[client] bound system info / posture-check gathering with a timeout to prevent sync-loop freeze (#6512)

* Wraps syestem info / posture checks into a goroutine with timeout

e.checks = checks is set before doing the SyncMeta,
so if it fails next time isCheckEquals compares true and bypasses
the update. This is to avoid another repeating the 15 seconds hang.
The checks will be synced on reconnect or posture checks changes
push from mgmt.

* Propagate context to OS calls that can leverage its cancellation / timeout

* Distinguish timeout from cancellation in logs

* Dont log twice

* Block on timeout failure and reapply the exclude_ips

* Refactor for complexity

client/system/info_android.go

@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ func GetInfo(ctx context.Context) *Info {
 }
 
 // checkFileAndProcess checks if the file path exists and if a process is running at that path.
-func checkFileAndProcess(paths []string) ([]File, error) {
+func checkFileAndProcess(_ context.Context, _ []string) ([]File, error) {
 	return []File{}, nil
 }