status := secIdentityCopyPrivateKey(identity, &key); status != 0 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("SecIdentityCopyPrivateKey: %d", status)
+	}
+	defer cfRelease(key)
+
+	data := cfDataCreate(0, &digest[0], len(digest))
+	defer cfRelease(data)
+
+	var cfErr uintptr
+	signature := secKeyCreateSignature(key, algorithm, data, &cfErr)
+	if signature == 0 {
+		defer cfRelease(cfErr)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("SecKeyCreateSignature: CFError %d", cfErrorGetCode(cfErr))
+	}
+	defer cfRelease(signature)
+	return dataBytes(signature), nil
+}
+
+func eachIdentity(fn func(identity uintptr, der []byte) (bool, error)) error {
+	return eachMatching(kSecClassIdentity, "identity", func(identity uintptr) (bool, error) {
+		var cert uintptr
+		if status := secIdentityCopyCertificate(identity, &cert); status != 0 {
+			return true, fmt.Errorf("SecIdentityCopyCertificate: %d", status)
+		}
+		der := certificateDER(cert)
+		cfRelease(cert)
+		return fn(identity, der)
+	})
+}
+
+func keychainCertificates() ([]*x509.Certificate, error) {
+	var certs []*x509.Certificate
+	var unparsable int
+	err := eachMatching(kSecClassCertificate, "certificate", func(item uintptr) (bool, error) {
+		if cert, err := x509.ParseCertificate(certificateDER(item)); err == nil {
+			certs = append(certs, cert)
+			return false, nil
+		}
+		unparsable++
+		return false, nil
+	})
+	log.Infof("keychain holds %d parsable certificates, %d unparsable", len(certs), unparsable)
+	return certs, err
+}
+
+func eachMatching(class uintptr, name string, fn func(item uintptr) (bool, error)) error {
+	keys := []uintptr{kSecClass, kSecMatchLimit, kSecReturnRef}
+	values := []uintptr{class, kSecMatchLimitAll, kCFBooleanTrue}
+	query := cfDictionaryCreate(0, &keys[0], &values[0], len(keys), kCFTypeDictionaryKeyCallBacks, kCFTypeDictionaryValueCallBacks)
+	defer cfRelease(query)
+
+	var items uintptr
+	switch status := secItemCopyMatching(query, &items); status {
+	case 0:
+	case errSecItemNotFound:
+		log.Infof("keychain %s query returned errSecItemNotFound (%d): the search list holds no item of this class", name, errSecItemNotFound)
+		return nil
+	default:
+		log.Infof("keychain %s query returned OSStatus %d", name, status)
+		return fmt.Errorf("SecItemCopyMatching: %d", status)
+	}
+	defer cfRelease(items)
+
+	n := cfArrayGetCount(items)
+	log.Infof("keychain %s query returned %d items", name, n)
+	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+		if stop, err := fn(cfArrayGetValueAtIndex(items, i)); stop || err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func certificateDER(cert uintptr) []byte {
+	data := secCertificateCopyData(cert)
+	defer cfRelease(data)
+	return dataBytes(data)
+}
+
+func dataBytes(data uintptr) []byte {
+	return bytes.Clone(unsafe.Slice((*byte)(cfDataGetBytePtr(data)), cfDataGetLength(data)))
+}
+
+func loadKeychain() error {
+	keychainOnce.Do(func() {
+		if keychainErr = resolveKeychain(); keychainErr != nil {
+			log.Infof("macOS keychain unavailable for certificate posture: %v", keychainErr)
+			return
+		}
+		log.Infof("macOS Security framework loaded for certificate posture, running as uid=%d euid=%d", os.Getuid(), os.Geteuid())
+		logSearchList()
+	})
+	return keychainErr
+}
+
+// logSearchList reports the keychains the process searches. The root daemon sees the
+// System keychain and System Roots, never a user's login keychain.
+func logSearchList() {
+	if secKeychainCopySearchList == nil || secKeychainGetPath == nil {
+		log.Info("keychain search list diagnostics unavailable on this macOS version")
+		return
+	}
+
+	var list uintptr
+	if status := secKeychainCopySearchList(&list); status != 0 {
+		log.Infof("SecKeychainCopySearchList returned OSStatus %d", status)
+		return
+	}
+	defer cfRelease(list)
+
+	n := cfArrayGetCount(list)
+	log.Infof("keychain search list contains %d keychains", n)
+	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+		log.Infof("keychain search list[%d]: %s", i, keychainPath(cfArrayGetValueAtIndex(list, i)))
+	}
+}
+
+func keychainPath(keychain uintptr) string {
+	path := make([]byte, 1024)
+	length := uint32(len(path))
+	if status := secKeychainGetPath(keychain, &length, &path[0]); status != 0 {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("<SecKeychainGetPath: %d>", status)
+	}
+	return string(path[:length])
+}
+
+func resolveKeychain() error {
+	security, err := purego.Dlopen(securityFramework, purego.RTLD_LAZY|purego.RTLD_GLOBAL)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("open %s: %w", securityFramework, err)
+	}
+	coreFoundation, err := purego.Dlopen(coreFoundationFramework, purego.RTLD_LAZY|purego.RTLD_GLOBAL)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("open %s: %w", coreFoundationFramework, err)
+	}
+
+	for _, fn := range []struct {
+		ptr  any
+		lib  uintptr
+		name string
+	}{
+		{&secItemCopyMatching, security, "SecItemCopyMatching"},
+		{&secIdentityCopyCertificate, security, "SecIdentityCopyCertificate"},
+		{&secIdentityCopyPrivateKey, security, "SecIdentityCopyPrivateKey"},
+		{&secCertificateCopyData, security, "SecCertificateCopyData"},
+		{&secKeyCreateSignature, security, "SecKeyCreateSignature"},
+		{&cfDictionaryCreate, coreFoundation, "CFDictionaryCreate"},
+		{&cfArrayGetCount, coreFoundation, "CFArrayGetCount"},
+		{&cfArrayGetValueAtIndex, coreFoundation, "CFArrayGetValueAtIndex"},
+		{&cfDataCreate, coreFoundation, "CFDataCreate"},
+		{&cfDataGetLength, coreFoundation, "CFDataGetLength"},
+		{&cfDataGetBytePtr, coreFoundation, "CFDataGetBytePtr"},
+		{&cfErrorGetCode, coreFoundation, "CFErrorGetCode"},
+		{&cfRelease, coreFoundation, "CFRelease"},
+	} {
+		symbol, err := purego.Dlsym(fn.lib, fn.name)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("resolve %s: %w", fn.name, err)
+		}
+		purego.RegisterFunc(fn.ptr, symbol)
+	}
+
+	for _, global := range []struct {
+		ptr   *uintptr
+		lib   uintptr
+		name  string
+		deref bool
+	}{
+		{&kSecClass, security, "kSecClass", true},
+		{&kSecClassIdentity, security, "kSecClassIdentity", true},
+		{&kSecClassCertificate, security, "kSecClassCertificate", true},
+		{&kSecMatchLimit, security, "kSecMatchLimit", true},
+		{&kSecMatchLimitAll, security, "kSecMatchLimitAll", true},
+		{&kSecReturnRef, security, "kSecReturnRef", true},
+		{&kSecKeyAlgorithmECDSASHA256, security, "kSecKeyAlgorithmECDSASignatureDigestX962SHA256", true},
+		{&kSecKeyAlgorithmECDSASHA384, security, "kSecKeyAlgorithmECDSASignatureDigestX962SHA384", true},
+		{&kSecKeyAlgorithmRSAPSSSHA256, security, "kSecKeyAlgorithmRSASignatureDigestPSSSHA256", true},
+		{&kCFBooleanTrue, coreFoundation, "kCFBooleanTrue", true},
+		{&kCFTypeDictionaryKeyCallBacks, coreFoundation, "kCFTypeDictionaryKeyCallBacks", false},
+		{&kCFTypeDictionaryValueCallBacks, coreFoundation, "kCFTypeDictionaryValueCallBacks", false},
+	} {
+		addr, err := purego.Dlsym(global.lib, global.name)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("resolve %s: %w", global.name, err)
+		}
+		if global.deref {
+			addr = **(**uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(&addr))
+		}
+		*global.ptr = addr
+	}
+
+	resolveOptional(security, "SecKeychainCopySearchList", &secKeychainCopySearchList)
+	resolveOptional(security, "SecKeychainGetPath", &secKeychainGetPath)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// resolveOptional binds a diagnostic-only symbol, leaving it nil when the framework no
+// longer exports it so keychain lookups keep working without it.
+func resolveOptional(lib uintptr, name string, ptr any) {
+	symbol, err := purego.Dlsym(lib, name)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Infof("keychain diagnostics: %s unavailable: %v", name, err)
+		return
+	}
+	purego.RegisterFunc(ptr, symbol)
+}

client/internal/certproof/keystore.go

@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+package certproof
+
+import (
+	"crypto"
+	"crypto/ecdsa"
+	"crypto/rsa"
+	"crypto/x509"
+	"encoding/asn1"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"math/big"
+	"slices"
+)
+
+var errUnsupportedScheme = errors.New("unsupported signature scheme for OS keystore")
+
+type sigScheme int
+
+const (
+	schemeECDSASHA256 sigScheme = iota + 1
+	schemeECDSASHA384
+	schemeRSAPSSSHA256
+)
+
+// schemeFor maps a crypto.Signer request onto the schemes the OS keystores perform.
+func schemeFor(pub crypto.PublicKey, opts crypto.SignerOpts) (sigScheme, error) {
+	switch pub.(type) {
+	case *ecdsa.PublicKey:
+		switch opts.HashFunc() {
+		case crypto.SHA256:
+			return schemeECDSASHA256, nil
+		case crypto.SHA384:
+			return schemeECDSASHA384, nil
+		}
+	case *rsa.PublicKey:
+		if pss, ok := opts.(*rsa.PSSOptions); ok && pss.Hash == crypto.SHA256 {
+			return schemeRSAPSSSHA256, nil
+		}
+	}
+	return 0, fmt.Errorf("%w: %T with %v", errUnsupportedScheme, pub, opts.HashFunc())
+}
+
+// buildChain extends leaf with the issuers found in pool up to a self-signed certificate.
+func buildChain(leaf *x509.Certificate, pool []*x509.Certificate) []*x509.Certificate {
+	chain := []*x509.Certificate{leaf}
+	current := leaf
+	for current.CheckSignatureFrom(current) != nil {
+		issuer := issuerIn(current, pool, chain)
+		if issuer == nil {
+			break
+		}
+		chain = append(chain, issuer)
+		current = issuer
+	}
+	return chain
+}
+
+func issuerIn(cert *x509.Certificate, pool, seen []*x509.Certificate) *x509.Certificate {
+	for _, candidate := range pool {
+		if slices.ContainsFunc(seen, candidate.Equal) {
+			continue
+		}
+		if cert.CheckSignatureFrom(candidate) == nil {
+			return candidate
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// ecdsaSignatureASN1 converts the fixed-width r||s form emitted by CNG into the DER form Go verifies.
+func ecdsaSignatureASN1(raw []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	if len(raw) == 0 || len(raw)%2 != 0 {
+		return nil, errors.New("malformed raw ECDSA signature")
+	}
+	half := len(raw) / 2
+	return asn1.Marshal(struct{ R, S *big.Int }{new(big.Int).SetBytes(raw[:half]), new(big.Int).SetBytes(raw[half:])})
+}

client/internal/certproof/keystore_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+package certproof
+
+import (
+	"crypto"
+	"crypto/ecdsa"
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"crypto/rsa"
+	"crypto/sha256"
+	"crypto/x509"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/management/certposture"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/management/certposture/certtest"
+)
+
+func TestBuildChain_FollowsIssuersThroughThePool(t *testing.T) {
+	root := certtest.NewCA(t, "root")
+	intermediate := certtest.NewIntermediate(t, root, "intermediate")
+	unrelated := certtest.NewCA(t, "unrelated")
+	leaf := intermediate.Issue(t, certtest.ECDSAKey(t), "device")
+	pool := []*x509.Certificate{unrelated.Cert, root.Cert, leaf, intermediate.Cert}
+
+	chain := buildChain(leaf, pool)
+
+	require.Equal(t, []*x509.Certificate{leaf, intermediate.Cert, root.Cert}, chain)
+	roots, err := certposture.ParseCAs([]string{root.PEM})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NoError(t, certposture.VerifyChain(chain, roots, time.Now()))
+}
+
+func TestBuildChain_StopsWhereThePoolEnds(t *testing.T) {
+	root := certtest.NewCA(t, "root")
+	intermediate := certtest.NewIntermediate(t, root, "intermediate")
+	leaf := intermediate.Issue(t, certtest.ECDSAKey(t), "device")
+
+	assert.Equal(t, []*x509.Certificate{leaf}, buildChain(leaf, nil))
+	assert.Equal(t, []*x509.Certificate{leaf, intermediate.Cert}, buildChain(leaf, []*x509.Certificate{intermediate.Cert}))
+}
+
+func TestSchemeFor(t *testing.T) {
+	ecKey := certtest.ECDSAKey(t)
+	rsaKey := certtest.RSAKey(t)
+	pss := &rsa.PSSOptions{SaltLength: rsa.PSSSaltLengthEqualsHash, Hash: crypto.SHA256}
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name string
+		pub  crypto.PublicKey
+		opts crypto.SignerOpts
+		want sigScheme
+	}{
+		{"ecdsa sha256", ecKey.Public(), crypto.SHA256, schemeECDSASHA256},
+		{"ecdsa sha384", ecKey.Public(), crypto.SHA384, schemeECDSASHA384},
+		{"rsa pss sha256", rsaKey.Public(), pss, schemeRSAPSSSHA256},
+		{"rsa pkcs1v15", rsaKey.Public(), crypto.SHA256, 0},
+		{"ed25519", certtest.Ed25519Key(t).Public(), crypto.Hash(0), 0},
+	}
+	for _, tc := range tests {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			got, err := schemeFor(tc.pub, tc.opts)
+			if tc.want == 0 {
+				assert.ErrorIs(t, err, errUnsupportedScheme)
+				return
+			}
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			assert.Equal(t, tc.want, got)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestECDSASignatureASN1(t *testing.T) {
+	key := certtest.ECDSAKey(t).(*ecdsa.PrivateKey)
+	digest := sha256.Sum256([]byte("nonce"))
+	r, s, err := ecdsa.Sign(rand.Reader, key, digest[:])
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	raw := append(r.FillBytes(make([]byte, 32)), s.FillBytes(make([]byte, 32))...)
+
+	der, err := ecdsaSignatureASN1(raw)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.True(t, ecdsa.VerifyASN1(&key.PublicKey, digest[:], der))
+
+	_, err = ecdsaSignatureASN1(raw[:63])
+	assert.Error(t, err)
+}

client/internal/certproof/pkcs11store.go

@@ -0,0 +1,294 @@
+package certproof
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"crypto"
+	"crypto/sha256"
+	"crypto/x509"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+
+	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
+
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/pkcs11"
+)
+
+// PKCS11Config names the token whose certificates the store yields. URI is an RFC 7512
+// PKCS#11 URI, or empty for the first token the p11-kit proxy exposes. PIN is the user
+// PIN, and takes precedence over a pin-value or pin-source the URI carries.
+type PKCS11Config struct {
+	URI string
+	PIN string
+}
+
+// PKCS11Store yields the identities of a PKCS#11 token, which is how tpm2-pkcs11 exposes
+// TPM-held keys on Linux. Certificates on the token are paired with keys by CKA_ID, the
+// convention tpm2_ptool addcert and pkcs11-tool follow; certificate files in the PEM
+// directory by public key. Every signature happens on the token.
+type PKCS11Store struct {
+	uri     *pkcs11.URI
+	pin     string
+	certDir string
+}
+
+// NewPKCS11Store parses cfg.URI, standing in the bare defaults when it is empty. Files in
+// certDir without a key of their own are paired with the token's keys by public key.
+func NewPKCS11Store(cfg PKCS11Config, certDir string) (*PKCS11Store, error) {
+	store := &PKCS11Store{uri: &pkcs11.URI{}, pin: cfg.PIN, certDir: certDir}
+	if cfg.URI == "" {
+		return store, nil
+	}
+	parsed, err := pkcs11.ParseURI(cfg.URI)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	store.uri = parsed
+	return store, nil
+}
+
+func (s *PKCS11Store) Candidates(_ context.Context) ([]Candidate, error) {
+	session, err := s.open()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer session.Close()
+
+	certs, err := tokenCertificates(session)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	fileChains, err := s.fileChains()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	log.Infof("%s holds %d certificates, %d certificate files without a key wait for its keys", s, len(certs), len(fileChains))
+
+	pool := make([]*x509.Certificate, 0, len(certs))
+	for _, cert := range certs {
+		pool = append(pool, cert.cert)
+	}
+	for _, chain := range fileChains {
+		pool = append(pool, chain...)
+	}
+
+	var candidates []Candidate
+	for _, cert := range certs {
+		if _, err := privateKey(session, cert.id); err != nil {
+			log.Infof("%s certificate %q has no usable private key: %v", s, cert.cert.Subject, err)
+			continue
+		}
+		candidates = append(candidates, s.candidate(cert.cert, cert.id, pool))
+	}
+	if len(fileChains) == 0 {
+		return candidates, nil
+	}
+
+	keys, err := tokenPublicKeys(session)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	for _, chain := range fileChains {
+		leaf := chain[0]
+		id, ok := keys.idFor(leaf.PublicKey)
+		if !ok {
+			log.Debugf("%s holds no key for certificate %q from %s", s, leaf.Subject, s.certDir)
+			continue
+		}
+		candidates = append(candidates, s.candidate(leaf, id, pool))
+	}
+	return candidates, nil
+}
+
+func (s *PKCS11Store) candidate(leaf *x509.Certificate, id []byte, pool []*x509.Certificate) Candidate {
+	chain := buildChain(leaf, pool)
+	log.Infof("%s candidate %q issued by %q built a chain of %d certificates", s, leaf.Subject, leaf.Issuer, len(chain))
+	return Candidate{Chain: chain, Signer: &pkcs11Signer{store: s, leaf: leaf, id: id}}
+}
+
+// fileChains reads the certificate files in the PEM directory that carry no key of their
+// own; the file store answers for the ones that do.
+func (s *PKCS11Store) fileChains() ([][]*x509.Certificate, error) {
+	if s.certDir == "" {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	paths, err := certFiles(s.certDir)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	var chains [][]*x509.Certificate
+	for _, path := range paths {
+		chain, signer, err := loadPEM(path)
+		if err != nil || signer != nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		chains = append(chains, chain)
+	}
+	return chains, nil
+}
+
+type tokenKey struct {
+	id     []byte
+	public crypto.PublicKey
+}
+
+type tokenKeys []tokenKey
+
+func tokenPublicKeys(session *pkcs11.Session) (tokenKeys, error) {
+	objects, err := session.FindObjects(pkcs11.Attribute{Type: pkcs11.AttrClass, Value: pkcs11.ULong(pkcs11.ClassPublicKey)})
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	keys := make(tokenKeys, 0, len(objects))
+	for _, object := range objects {
+		id, err := session.Attribute(object, pkcs11.AttrID)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		public, err := session.PublicKey(object)
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Debugf("skipping public key on PKCS#11 token: %v", err)
+			continue
+		}
+		keys = append(keys, tokenKey{id: id, public: public})
+	}
+	return keys, nil
+}
+
+// idFor finds the token key whose public half is pub, so a certificate kept outside the
+// token is still signed for by the key inside it.
+func (k tokenKeys) idFor(pub crypto.PublicKey) ([]byte, bool) {
+	for _, key := range k {
+		equaler, ok := key.public.(interface{ Equal(crypto.PublicKey) bool })
+		if ok && len(key.id) > 0 && equaler.Equal(pub) {
+			return key.id, true
+		}
+	}
+	return nil, false
+}
+
+func (s *PKCS11Store) String() string {
+	if s.uri.Token == "" {
+		return "PKCS#11 token"
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("PKCS#11 token %q", s.uri.Token)
+}
+
+func (s *PKCS11Store) open() (*pkcs11.Session, error) {
+	module, err := pkcs11.Load(s.uri.Module())
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	pin, err := s.userPIN()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return module.OpenSession(s.uri.Token, pin)
+}
+
+func (s *PKCS11Store) userPIN() ([]byte, error) {
+	if s.pin != "" {
+		return []byte(s.pin), nil
+	}
+	return s.uri.PIN()
+}
+
+type tokenCertificate struct {
+	cert *x509.Certificate
+	id   []byte
+}
+
+func tokenCertificates(session *pkcs11.Session) ([]tokenCertificate, error) {
+	objects, err := session.FindObjects(
+		pkcs11.Attribute{Type: pkcs11.AttrClass, Value: pkcs11.ULong(pkcs11.ClassCertificate)},
+		pkcs11.Attribute{Type: pkcs11.AttrCertificateType, Value: pkcs11.ULong(pkcs11.CertificateX509)},
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	certs := make([]tokenCertificate, 0, len(objects))
+	for _, object := range objects {
+		der, err := session.Attribute(object, pkcs11.AttrValue)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		cert, err := x509.ParseCertificate(der)
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Warnf("skipping unparsable certificate on PKCS#11 token: %v", err)
+			continue
+		}
+		id, err := session.Attribute(object, pkcs11.AttrID)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		certs = append(certs, tokenCertificate{cert: cert, id: id})
+	}
+	return certs, nil
+}
+
+var errNoPrivateKey = errors.New("no private key shares the certificate's CKA_ID")
+
+func privateKey(session *pkcs11.Session, id []byte) (pkcs11.Object, error) {
+	if len(id) == 0 {
+		return 0, errNoPrivateKey
+	}
+	keys, err := session.FindObjects(
+		pkcs11.Attribute{Type: pkcs11.AttrClass, Value: pkcs11.ULong(pkcs11.ClassPrivateKey)},
+		pkcs11.Attribute{Type: pkcs11.AttrID, Value: id},
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	if len(keys) == 0 {
+		return 0, errNoPrivateKey
+	}
+	return keys[0], nil
+}
+
+// pkcs11Signer holds only the certificate and its CKA_ID; the key is looked up in a fresh
+// session at signing time so no token handle outlives a call.
+type pkcs11Signer struct {
+	store *PKCS11Store
+	leaf  *x509.Certificate
+	id    []byte
+}
+
+func (s *pkcs11Signer) Public() crypto.PublicKey {
+	return s.leaf.PublicKey
+}
+
+func (s *pkcs11Signer) Sign(_ io.Reader, digest []byte, opts crypto.SignerOpts) ([]byte, error) {
+	scheme, err := schemeFor(s.leaf.PublicKey, opts)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	session, err := s.store.open()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer session.Close()
+
+	key, err := privateKey(session, s.id)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	signature, err := session.Sign(pkcs11Mechanism(scheme), key, digest)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if scheme == schemeRSAPSSSHA256 {
+		return signature, nil
+	}
+	return ecdsaSignatureASN1(signature)
+}
+
+// pkcs11Mechanism maps a signature scheme onto the token mechanism that consumes a digest.
+func pkcs11Mechanism(scheme sigScheme) pkcs11.Mechanism {
+	if scheme == schemeRSAPSSSHA256 {
+		return pkcs11.Mechanism{
+			Type: pkcs11.MechRSAPKCSPSS,
+			PSS:  &pkcs11.PSSParams{Hash: pkcs11.MechSHA256, MGF: pkcs11.MGF1SHA256, SaltLen: sha256.Size},
+		}
+	}
+	return pkcs11.Mechanism{Type: pkcs11.MechECDSA}
+}

client/internal/certproof/pkcs11store_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,331 @@
+package certproof
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"crypto"
+	"crypto/ecdsa"
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"crypto/rsa"
+	"crypto/x509"
+	"encoding/asn1"
+	"errors"
+	"math/big"
+	"os"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/pkcs11"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/management/certposture"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/management/certposture/certtest"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/management/proto"
+)
+
+const testPKCS11URIEnv = "NB_TEST_PKCS11_URI"
+
+type failingStore struct{}
+
+func (failingStore) Candidates(context.Context) ([]Candidate, error) {
+	return nil, errors.New("token unplugged")
+}
+
+func TestStores_KeepsFileCertificatesWhenTokenFails(t *testing.T) {
+	ca := certtest.NewCA(t, "corp")
+	key := certtest.ECDSAKey(t)
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	writeFile(t, dir, "device.pem", certtest.CertPEM(ca.Issue(t, key, "device"))+certtest.KeyPEM(t, key))
+
+	candidates, err := Stores{failingStore{}, NewFileStore(dir)}.Candidates(context.Background())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Len(t, candidates, 1, "the directory's certificate must survive a failing token")
+}
+
+// TestCollect_PKCS11TokenEndToEnd needs an initialised token with a user PIN, named by
+// NB_TEST_PKCS11_URI. With SoftHSM:
+//
+//	softhsm2-util --init-token --free --label netbird --pin 1234 --so-pin 1234
+//	NB_TEST_PKCS11_URI='pkcs11:token=netbird?module-path=/usr/lib/softhsm/libsofthsm2.so&pin-value=1234' \
+//	  go test -tags pkcs11 ./client/internal/certproof/ -run PKCS11 -v
+//
+// It imports a key and its certificate as token objects, then proves the certificate
+// through the store the way the daemon would. Every run adds one more identity to the token.
+func TestCollect_PKCS11TokenEndToEnd(t *testing.T) {
+	store, uri := pkcs11TestStore(t, "")
+
+	keys := map[string]crypto.Signer{"ecdsa": certtest.ECDSAKey(t), "rsa": certtest.RSAKey(t)}
+	for name, key := range keys {
+		t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			ca := certtest.NewCA(t, "corp-"+name)
+			leaf := ca.Issue(t, key, "device-"+name)
+			importIdentity(t, uri, key, leaf)
+
+			challenger := certposture.NewChallenger([]byte("secret"))
+			now := time.Now()
+			nonce := challenger.Nonce(peerKey, now)
+			checks := []*proto.Checks{{CertificateChallenge: &proto.CertificateChallenge{Nonce: nonce, CaCertificates: []string{ca.PEM}}}}
+
+			proofs := Collect(context.Background(), store, checks, peerKey)
+			require.Len(t, proofs, 1, "the token-held key must prove exactly this run's certificate")
+			chain, err := challenger.Verify(proofs[0], peerKey, now)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			assert.True(t, leaf.Equal(chain[0]), "proof must carry the imported certificate")
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// Attribute types the import needs and the store does not.
+const (
+	attrPrivate         = 0x2
+	attrIssuer          = 0x81
+	attrSerialNumber    = 0x82
+	attrSensitive       = 0x103
+	attrSign            = 0x108
+	attrVerify          = 0x10a
+	attrPrivateExponent = 0x123
+	attrPrime1          = 0x124
+	attrPrime2          = 0x125
+	attrExponent1       = 0x126
+	attrExponent2       = 0x127
+	attrCoefficient     = 0x128
+)
+
+var (
+	ckTrue  = []byte{1}
+	ckFalse = []byte{0}
+	// The P-256 named curve OID in DER, which is what CKA_EC_PARAMS carries.
+	oidP256 = []byte{0x06, 0x08, 0x2a, 0x86, 0x48, 0xce, 0x3d, 0x03, 0x01, 0x07}
+)
+
+// importIdentity stores key and leaf on the token the way tpm2_ptool import and addcert
+// do: private and public key objects plus the certificate, all under one CKA_ID.
+func importIdentity(t *testing.T, uri string, key crypto.Signer, leaf *x509.Certificate) {
+	t.Helper()
+	id := importKey(t, uri, key, leaf.Subject.CommonName)
+	importCertificate(t, uri, leaf, id)
+}
+
+func importKey(t *testing.T, uri string, key crypto.Signer, label string) []byte {
+	t.Helper()
+	session := readWriteSession(t, uri)
+	defer session.Close()
+
+	id := make([]byte, 8)
+	_, err := rand.Read(id)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	private := []pkcs11.Attribute{
+		attr(pkcs11.AttrClass, pkcs11.ULong(pkcs11.ClassPrivateKey)),
+		attr(pkcs11.AttrToken, ckTrue),
+		attr(attrPrivate, ckTrue),
+		attr(attrSensitive, ckTrue),
+		attr(attrSign, ckTrue),
+		attr(pkcs11.AttrLabel, []byte(label)),
+		attr(pkcs11.AttrID, id),
+	}
+	_, err = session.CreateObject(append(private, privateKeyAttributes(t, key)...)...)
+	require.NoError(t, err, "import private key")
+
+	public := []pkcs11.Attribute{
+		attr(pkcs11.AttrClass, pkcs11.ULong(pkcs11.ClassPublicKey)),
+		attr(pkcs11.AttrToken, ckTrue),
+		attr(attrPrivate, ckFalse),
+		attr(attrVerify, ckTrue),
+		attr(pkcs11.AttrLabel, []byte(label)),
+		attr(pkcs11.AttrID, id),
+	}
+	_, err = session.CreateObject(append(public, publicKeyAttributes(t, key)...)...)
+	require.NoError(t, err, "import public key")
+	return id
+}
+
+func importCertificate(t *testing.T, uri string, leaf *x509.Certificate, id []byte) {
+	t.Helper()
+	session := readWriteSession(t, uri)
+	defer session.Close()
+
+	serial, err := asn1.Marshal(leaf.SerialNumber)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	_, err = session.CreateObject(
+		attr(pkcs11.AttrClass, pkcs11.ULong(pkcs11.ClassCertificate)),
+		attr(pkcs11.AttrCertificateType, pkcs11.ULong(pkcs11.CertificateX509)),
+		attr(pkcs11.AttrToken, ckTrue),
+		attr(attrPrivate, ckFalse),
+		attr(pkcs11.AttrLabel, []byte(leaf.Subject.CommonName)),
+		attr(pkcs11.AttrID, id),
+		attr(pkcs11.AttrSubject, leaf.RawSubject),
+		attr(attrIssuer, leaf.RawIssuer),
+		attr(attrSerialNumber, serial),
+		attr(pkcs11.AttrValue, leaf.Raw),
+	)
+	require.NoError(t, err, "import certificate")
+}
+
+func readWriteSession(t *testing.T, uri string) *pkcs11.Session {
+	t.Helper()
+	parsed, err := pkcs11.ParseURI(uri)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	module, err := pkcs11.Load(parsed.Module())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	pin, err := parsed.PIN()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	session, err := module.OpenReadWriteSession(parsed.Token, pin)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	return session
+}
+
+func privateKeyAttributes(t *testing.T, key crypto.Signer) []pkcs11.Attribute {
+	t.Helper()
+	switch k := key.(type) {
+	case *ecdsa.PrivateKey:
+		return []pkcs11.Attribute{
+			attr(pkcs11.AttrKeyType, pkcs11.ULong(pkcs11.KeyEC)),
+			attr(pkcs11.AttrECParams, oidP256),
+			attr(pkcs11.AttrValue, k.D.FillBytes(make([]byte, 32))),
+		}
+	case *rsa.PrivateKey:
+		k.Precompute()
+		return []pkcs11.Attribute{
+			attr(pkcs11.AttrKeyType, pkcs11.ULong(pkcs11.KeyRSA)),
+			attr(pkcs11.AttrModulus, k.N.Bytes()),
+			attr(pkcs11.AttrPublicExponent, big.NewInt(int64(k.E)).Bytes()),
+			attr(attrPrivateExponent, k.D.Bytes()),
+			attr(attrPrime1, k.Primes[0].Bytes()),
+			attr(attrPrime2, k.Primes[1].Bytes()),
+			attr(attrExponent1, k.Precomputed.Dp.Bytes()),
+			attr(attrExponent2, k.Precomputed.Dq.Bytes()),
+			attr(attrCoefficient, k.Precomputed.Qinv.Bytes()),
+		}
+	}
+	t.Fatalf("unsupported key %T", key)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// publicKeyAttributes describes the CKO_PUBLIC_KEY object tokens keep next to a private
+// key, which is what the store reads to pair a certificate file with its key.
+func publicKeyAttributes(t *testing.T, key crypto.Signer) []pkcs11.Attribute {
+	t.Helper()
+	switch k := key.(type) {
+	case *ecdsa.PrivateKey:
+		point := append([]byte{4}, k.X.FillBytes(make([]byte, 32))...)
+		point = append(point, k.Y.FillBytes(make([]byte, 32))...)
+		wrapped, err := asn1.Marshal(point)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		return []pkcs11.Attribute{
+			attr(pkcs11.AttrKeyType, pkcs11.ULong(pkcs11.KeyEC)),
+			attr(pkcs11.AttrECParams, oidP256),
+			attr(pkcs11.AttrECPoint, wrapped),
+		}
+	case *rsa.PrivateKey:
+		return []pkcs11.Attribute{
+			attr(pkcs11.AttrKeyType, pkcs11.ULong(pkcs11.KeyRSA)),
+			attr(pkcs11.AttrModulus, k.N.Bytes()),
+			attr(pkcs11.AttrPublicExponent, big.NewInt(int64(k.E)).Bytes()),
+		}
+	}
+	t.Fatalf("unsupported key %T", key)
+	return nil
+}
+
+func attr(typ uint, value []byte) pkcs11.Attribute {
+	return pkcs11.Attribute{Type: typ, Value: value}
+}
+
+// pkcs11TestStore builds the store for the token NB_TEST_PKCS11_URI names, skipping when
+// no token is configured or this build lacks PKCS#11 support.
+func pkcs11TestStore(t *testing.T, certDir string) (*PKCS11Store, string) {
+	t.Helper()
+	uri := os.Getenv(testPKCS11URIEnv)
+	if uri == "" {
+		t.Skipf("set %s to a PKCS#11 URI with a PIN to run", testPKCS11URIEnv)
+	}
+	store, err := NewPKCS11Store(PKCS11Config{URI: uri}, certDir)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	if _, err := pkcs11.Load(store.uri.Module()); errors.Is(err, pkcs11.ErrUnsupported) {
+		t.Skip(err)
+	}
+	return store, uri
+}
+
+// TestCollect_PKCS11KeyWithFileCertificate covers the split layout: the key lives on the
+// token, the certificate is a PEM file in the directory, and the two are paired by public
+// key because nothing on the token carries the certificate's CKA_ID.
+func TestCollect_PKCS11KeyWithFileCertificate(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	store, uri := pkcs11TestStore(t, dir)
+
+	keys := map[string]crypto.Signer{"ecdsa": certtest.ECDSAKey(t), "rsa": certtest.RSAKey(t)}
+	for name, key := range keys {
+		t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			ca := certtest.NewCA(t, "corp-file-"+name)
+			leaf := ca.Issue(t, key, "device-file-"+name)
+			importKey(t, uri, key, "device-file-"+name)
+			writeFile(t, dir, "device-"+name+".pem", certtest.CertPEM(leaf))
+
+			challenger := certposture.NewChallenger([]byte("secret"))
+			now := time.Now()
+			nonce := challenger.Nonce(peerKey, now)
+			checks := []*proto.Checks{{CertificateChallenge: &proto.CertificateChallenge{Nonce: nonce, CaCertificates: []string{ca.PEM}}}}
+
+			proofs := Collect(context.Background(), store, checks, peerKey)
+			require.Len(t, proofs, 1, "the token key must prove the certificate kept on disk")
+			chain, err := challenger.Verify(proofs[0], peerKey, now)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			assert.True(t, leaf.Equal(chain[0]), "proof must carry the certificate from the directory")
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestPKCS11Store_FileChains(t *testing.T) {
+	ca := certtest.NewCA(t, "corp")
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	// Only certificate files without a key of their own belong to the token; the file
+	// store answers for the others, and non-certificate files are ignored.
+	writeFile(t, dir, "device.pem", certtest.CertPEM(ca.Issue(t, certtest.ECDSAKey(t), "device")))
+	writeFile(t, dir, "ca.crt", ca.PEM)
+	keyed := certtest.ECDSAKey(t)
+	writeFile(t, dir, "inline.pem", certtest.CertPEM(ca.Issue(t, keyed, "inline"))+certtest.KeyPEM(t, keyed))
+	writeFile(t, dir, "sibling.crt", certtest.CertPEM(ca.Issue(t, keyed, "sibling")))
+	writeFile(t, dir, "sibling.key", certtest.KeyPEM(t, keyed))
+	writeFile(t, dir, "notes.txt", "not a certificate")
+
+	chains, err := (&PKCS11Store{uri: &pkcs11.URI{}, certDir: dir}).fileChains()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	var subjects []string
+	for _, chain := range chains {
+		subjects = append(subjects, chain[0].Subject.CommonName)
+	}
+	assert.ElementsMatch(t, []string{"device", "corp"}, subjects, "only key-less certificate files are left to the token")
+
+	chains, err = (&PKCS11Store{uri: &pkcs11.URI{}}).fileChains()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Empty(t, chains, "no directory configured means no file certificates")
+}
+
+func TestNewPKCS11Store_PIN(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name       string
+		cfg        PKCS11Config
+		wantPIN    []byte
+		wantModule string
+	}{
+		{"pin alone opens the first p11-kit token", PKCS11Config{PIN: "1234"}, []byte("1234"), pkcs11.DefaultModule},
+		{"pin field wins over pin-value", PKCS11Config{URI: "pkcs11:?module-path=/lib/x.so&pin-value=0000", PIN: "1234"}, []byte("1234"), "/lib/x.so"},
+		{"uri pin-value stands in for a missing field", PKCS11Config{URI: "pkcs11:?pin-value=0000"}, []byte("0000"), pkcs11.DefaultModule},
+		{"no pin at all means no login", PKCS11Config{URI: "pkcs11:token=netbird"}, nil, pkcs11.DefaultModule},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			store, err := NewPKCS11Store(tt.cfg, "")
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			pin, err := store.userPIN()
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.wantPIN, pin, "PIN, nil meaning no login")
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.wantModule, store.uri.Module(), "module to load")
+		})
+	}
+
+	_, err := NewPKCS11Store(PKCS11Config{URI: "not-a-pkcs11-uri", PIN: "1234"}, "")
+	assert.Error(t, err, "a malformed URI must not be silently replaced by the defaults")
+}

client/internal/certproof/store.go

@@ -0,0 +1,215 @@
+package certproof
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"crypto"
+	"crypto/x509"
+	"encoding/pem"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
+
+	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
+
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/tpm"
+)
+
+const (
+	StoreDirEnv     = "NB_CERT_STORE_DIR"
+	defaultStoreDir = "/etc/netbird/certs"
+)
+
+// Candidate is a certificate chain the peer can sign for. Signer never exposes the key.
+type Candidate struct {
+	Chain  []*x509.Certificate
+	Signer crypto.Signer
+}
+
+// Store yields the certificates a peer may prove possession of. FileStore is the PEM
+// directory implementation; OS keystores (CNG, Keychain, PKCS#11) slot in here.
+type Store interface {
+	Candidates(ctx context.Context) ([]Candidate, error)
+}
+
+// Config selects where the Linux daemon looks for certificates: Dir is the PEM directory,
+// empty for NB_CERT_STORE_DIR or /etc/netbird/certs, and PKCS11 names a token whose keys
+// sign for certificates on the token or in that directory.
+type Config struct {
+	Dir    string
+	PKCS11 PKCS11Config
+}
+
+func (c Config) dir() string {
+	if c.Dir != "" {
+		return c.Dir
+	}
+	return StoreDir()
+}
+
+// FileStore reads PEM files from a directory. A file holds the chain (leaf first) and
+// either its private key or a sibling "<name>.key" file holds it. The key is a plain
+// PKCS#8, EC or RSA key, or a TSS2 key the TPM signs with.
+type FileStore struct {
+	dir string
+}
+
+func NewFileStore(dir string) *FileStore {
+	return &FileStore{dir: dir}
+}
+
+func StoreDir() string {
+	if dir := os.Getenv(StoreDirEnv); dir != "" {
+		return dir
+	}
+	return defaultStoreDir
+}
+
+func (s *FileStore) Candidates(_ context.Context) ([]Candidate, error) {
+	paths, err := certFiles(s.dir)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	var candidates []Candidate
+	for _, path := range paths {
+		chain, signer, err := loadPEM(path)
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Warnf("skipping certificate %s: %v", path, err)
+			continue
+		}
+		if signer == nil {
+			log.Debugf("certificate %s has no key file, only a token can sign for it", path)
+			continue
+		}
+		candidates = append(candidates, Candidate{Chain: chain, Signer: signer})
+	}
+	return candidates, nil
+}
+
+// certFiles lists the certificate files in dir, none when the directory does not exist.
+func certFiles(dir string) ([]string, error) {
+	entries, err := os.ReadDir(dir)
+	if errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("read certificate store %s: %w", dir, err)
+	}
+	var paths []string
+	for _, entry := range entries {
+		if !entry.IsDir() && isCertFile(entry.Name()) {
+			paths = append(paths, filepath.Join(dir, entry.Name()))
+		}
+	}
+	return paths, nil
+}
+
+// loadPEM reads a certificate file and its private key, held in the file itself or in
+// the sibling "<name>.key" file. The signer is nil when neither holds a key.
+func loadPEM(path string) ([]*x509.Certificate, crypto.Signer, error) {
+	data, err := os.ReadFile(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+	chain, signer, err := parsePEM(data)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+	if len(chain) == 0 {
+		return nil, nil, errors.New("no certificate")
+	}
+	if signer != nil {
+		return chain, signer, nil
+	}
+	keyData, err := os.ReadFile(strings.TrimSuffix(path, filepath.Ext(path)) + ".key")
+	if errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
+		return chain, nil, nil
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("read key file: %w", err)
+	}
+	if _, signer, err = parsePEM(keyData); err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+	if signer == nil {
+		return nil, nil, errors.New("no private key in key file")
+	}
+	return chain, signer, nil
+}
+
+func parsePEM(data []byte) ([]*x509.Certificate, crypto.Signer, error) {
+	var chain []*x509.Certificate
+	var signer crypto.Signer
+	for {
+		var block *pem.Block
+		block, data = pem.Decode(data)
+		if block == nil {
+			return chain, signer, nil
+		}
+		switch block.Type {
+		case "CERTIFICATE":
+			cert, err := x509.ParseCertificate(block.Bytes)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("parse certificate: %w", err)
+			}
+			chain = append(chain, cert)
+		case "PRIVATE KEY", "EC PRIVATE KEY", "RSA PRIVATE KEY", tpm.KeyPEMType:
+			key, err := parsePrivateKey(block)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, nil, err
+			}
+			signer = key
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func parsePrivateKey(block *pem.Block) (crypto.Signer, error) {
+	var key any
+	var err error
+	switch block.Type {
+	case tpm.KeyPEMType:
+		return tpm.ParseKey(block.Bytes)
+	case "EC PRIVATE KEY":
+		key, err = x509.ParseECPrivateKey(block.Bytes)
+	case "RSA PRIVATE KEY":
+		key, err = x509.ParsePKCS1PrivateKey(block.Bytes)
+	default:
+		key, err = x509.ParsePKCS8PrivateKey(block.Bytes)
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("parse private key: %w", err)
+	}
+	signer, ok := key.(crypto.Signer)
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, errors.New("private key cannot sign")
+	}
+	return signer, nil
+}
+
+func isCertFile(name string) bool {
+	switch strings.ToLower(filepath.Ext(name)) {
+	case ".pem", ".crt", ".cer":
+		return true
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// Stores queries several stores and carries on when one fails, so a broken token cannot
+// hide the certificates a directory holds. A failure is logged instead of returned
+// because Collect treats a store error as "no proofs at all".
+type Stores []Store
+
+func (s Stores) Candidates(ctx context.Context) ([]Candidate, error) {
+	var all []Candidate
+	for _, store := range s {
+		candidates, err := store.Candidates(ctx)
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Warnf("certificate store %T unavailable: %v", store, err)
+			continue
+		}
+		all = append(all, candidates...)
+	}
+	return all, nil
+}

client/internal/certproof/store_other.go

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+//go:build !darwin && !windows
+
+package certproof
+
+import log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
+
+// DefaultStore is the PEM directory named by NB_CERT_STORE_DIR, or /etc/netbird/certs.
+func DefaultStore() Store {
+	return NewFileStore(StoreDir())
+}
+
+// storeWithToken reads the PEM directory cfg names, joined by the PKCS#11 token when cfg
+// names one. The token pairs the directory's key-less certificates with its own keys.
+func storeWithToken(cfg Config) Store {
+	files := NewFileStore(cfg.dir())
+	if cfg.PKCS11.URI == "" && cfg.PKCS11.PIN == "" {
+		return files
+	}
+	token, err := NewPKCS11Store(cfg.PKCS11, cfg.dir())
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Warnf("ignoring PKCS#11 URI: %v", err)
+		return files
+	}
+	return Stores{files, token}
+}

client/internal/certproof/store_other_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+//go:build !darwin && !windows
+
+package certproof
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestStoreWithToken(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+
+	files, ok := storeWithToken(Config{Dir: dir}).(*FileStore)
+	require.True(t, ok, "a directory alone reads that directory alone")
+	assert.Equal(t, dir, files.dir, "the configured directory replaces the default")
+
+	files, ok = storeWithToken(Config{}).(*FileStore)
+	require.True(t, ok, "nothing configured reads the PEM directory alone")
+	assert.Equal(t, StoreDir(), files.dir, "no directory configured falls back to the environment or the default")
+
+	assert.IsType(t, &FileStore{}, storeWithToken(Config{PKCS11: PKCS11Config{URI: "not-a-pkcs11-uri"}}), "an invalid URI must not hide the PEM directory")
+
+	for name, cfg := range map[string]PKCS11Config{
+		"pin alone": {PIN: "1234"},
+		"uri alone": {URI: "pkcs11:token=netbird?pin-value=1234"},
+	} {
+		store, ok := storeWithToken(Config{Dir: dir, PKCS11: cfg}).(Stores)
+		require.True(t, ok, "%s joins the token to the PEM directory", name)
+		require.Len(t, store, 2, name)
+		token, ok := store[1].(*PKCS11Store)
+		require.True(t, ok, name)
+		assert.Equal(t, dir, token.certDir, "%s: the token pairs certificates from the same directory", name)
+	}
+}

client/internal/certproof/store_tpm_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+package certproof
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"crypto/ecdsa"
+	"crypto/elliptic"
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"encoding/pem"
+	"os"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/google/go-tpm/legacy/tpm2"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"go.step.sm/crypto/tpm/tss2"
+
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/tpm"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/tpm/tpmtest"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/management/certposture"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/management/certposture/certtest"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/management/proto"
+)
+
+func TestFileStore_TPMKeyFile(t *testing.T) {
+	ca := certtest.NewCA(t, "corp")
+	key, err := ecdsa.GenerateKey(elliptic.P256(), rand.Reader)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	leaf := ca.Issue(t, key, "device")
+
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	writeFile(t, dir, "device.pem", certtest.CertPEM(leaf))
+	writeFile(t, dir, "device.key", tpmtest.KeyPEM(t, &key.PublicKey))
+
+	// A key that needs a password can never be used silently, so its certificate is skipped.
+	locked := certtest.ECDSAKey(t)
+	withAuth := func(k *tss2.TPMKey) { k.EmptyAuth = false }
+	writeFile(t, dir, "locked.pem", certtest.CertPEM(ca.Issue(t, locked, "locked")))
+	writeFile(t, dir, "locked.key", tpmtest.KeyPEM(t, locked.Public().(*ecdsa.PublicKey), withAuth))
+
+	candidates, err := NewFileStore(dir).Candidates(context.Background())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Len(t, candidates, 1, "only the key without an authorization value is usable")
+	assert.True(t, leaf.Equal(candidates[0].Chain[0]), "candidate must carry the device certificate")
+	assert.True(t, key.PublicKey.Equal(candidates[0].Signer.Public()), "signer must report the certificate's key")
+}
+
+// TestCollect_TPMKeyEndToEnd runs against the TPM named by NB_TPM_DEVICE, for example a
+// swtpm started with:
+//
+//	swtpm socket --tpm2 --server type=unixio,path=/tmp/swtpm.sock \
+//	  --ctrl type=unixio,path=/tmp/swtpm.ctrl --flags not-need-init,startup-clear
+//
+// It creates a key the way tpm2-openssl does, under a transient ECC primary in the owner
+// hierarchy, and proves the certificate for it through the regular file store.
+func TestCollect_TPMKeyEndToEnd(t *testing.T) {
+	if os.Getenv(tpm.DeviceEnv) == "" {
+		t.Skipf("set %s to a TPM device or swtpm socket to run", tpm.DeviceEnv)
+	}
+	public, private := createTPMKey(t)
+	keyPEM := tpmtest.EncodePEM(t, public, private)
+	block, _ := pem.Decode([]byte(keyPEM))
+	require.NotNil(t, block)
+	signer, err := tpm.ParseKey(block.Bytes)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	ca := certtest.NewCA(t, "corp")
+	leaf := ca.Issue(t, signer, "device")
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	writeFile(t, dir, "device.pem", certtest.CertPEM(leaf))
+	writeFile(t, dir, "device.key", keyPEM)
+
+	challenger := certposture.NewChallenger([]byte("secret"))
+	now := time.Now()
+	nonce := challenger.Nonce(peerKey, now)
+	checks := []*proto.Checks{{CertificateChallenge: &proto.CertificateChallenge{Nonce: nonce, CaCertificates: []string{ca.PEM}}}}
+
+	proofs := Collect(context.Background(), NewFileStore(dir), checks, peerKey)
+	require.Len(t, proofs, 1, "the TPM-held key must prove the certificate")
+	chain, err := challenger.Verify(proofs[0], peerKey, now)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.True(t, leaf.Equal(chain[0]), "proof must carry the device certificate")
+}
+
+func createTPMKey(t *testing.T) (public, private []byte) {
+	t.Helper()
+	rwc, err := tpm.Open()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	defer func() { _ = rwc.Close() }()
+
+	parent, _, err := tpm2.CreatePrimary(rwc, tpm2.HandleOwner, tpm2.PCRSelection{}, "", "", tss2.ECCSRKTemplate)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	defer func() { _ = tpm2.FlushContext(rwc, parent) }()
+
+	private, public, _, _, _, err = tpm2.CreateKey(rwc, parent, tpm2.PCRSelection{}, "", "", tpmtest.SigningTemplate())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	return public, private
+}

client/internal/certproof/systemstore_windows.go

@@ -0,0 +1,251 @@
+package certproof
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"crypto"
+	"crypto/sha256"
+	"crypto/x509"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"slices"
+	"unsafe"
+
+	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
+	"golang.org/x/sys/windows"
+)
+
+const (
+	personalStore     = "MY"
+	intermediateStore = "CA"
+
+	cryptAcquireSilentFlag          = 0x00000040
+	cryptAcquirePreferNCryptKeyFlag = 0x00020000
+	certNCryptKeySpec               = 0xFFFFFFFF
+	bcryptPadPSS                    = 0x00000008
+)
+
+var (
+	crypt32 = windows.NewLazySystemDLL("crypt32.dll")
+	ncrypt  = windows.NewLazySystemDLL("ncrypt.dll")
+
+	procCryptAcquireCertificatePrivateKey = crypt32.NewProc("CryptAcquireCertificatePrivateKey")
+	procNCryptSignHash                    = ncrypt.NewProc("NCryptSignHash")
+	procNCryptFreeObject                  = ncrypt.NewProc("NCryptFreeObject")
+)
+
+type bcryptPSSPaddingInfo struct {
+	algID *uint16
+	salt  uint32
+}
+
+// DefaultStore is the local machine's personal certificate store, where device
+// certificates enrolled through AD or Intune are kept.
+func DefaultStore() Store {
+	return NewSystemStore()
+}
+
+// SystemStore yields the identities of a personal certificate store, completing their
+// chains from the matching intermediate CA store. Keys are used through CNG and never
+// exported.
+//
+// The location decides whose certificates these are. The local machine store is the one
+// a service reads; the current user store lives in the signed-in user's registry hive
+// with keys protected against their profile, so it is only readable while running as
+// that user.
+type SystemStore struct {
+	location uint32
+}
+
+// NewSystemStore reads the local machine store, which is what the daemon uses.
+func NewSystemStore() *SystemStore {
+	return &SystemStore{location: windows.CERT_SYSTEM_STORE_LOCAL_MACHINE}
+}
+
+// NewUserStore reads the calling user's personal store. It is only useful in a process
+// already running as that user, which is what the posture helper is.
+func NewUserStore() *SystemStore {
+	return &SystemStore{location: windows.CERT_SYSTEM_STORE_CURRENT_USER}
+}
+
+func (s *SystemStore) Candidates(_ context.Context) ([]Candidate, error) {
+	leaves, err := storeCertificates(s.location, personalStore)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	intermediates, err := storeCertificates(s.location, intermediateStore)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	log.Infof("certificate store %s holds %d personal certificates and %d intermediates", s, len(leaves), len(intermediates))
+	if len(leaves) == 0 {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	pool := slices.Concat(intermediates, leaves)
+	candidates := make([]Candidate, 0, len(leaves))
+	for _, leaf := range leaves {
+		chain := buildChain(leaf, pool)
+		log.Infof("certificate store %s candidate %q issued by %q built a chain of %d certificates", s, leaf.Subject, leaf.Issuer, len(chain))
+		candidates = append(candidates, Candidate{Chain: chain, Signer: &systemStoreSigner{leaf: leaf, location: s.location}})
+	}
+	return candidates, nil
+}
+
+// String names the store location the way the Windows documentation does.
+func (s *SystemStore) String() string {
+	if s.location == windows.CERT_SYSTEM_STORE_CURRENT_USER {
+		return "CurrentUser"
+	}
+	return "LocalMachine"
+}
+
+// systemStoreSigner holds only the certificate; the store entry and its key are acquired
+// at signing time so no handles outlive a call.
+type systemStoreSigner struct {
+	leaf     *x509.Certificate
+	location uint32
+}
+
+func (s *systemStoreSigner) Public() crypto.PublicKey {
+	return s.leaf.PublicKey
+}
+
+func (s *systemStoreSigner) Sign(_ io.Reader, digest []byte, opts crypto.SignerOpts) ([]byte, error) {
+	scheme, err := schemeFor(s.leaf.PublicKey, opts)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	store, err := openStore(s.location, personalStore)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer func() { _ = windows.CertCloseStore(store, 0) }()
+
+	var signature []byte
+	err = eachCertificate(store, func(ctx *windows.CertContext) (bool, error) {
+		if !bytes.Equal(encodedCert(ctx), s.leaf.Raw) {
+			return false, nil
+		}
+		signature, err = signWithContext(ctx, scheme, digest)
+		return true, err
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if signature == nil {
+		return nil, errors.New("certificate is no longer in the personal store")
+	}
+	return signature, nil
+}
+
+func signWithContext(ctx *windows.CertContext, scheme sigScheme, digest []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	var key uintptr
+	var keySpec uint32
+	var callerFree int32
+	ok, _, err := procCryptAcquireCertificatePrivateKey.Call(uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(ctx)), cryptAcquireSilentFlag|cryptAcquirePreferNCryptKeyFlag, 0,
+		uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&key)), uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&keySpec)), uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&callerFree)))
+	if ok == 0 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("acquire private key: %w", err)
+	}
+	if keySpec != certNCryptKeySpec {
+		if callerFree != 0 {
+			_ = windows.CryptReleaseContext(windows.Handle(key), 0)
+		}
+		return nil, errors.New("legacy CryptoAPI keys are not supported")
+	}
+	if callerFree != 0 {
+		defer func() { _, _, _ = procNCryptFreeObject.Call(key) }()
+	}
+
+	var padding unsafe.Pointer
+	var flags uintptr
+	if scheme == schemeRSAPSSSHA256 {
+		algID, _ := windows.UTF16PtrFromString("SHA256")
+		info := bcryptPSSPaddingInfo{algID: algID, salt: sha256.Size}
+		padding, flags = unsafe.Pointer(&info), bcryptPadPSS
+	}
+	size, err := ncryptSignHash(key, padding, digest, nil, flags)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	signature := make([]byte, size)
+	if size, err = ncryptSignHash(key, padding, digest, signature, flags); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	signature = signature[:size]
+	if scheme == schemeRSAPSSSHA256 {
+		return signature, nil
+	}
+	return ecdsaSignatureASN1(signature)
+}
+
+func ncryptSignHash(key uintptr, padding unsafe.Pointer, digest, signature []byte, flags uintptr) (uint32, error) {
+	var result uint32
+	var signaturePtr uintptr
+	if len(signature) > 0 {
+		signaturePtr = uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&signature[0]))
+	}
+	status, _, _ := procNCryptSignHash.Call(key, uintptr(padding), uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&digest[0])), uintptr(len(digest)),
+		signaturePtr, uintptr(len(signature)), uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&result)), flags)
+	if uint32(status) != 0 {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("NCryptSignHash: 0x%08x", uint32(status))
+	}
+	return result, nil
+}
+
+func storeCertificates(location uint32, name string) ([]*x509.Certificate, error) {
+	store, err := openStore(location, name)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer func() { _ = windows.CertCloseStore(store, 0) }()
+
+	var certs []*x509.Certificate
+	err = eachCertificate(store, func(ctx *windows.CertContext) (bool, error) {
+		cert, err := x509.ParseCertificate(bytes.Clone(encodedCert(ctx)))
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Warnf("skipping certificate in %s store: %v", name, err)
+			return false, nil
+		}
+		certs = append(certs, cert)
+		return false, nil
+	})
+	return certs, err
+}
+
+func openStore(location uint32, name string) (windows.Handle, error) {
+	namePtr, err := windows.UTF16PtrFromString(name)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	flags := location | uint32(windows.CERT_STORE_READONLY_FLAG|windows.CERT_STORE_OPEN_EXISTING_FLAG)
+	store, err := windows.CertOpenStore(windows.CERT_STORE_PROV_SYSTEM, 0, 0, flags, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(namePtr)))
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("open %s certificate store: %w", name, err)
+	}
+	return store, nil
+}
+
+func eachCertificate(store windows.Handle, fn func(*windows.CertContext) (bool, error)) error {
+	var ctx *windows.CertContext
+	for {
+		next, err := windows.CertEnumCertificatesInStore(store, ctx)
+		if next == nil {
+			if errors.Is(err, windows.Errno(windows.CRYPT_E_NOT_FOUND)) || errors.Is(err, windows.ERROR_NO_MORE_FILES) {
+				return nil
+			}
+			return fmt.Errorf("enumerate certificates: %w", err)
+		}
+		ctx = next
+		if stop, err := fn(ctx); stop || err != nil {
+			_ = windows.CertFreeCertificateContext(ctx)
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func encodedCert(ctx *windows.CertContext) []byte {
+	return unsafe.Slice(ctx.EncodedCert, ctx.Length)
+}