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netbird-docs/src/pages/selfhosted/maintenance/scaling/migrate-sqlite-to-postgresql.mdx
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# Migrate from SQLite to PostgreSQL
import {Note, Warning} from "@/components/mdx";
This guide is part of the [Splitting Your Self-Hosted Deployment](/selfhosted/maintenance/scaling/scaling-your-self-hosted-deployment) guide. It covers migrating your Management server database from SQLite to PostgreSQL.
The default NetBird deployment uses SQLite, which stores all data in a single file. This works well for smaller setups, but you may want to migrate to PostgreSQL if:
- You want the database on a separate, dedicated machine
- You need better concurrency handling for larger deployments
- You prefer the operational tooling and backup options that PostgreSQL provides
For smaller teams, SQLite is perfectly capable and migration is not required.
## Set Up PostgreSQL
If you don't already have a PostgreSQL instance, you can run one in Docker:
```bash
docker run -d \
--name postgres-server \
-e POSTGRES_USER=postgres \
-e POSTGRES_PASSWORD=password \
-p 5432:5432 \
-v postgres_data:/var/lib/postgresql/data \
postgres:16
```
<Warning>
Replace the default `password` with a strong, unique password for production deployments.
</Warning>
## Back Up the SQLite Store
Before migrating, create a backup of your SQLite database:
```bash
mkdir backup
docker compose cp -a netbird-server:/var/lib/netbird/. backup/
```
## Install pgloader
The migration uses [pgloader](https://github.com/dimitri/pgloader) to transfer data from SQLite to PostgreSQL:
```bash
# Debian/Ubuntu
sudo apt-get install pgloader
# macOS
brew install pgloader
```
## Create the Migration File
Create a file called `sqlite.load` with the following content:
```
LOAD DATABASE
FROM sqlite:///root/combined/backup/store.db
INTO postgresql://postgres:password@localhost:5432/postgres
WITH include drop, create tables, create indexes, reset sequences
CAST
column accounts.is_domain_primary_account to boolean,
column accounts.settings_peer_login_expiration_enabled to boolean,
column accounts.settings_peer_inactivity_expiration_enabled to boolean,
column accounts.settings_regular_users_view_blocked to boolean,
column accounts.settings_groups_propagation_enabled to boolean,
column accounts.settings_jwt_groups_enabled to boolean,
column accounts.settings_routing_peer_dns_resolution_enabled to boolean,
column accounts.settings_extra_peer_approval_enabled to boolean,
column accounts.settings_extra_user_approval_required to boolean,
column accounts.settings_lazy_connection_enabled to boolean,
column accounts.settings_peer_expose_enabled to boolean,
column accounts.settings_auto_update_always to boolean,
column accounts.settings_local_mfa_enabled to boolean
;
```
<Note>
Update the SQLite path and PostgreSQL connection string to match your environment.
</Note>
## Run the Migration
```bash
pgloader sqlite.load
```
## Update config.yaml
On your main server, update the `store` section in `config.yaml` to use PostgreSQL:
```yaml
server:
# ... existing settings ...
store:
engine: "postgres"
dsn: "host=postgres-server user=postgres password=password dbname=postgres port=5432 sslmode=disable"
```
Alternatively, you can pass the connection string as an environment variable instead of putting it in the config file:
```yaml
netbird-server:
environment:
- NETBIRD_STORE_ENGINE_POSTGRES_DSN=host=postgres-server user=postgres password=password dbname=postgres port=5432 sslmode=disable
```
## Restart and Verify
```bash
docker compose up -d
```
Check the logs to confirm PostgreSQL is being used:
```bash
docker compose logs netbird-server | grep store
```
You should see:
```
using Postgres store engine
```
## Migrate Auth Store
The embedded identity provider (Dex) uses a separate SQLite database (`idp.db`) to store authentication data such as users, passwords, connectors, sessions, and tokens. You can optionally migrate this to PostgreSQL as well.
### Create the Auth Database
```bash
docker exec postgres-server psql -U postgres -c "CREATE DATABASE netbird_auth;"
```
### Create the Auth Migration File
Create a file called `auth-sqlite.load` with the following content:
```
LOAD DATABASE
FROM sqlite:///root/combined/backup/idp.db
INTO postgresql://postgres:password@localhost:5432/netbird_auth
WITH include drop, create tables, create indexes, reset sequences
CAST
type blob to bytea drop default using byte-vector-to-bytea,
column client.public to boolean,
column auth_request.force_approval_prompt to boolean,
column auth_request.logged_in to boolean,
column auth_request.claims_email_verified to boolean,
column auth_code.claims_email_verified to boolean,
column refresh_token.claims_email_verified to boolean,
column auth_request.mfa_validated to boolean,
column password.email_verified to boolean,
column user_identity.claims_email_verified to boolean
;
```
<Note>
Update the SQLite path and PostgreSQL connection string to match your environment.
</Note>
### Run the Auth Migration
```bash
pgloader auth-sqlite.load
```
### Update config.yaml
Add the `authStore` section to your `config.yaml`:
```yaml
server:
# ... existing settings ...
authStore:
engine: "postgres"
dsn: "host=postgres-server port=5432 user=postgres password=password dbname=netbird_auth sslmode=disable"
```
### Restart and Verify
```bash
docker compose up -d
```
## Migrate Activity Store
The activity events store uses a separate SQLite database (`events.db`) to record user and system activity. You can optionally migrate this to PostgreSQL as well.
### Create the Activity Database
```bash
docker exec postgres-server psql -U postgres -c "CREATE DATABASE netbird_events;"
```
### Create the Activity Migration File
Create a file called `activity-sqlite.load` with the following content:
```
LOAD DATABASE
FROM sqlite:///root/combined/backup/events.db
INTO postgresql://postgres:password@localhost:5432/netbird_events
WITH include drop, create tables, create indexes, reset sequences
;
```
<Note>
No boolean CAST rules are needed for the activity store — all columns use standard integer and text types.
Update the SQLite path and PostgreSQL connection string to match your environment.
</Note>
### Run the Activity Migration
```bash
pgloader activity-sqlite.load
```
### Update config.yaml
Add the `activityStore` section to your `config.yaml`:
```yaml
server:
# ... existing settings ...
activityStore:
engine: "postgres"
dsn: "host=postgres-server port=5432 user=postgres password=password dbname=netbird_events sslmode=disable"
```
### Restart and Verify
```bash
docker compose up -d
```