diff --git a/client/internal/pqkem/capability_test.go b/client/internal/pqkem/capability_test.go
index b1c29d582..93cf1546b 100644
--- a/client/internal/pqkem/capability_test.go
+++ b/client/internal/pqkem/capability_test.go
@@ -64,3 +64,35 @@ func TestManager_EstablishedPeerNotDowngraded(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.True(t, ok, "an established peer must keep its PSK despite a stray zero")
 	assert.NotEqual(t, PSK{}, psk)
 }
+
+// TestManager_ErrorMarkerIsBenign verifies finding F's wire half: a responder failure is
+// signalled with an error marker (not an empty answer), so the initiator does not read it
+// as "peer has no KEM". The marker must be benign — it must not disturb the in-flight
+// exchange, which still converges when the real answer arrives.
+func TestManager_ErrorMarkerIsBenign(t *testing.T) {
+	dA, dB, wgA, wgB, _ := pair(t) // dB ("bbbb") initiator, dA ("aaaa") responder
+	defer dA.Stop()
+	defer dB.Stop()
+
+	offer, err := dB.SignalOffer("aaaa")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NotNil(t, offer)
+
+	_, decoded, err := Decode(offer)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	offerID := decoded.(*OfferMsg).ExchangeID
+
+	// An error marker for the in-flight offer must be accepted without error and must not
+	// tear the exchange down (unlike an empty answer, which signals non-capability).
+	marker := (&ErrorMsg{ExchangeID: offerID}).Encode()
+	require.NoError(t, dB.SignalOnAnswer("aaaa", marker))
+
+	// The real answer still converges both sides on the same PSK.
+	answer, err := dA.SignalOnOffer("bbbb", offer)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NotNil(t, answer)
+	require.NoError(t, dB.SignalOnAnswer("aaaa", answer))
+
+	assert.Equal(t, wgB.psk("aaaa"), wgA.psk("bbbb"), "the exchange must still converge after a benign error marker")
+	assert.NotEqual(t, PSK{}, wgB.psk("aaaa"))
+}
diff --git a/client/internal/pqkem/manager.go b/client/internal/pqkem/manager.go
index 8912a27c5..429d38716 100644
--- a/client/internal/pqkem/manager.go
+++ b/client/internal/pqkem/manager.go
@@ -365,7 +365,15 @@ func (m *Manager) SignalOnOffer(remoteID RemoteID, offer []byte) ([]byte, error)
 	if typ != MsgOffer {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("expected offer from %s, got type %d", remoteID, typ)
 	}
-	return m.processOffer(remoteID, msg.(*OfferMsg), viaSignalLabel)
+	o := msg.(*OfferMsg)
+	answer, err := m.processOffer(remoteID, o, viaSignalLabel)
+	if err != nil {
+		// Reply with an error marker rather than an empty answer: the initiator must not
+		// read our transient failure as "peer does not run the KEM" and mark us
+		// non-capable. The exchange times out on the initiator and re-bootstraps.
+		return (&ErrorMsg{ExchangeID: o.ExchangeID}).Encode(), err
+	}
+	return answer, nil
 }
 
 // SignalOnAnswer processes a KEM answer the host extracted from an incoming answer.
@@ -375,6 +383,12 @@ func (m *Manager) SignalOnAnswer(remoteID RemoteID, answer []byte) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("decode signal answer from %s: %w", remoteID, err)
 	}
+	if typ == MsgError {
+		// The responder runs the KEM but failed to answer this offer. It is capable, so
+		// leave the exchange to time out and re-bootstrap; do not mark it non-capable.
+		m.trace("pqkem: peer reported an error answering our offer", "peer", remoteID)
+		return nil
+	}
 	if typ != MsgAnswer {
 		return fmt.Errorf("expected answer from %s, got type %d", remoteID, typ)
 	}
@@ -416,6 +430,9 @@ func (m *Manager) OnDataPathMessage(remoteID RemoteID, raw []byte) error {
 		return m.pushDataPath(remoteID, answer)
 	case MsgAnswer:
 		return m.processAnswer(remoteID, msg.(*AnswerMsg), viaDataPathLabel)
+	case MsgError:
+		m.trace("pqkem: peer reported an error over the data path", "peer", remoteID)
+		return nil
 	default:
 		return fmt.Errorf("unhandled data-path message type %d from %s", typ, remoteID)
 	}
diff --git a/client/internal/pqkem/message.go b/client/internal/pqkem/message.go
index e483e9d72..1e1fd6e85 100644
--- a/client/internal/pqkem/message.go
+++ b/client/internal/pqkem/message.go
@@ -28,12 +28,17 @@ const (
 	headerSize = 1 + 1 + ExchangeIDSize
 )
 
-// MsgType tags the two message kinds of the exchange.
+// MsgType tags the message kinds of the exchange.
 type MsgType uint8
 
 const (
 	MsgOffer MsgType = iota + 1
 	MsgAnswer
+	// MsgError is a responder's "I run the KEM but could not answer this offer" reply.
+	// It is a non-empty, payload-less marker so the initiator does not mistake a
+	// transient failure for an empty "peer does not run the KEM" answer and mark the
+	// peer non-capable. The exchange still times out and re-bootstraps.
+	MsgError
 )
 
 // ExchangeID is the per-exchange correlator. The zero value means "none" (an offer
@@ -76,6 +81,17 @@ func (m *AnswerMsg) Encode() ([]byte, error) {
 	return frame(MsgAnswer, m.ExchangeID, m.KEMAnswer), nil
 }
 
+// ErrorMsg is the payload-less marker a responder returns when it runs the KEM but
+// could not answer a given offer, naming the offer's exchange.
+type ErrorMsg struct {
+	ExchangeID ExchangeID
+}
+
+// Encode serialises the error marker (header only, no payload).
+func (m *ErrorMsg) Encode() []byte {
+	return frame(MsgError, m.ExchangeID, nil)
+}
+
 // Decode parses a framed message into one of *OfferMsg / *AnswerMsg.
 func Decode(buf []byte) (MsgType, any, error) {
 	if len(buf) < headerSize {
@@ -103,6 +119,11 @@ func Decode(buf []byte) (MsgType, any, error) {
 			return typ, nil, fmt.Errorf("answer payload: got %d, want %d", len(payload), AnswerSize)
 		}
 		return typ, &AnswerMsg{ExchangeID: id, KEMAnswer: payload}, nil
+	case MsgError:
+		if len(payload) != 0 {
+			return typ, nil, fmt.Errorf("error marker payload: got %d, want 0", len(payload))
+		}
+		return typ, &ErrorMsg{ExchangeID: id}, nil
 	default:
 		return typ, nil, fmt.Errorf("unknown message type %d", typ)
 	}
diff --git a/client/internal/pqkem/message_test.go b/client/internal/pqkem/message_test.go
index 524125e47..0ce9be69d 100644
--- a/client/internal/pqkem/message_test.go
+++ b/client/internal/pqkem/message_test.go
@@ -30,6 +30,15 @@ func TestMessageRoundTrip(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.Equal(t, MsgAnswer, typ)
 	require.Equal(t, answer, decoded.(*AnswerMsg).KEMAnswer)
+
+	// The error marker is a non-empty, payload-less message carrying the exchange id, so
+	// the initiator can tell a responder failure from an empty "no KEM" answer.
+	errBytes := (&ErrorMsg{ExchangeID: id}).Encode()
+	require.NotEmpty(t, errBytes)
+	typ, decoded, err = Decode(errBytes)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, MsgError, typ)
+	require.Equal(t, id, decoded.(*ErrorMsg).ExchangeID)
 }
 
 func TestDecodeRejects(t *testing.T) {