Breakout sites tables

server/db/pg/schema/schema.ts

@@ -89,12 +89,8 @@ export const sites = pgTable("sites", {
     name: varchar("name").notNull(),
     pubKey: varchar("pubKey"),
     subnet: varchar("subnet"),
-    megabytesIn: real("bytesIn").default(0),
-    megabytesOut: real("bytesOut").default(0),
-    lastBandwidthUpdate: varchar("lastBandwidthUpdate"),
     type: varchar("type").notNull(), // "newt" or "wireguard"
     online: boolean("online").notNull().default(false),
-    lastPing: integer("lastPing"),
     address: varchar("address"),
     endpoint: varchar("endpoint"),
     publicKey: varchar("publicKey"),
@@ -729,10 +725,7 @@ export const clients = pgTable("clients", {
     name: varchar("name").notNull(),
     pubKey: varchar("pubKey"),
     subnet: varchar("subnet").notNull(),
-    megabytesIn: real("bytesIn"),
+
-    megabytesOut: real("bytesOut"),
-    lastBandwidthUpdate: varchar("lastBandwidthUpdate"),
-    lastPing: integer("lastPing"),
     type: varchar("type").notNull(), // "olm"
     online: boolean("online").notNull().default(false),
     // endpoint: varchar("endpoint"),
@@ -745,6 +738,42 @@ export const clients = pgTable("clients", {
     >()
 });
 
+export const sitePing = pgTable("sitePing", {
+    siteId: integer("siteId")
+        .primaryKey()
+        .references(() => sites.siteId, { onDelete: "cascade" })
+        .notNull(),
+    lastPing: integer("lastPing")
+});
+
+export const siteBandwidth = pgTable("siteBandwidth", {
+    siteId: integer("siteId")
+        .primaryKey()
+        .references(() => sites.siteId, { onDelete: "cascade" })
+        .notNull(),
+    megabytesIn: real("bytesIn").default(0),
+    megabytesOut: real("bytesOut").default(0),
+    lastBandwidthUpdate: integer("lastBandwidthUpdate") // unix epoch
+});
+
+export const clientPing = pgTable("clientPing", {
+    clientId: integer("clientId")
+        .primaryKey()
+        .references(() => clients.clientId, { onDelete: "cascade" })
+        .notNull(),
+    lastPing: integer("lastPing")
+});
+
+export const clientBandwidth = pgTable("clientBandwidth", {
+    clientId: integer("clientId")
+        .primaryKey()
+        .references(() => clients.clientId, { onDelete: "cascade" })
+        .notNull(),
+    megabytesIn: real("bytesIn"),
+    megabytesOut: real("bytesOut"),
+    lastBandwidthUpdate: integer("lastBandwidthUpdate") // unix epoch
+});
+
 export const clientSitesAssociationsCache = pgTable(
     "clientSitesAssociationsCache",
     {
@@ -1106,3 +1135,7 @@ export type RequestAuditLog = InferSelectModel<typeof requestAuditLog>;
 export type RoundTripMessageTracker = InferSelectModel<
     typeof roundTripMessageTracker
 >;
+export type SitePing = typeof sitePing.$inferSelect;
+export type SiteBandwidth = typeof siteBandwidth.$inferSelect;
+export type ClientPing = typeof clientPing.$inferSelect;
+export type ClientBandwidth = typeof clientBandwidth.$inferSelect;

server/db/sqlite/schema/schema.ts

@@ -95,12 +95,8 @@ export const sites = sqliteTable("sites", {
     name: text("name").notNull(),
     pubKey: text("pubKey"),
     subnet: text("subnet"),
-    megabytesIn: integer("bytesIn").default(0),
-    megabytesOut: integer("bytesOut").default(0),
-    lastBandwidthUpdate: text("lastBandwidthUpdate"),
     type: text("type").notNull(), // "newt" or "wireguard"
     online: integer("online", { mode: "boolean" }).notNull().default(false),
-    lastPing: integer("lastPing"),
 
     // exit node stuff that is how to connect to the site when it has a wg server
     address: text("address"), // this is the address of the wireguard interface in newt
@@ -399,10 +395,7 @@ export const clients = sqliteTable("clients", {
     pubKey: text("pubKey"),
     olmId: text("olmId"), // to lock it to a specific olm optionally
     subnet: text("subnet").notNull(),
-    megabytesIn: integer("bytesIn"),
+
-    megabytesOut: integer("bytesOut"),
-    lastBandwidthUpdate: text("lastBandwidthUpdate"),
-    lastPing: integer("lastPing"),
     type: text("type").notNull(), // "olm"
     online: integer("online", { mode: "boolean" }).notNull().default(false),
     // endpoint: text("endpoint"),
@@ -414,6 +407,42 @@ export const clients = sqliteTable("clients", {
     >()
 });
 
+export const sitePing = sqliteTable("sitePing", {
+    siteId: integer("siteId")
+        .primaryKey()
+        .references(() => sites.siteId, { onDelete: "cascade" })
+        .notNull(),
+    lastPing: integer("lastPing")
+});
+
+export const siteBandwidth = sqliteTable("siteBandwidth", {
+    siteId: integer("siteId")
+        .primaryKey()
+        .references(() => sites.siteId, { onDelete: "cascade" })
+        .notNull(),
+    megabytesIn: integer("bytesIn").default(0),
+    megabytesOut: integer("bytesOut").default(0),
+    lastBandwidthUpdate: integer("lastBandwidthUpdate") // unix epoch
+});
+
+export const clientPing = sqliteTable("clientPing", {
+    clientId: integer("clientId")
+        .primaryKey()
+        .references(() => clients.clientId, { onDelete: "cascade" })
+        .notNull(),
+    lastPing: integer("lastPing")
+});
+
+export const clientBandwidth = sqliteTable("clientBandwidth", {
+    clientId: integer("clientId")
+        .primaryKey()
+        .references(() => clients.clientId, { onDelete: "cascade" })
+        .notNull(),
+    megabytesIn: integer("bytesIn"),
+    megabytesOut: integer("bytesOut"),
+    lastBandwidthUpdate: integer("lastBandwidthUpdate") // unix epoch
+});
+
 export const clientSitesAssociationsCache = sqliteTable(
     "clientSitesAssociationsCache",
     {
@@ -1209,3 +1238,7 @@ export type DeviceWebAuthCode = InferSelectModel<typeof deviceWebAuthCodes>;
 export type RoundTripMessageTracker = InferSelectModel<
     typeof roundTripMessageTracker
 >;
+export type SitePing = typeof sitePing.$inferSelect;
+export type SiteBandwidth = typeof siteBandwidth.$inferSelect;
+export type ClientPing = typeof clientPing.$inferSelect;
+export type ClientBandwidth = typeof clientBandwidth.$inferSelect;

server/lib/telemetry.ts

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import config from "./config";
 import { getHostMeta } from "./hostMeta";
 import logger from "@server/logger";
 import { apiKeys, db, roles, siteResources } from "@server/db";
-import { sites, users, orgs, resources, clients, idp } from "@server/db";
+import { sites, users, orgs, resources, clients, idp, siteBandwidth } from "@server/db";
 import { eq, count, notInArray, and, isNotNull, isNull } from "drizzle-orm";
 import { APP_VERSION } from "./consts";
 import crypto from "crypto";
@@ -150,12 +150,13 @@ class TelemetryClient {
             const siteDetails = await db
                 .select({
                     siteName: sites.name,
-                    megabytesIn: sites.megabytesIn,
+                    megabytesIn: siteBandwidth.megabytesIn,
-                    megabytesOut: sites.megabytesOut,
+                    megabytesOut: siteBandwidth.megabytesOut,
                     type: sites.type,
                     online: sites.online
                 })
-                .from(sites);
+                .from(sites)
+                .leftJoin(siteBandwidth, eq(siteBandwidth.siteId, sites.siteId));
 
             const supporterKey = config.getSupporterData();
 

server/private/routers/billing/hooks/handleSubscriptionUpdated.ts

@@ -18,10 +18,11 @@ import {
     subscriptionItems,
     usage,
     sites,
+    siteBandwidth,
     customers,
     orgs
 } from "@server/db";
-import { eq, and } from "drizzle-orm";
+import { eq, and, inArray } from "drizzle-orm";
 import logger from "@server/logger";
 import { getFeatureIdByMetricId, getFeatureIdByPriceId } from "@server/lib/billing/features";
 import stripe from "#private/lib/stripe";
@@ -253,14 +254,19 @@ export async function handleSubscriptionUpdated(
                                     );
                                 }
 
-                                // Also reset the sites to 0
+                                // Also reset the site bandwidth to 0
                                 await trx
-                                    .update(sites)
+                                    .update(siteBandwidth)
                                     .set({
                                         megabytesIn: 0,
                                         megabytesOut: 0
                                     })
-                                    .where(eq(sites.orgId, orgId));
+                                    .where(
+                                        inArray(
+                                            siteBandwidth.siteId,
+                                            trx.select({ siteId: sites.siteId }).from(sites).where(eq(sites.orgId, orgId))
+                                        )
+                                    );
                             });
                         }
                     }

server/routers/client/listClients.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import {
+    clientBandwidth,
     clients,
     clientSitesAssociationsCache,
     currentFingerprint,
@@ -180,8 +181,8 @@ function queryClientsBase() {
             name: clients.name,
             pubKey: clients.pubKey,
             subnet: clients.subnet,
-            megabytesIn: clients.megabytesIn,
+            megabytesIn: clientBandwidth.megabytesIn,
-            megabytesOut: clients.megabytesOut,
+            megabytesOut: clientBandwidth.megabytesOut,
             orgName: orgs.name,
             type: clients.type,
             online: clients.online,
@@ -200,7 +201,8 @@ function queryClientsBase() {
         .leftJoin(orgs, eq(clients.orgId, orgs.orgId))
         .leftJoin(olms, eq(clients.clientId, olms.clientId))
         .leftJoin(users, eq(clients.userId, users.userId))
-        .leftJoin(currentFingerprint, eq(olms.olmId, currentFingerprint.olmId));
+        .leftJoin(currentFingerprint, eq(olms.olmId, currentFingerprint.olmId))
+        .leftJoin(clientBandwidth, eq(clientBandwidth.clientId, clients.clientId));
 }
 
 async function getSiteAssociations(clientIds: number[]) {
@@ -367,9 +369,15 @@ export async function listClients(
             .offset(pageSize * (page - 1))
             .orderBy(
                 sort_by
-                    ? order === "asc"
+                    ? (() => {
-                        ? asc(clients[sort_by])
+                          const field =
-                        : desc(clients[sort_by])
+                              sort_by === "megabytesIn"
+                                  ? clientBandwidth.megabytesIn
+                                  : sort_by === "megabytesOut"
+                                    ? clientBandwidth.megabytesOut
+                                    : clients.name;
+                          return order === "asc" ? asc(field) : desc(field);
+                      })()
                     : asc(clients.name)
             );
 

server/routers/client/listUserDevices.ts

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { build } from "@server/build";
 import {
+    clientBandwidth,
     clients,
     currentFingerprint,
     db,
@@ -211,8 +212,8 @@ function queryUserDevicesBase() {
             name: clients.name,
             pubKey: clients.pubKey,
             subnet: clients.subnet,
-            megabytesIn: clients.megabytesIn,
+            megabytesIn: clientBandwidth.megabytesIn,
-            megabytesOut: clients.megabytesOut,
+            megabytesOut: clientBandwidth.megabytesOut,
             orgName: orgs.name,
             type: clients.type,
             online: clients.online,
@@ -239,7 +240,8 @@ function queryUserDevicesBase() {
         .leftJoin(orgs, eq(clients.orgId, orgs.orgId))
         .leftJoin(olms, eq(clients.clientId, olms.clientId))
         .leftJoin(users, eq(clients.userId, users.userId))
-        .leftJoin(currentFingerprint, eq(olms.olmId, currentFingerprint.olmId));
+        .leftJoin(currentFingerprint, eq(olms.olmId, currentFingerprint.olmId))
+        .leftJoin(clientBandwidth, eq(clientBandwidth.clientId, clients.clientId));
 }
 
 type OlmWithUpdateAvailable = Awaited<
@@ -427,9 +429,15 @@ export async function listUserDevices(
             .offset(pageSize * (page - 1))
             .orderBy(
                 sort_by
-                    ? order === "asc"
+                    ? (() => {
-                        ? asc(clients[sort_by])
+                          const field =
-                        : desc(clients[sort_by])
+                              sort_by === "megabytesIn"
+                                  ? clientBandwidth.megabytesIn
+                                  : sort_by === "megabytesOut"
+                                    ? clientBandwidth.megabytesOut
+                                    : clients.name;
+                          return order === "asc" ? asc(field) : desc(field);
+                      })()
                     : asc(clients.clientId)
             );
 

server/routers/gerbil/receiveBandwidth.ts

@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ export async function flushSiteBandwidthToDb(): Promise<void> {
     const snapshot = accumulator;
     accumulator = new Map<string, AccumulatorEntry>();
 
-    const currentTime = new Date().toISOString();
+    const currentEpoch = Math.floor(Date.now() / 1000);
 
     // Sort by publicKey for consistent lock ordering across concurrent
     // writers — deadlock-prevention strategy.
@@ -157,33 +157,52 @@ export async function flushSiteBandwidthToDb(): Promise<void> {
                             orgId: string;
                             pubKey: string;
                         }>(sql`
-                            UPDATE sites
+                            WITH upsert AS (
-                            SET
+                                INSERT INTO "siteBandwidth" ("siteId", "bytesIn", "bytesOut", "lastBandwidthUpdate")
-                                "bytesOut"            = COALESCE("bytesOut", 0) + ${bytesIn},
+                                SELECT s."siteId", ${bytesIn}, ${bytesOut}, ${currentEpoch}
-                                "bytesIn"             = COALESCE("bytesIn", 0)  + ${bytesOut},
+                                FROM "sites" s WHERE s."pubKey" = ${publicKey}
-                                "lastBandwidthUpdate" = ${currentTime}
+                                ON CONFLICT ("siteId") DO UPDATE SET
-                            WHERE "pubKey" = ${publicKey}
+                                    "bytesIn" = COALESCE("siteBandwidth"."bytesIn", 0) + EXCLUDED."bytesIn",
-                            RETURNING "orgId", "pubKey"
+                                    "bytesOut" = COALESCE("siteBandwidth"."bytesOut", 0) + EXCLUDED."bytesOut",
+                                    "lastBandwidthUpdate" = EXCLUDED."lastBandwidthUpdate"
+                                RETURNING "siteId"
+                            )
+                            SELECT u."siteId", s."orgId", s."pubKey"
+                            FROM upsert u
+                            INNER JOIN "sites" s ON s."siteId" = u."siteId"
                         `);
                         results.push(...result);
                     }
                     return results;
                 }
 
-                // PostgreSQL: batch UPDATE … FROM (VALUES …) — single round-trip per chunk.
+                // PostgreSQL: batch UPSERT via CTE — single round-trip per chunk.
                 const valuesList = chunk.map(([publicKey, { bytesIn, bytesOut }]) =>
                     sql`(${publicKey}::text, ${bytesIn}::real, ${bytesOut}::real)`
                 );
                 const valuesClause = sql.join(valuesList, sql`, `);
                 return dbQueryRows<{ orgId: string; pubKey: string }>(sql`
-                    UPDATE sites
+                    WITH vals(pub_key, bytes_in, bytes_out) AS (
-                    SET
+                        VALUES ${valuesClause}
-                        "bytesOut"            = COALESCE("bytesOut", 0) + v.bytes_in,
+                    ),
-                        "bytesIn"             = COALESCE("bytesIn", 0)  + v.bytes_out,
+                    site_lookup AS (
-                        "lastBandwidthUpdate" = ${currentTime}
+                        SELECT s."siteId", s."orgId", s."pubKey", v.bytes_in, v.bytes_out
-                    FROM (VALUES ${valuesClause}) AS v(pub_key, bytes_in, bytes_out)
+                        FROM vals v
-                    WHERE sites."pubKey" = v.pub_key
+                        INNER JOIN "sites" s ON s."pubKey" = v.pub_key
-                    RETURNING sites."orgId" AS "orgId", sites."pubKey" AS "pubKey"
+                    ),
+                    upsert AS (
+                        INSERT INTO "siteBandwidth" ("siteId", "bytesIn", "bytesOut", "lastBandwidthUpdate")
+                        SELECT sl."siteId", sl.bytes_in, sl.bytes_out, ${currentEpoch}::integer
+                        FROM site_lookup sl
+                        ON CONFLICT ("siteId") DO UPDATE SET
+                            "bytesIn" = COALESCE("siteBandwidth"."bytesIn", 0) + EXCLUDED."bytesIn",
+                            "bytesOut" = COALESCE("siteBandwidth"."bytesOut", 0) + EXCLUDED."bytesOut",
+                            "lastBandwidthUpdate" = EXCLUDED."lastBandwidthUpdate"
+                        RETURNING "siteId"
+                    )
+                    SELECT u."siteId", s."orgId", s."pubKey"
+                    FROM upsert u
+                    INNER JOIN "sites" s ON s."siteId" = u."siteId"
                 `);
             }, `flush bandwidth chunk [${i}–${chunkEnd}]`);
         } catch (error) {

server/routers/newt/handleNewtPingMessage.ts

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-import { db, newts, sites, targetHealthCheck, targets } from "@server/db";
+import { db, newts, sites, targetHealthCheck, targets, sitePing, siteBandwidth } from "@server/db";
 import {
     hasActiveConnections,
     getClientConfigVersion
 } from "#dynamic/routers/ws";
 import { MessageHandler } from "@server/routers/ws";
 import { Newt } from "@server/db";
-import { eq, lt, isNull, and, or, ne, not } from "drizzle-orm";
+import { eq, lt, isNull, and, or, ne } from "drizzle-orm";
 import logger from "@server/logger";
 import { sendNewtSyncMessage } from "./sync";
 import { recordPing } from "./pingAccumulator";
@@ -41,17 +41,18 @@ export const startNewtOfflineChecker = (): void => {
                 .select({
                     siteId: sites.siteId,
                     newtId: newts.newtId,
-                    lastPing: sites.lastPing
+                    lastPing: sitePing.lastPing
                 })
                 .from(sites)
                 .innerJoin(newts, eq(newts.siteId, sites.siteId))
+                .leftJoin(sitePing, eq(sitePing.siteId, sites.siteId))
                 .where(
                     and(
                         eq(sites.online, true),
                         eq(sites.type, "newt"),
                         or(
-                            lt(sites.lastPing, twoMinutesAgo),
+                            lt(sitePing.lastPing, twoMinutesAgo),
-                            isNull(sites.lastPing)
+                            isNull(sitePing.lastPing)
                         )
                     )
                 );
@@ -112,15 +113,11 @@ export const startNewtOfflineChecker = (): void => {
                 .select({
                     siteId: sites.siteId,
                     online: sites.online,
-                    lastBandwidthUpdate: sites.lastBandwidthUpdate
+                    lastBandwidthUpdate: siteBandwidth.lastBandwidthUpdate
                 })
                 .from(sites)
-                .where(
+                .innerJoin(siteBandwidth, eq(siteBandwidth.siteId, sites.siteId))
-                    and(
+                .where(eq(sites.type, "wireguard"));
-                        eq(sites.type, "wireguard"),
-                        not(isNull(sites.lastBandwidthUpdate))
-                    )
-                );
 
             const wireguardOfflineThreshold = Math.floor(
                 (Date.now() - OFFLINE_THRESHOLD_BANDWIDTH_MS) / 1000
@@ -128,12 +125,7 @@ export const startNewtOfflineChecker = (): void => {
 
             // loop over each one. If its offline and there is a new update then mark it online. If its online and there is no update then mark it offline
             for (const site of allWireguardSites) {
-                const lastBandwidthUpdate =
+                if ((site.lastBandwidthUpdate ?? 0) < wireguardOfflineThreshold && site.online) {
-                    new Date(site.lastBandwidthUpdate!).getTime() / 1000;
-                if (
-                    lastBandwidthUpdate < wireguardOfflineThreshold &&
-                    site.online
-                ) {
                     logger.info(
                         `Marking wireguard site ${site.siteId} offline: no bandwidth update in over ${OFFLINE_THRESHOLD_BANDWIDTH_MS / 60000} minutes`
                     );
@@ -142,10 +134,7 @@ export const startNewtOfflineChecker = (): void => {
                         .update(sites)
                         .set({ online: false })
                         .where(eq(sites.siteId, site.siteId));
-                } else if (
+                } else if ((site.lastBandwidthUpdate ?? 0) >= wireguardOfflineThreshold && !site.online) {
-                    lastBandwidthUpdate >= wireguardOfflineThreshold &&
-                    !site.online
-                ) {
                     logger.info(
                         `Marking wireguard site ${site.siteId} online: recent bandwidth update`
                     );

server/routers/newt/handleReceiveBandwidthMessage.ts

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
-import { db } from "@server/db";
+import { db, clients, clientBandwidth } from "@server/db";
 import { MessageHandler } from "@server/routers/ws";
-import { clients } from "@server/db";
 import { eq, sql } from "drizzle-orm";
 import logger from "@server/logger";
 
@@ -85,7 +84,7 @@ export async function flushBandwidthToDb(): Promise<void> {
     const snapshot = accumulator;
     accumulator = new Map<string, BandwidthAccumulator>();
 
-    const currentTime = new Date().toISOString();
+    const currentEpoch = Math.floor(Date.now() / 1000);
 
     // Sort by publicKey for consistent lock ordering across concurrent
     // writers — this is the same deadlock-prevention strategy used in the
@@ -101,19 +100,37 @@ export async function flushBandwidthToDb(): Promise<void> {
     for (const [publicKey, { bytesIn, bytesOut }] of sortedEntries) {
         try {
             await withDeadlockRetry(async () => {
-                // Use atomic SQL increment to avoid the SELECT-then-UPDATE
+                // Find clientId by pubKey
-                // anti-pattern and the races it would introduce.
+                const [clientRow] = await db
+                    .select({ clientId: clients.clientId })
+                    .from(clients)
+                    .where(eq(clients.pubKey, publicKey))
+                    .limit(1);
+
+                if (!clientRow) {
+                    logger.warn(`No client found for pubKey ${publicKey}, skipping`);
+                    return;
+                }
+
                 await db
-                    .update(clients)
+                    .insert(clientBandwidth)
-                    .set({
+                    .values({
+                        clientId: clientRow.clientId,
                         // Note: bytesIn from peer goes to megabytesOut (data
                         // sent to client) and bytesOut from peer goes to
                         // megabytesIn (data received from client).
-                        megabytesOut: sql`COALESCE(${clients.megabytesOut}, 0) + ${bytesIn}`,
+                        megabytesOut: bytesIn,
-                        megabytesIn: sql`COALESCE(${clients.megabytesIn}, 0) + ${bytesOut}`,
+                        megabytesIn: bytesOut,
-                        lastBandwidthUpdate: currentTime
+                        lastBandwidthUpdate: currentEpoch
                     })
-                    .where(eq(clients.pubKey, publicKey));
+                    .onConflictDoUpdate({
+                        target: clientBandwidth.clientId,
+                        set: {
+                            megabytesOut: sql`COALESCE(${clientBandwidth.megabytesOut}, 0) + ${bytesIn}`,
+                            megabytesIn: sql`COALESCE(${clientBandwidth.megabytesIn}, 0) + ${bytesOut}`,
+                            lastBandwidthUpdate: currentEpoch
+                        }
+                    });
             }, `flush bandwidth for client ${publicKey}`);
         } catch (error) {
             logger.error(

server/routers/newt/pingAccumulator.ts

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { db } from "@server/db";
-import { sites, clients, olms } from "@server/db";
+import { sites, clients, olms, sitePing, clientPing } from "@server/db";
-import { inArray } from "drizzle-orm";
+import { inArray, sql } from "drizzle-orm";
 import logger from "@server/logger";
 
 /**
@@ -81,11 +81,8 @@ export function recordClientPing(
 /**
  * Flush all accumulated site pings to the database.
  *
- * Each batch of up to BATCH_SIZE rows is written with a **single** UPDATE
+ * For each batch: first upserts individual per-site timestamps into
- * statement. We use the maximum timestamp across the batch so that `lastPing`
+ * `sitePing`, then bulk-updates `sites.online = true`.
- * reflects the most recent ping seen for any site in the group. This avoids
- * the multi-statement transaction that previously created additional
- * row-lock ordering hazards.
  */
 async function flushSitePingsToDb(): Promise<void> {
     if (pendingSitePings.size === 0) {
@@ -103,20 +100,25 @@ async function flushSitePingsToDb(): Promise<void> {
     for (let i = 0; i < entries.length; i += BATCH_SIZE) {
         const batch = entries.slice(i, i + BATCH_SIZE);
 
-        // Use the latest timestamp in the batch so that `lastPing` always
-        // moves forward. Using a single timestamp for the whole batch means
-        // we only ever need one UPDATE statement (no transaction).
-        const maxTimestamp = Math.max(...batch.map(([, ts]) => ts));
         const siteIds = batch.map(([id]) => id);
 
         try {
             await withRetry(async () => {
+                const rows = batch.map(([siteId, ts]) => ({ siteId, lastPing: ts }));
+
+                // Step 1: Upsert ping timestamps into sitePing
+                await db
+                    .insert(sitePing)
+                    .values(rows)
+                    .onConflictDoUpdate({
+                        target: sitePing.siteId,
+                        set: { lastPing: sql`excluded."lastPing"` }
+                    });
+
+                // Step 2: Update online status on sites
                 await db
                     .update(sites)
-                    .set({
+                    .set({ online: true })
-                        online: true,
-                        lastPing: maxTimestamp
-                    })
                     .where(inArray(sites.siteId, siteIds));
             }, "flushSitePingsToDb");
         } catch (error) {
@@ -139,7 +141,8 @@ async function flushSitePingsToDb(): Promise<void> {
 /**
  * Flush all accumulated client (OLM) pings to the database.
  *
- * Same single-UPDATE-per-batch approach as `flushSitePingsToDb`.
+ * For each batch: first upserts individual per-client timestamps into
+ * `clientPing`, then bulk-updates `clients.online = true, archived = false`.
  */
 async function flushClientPingsToDb(): Promise<void> {
     if (pendingClientPings.size === 0 && pendingOlmArchiveResets.size === 0) {
@@ -161,18 +164,25 @@ async function flushClientPingsToDb(): Promise<void> {
         for (let i = 0; i < entries.length; i += BATCH_SIZE) {
             const batch = entries.slice(i, i + BATCH_SIZE);
 
-            const maxTimestamp = Math.max(...batch.map(([, ts]) => ts));
             const clientIds = batch.map(([id]) => id);
 
             try {
                 await withRetry(async () => {
+                    const rows = batch.map(([clientId, ts]) => ({ clientId, lastPing: ts }));
+
+                    // Step 1: Upsert ping timestamps into clientPing
+                    await db
+                        .insert(clientPing)
+                        .values(rows)
+                        .onConflictDoUpdate({
+                            target: clientPing.clientId,
+                            set: { lastPing: sql`excluded."lastPing"` }
+                        });
+
+                    // Step 2: Update online + unarchive on clients
                     await db
                         .update(clients)
-                        .set({
+                        .set({ online: true, archived: false })
-                            lastPing: maxTimestamp,
-                            online: true,
-                            archived: false
-                        })
                         .where(inArray(clients.clientId, clientIds));
                 }, "flushClientPingsToDb");
             } catch (error) {

server/routers/olm/handleOlmPingMessage.ts

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 import { disconnectClient, getClientConfigVersion } from "#dynamic/routers/ws";
 import { db } from "@server/db";
 import { MessageHandler } from "@server/routers/ws";
-import { clients, olms, Olm } from "@server/db";
+import { clients, olms, Olm, clientPing } from "@server/db";
-import { eq, lt, isNull, and, or } from "drizzle-orm";
+import { eq, lt, isNull, and, or, inArray } from "drizzle-orm";
 import { recordClientPing } from "@server/routers/newt/pingAccumulator";
 import logger from "@server/logger";
 import { validateSessionToken } from "@server/auth/sessions/app";
@@ -37,21 +37,33 @@ export const startOlmOfflineChecker = (): void => {
             // TODO: WE NEED TO MAKE SURE THIS WORKS WITH DISTRIBUTED NODES ALL DOING THE SAME THING
 
             // Find clients that haven't pinged in the last 2 minutes and mark them as offline
-            const offlineClients = await db
+            const staleClientRows = await db
-                .update(clients)
+                .select({
-                .set({ online: false })
+                    clientId: clients.clientId,
+                    olmId: clients.olmId,
+                    lastPing: clientPing.lastPing
+                })
+                .from(clients)
+                .leftJoin(clientPing, eq(clientPing.clientId, clients.clientId))
                 .where(
                     and(
                         eq(clients.online, true),
                         or(
-                            lt(clients.lastPing, twoMinutesAgo),
+                            lt(clientPing.lastPing, twoMinutesAgo),
-                            isNull(clients.lastPing)
+                            isNull(clientPing.lastPing)
                         )
                     )
-                )
+                );
-                .returning();
 
-            for (const offlineClient of offlineClients) {
+            if (staleClientRows.length > 0) {
+                const staleClientIds = staleClientRows.map((c) => c.clientId);
+                await db
+                    .update(clients)
+                    .set({ online: false })
+                    .where(inArray(clients.clientId, staleClientIds));
+            }
+
+            for (const offlineClient of staleClientRows) {
                 logger.info(
                     `Kicking offline olm client ${offlineClient.clientId} due to inactivity`
                 );

server/routers/org/resetOrgBandwidth.ts

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import { NextFunction, Request, Response } from "express";
 import { z } from "zod";
-import { db, sites } from "@server/db";
+import { db, sites, siteBandwidth } from "@server/db";
-import { eq } from "drizzle-orm";
+import { eq, inArray } from "drizzle-orm";
 import response from "@server/lib/response";
 import HttpCode from "@server/types/HttpCode";
 import createHttpError from "http-errors";
@@ -60,12 +60,17 @@ export async function resetOrgBandwidth(
         }
 
         await db
-            .update(sites)
+            .update(siteBandwidth)
             .set({
                 megabytesIn: 0,
                 megabytesOut: 0
             })
-            .where(eq(sites.orgId, orgId));
+            .where(
+                inArray(
+                    siteBandwidth.siteId,
+                    db.select({ siteId: sites.siteId }).from(sites).where(eq(sites.orgId, orgId))
+                )
+            );
 
         return response(res, {
             data: {},

server/routers/site/listSites.ts

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import {
     remoteExitNodes,
     roleSites,
     sites,
+    siteBandwidth,
     userSites
 } from "@server/db";
 import cache from "#dynamic/lib/cache";
@@ -155,8 +156,8 @@ function querySitesBase() {
             name: sites.name,
             pubKey: sites.pubKey,
             subnet: sites.subnet,
-            megabytesIn: sites.megabytesIn,
+            megabytesIn: siteBandwidth.megabytesIn,
-            megabytesOut: sites.megabytesOut,
+            megabytesOut: siteBandwidth.megabytesOut,
             orgName: orgs.name,
             type: sites.type,
             online: sites.online,
@@ -175,7 +176,8 @@ function querySitesBase() {
         .leftJoin(
             remoteExitNodes,
             eq(remoteExitNodes.exitNodeId, sites.exitNodeId)
-        );
+        )
+        .leftJoin(siteBandwidth, eq(siteBandwidth.siteId, sites.siteId));
 }
 
 type SiteWithUpdateAvailable = Awaited<ReturnType<typeof querySitesBase>>[0] & {
@@ -299,9 +301,15 @@ export async function listSites(
             .offset(pageSize * (page - 1))
             .orderBy(
                 sort_by
-                    ? order === "asc"
+                    ? (() => {
-                        ? asc(sites[sort_by])
+                          const field =
-                        : desc(sites[sort_by])
+                              sort_by === "megabytesIn"
+                                  ? siteBandwidth.megabytesIn
+                                  : sort_by === "megabytesOut"
+                                    ? siteBandwidth.megabytesOut
+                                    : sites.name;
+                          return order === "asc" ? asc(field) : desc(field);
+                      })()
                     : asc(sites.name)
             );
 

server/setup/migrationsPg.ts

@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ import m13 from "./scriptsPg/1.15.3";
 import m14 from "./scriptsPg/1.15.4";
 import m15 from "./scriptsPg/1.16.0";
 import m16 from "./scriptsPg/1.17.0";
+import m17 from "./scriptsPg/1.18.0";
 
 // THIS CANNOT IMPORT ANYTHING FROM THE SERVER
 // EXCEPT FOR THE DATABASE AND THE SCHEMA
@@ -43,7 +44,8 @@ const migrations = [
     { version: "1.15.3", run: m13 },
     { version: "1.15.4", run: m14 },
     { version: "1.16.0", run: m15 },
-    { version: "1.17.0", run: m16 }
+    { version: "1.17.0", run: m16 },
+    { version: "1.18.0", run: m17 }
     // Add new migrations here as they are created
 ] as {
     version: string;

server/setup/migrationsSqlite.ts

@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ import m34 from "./scriptsSqlite/1.15.3";
 import m35 from "./scriptsSqlite/1.15.4";
 import m36 from "./scriptsSqlite/1.16.0";
 import m37 from "./scriptsSqlite/1.17.0";
+import m38 from "./scriptsSqlite/1.18.0";
 
 // THIS CANNOT IMPORT ANYTHING FROM THE SERVER
 // EXCEPT FOR THE DATABASE AND THE SCHEMA
@@ -77,7 +78,8 @@ const migrations = [
     { version: "1.15.3", run: m34 },
     { version: "1.15.4", run: m35 },
     { version: "1.16.0", run: m36 },
-    { version: "1.17.0", run: m37 }
+    { version: "1.17.0", run: m37 },
+    { version: "1.18.0", run: m38 }
     // Add new migrations here as they are created
 ] as const;